DOCSLIB.ORG

Field Bulletin

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Field Bulletin Issue 23, October 2011 FIELD BULLETIN People’s Perspectives and Understanding of Federalism: Positions of Stakeholders Regarding the Proposed Limbuwan Province Federalism Discourse in Nepal The Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) signed in 2006 committed Nepal to an inclusive, democratic and progressive restructuring of the State by eliminating the existing centralized and unitary form of the State. 1 The Interim Constitution of Nepal (2007) declared Nepal a Federal Democratic Republican State 2 for which the nature, structure and institutions were to be laid down by the Constituent Assembly (CA) through the new Constitution. Originally, the Interim Constitution did not explicitly designate Nepal as a federal country but advocacy by Janajati groups Box 1: National Political Commitment for State and the Madheshi movement of 2007 led to an Restructuring/Federalism amendment to the Interim Constitution 3. The preamble of the Interim Constitution of Nepal Federalism intends to make the State more envisages progressive restructuring of the State in order to inclusive by bringing government closer to the solve the problems existing in the country relating to class, people. 4 Most of the political parties in Nepal ethnicity, region and gender. The preamble also declares pledged their commitment to federalism Nepal a federal, democratic republican State upon the through their manifestos 5 leading up to the CA abolishing of the Monarchy. For the purpose of restructuring the State, article 138 (1) of the Interim elections in 2008. However, of the major Constitution of Nepal states: “there shall be made political parties, only the Unified Communist progressive restructuring of the State with inclusive, Party of Nepal–Maoist (UCPN-M) offered more democratic federal system of governance, by doing away 6 specific details in its manifesto : 12 federal units with the centralized and unitary structure of the State so to be established on the basis of ethnicity, as to end discriminations based on class, caste, language, language and region 7. Although the two other gender, culture, religion and region”. In addition, article major parties – the Communist Party of Nepal– 138 (1.a) further ensured that recognizing the desire of the United Marxist Leninist (CPN-UML) and the indigenous peoples and of the people of backward and Nepal Congress (NC) support federalism they other areas including Madhesi people towards are reported to have concerns about the autonomous provinces, Nepal shall be a federal democratic republican State. Provinces shall be possibility of weakening national unity as well autonomous and vested with full authority. as about the emergence of communal tensions. 8 Reference: The Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063 (2007): www.lawcommission.gov.np UCPN-M and CPN-UML both proposed a Limbuwan province as one of the provinces in their respective concept papers on federalism which were submitted to the CA Committee on State Restructuring & Distribution of State Power (CSRDSP). The NC did 1 CPA, November 2006, Clause 3.5 2 Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007, Article 4.1 3 Fourth amendment of Interim Constitution, 29 May 2008 4 Centre for Constitutional Dialogue (CCD): Federal System, Nepal Participatory Constitution Building Booklet Series No. 2, 2009 5 CA election manifestos of UCPN-M, NC, CPN (UML), RPP, RJP and Madheshi parties (MPRF, TMDP, Sadbhawana Party), were taken as reference. 6 International Crisis Group, Nepal: Identity Politics and Federalism , Asia Report N°199 – 13 January 2011 7 “Janatako sanghiya ganatantra Nepalko samvidhan ”, UCPN (M), 29 May 2010, Art. 62 (1). The twelve provinces are: Limbuwan, Mithila-Bhojpura- Koch-Madhes, Kirat, Sherpa, Tamsaling, Newa, Tamuwan, Magarat, Lumbini-Abadh-Tharuwan, Karnali, Jadan and Khaptad. Ibid, Appendix 1. 