Types of water
Types of water Lesson plan (Polish) Lesson plan (English) Types of water
Source: licencja: CC 0, [online], dostępny w internecie: pixabay.com.
Link to the lesson
Before you start you should know
how water circulates in nature; states of aggregation that water can be found in; what the source (spring), river (main river, tributary), river basin, basin, lake, sea are.
You will learn
You will discuss the circulation of water in nature; indicate the main rivers and their tributaries in Poland; indicate rivers flowing into the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea and the North Sea; discuss how rivers are supplied; show the locations in Poland of the greatest risk of floods; provide ways to protect against floods.
Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl nagranie abstraktu
Water that falls to the surface of the Earth in the form of rain or snow evaporates, flows into the nearest river (and further to the sea), and soaks into the soil, feeding groundwaters. From the underground it flows to the surface as a source giving the beginning of a new river, which, in turn, falls into a different, larger one, or into lakes and seas. All waters located on the surface of the Earth evaporate, i.e. they change into water vapour, which cools in the atmosphere and condensates, and falls to the Earth again as precipitation. This is the simplified version of the circulation of water in nature. Task 1
Look at the illustra on showing the water cycle. Explain to your colleague how the rain arises.
Circula on of water in nature Source: Ingwik, Krzysztof Jaworski, Wikimedia Commons, licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
The entire water layer surrounding the Earth is called the hydrosphere. As it moves through nature, water changes its location, physical state and speed. Now that we’ve agreed on this, we can generally classify water as water above the ground, on ground surface and under the ground.
Task 2
Analyse the diagrams showing the division of hydrosphere in the lesson „Rodzaje wód” at epodreczniki.pl. Based on the knowledge gained so far, try to indicate on the diagram types of inland waters that do not occur in Poland.
Flowing surface waters of Poland
The two largest rivers of our country are the Vistula River and the Oder River. Almost 90% of Poland's area belongs to their basin – this means that from such a large area water first flows to these two main rivers, and then to the Baltic Sea through tributaries. There are also many small rivers from the area called the coastal area that flow directly into the Baltic Sea. In total, the catchment area of the Baltic Sea includes 99.7% of the area of Poland.
The sizes of river basins in Poland are presented in the table and the diagram below. Division of the Polish surface according to rivers basins and catchment Source: licencja: CC BY 3.0.
There are very small areas of Poland from where surface waters flow into seas other than the Baltic Sea:
from the Carpathians to the Black Sea – the upper course of the Orava River belongs to the Danube basin, and the upper course of the Strwiąż River to the Dniester basin; from the Sudetes to the North Sea – short sections of the Jizera River and the Orlice River flow to the Elbe basin.
Task 3
Look at the map showing basins and backwaters in Poland. What rivers do they concern? Name them. Poland basin and catchment Source: Wydawnictwo Edukacyjne Wiking, Wikimedia Commons, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Exercise 1
Assign the tributaries below to the appropriate river.
Bystrzyca, Warta, San, Biebrza, Dunajec, Nysa Kłodzka, Bóbr, Wkra, Skrwa, Wisłoka, Tanew, Bug, Barycz, Drawa, Brda, Pilica, Wieprz, Raba, Nida
Vistula
Oder Task 4
Look at the map below and try to name the rivers with the numbers. Then check if you were right.
Rivers in Poland Source: licencja: CC 0.
A characteristic feature of the Vistula basin and the Odra basin is their asymmetry. The ratio of the left‐to‐right basin area is 27:73 for Vistula, and 30:70 for Oder. Both rivers have far more right tributaries than left. The main reason for the afore‐mentioned is the direction of the river network during the Pleistocene glaciation period in accordance with the general slope of Poland, i.e. from the south‐west to the north‐west. ur rivers have a snow‐rain river regime, which is distinguished by high water levels in spring and in summer.
Ice blockage on the Osława River - the le tributary of the San River Source: PLKristof, licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0, [online], dostępny w internecie: (h p://commons.wikimedia.org) licencja: CC BY SA 3.0 h ps://crea vecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/pl/legalcode.
