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A History of Closed Circuit O2 Underwater Breathing Apparatus

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A History of Closed Circuit O2 Underwater Breathing Apparatus Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) A HISTORY OF CLOSED CIRCUIT OXYGEN UNDEnWATER BRDA'1'HIllG AJ'PARATU'S, by , Dan Quiok Project 1/70 School of Underwater Medicine, H MAS PENGUIN, Naval P.O. Balmoral, IT S W .... 2091. May, 1970 Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) TABLE OF CONTENTS. Foreword. Page No. 1 Introduction. " 2 General History. " 3 History Il: Types of CCOUBA Used In 11 United Kingdom. " History & Types of CCOUBA Used In 46 Italy. " History & Types o:f CCOUBJl. Used In 54 Germany. " History & Types of CCOUEA Used In 67 Frr>.!1ce. " History·& Types of CeOUM Used In 76 United States of America. " Summary. " 83 References. " 89 Acknowledgements. " 91 Contributor. " 91 Alphabetical Index. " 92 Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 1 - FOREWORD I am very pleased to have the opportunity of introducing this history, having been responsible for the British development of the CCOt~ for special operations during World War II and afterwards. This is a unique and comprehensive summary of world wide development in this field. It is probably not realised what a vital part closed circuit breathing apparatus played in World War II. Apart from escapes from damaged and sunken submarines by means of the DSEA, and the special attacks on ships by human torpedoes and X-craft, including the mortal damage to the "Tirpitz", an important part of the invasion forces were the landing craft obstruction clearance units. These were special teams of frogmen in oxygen breathing sets who placed demolition charges on the formidable underwater obstructions along the north coast of France. The American underwater demolition teams performed the same function on the beaches of the Pacific Islands. Without them the casualties on the beaches would undoubtedly have been far heavier than they in fact were. After the invasion of Europe, the P-Parties or clearance diving teams searched and cleared the major ports of mines and booby traps, enabling the vital supply lines of the Allied Armies to be maintained. The post-war advent of the compressed air aqualung has tended to make "oxygen" a naughty word in civilian diving, which is perhaps just as well, but the military possibilities of CCOUBA should not be overlooked. Captain W.O; Shelford, RN (Ret'd) FRSA Chessington, ENGLAND. 20th January, 1970. Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 2 - INTRODUCTION The aim of this work is to provide under one cover." before the relevant technical details and pictures are lost. a comprehensive history of the various closed circuit oxygen breathing"apparatuses that have been used for diVing throughout the years. In all probability the era of 100% oxygen diving. with all its glamour and danger, is almost past. Although I have endeavoured to record the true technical facts of each set; this has proved to be more difficult than Was first anticipated. as much of the original data has been lost. This information had to be obtained from word of mouth, and anyone who has ever worked with divers will know that eliciting facts from them, without embellishment, is no mean feat. Many" of the early semi-developed experimental sets have been omitted, including some built by Sir Robert Davis and H. Fleuss, as they never actually went into production. They were purely laboratory models, although very relevant to the development of the CCOUBA. I would like to thank Captain W.O. Shelford, RN (Retd). for all his help in preparing this history. ------- ------- Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 3 - CLOSED CIRCUIT OXYGEN UNDERWATER BREATHING APPARATUS (dootJB:AJ GENERAL HISTORY Although we know for many years man had been interested in diving, the first man to consider a self-contained underwater breathing apparatus was probably Giovanni Alfonso Borelli. a mathematician (1680). Homer. in his Iliad (750 B.C.), 'refers to charioteers falling from their chariots like divers. The great Aristotle refers, in his Problemata (360 B.C.), to what might have been'a diVing bell. and of course the geniUS Leonardo Da Vinci (1500), in his note book, showed various types of diving applianc~s. Most of these appliances had cne thing in common; basically, they considered that there had to be some means of attachment to the surface. From 1680 onwards. numerous men were involved in the development of underwater apparatus; Frederic de Drieberg. Klingert, Brize and Fradin; Abbe De La Chapelle, to name but a few. Abata Felice Fontana, an'Italian monk (1730 to 1805). and a Dutch physician, Ingen Housz, were the first to investigate ' the possibility of using 100% oxygen instead of air to breathe. Probably William H. James (1825) was the first to put together ' a workable design for a self contained breathing apparatus (air), but