8 International Crisis Group, Nepal: Identity Politics and Federalism , Asia Report N°199 – 13 January 2011, p. 10 Page 1 of 6 People’s Perspectives and Understanding of Federalism not submit a proposal 9. The final CSRDSP proposal included 14 provinces and 23 Autonomous Regions within these provinces, constituted on a three tier federal structure, on the basis of identity 10 and capability. The proposal included a Limbuwan province 11 . However, as noted below, the CA is facing a major challenge in gaining acceptance for its proposed model from all sections of society, including from several indigenous and ethnic groups which claim their own additional provinces as identity politics have gained prominence. There are also overlapping claims over boundaries of the proposed Limbuwan State. Since the publication of the CSRDSP proposal there has been increasing polarization of public opinion on federalism across the different castes, ethnicities and regions 12 . There is a general perception that Madheshi and Janajati groups tend to favour a federal structure, whilst many of the Brahmin, Chhetri and Dalit communities are opposed to it. In this context, this field bulletin 13 attempts to understand the views on federalism amongst one of the most mobilized ethnic movements: the Limbuwans. History of the Limbuwan Movement and Demand for Autonomous Limbuwan State The Limbuwan movement has been one of the most active ethnic movements in Nepal 14 and it was noted that the reason for their successful mobilization, despite their relatively small population, is in part due to a fairly limited geographical area to which they have, in their view, a historical claim based on a set of treaties and agreements with former Kings of Nepal.15 In November 2000, UCPN-M formally supported the Limbuwan movement by forming the Limbuwan National Liberation Front (LNLF) as its sister wing. In December 2005, a second regional Limbuwan group, the Federal Limbuwan State Council (FLSC), was formed. Since then the FLSC has seen a number of splits. The first, and most significant, occurred in December 2007 over the question of participation in the CA elections when Kumar Lingden - former General Secretary of FLSC - decided to contest the elections under the umbrella of the Federal Democratic National Forum (FDNF). Lingden’s opposition, FLSC (Palungwa), subsequently split again in early 2009 when one of its leaders decided to establish the FLSC (Revolutionary) expressing disagreement over the leadership’s view on the use of violence. Today, the FLSC (Palungwa) and the FDNF affiliated FLSC (Lingden) are the major regional Limbuwan political groups 16 . Both groups cite the autonomy provisions in past royal decrees (see box-2) as an argument for an autonomous Limbuwan state with the right to self-determination. Both groups demand a Limbuwan autonomous state comprising the nine districts east of the Arun River 17 within a federal Nepal. Following the people’s uprising of 2006 (Jana Andolan II), the non-Maoist mainstream political parties also formed Limbu sister wings, e.g. CPN-UML affiliated with the Nepal Democratic Kirat Limbu Association, CPN United affiliated with the Nepal Limbuwan Autonomous Association and Rashtriya Janamukti Party affiliated with the Limbuwan Autonomous Council. The Limbuwan National Front (LNF) also demands a Limbuwan State. In July 2008 Limbu organizations came together to form the United Limbuwan Front and conduct a joint Limbuwan movement. In 2008 the FLSC (Palungwa) and the Government of Nepal reached a five point agreement 18 which guaranteed that a Limbuwan autonomous state be established as part of the State restructuring process based on the historical background of the Limbuwan geographical area 19 . 9 Restructuring of the State and Distribution of State Power Committee: Report on Concept Paper and Preliminary Draft, 2010 10 Ethnic/communal, lingual, cultural, geographical/continuity of regional identities, continuity to historical identities. 11 Ibid 9. 12 International Crisis Group, Nepal: Identity Politics and Federalism , Asia Report N°199 – 13 January 2011, p. 19 13 This field bulletin is prepared consolidating the narratives of local residents, political leaders and members of NGOs and civil society organizations based in Ilam district. 