High water levels are observed in spring due to snowmelt, particularly in mountainous areas. This causes so much water to enter the water cycle that some rivers overflow. High water levels are additionally caused by ice jams which hamper water outflow to the Baltic Sea. Moreover, Poland still lacks sufficient safeguards: rivers are unregulated, flood embankments are not high enough and the number of retention reservoirs is insufficient. In summer, high water levels in rivers are observed in late June and in July. These result from frequent and heavy seasonal rainfall, especially in the mountains. Lowest water levels in Polish rivers are witnessed in the late summer, early autumn (low precipitation) and winter, when large water amounts are stored as snow and ice. Seaside rivers sometimes experience so‐called storm surges. Storm surges occur when persisting northern winds push Baltic Sea waters into river mouths, raising river water levels and blocking river outflow.
Task 5
Look at the map below. In which months the flood risk is the greatest?
Poland - floods Source: Wydawnictwo Edukacyjne Wiking, Wikimedia Commons, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
The longest and the largest river – Vistula – has 1047 km of length, 173 thousand km 2 of the river basin area (within Poland) and 1080 m 3/s of average flow at the estuary. Its sources are located on the slopes of Barania Góra (Silesian Beskids). At its beginning, it is a mountain stream, but already from the Oświęcimska Basin it becomes a lowland river. In the vicinity of Elbląg and Gdańsk, the Vistula River builds a delta, separating into several branches, such as Nogat, Szkarpawa or Leniwka. However, it flows into the Baltic Sea through an artificial pier near Świbno, which was opened in 1895. The sources of Oder – the second longest river in Poland – are located in the Oder Mountains (Oderské vrchy in Moravia, the Czech Republic) at an altitude of 634 m above sea level. The total length of the Oder River is 854 km, of which the section of 742 km is located in Poland. Starting from Kędzierzyn‐Koźle, the Oder River is canalised and to its estuary in the Szczecin Lagoon it is a communication route, but of lesser importance. Waterfalls are rare elements of the landscape in Poland. They are practically only in the mountains, and there are not too many mountains in Poland. The highest Polish waterfall is Wielka Siklawa, 64 meters high. It is located in the Tatras on the Roztoka stream, in the vicinity of the Five Ponds Valley. Lower, in the Roztoki Valley there are: Wodogrzmoty Mickiewicza – a group of 3 picturesque waterfalls (Wyżni, Pośredni and Niżni). Wodospad Rzeka Góry Wysokość (m)
Wielka Siklawa Roztoka Tatry 64
Wodogrzmoty Mickiewicza Roztoka Tatry 3x10
Kamieńczyk Kamieńczyk Karkonosze 27
Siklawica Potok Strążyski Tatry 21
Wilczki Wilczka Masyw Śnieżnika 20
Szklarki Szklarka Karkonosze 13
Knowledge gained during classes will allow you to answer the following questions.
Exercise 2
Source: licencja: CC 0.
Exercise 3
Keywords river, waterfall, water cycle
Glossary
hydrosphere
Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl
Nagranie słówka: hydrosphere
hydrosfera – cała wodna powłoka Ziemi obejmująca wodę w stanie stałym, ciekłym i gazowym
flow Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl
Nagranie słówka: flow
przepływ – objętość wody przepływającej przez określony przekrój rzeki w jednostce czasu reten on
Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl
Nagranie słówka: retention
retencja – czasowe zatrzymanie, zgromadzenie się wody, np. w glebie, na torfowiskach river regime
Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl
Nagranie słówka: river regime
reżim rzeki (ustrój) – roczny rytm zmian stanów wody w rzece związany z zasilaniem, przepływem i zlodzeniem transpira on
Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl
Nagranie słówka: transpiration
transpiracja – wydzielanie wody z powierzchni roślin (liści, łodyg) w postaci pary wodnej i przenikanie jej do atmosfery Lesson plan (Polish)
Temat: Rodzaje wód. Wody płynące powierzchniowe
Autor: Magdalena Jankun
Adresat
Uczeń klasy VII ośmioletniej szkoły podstawowej
Podstawa programowa
Klasa VII szkoły podstawowej
IX. Środowisko przyrodnicze Polski na tle Europy: położenie geograficzne Polski; wpływ ruchów górotwórczych i zlodowaceń na rzeźbę Europy i Polski; przejściowość klimatu Polski; główne rzeki Polski i ich systemy na tle rzek Europy i ich systemów; główne typy gleb w Polsce; lasy w Polsce; dziedzictwo przyrodnicze Polski, surowce mineralne Polski.