this set seems never to have been developed or tested. In 1842, a Frenchman named Sandala brought forward an idea of a self contained breathing apparatus With a regenerative system, but this paper was never published. Again a host of people became interested in looking at the problem of self contained compressed air breathing apparatus (SCUBA) and compressed ' oxygen diving apparatus, including the Belgian physiologist. Dr. Theodore Schwann (1853), who continued the work begun by Abata Fontana. Schwann's apparatus was complicated and somewhat primitive, the oxygen supply allOWing breathing for only a short space of time, and was never put to practical use. Early compressed oxygen cylinders were made of sheet copper and were formed with hemispherical ends, charged to a pressure of 30 atmospheres (441 Ibs per sq. inch). TO-day the usual cylinder pressure is 120 to 200 atmospheres (1763 to 2939 lbs per sq. inch), and carries the same amount of gas, although the cylinders are a fraction of the size of the early models. •• • /To Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 4 - To the Englishman, B.A. Fleuss, belongs the credit· for being the first to design (1878) a J2ractical, regenerating, self contained breathing apparatus (oxygen). Pleuss' first ~pparatus was a watertight stiffened rubber mask fitted over the face. and into it ran two breathing tubes from a flexible bag, worn on the diver's back. The bag was conneoted to a copper tank of oxygen compressed to 30 atmospheres. The exhalations returned through the bag, where an absorbent removed the carbon dioxide product of breathing. The absorbent comprised rope yarn soaked with a solution of caustic potash. This set was first employed at the disaster at the KillingWorth Colliery in 1880, and at the flooded Severn tunnel in 1882. Unfortunately for 1i'leuss, Paul Bert (1833-1886) at that stage had only just publis'led his classic, "La Pression Barometrique", and his work on o;':'gon poisoning at depths in excess of 33 feet had not been r(lsd, It was probaoly due to this lack of knowledge that tho famous diver Alexandor Lambert nearly lost his life in tho flooded Severn tunnel. Probably hero should be mentioned the discovery of oxygen and carbon diOXide, as around this hinged the development of COOUBA. 1 • OXygen (°22- The Reverend Stephen Hale prepared oxygen, along With many other gases, in 1727, but did not recognise it as an element. Full credit for its discovery, and realisation of its importance, when he isolated it from mercuric oxide, must go to Priestly (1777). During the years 1780 to 1789, Lavoisier and his colleagues demonstrated that oxygen was absorbed by the lungs and, after metabolism, carbon dioxide and water were given off. Since that time the value of Lavoisier's discovery has gradually increased. 2. Carbon Dioxide (0°21 earbon dioxide was first isolated by Black in 1757, but the significance of this gas was not appreciated until the work of J.S. Haldane (1926) was pUblished. Scheele (1777) was probably the first to use carbon dioxide absorbents in a~ experimental manner. In 1789 Antoine Lavoisier, while performing •.. / experiments Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 5 - experiments on metabolism, showed that guinea pigs excreted carbon dioxide. He absorbed the carbon dioxide with caustic soda. Regnault in 1874 applied the same principle to larger animals. With the development of the CCOURA (most of which was done between 1900 and 1914), mine rescue apparatus, fire fighting apparatus and submarine escape apparatus became one and the same. Tracing the development of these sets, there are times when the picture becomes very confused, due to the fact that many of the sets were similar, but were slightly modified and were called by a different name; also the fact that some sets were designed as mine rescue sets but were modified for diving but given the same name. Of course, different countries produced and developed very similar pieces of apparatus. 1900 to 1914 was a very good period for oxygen sets. The basic principles of the early oxygen breathing sets were quite similar to the ones of the present day; the main area of development has been the reducing valve and the carbon dioxide absorbent canister. Although history relates that divers were used during war in very'early times, as shown by Vegetius on the Act of War in 1511, tactical diVing in military operation is comparatively new in modern warfare. It was developed into a very potent weapon of both offence and defence during World War II. Developments in closed circuit, or self contained, breathing apparatus, made this application possible. The impression is received, and is probably correct, that it took war or some other such disaster before CCOURA took another step in development. The exceptions'were the development of sets for Mount Everest expeditions, the need for oxygen in aircraft which fly at high altitudes, and for medical purposes.
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