14 Mahendra Lawoti, Dynamics of Mobilization: Varied trajectories of Dalit, Indigenous Nationalities and Madhesi movements , February, 2011, p. 4 15 10.8% across nine districts according to the 2001 Census 16 International Crisis Group, Nepal: Identity Politics and Federalism , Asia Report N°199 – 13 January 2011, p. 14 17 Sankhuwasabha, Panchthar, Taplejung, Tehrathum, Ilam, Sunsari, Morang, Jhapa and Dhankuta 18 The agreement was reached between the Government and the FLSC (Palungwa), following a protest programme by the FLSC (Palungwa) which included an indefinite general strike in nine districts. Page 2 of 6 People’s Perspectives and Understanding of Federalism Since then, the CA’s CSRDSP has proposed a Box 2: Bri ef History of Limbuwan Limbuwan province comprising Ilam, Panchthar, Terhathum, Taplejung and parts Limbuwan was ruled independently up to 1774. Out of the of Morang, Dhankuta and Sankhuwasabha areas annexed by the Kings of Gorkha at the time, Limbuwan was the only territory that was incorporated into the Kingdom districts. This has however failed to satisfy of Nepal through a treaty, rather than by being defeated. the FLSC factions who want all nine districts Following the Limbuwan-Gorkha War of 1771-74, the Gorkha- east of the Arun River to be included in a Limbuwan Treaty formally united the ten Limbu Kingdoms into Limbuwan province. They have expressed the Gorkha Kingdom, but gave them full autonomy under the concerns
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Limbuwan Todays: Process and Problems
    -limbuwan today: process and problems Bedh Prakash Upreti The post-1950 spread of the Western type of education, and the new economic opportunities largely expedited by the opening of the Terai have had a tremendous impact on the traditiona12 socio-cul­ tural and political system in the Limbuwan. These forces have in­ troduced new institutions and roles, and values and behaviors to support these roles. This paper describes post-1950 socio-cultural change among Brahmin and Limbu in Limbuwan, Eastern Nepal. Only the most perti­ nent changes directly affecting the socio-cultural institutions and values of each group have been treated here. I have also tried to analyze the background and forces of change, and have presented a micro-model of change in this paper. At the end, this paper brief­ ly deals with the problems largely bro~ght about by post-1950 edu­ cational, economic, and socio-cultural changes. POST-1950 CHANGES IN BRAHMIN AND LIMBU CULTURES The following incident, which transpired during the author's boyhood, probably illustrates the types of changes that were to follow. In 1956, when I was a sixth-grade student, a new "science teacher" (a teacher who taught biology and health sciences) was brought in from Darjeeling'. We had never had a "science teacher" before and were very inquisitive about what he was going to teach. During the first day of his class, the new teacher told us that the use of ~ jal (water from the Ganges River considered by Hindus to be holy) was unhealthy and unholy as well. He also stressed the importance of wearing clean clothes, drinking boiled water, and brushing one's teeth every morning.
    [Show full text]
  • NEPAL: Preparing the Secondary Towns Integrated Urban
    Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report Project Number: 36188 November 2008 NEPAL: Preparing the Secondary Towns Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement Project (Financed by the: Japan Special Fund and the Netherlands Trust Fund for the Water Financing Partnership Facility) Prepared by: Padeco Co. Ltd. in association with Metcon Consultants, Nepal Tokyo, Japan For Department of Urban Development and Building Construction This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design. TA 7182-NEP PREPARING THE SECONDARY TOWNS INTEGRATED URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECT Volume 1: MAIN REPORT in association with KNOWLEDGE SUMMARY 1 The Government and the Asian Development Bank agreed to prepare the Secondary Towns Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement Project (STIUEIP). They agreed that STIUEIP should support the goal of improved quality of life and higher economic growth in secondary towns of Nepal. The outcome of the project preparation work is a report in 19 volumes. 2 This first volume explains the rationale for the project and the selection of three towns for the project. The rationale for STIUEIP is the rapid growth of towns outside the Kathmandu valley, the service deficiencies in these towns, the deteriorating environment in them, especially the larger urban ones, the importance of urban centers to promote development in the regions of Nepal, and the Government’s commitments to devolution and inclusive development. 3 STIUEIP will support the objectives of the National Urban Policy: to develop regional economic centres, to create clean, safe and developed urban environments, and to improve urban management capacity.