Uczeń:
9. opisuje cechy i walory przyrodnicze Wisły i Odry oraz charakteryzuje systemy rzeczne obu tych rzek i porównuje je z wybranymi systemami rzecznymi w Europie
Cel lekcji
Uczniowie poznają rodzaje wód płynących i wskażesz miejsca największych zagrożeń powodziowych.
Kryteria sukcesu
omówisz krążenie wody w przyrodzie; wskażesz rzeki główne i ich dopływy na obszarze Polski; wskażesz rzeki uchodzące do zlewiska Morza Bałtyckiego, Czarnego, Północnego; omówisz sposób zasilania rzek; wskażesz miejsca w Polsce najbardziej zagrożone powodziami; podasz sposoby zabezpieczania przed powodziami.
Kompetencje kluczowe
porozumiewanie się w języku ojczystym; porozumiewanie się w języku obcym; umiejętność uczenia się; kompetencje informatyczne.
Metody/formy pracy z wykorzystaniem narzędzi TIK; z wykorzystaniem portalu http://mapy.geoportal.gov.pl/imap; praca z materiałami edukacyjnymi oraz multimedialnymi na platformie e‐podręcznika; praca indywidualna, w parach, w grupach i całego zespołu klasowego.
Środki dydaktyczne
e‐podręcznik do nauczania geografii; tablica interaktywna; rzutnik multimedialny; tablety/komputery; mapa fizyczna Polski.; atlasy geograficzne.
Przebieg lekcji
Faza wstępna
1. Nauczyciel podaje uczniom cele lekcji. 2. Wprowadza uczniów w temat, rozpoczynając od przypomnienia zagadnienia związanego z krążeniem wody w przyrodzie. Korzysta z ilustracji „Krążenie wody w przyrodzie”. Uczniowie analizują schemat oraz wyjaśniają pojęcia: retencja, transpiracja.
Faza realizacyjna
1. Praca w grupach. Uczniowie na podstawie schematu zawartego w lekcji „Rodzaje wód” na stronie epodreczniki.pl pt. „Podział hydrosfery” i informacji w atlasach geograficznych dokonują charakterystyki wód. Wskazują przykłady na mapie Polski.
Grupa I: wszystkie wody Wszechoceanu Grupa II: wody w atmosferze Grupa III: wody śródlądowe powierzchniowe płynące Grupa IV: wody śródlądowe powierzchniowe stojące Grupa V: wody śródlądowe podziemne
Każda grupa omawia zadanie na forum klasy. Wskazuje przykłady na mapie ściennej Polski.
2. Nauczyciel odwołuje uczniów do schematu „Podział powierzchni Polski według dorzeczy i zlewisk”. Analiza całego zespołu klasowego.
3. Praca w parach: korzystając z mapy hydrologicznej Polski w atlasie, ściennej lub w abstrakcie, wykonaj polecenia:
przyjrzyj się dorzeczom Wisły i Odry, wskaż dział wód Wisły i Odry, wskaż dopływy lewe, prawe Wisły i Odry wskaż zlewiska tych rzek, wyszukaj rzeki, które zaliczane są do zlewiska Morza Północnego i Morza Czarnego.
4. Wskazane pary omawiają opracowane zadanie, treści odnoszą do odpowiednich lokacji na mapie ściennej Polski.
5. Ćwiczenie interaktywne. Grupowanie elementów. Wstaw dopływ do odpowiedniej rzeki.
Uczniowie podchodzą w kolejności do tablicy interaktywnej i dopasowują po jednym przykładzie.
6. Ćwiczenie: mapa interaktywna. Na mapie Polski zaznaczone są cyframi rzeki Polski. Podaj ich nazwę. Uczniowie, korzystając z atlasów geograficznych, lokalizują rzeki i podają ich nazwy.
7. Uczniowie wykonują polecenie indywidualnie: Określ dorzecze, w którym leży twoja miejscowość. Znajdź najbliższą rzekę i prześledź odpływ wody z terenu, w którym mieszkasz, do morza. W razie potrzeby posłuż się inną mapą — dokładniejszą czy też obejmującą obszary poza Polską (to zadanie może być również zadaniem domowym).