    [Show full text]
  • River Culture in Nepal
    Nepalese Culture Vol. XIV : 1-12, 2021 Central Department of NeHCA, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/nc.v14i0.35187 River Culture in Nepal Kamala Dahal- Ph.D Associate Professor, Patan Multipal Campus, T.U. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Most of the world civilizations are developed in the river basins. However, we do not have too big rivers in Nepal, though Nepalese culture is closely related with water and rivers. All the sacraments from birth to the death event in Nepalese society are related with river. Rivers and ponds are the living places of Nepali gods and goddesses. Jalkanya and Jaladevi are known as the goddesses of rivers. In the same way, most of the sacred places are located at the river banks in Nepal. Varahakshetra, Bishnupaduka, Devaghat, Triveni, Muktinath and other big Tirthas lay at the riverside. Most of the people of Nepal despose their death bodies in river banks. Death sacrement is also done in the tirthas of such localities. In this way, rivers of Nepal bear the great cultural value. Most of the sacramental, religious and cultural activities are done in such centers. Religious fairs and festivals are also organized in such a places. Therefore, river is the main centre of Nepalese culture. Key words: sacred, sacraments, purity, specialities, bath. Introduction The geography of any localities play an influencing role for the development of culture of a society. It affects a society directly and indirectly. In the beginning the nomads passed their lives for thousands of year in the jungle.
    [Show full text]
  • A Glimpse of Kirat-Yakthung (Limbu) Language, Writing, and Literacy
    Journal of Global Literacies, Technologies, and Emerging Pedagogies Volume 4, Issue 1, March 2017, pp. 560-593 Delinking, Relinking, and Linking Methodologies: A Glimpse of Kirat-Yakthung (Limbu) Language, Writing, and Literacy Marohang Limbu1 Writing, Rhetoric, and American Cultures Michigan State University, USA Abstract: Limbus (Limboos), who are also known as “Yakthungs” or “Kirat-Yakthung” or “Kirats,” have/had their own unique culture, language, writing, and Mundhum rhetorics. After “Nun-Paani Sandhi” (Salt-Water Treaty) in 1774 with Khas-Aryas, they (Khas- Aryans) ideologically and Politically banned Limbus from teaching of their language, writing, and Mundhum rhetorics in Yakthung laje (Limbuwan). Because of the Khas-Aryan oPPression, Limbu culture had/has become oral-dominant; Yakthungs used/use oral- Performance-based Mundhum rhetorics to Preserve their culture, language, histories, and Mundhum rhetorics. The main PurPose of this article is to discuss the develoPment of Kirat-Yakthung’s writing and rhetoric and/or rise-fall-rise of Yakthung scriPt, writing, and literacy. The essay demonstrates how Kirat-Yakthung indigenous PeoPles are delinking (denaturalizing or unlearning) Khas-Aryan-, Indian-, and Western linguistic and/or cultural colonization, how they are relinking (revisiting or relandscaPing) their Susuwa Lilim and/or Sawa Yet Hang ePistemologies, and how they are linking their cultural and linguistic identities from local to global level. In this essay, I briefly discuss delinking, relinking, and linking methodology, and how Kirat-Yakthungs are translating it into Practice. This essay demonstrates Khas-Aryan intervention and/or Khas-Aryan paracolonial intervention in the develoPment of Kirat-Yakthung writing and literacy, and Kirat-Yakthungs’ resistance for their existence.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study of Jana Andolan II in Nepal
    Occasional Paper: Peace Building Series No.1 FutureGenerations Applied Community Graduate School Change and Conservation PeoPle’s ParticiPation in conflict transformation: a case study of Jana andolan II in nePal Bandita Sijapati Social Science Baha February 2009 Occasional Papers of the Future Generations Graduate School explore community-based approaches to social development, health, nature conservation, peace building, and governance. Faculty, alumni, and partner organizations present their field studies and applied research. www.future.edu People’s Participation in Conflict Transformation: A Case Study of Jana Andolan II in Nepal Rise from every village, rise from every settlement To change the face of this country, rise Those who have a pen in hand, bring your pen and rise Those who can play an instrument, bring your instrument and rise Those who have a tool in hand, bring your tool and rise Those who have nothing at all, bring your voice and rise.1 I. INTRODUCTION In April 2006, there was a country-wide people’s movement in Nepal, popularly known as the Jana Andolan II,2 against King Gyanendra’s direct rule3 following a 12-point understanding reached between the Seven Party Alliance4 and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), which was leading a communist insurgency against the state. The 19-day-long Jana Andolan II5 (People’s Movement II) ended direct rule by Gyanendra, forced him to return power to the reinstated parliament, and created a conducive environment for the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) between the government and the rebel Maoists in November 2006. The success of Jana Andolan II in thus ending the decade-long conflict that had affected all parts of the country has thus been hailed by many as being exemplary of the ways in which engaged citizenry and communities at the local level can have an impact on the resolution and transformation of violent conflict at the national level.
    [Show full text]
  • Socio System of Kirat of Nepal
    REDES – REVISTA ELETRÔNICA DIREITO E SOCIEDADE http://revistas.unilasalle.edu.br/index.php/redes Canoas, vol.4, n. 2, novembro 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.18316/2318-8081.16.35 Socio system of Kirat of Nepal - an empirical mini-study with special reference to Kirat-Limbu Salahuddin Akhtar Siddiqui 1 Artigo submetido em: 27/09/2016 Aprovado para publicação em: 28/09/2016 Abstract: This study is focused on socio-system of Kirat people of Nepal. To study the socio-system of whole Kirat people of Nepal is very much vague content area by nature. So, introduction, history and demography of Kirat people of Nepal is comprised wholly, then, the study is narrowed down to only Kirat-Limbu. Focusing to Kirat-Limbu, this study deals the family structure, family system along with social concept and practice including birth to death rite and rituals, food habits, provisions of social system in Mundhum. This study also tries to indicate contrastive areas between social system of Mundhum and family laws of Nepal, drawing the conclusion. Keywords : Kirat; Nepal; Limbu; Mundhum. Sistema social de Kirat do Nepal – mini estudo empírico com referência especial à Kirat-Limbu Resumo: Este estudo concentra-se no sistema social do povo Kirat do Nepal. Ocorre que estudar todo o sistema social dos Kirat é algo deveras amplo. Por isso, a introdução, a história e a demografia Kirat são tratadas, de forma sintética, no início do texto para, depois, focar a análise dos Kirat-Limbu analisando sua estrutura e sistema familiar ao lado do conceito social e de algumas de suas práticas, incluindo o nascimento e os rituais atados à morte, hábitos alimentares e outras disposições que constam no Mundhum.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report Submitted to USAID So the Details of Those Activities Are Not Reported Here
    From Combatants to Peacemakers Program Project Final Report October, 2015 to March 31, 2017 Award No: AID-367-F-15-00002 Under USAID/DCHA/CMM APS-OAA-14-000003 Submitted to: United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Democracy and Governance Office Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: +977-01-42340000 Submitted by: Forum for Protection of Public Interest (Pro Public) Gautambuddha Marg, Anamnagar P.O.Box: 14307 Telephone: +977-01-4268681, 4265023 Fax: +977-01-4268022 1 Disclaimer: All these activities were made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of Pro Public and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. 2 Abbreviations BC Brahmin Chhetri CBO Community Based Organization CDO Chief District Officer CPN Communist Party of Nepal CSO Civil Society Organization DDC District Development Committee DF Dialogue facilitation ECs Ex-Combatants FGD Focus Group Discussion GESI Gender and Social Inclusion GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH KII Key Informant Interview LPC Local Peace Committee NC Nepali Congress NPTF Nepal Peace Trust Fund OCA Organizational Capacity Assessment OPI Organizational Performance Index PLA People Liberation Army Pro Public Forum for the Protection of Public Interest SDG Social Dialogue Group STPP Strengthening the Peace Process UCPN United Communist Party of Nepal UML United Marxist Leninist UNDP United Nations Development Program USAID United States Agency for International Development VDC Village Development Committee WCF Ward Citizen Forum 3 Acknowledgement This project completion report covers the overall implementation of the USAID-funded Combatants to Peacemakers (C2P) project (October 2015 to March 2017).