8. Uczniowie wyjaśniają, co to jest reżim rzeczny. Na podstawie różnych materiałów źródłowych określają sposób zasilania rzek w Polsce. Wskazują miejsca w Polsce najbardziej zagrożone powodziami. Wykorzystanie mapy „Występowanie potencjalnych wezbrań i powodzi w Polsce”. Dyskusja na temat sposobów zabezpieczania przed nimi.
9. Uczniowie wykonują polecenie w parach: Na podstawie mapy zagrożeń powodziowych ustal, kiedy obszar, na którym mieszkasz, jest najbardziej zagrożony powodzią i co może ją spowodować?
10. Nauczyciel omawia sposób powstawania wodospadów. Na przykładzie tabeli „Najwyższe wodospady w Polsce” uczniowie lokalizują je na mapie Polski. Wskazują na mapie ściennej Polski pasma górskie, w których się one znajdują.
11. Ćwiczenie interaktywne jednokrotnego wyboru z ilustracją. Wybrany uczeń podchodzi do tablicy i wykonuje ćwiczenie.
12. Ćwiczenie interaktywne: łączenie terminu z ilustracją. Uczniowie kolejno podchodzą do tablicy i dopasowują po jednym przykładzie.
Faza podsumowująca
1. Wykorzystanie http://mapy.geoportal.gov.pl/imap/ do wyszukiwania rzek i wodospadów. Operując skalą mapy, można zobaczyć najmniejsze szczegóły dotyczące danego obszaru. Uczniowie kolejno podchodzą do ekranu głównego tablicy interaktywnej i wpisują w wyszukiwarce tej aplikacji nazwę wodospadu. Dzięki temu można orientować miejsce, w którym się on znajduje. Wskazani uczniowie określają położenie geograficzne. 2. Podsumowanie zajęć i ocena pracy uczniów.
W tej lekcji zostaną użyte m.in. następujące pojęcia oraz nagrania
Pojęcia
hydrosphere
Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl
Nagranie słówka: hydrosphere
hydrosfera – cała wodna powłoka Ziemi obejmująca wodę w stanie stałym, ciekłym i gazowym
flow
Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl
Nagranie słówka: flow
przepływ – objętość wody przepływającej przez określony przekrój rzeki w jednostce czasu
reten on
Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl
Nagranie słówka: retention
retencja – czasowe zatrzymanie, zgromadzenie się wody, np. w glebie, na torfowiskach
river regime
Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl
Nagranie słówka: river regime reżim rzeki (ustrój) – roczny rytm zmian stanów wody w rzece związany z zasilaniem, przepływem i zlodzeniem
transpira on
Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl
Nagranie słówka: transpiration
transpiracja – wydzielanie wody z powierzchni roślin (liści, łodyg) w postaci pary wodnej i przenikanie jej do atmosfery
Teksty i nagrania
Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl nagranie abstraktu
Types of water
Water that falls to the surface of the Earth in the form of rain or snow evaporates, flows into the nearest river (and further to the sea), and soaks into the soil, feeding groundwaters. From the underground it flows to the surface as a source giving the beginning of a new river, which, in turn, falls into a different, larger one, or into lakes and seas. All waters located on the surface of the Earth evaporate, i.e. they change into water vapour, which cools in the atmosphere and condensates, and falls to the Earth again as precipitation. This is the simplified version of the circulation of water in nature.
The entire water layer surrounding the Earth is called the hydrosphere. As it moves through nature, water changes its location, physical state and speed. Now that we’ve agreed on this, we can generally classify water as water above the ground, on ground surface and under the ground.
The two largest rivers of our country are the Vistula River and the Oder River. Almost 90% of Poland's area belongs to their basin – this means that from such a large area water first flows to these two main rivers, and then to the Baltic Sea through tributaries. There are also many small rivers from the area called the coastal area that flow directly into the Baltic Sea. In total, the catchment area of the Baltic Sea includes 99.7% of the area of Poland.