    [Show full text]
  • Identity-Based Conflict and the Role of Print Media in the Pahadi Community of Contemporary Nepal Sunil Kumar Pokhrel Kennesaw State University
    Kennesaw State University DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University Dissertations, Theses and Capstone Projects 7-2015 Identity-Based Conflict and the Role of Print Media in the Pahadi Community of Contemporary Nepal Sunil Kumar Pokhrel Kennesaw State University Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/etd Part of the International and Area Studies Commons, Peace and Conflict Studies Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Pokhrel, Sunil Kumar, "Identity-Based Conflict and the Role of Print Media in the Pahadi Community of Contemporary Nepal" (2015). Dissertations, Theses and Capstone Projects. Paper 673. This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses and Capstone Projects by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. IDENTITY-BASED CONFLICT AND PRINT MEDIA IDENTITY-BASED CONFLICT AND THE ROLE OF PRINT MEDIA IN THE PAHADI COMMUNITY OF CONTEMPORARY NEPAL by SUNIL KUMAR POKHREL A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Conflict Management in the College of Humanities and Social Sciences Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia March 2015 IDENTITY-BASED CONFLICT AND PRINT MEDIA © 2015 Sunil Kumar Pokhrel ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Recommended Citation Pokhrel, S. K. (2015). Identity-based conflict and the role of print media in the Pahadi community of contemporary Nepal. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia, United States of America. IDENTITY-BASED CONFLICT AND PRINT MEDIA DEDICATION My mother and father, who encouraged me toward higher study, My wife, who always supported me in all difficult circumstances, and My sons, who trusted me during my PhD studies.
    [Show full text]
  • UGDP: ETP) Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
    Social Management Framework for Urban Governance and Development Program: Public Disclosure Authorized Emerging Towns Project (UGDP: ETP) Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized <Prepared'6y : ~oject Coordination Office ([)epartment ofVr6an ([)eveCopment aM(BuU4i:no Construction !Ministry ofCl'liysicaC(J'{annino aMWo~ Public Disclosure Authorized (Ba6armalia~ %epaC July, 2011 Foreword The Social Management Framework (SMF) was prepared for the Nepal Urban Governance and Development Program: Emerging Town Project (UGDP: ETP) to be implemented by the six municipalities: ltahari, Mehchinagar, Dhankuta, Lekhnath, Baglung and Tansen. The program is being implemented by MLD, Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC), Town Development Fund (TDF) and the municipalities under the financial support from the World Bank and the technical support from GIZI SlTNAG program. The SMF was prepared with the participation of all the above agencies and departments, who deserve special thanks for their support and cooperation. I would also like to convey my gratitude to the UGDP: ETP and WB Team members, who were always willing and available to assist in conceptualizing the study framework and approach, developing research tools, accessing relevant documents, and providing helpful insights about different issues and thematic areas that needed to be covered under the study. I am particularly thankful to Mr. Hari Prasad Bhattarai, Associate Professor of Anthropology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu who prepared this document. My special thanks are also due to Mr. Puma Kadariya, Secretary, MPPW, Mr. Ashok Nath Upreti, Director General, DUDBC; Mr. Reshmi Raj Pandey, Joint Secretary, Ministry of Local Development; Mr. Sushi I Gyewali, Executive Director, Town Development Fund; Mr. Prakash Raghubanshi, Sr.