The sizes of river basins in Poland are presented in the table and the diagram below. There are very small areas of Poland from where surface waters flow into seas other than the Baltic Sea:
from the Carpathians to the Black Sea – the upper course of the Orava River belongs to the Danube basin, and the upper course of the Strwiąż River to the Dniester basin; from the Sudetes to the North Sea – short sections of the Jizera River and the Orlice River flow to the Elbe basin.
A characteristic feature of the Vistula basin and the Odra basin is their asymmetry. The ratio of the left‐to‐right basin area is 27:73 for Vistula, and 30:70 for Oder. Both rivers have far more right tributaries than left. The main reason for the afore‐mentioned is the direction of the river network during the Pleistocene glaciation period in accordance with the general slope of Poland, i.e. from the south‐west to the north‐west. ur rivers have a snow‐rain river regime, which is distinguished by high water levels in spring and in summer.
High water levels are observed in spring due to snowmelt, particularly in mountainous areas. This causes so much water to enter the water cycle that some rivers overflow. High water levels are additionally caused by ice jams which hamper water outflow to the Baltic Sea. Moreover, Poland still lacks sufficient safeguards: rivers are unregulated, flood embankments are not high enough and the number of retention reservoirs is insufficient. In summer, high water levels in rivers are observed in late June and in July. These result from frequent and heavy seasonal rainfall, especially in the mountains. Lowest water levels in Polish rivers are witnessed in the late summer, early autumn (low precipitation) and winter, when large water amounts are stored as snow and ice. Seaside rivers sometimes experience so‐called storm surges. Storm surges occur when persisting northern winds push Baltic Sea waters into river mouths, raising river water levels and blocking river outflow.
The longest and the largest river – Vistula – has 1047 km of length, 173 thousand km 2 of the river basin area (within Poland) and 1080 m 3/s of average flow at the estuary. Its sources are located on the slopes of Barania Góra (Silesian Beskids). At its beginning, it is a mountain stream, but already from the Oświęcimska Basin it becomes a lowland river. In the vicinity of Elbląg and Gdańsk, the Vistula River builds a delta, separating into several branches, such as Nogat, Szkarpawa or Leniwka. However, it flows into the Baltic Sea through an artificial pier near Świbno, which was opened in 1895. The sources of Oder – the second longest river in Poland – are located in the Oder Mountains (Oderské vrchy in Moravia, the Czech Republic) at an altitude of 634 m above sea level. The total length of the Oder River is 854 km, of which the section of 742 km is located in Poland. Starting from Kędzierzyn‐Koźle, the Oder River is canalised and to its estuary in the Szczecin Lagoon it is a communication route, but of lesser importance.
Waterfalls are rare elements of the landscape in Poland. They are practically only in the mountains, and there are not too many mountains in Poland. The highest Polish waterfall is Wielka Siklawa, 64 meters high. It is located in the Tatras on the Roztoka stream, in the vicinity of the Five Ponds Valley. Lower, in the Roztoki Valley there are: Wodogrzmoty Mickiewicza – a group of 3 picturesque waterfalls (Wyżni, Pośredni and Niżni).
Knowledge gained during classes will allow you to answer the following questions. Lesson plan (English)
Topic: Types of water Surface flowing water
Author: Magdalena Jankun
Target group
Students of the 7th grade of an eight‐year elementary school
Core curriculum
7th grade of an elementary school
IX. The natural environment of Poland against the background of Europe: geographical position of Poland; influence of tectonic movements and glaciations on the sculpture of Europe and Poland; transitional climate of Poland; the main rivers of Poland and their systems against the rivers of Europe and their systems; main types of soils in Poland; forests in Poland; natural heritage of Poland, mineral resources of Poland.
Student:
9. describes the features and natural values of the Vistula and Odra and characterizes river systems of both rivers and compares them with selected river systems in Europe
The general aim of education
You will learn the types of flowing waters and show places of the greatest flood risks.
Criteria of success
You will discuss the circulation of water in nature; indicate the main rivers and their tributaries in Poland; you will point rivers flowing into the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea and the North Sea; discuss how rivers are supplied; show the locations in Poland of the greatest risk of floods; provide ways to protect against floods.
Key competences
communication in the mother tongue; communication in a foreign language; learning to learn; digital competence.
Methods / forms of work using ICT tools; using the website http://mapy.geoportal.gov.pl/imap; activity with educational material and multimedia on the e‐textbook platform; individual activity, activity in pairs, activity in groups, and collective activity.
Teaching aids
e‐textbook for teaching geography; interactive whiteboard; multimedia projector; tablets/computers; physical map of Poland; geographical atlases.
Lesson plan overview
Before classes
1. The teacher gives lesson goals.
2. Introduces the students to the topic, starting with a repetition of the issue related to the circulation of water in nature. The teacher uses the illustration entitled „Circulation of water in nature”. The students analyse the scheme and explain the terms: retention, transpiration.
Realization
1. Work in groups. Based on the scheme contained in the lesson entitled „Types of waters” on the website epodreczniki.pl entitled „Division of hydrosphere” and information in geographical atlases, the students make a characteristic of waters. They indicate examples on the map of Poland.
1st group: all world waters 2nd group: water in the atmosphere 3rd group: inland flowing waters 4th group: inland standing waters 5th group: underground inland waters
Each group discusses the task on the class forum. It indicates examples on the wall map of Poland.
2. The teacher refers the students to the scheme entitled „Division of the area of Poland by river basins and catchment areas”. The entire class makes an analysis.
3.Work in pairs: using the hydrological map of Poland in an atlas, wall map or in the abstract, follow the instructions: look at the basins of the Vistula River and the Oder River, show the watershed of the Vistula River and the Oder River, show the left and right tributaries of the Vistula River and the Oder River show the catchment areas of these rivers, search for rivers that are included in the basins of the North Sea and the Black Sea.
4. Indicated pairs discuss the developed task, they refer the content to relevant locations on the map of Poland.
5. Interactive exercise. Grouping of elements. Match the tributary with the right river.
The students approach the interactive whiteboard in order and match one example.
6. Exercise: an interactive map. On the map of Poland there are Polish rivers marked with digits. Indicate their names. Using geographical atlases, the students show the rivers and give their names.
7. The students perform the task individually: Specify the basin where your city is located. Find the nearest river and follow the outflow of water from the area where you live to the sea. If necessary, use a different map - more accurate or covering areas outside of Poland (this task can also be homework).
8. The students explain what a river regime is. Based on various source materials, the students determine the way of supplying rivers in Poland. They show the locations in Poland of the highest risk of floods; The use of a maps entitled „Occurrence of potential freshets and floods in Poland”*. *Discussion on how to protect against them.
9. The students perform the task in pairs: Based on a flood risk map, determine when the area you live in is most at risk of flooding and what can cause it?
10. The teacher discusses the waterfall formation method. On the example of the table entitled „The highest waterfalls in Poland”, the students locate them on the map of Poland. They indicate mountain ranges in which they are located on a wall map of Poland.
11. Single‐choice interactive exercise with an illustration. A selected student approaches the whiteboard and does the exercise.
12. Interactive exercise: matching text with pictures. The students approach the whiteboard one by one and match one example.
Summary
1. Using http://mapy.geoportal.gov.pl/imap/ to search for rivers and waterfalls. Operating the map scale, the smallest details about a given area can be found. The students approach the main screen one by one and enter the name of the waterfall in the search engine of this application. Thanks to this, the place where it is located can be found. The selected students determine the geographical location. 2. Summary of classes and assessment of the students' work.
The following terms and recordings will be used during this lesson
Terms
hydrosphere
Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl
Nagranie słówka: hydrosphere
hydrosfera – cała wodna powłoka Ziemi obejmująca wodę w stanie stałym, ciekłym i gazowym
flow
Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl
Nagranie słówka: flow
przepływ – objętość wody przepływającej przez określony przekrój rzeki w jednostce czasu
reten on
Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl
Nagranie słówka: retention
retencja – czasowe zatrzymanie, zgromadzenie się wody, np. w glebie, na torfowiskach
river regime
Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl
Nagranie słówka: river regime reżim rzeki (ustrój) – roczny rytm zmian stanów wody w rzece związany z zasilaniem, przepływem i zlodzeniem
transpira on
Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl
Nagranie słówka: transpiration
transpiracja – wydzielanie wody z powierzchni roślin (liści, łodyg) w postaci pary wodnej i przenikanie jej do atmosfery
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Types of water
Water that falls to the surface of the Earth in the form of rain or snow evaporates, flows into the nearest river (and further to the sea), and soaks into the soil, feeding groundwaters. From the underground it flows to the surface as a source giving the beginning of a new river, which, in turn, falls into a different, larger one, or into lakes and seas. All waters located on the surface of the Earth evaporate, i.e. they change into water vapour, which cools in the atmosphere and condensates, and falls to the Earth again as precipitation. This is the simplified version of the circulation of water in nature.