    [Show full text]
  • Politics of R Esistance
    Politics of Resistance Politics Tis book illustrates an exciting approach to understanding both Indigenous Peoples of Nepal are searching for the state momentous and everyday events in the history of South Asia. It which recognizes and refects their identities. Exclusion of advances notions of rupture and repair to comprehend the afermath indigenous peoples in the ruling apparatus and from resources of natural, social and personal disasters, and demonstrates the of the “modern states,” and absence of their representation and generality of the approach by seeking their historical resolution. belongingness to its structures and processes have been sources Te introduction of rice milling technology in a rural landscape of conficts. Indigenous peoples are engaged in resistance in Bengal,movements the post-cold as the warstate global has been shi factive in international in destroying, relations, instead of the assassinationbuilding, their attempt political, on a economicjournalist and in acultural rented institutions.city house inThe Kathmandu,new constitution the alternate of 2015and simultaneousfailed to address existence the issues, of violencehence the in non-violentongoing movements,struggle for political,a fash feconomic,ood caused and by cultural torrential rights rains and in the plainsdemocratization of Nepal, theof the closure country. of a China-India border afer the army invasionIf the in Tibet,country and belongs the appearance to all, if the of outsiderspeople have in andemocratic ethnic Taru hinterlandvalues, the – indigenous scholars in peoples’ this volume agenda have would analysed become the a origins, common anatomiesagenda and ofdevelopment all. If the state of these is democratic events as andruptures inclusive, and itraised would interestingaddress questions the issue regarding of justice theirto all.
    [Show full text]
  • Nepal: Identity Politics and Federalism
    NEPAL: IDENTITY POLITICS AND FEDERALISM Asia Report N°199 – 13 January 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... i I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. IDENTITY POLITICS IN NEPAL ................................................................................. 3 A. ETHNIC ACTIVISM: PAST AND PRESENT ....................................................................................... 3 1. Before 1990 .................................................................................................................................. 3 2. After 1990 .................................................................................................................................... 4 B. ETHNIC DEMANDS AND THE “PEOPLE’S WAR” ............................................................................. 5 C. FEDERALISM AFTER THE PEACE DEAL .......................................................................................... 7 III. THE POLITICS OF FEDERALISM .............................................................................. 9 A. THE MAOISTS .............................................................................................................................. 9 B. THE MAINSTREAM PARTIES ....................................................................................................... 10 1. The UML: if you can’t convince them,
    [Show full text]
  • Political Ecology of Water Governance in South Asia a Case Study of the Koshi River Communities
    Political Ecology of Water Governance in South Asia A Case Study of the Koshi River Communities Kiran Maharjan A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Human Geography) School of Geosciences Faculty of Science The University of Sydney June 2018 Statement of Originality This is to certify that, to the best of my knowledge, the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work and that all the assistance received in preparing this thesis and sources have been acknowledged. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or other purposes. Kiran Maharjan Dated 26.06.2018 i Abstract Nepalese communities around the Koshi River, a transboundary river between Nepal and India, are facing unprecedented water-related problems. They face water scarcity in dry seasons as well as recurrent flood disasters during monsoons causing soil erosion, inundation and siltation in their agricultural land and villages. This problem has largely been linked to the governance of the river via the Koshi River Agreement (1954, revised in 1966) between Nepal and India. Considering the issues faced by the riverine communities, this thesis analyses the political ecology of water governance in South Asia. Specifically, it examines how the Koshi River governance contributes to environmental injustices for the riverine communities. It uses an actor-oriented political ecological framework, integrating the concepts of governance, theory of access and environmental justice, to understand various dimensions of injustice. Using a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods, it explores how multi-scalar power relationships and access-regulation of resources produce environmental injustice, and how communities cope with the injustice.
    [Show full text]