The entire water layer surrounding the Earth is called the hydrosphere. As it moves through nature, water changes its location, physical state and speed. Now that we’ve agreed on this, we can generally classify water as water above the ground, on ground surface and under the ground.
The two largest rivers of our country are the Vistula River and the Oder River. Almost 90% of Poland's area belongs to their basin – this means that from such a large area water first flows to these two main rivers, and then to the Baltic Sea through tributaries. There are also many small rivers from the area called the coastal area that flow directly into the Baltic Sea. In total, the catchment area of the Baltic Sea includes 99.7% of the area of Poland.
The sizes of river basins in Poland are presented in the table and the diagram below. There are very small areas of Poland from where surface waters flow into seas other than the Baltic Sea:
from the Carpathians to the Black Sea – the upper course of the Orava River belongs to the Danube basin, and the upper course of the Strwiąż River to the Dniester basin; from the Sudetes to the North Sea – short sections of the Jizera River and the Orlice River flow to the Elbe basin.
A characteristic feature of the Vistula basin and the Odra basin is their asymmetry. The ratio of the left‐to‐right basin area is 27:73 for Vistula, and 30:70 for Oder. Both rivers have far more right tributaries than left. The main reason for the afore‐mentioned is the direction of the river network during the Pleistocene glaciation period in accordance with the general slope of Poland, i.e. from the south‐west to the north‐west. ur rivers have a snow‐rain river regime, which is distinguished by high water levels in spring and in summer.
High water levels are observed in spring due to snowmelt, particularly in mountainous areas. This causes so much water to enter the water cycle that some rivers overflow. High water levels are additionally caused by ice jams which hamper water outflow to the Baltic Sea. Moreover, Poland still lacks sufficient safeguards: rivers are unregulated, flood embankments are not high enough and the number of retention reservoirs is insufficient. In summer, high water levels in rivers are observed in late June and in July. These result from frequent and heavy seasonal rainfall, especially in the mountains. Lowest water levels in Polish rivers are witnessed in the late summer, early autumn (low precipitation) and winter, when large water amounts are stored as snow and ice. Seaside rivers sometimes experience so‐called storm surges. Storm surges occur when persisting northern winds push Baltic Sea waters into river mouths, raising river water levels and blocking river outflow.
The longest and the largest river – Vistula – has 1047 km of length, 173 thousand km 2 of the river basin area (within Poland) and 1080 m 3/s of average flow at the estuary. Its sources are located on the slopes of Barania Góra (Silesian Beskids). At its beginning, it is a mountain stream, but already from the Oświęcimska Basin it becomes a lowland river. In the vicinity of Elbląg and Gdańsk, the Vistula River builds a delta, separating into several branches, such as Nogat, Szkarpawa or Leniwka. However, it flows into the Baltic Sea through an artificial pier near Świbno, which was opened in 1895. The sources of Oder – the second longest river in Poland – are located in the Oder Mountains (Oderské vrchy in Moravia, the Czech Republic) at an altitude of 634 m above sea level. The total length of the Oder River is 854 km, of which the section of 742 km is located in Poland. Starting from Kędzierzyn‐Koźle, the Oder River is canalised and to its estuary in the Szczecin Lagoon it is a communication route, but of lesser importance.
Waterfalls are rare elements of the landscape in Poland. They are practically only in the mountains, and there are not too many mountains in Poland. The highest Polish waterfall is Wielka Siklawa, 64 meters high. It is located in the Tatras on the Roztoka stream, in the vicinity of the Five Ponds Valley. Lower, in the Roztoki Valley there are: Wodogrzmoty Mickiewicza – a group of 3 picturesque waterfalls (Wyżni, Pośredni and Niżni).
Knowledge gained during classes will allow you to answer the following questions.