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A HISTORY OF CLOSED CIRCUIT OXYGEN UNDEnWATER BRDA'1'HIllG AJ'PARATU'S, by , Dan Quiok Project 1/70
School of Underwater Medicine, H MAS PENGUIN, Naval P.O. Balmoral, IT S W .... 2091.
May, 1970 Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org)
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Foreword. Page No. 1 Introduction. " 2 General History. " 3 History Il: Types of CCOUBA Used In 11 United Kingdom. " History & Types of CCOUBA Used In 46 Italy. " History & Types o:f CCOUBJl. Used In 54 Germany. " History & Types of CCOUEA Used In 67 Frr>.!1ce. " History·& Types of CeOUM Used In 76 United States of America. " Summary. " 83 References. " 89 Acknowledgements. " 91 Contributor. " 91 Alphabetical Index. " 92 Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org)
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FOREWORD
I am very pleased to have the opportunity of introducing this history, having been responsible for the British development of the CCOt~ for special operations during World War II and afterwards. This is a unique and comprehensive summary of world wide development in this field. It is probably not realised what a vital part closed circuit breathing apparatus played in World War II. Apart from escapes from damaged and sunken submarines by means of the DSEA, and the special attacks on ships by human torpedoes and X-craft, including the mortal damage to the "Tirpitz", an important part of the invasion forces were the landing craft obstruction clearance units. These were special teams of frogmen in oxygen breathing sets who placed demolition charges on the formidable underwater obstructions along the north coast of France. The American underwater demolition teams performed the same function on the beaches of the Pacific Islands. Without them the casualties on the beaches would undoubtedly have been far heavier than they in fact were. After the invasion of Europe, the P-Parties or clearance diving teams searched and cleared the major ports of mines and booby traps, enabling the vital supply lines of the Allied Armies to be maintained. The post-war advent of the compressed air aqualung has tended to make "oxygen" a naughty word in civilian diving, which is perhaps just as well, but the military possibilities of CCOUBA should not be overlooked.
Captain W.O; Shelford, RN (Ret'd) FRSA Chessington, ENGLAND. 20th January, 1970. Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org)
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INTRODUCTION
The aim of this work is to provide under one cover." before the relevant technical details and pictures are lost. a comprehensive history of the various closed circuit oxygen breathing"apparatuses that have been used for diVing throughout the years. In all probability the era of 100% oxygen diving. with all its glamour and danger, is almost past. Although I have endeavoured to record the true technical facts of each set; this has proved to be more difficult than Was first anticipated. as much of the original data has been lost. This information had to be obtained from word of mouth, and anyone who has ever worked with divers will know that eliciting facts from them, without embellishment, is no mean feat. Many" of the early semi-developed experimental sets have been omitted, including some built by Sir Robert Davis and H. Fleuss, as they never actually went into production. They were purely laboratory models, although very relevant to the development of the CCOUBA. I would like to thank Captain W.O. Shelford, RN (Retd). for all his help in preparing this history.
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CLOSED CIRCUIT OXYGEN UNDERWATER BREATHING APPARATUS (dootJB:AJ
GENERAL HISTORY Although we know for many years man had been interested in diving, the first man to consider a self-contained underwater breathing apparatus was probably Giovanni Alfonso Borelli. a mathematician (1680). Homer. in his Iliad (750 B.C.), 'refers to charioteers falling from their chariots like divers. The great Aristotle refers, in his Problemata (360 B.C.), to what might have been'a diVing bell. and of course the geniUS Leonardo Da Vinci (1500), in his note book, showed various types of diving applianc~s. Most of these appliances had cne thing in common; basically, they considered that there had to be some means of attachment to the surface. From 1680 onwards. numerous men were involved in the development of underwater apparatus; Frederic de Drieberg. Klingert, Brize and Fradin; Abbe De La Chapelle, to name but a few. Abata Felice Fontana, an'Italian monk (1730 to 1805). and a Dutch physician, Ingen Housz, were the first to investigate ' the possibility of using 100% oxygen instead of air to breathe. Probably William H. James (1825) was the first to put together ' a workable design for a self contained breathing apparatus (air), but this set seems never to have been developed or tested. In 1842, a Frenchman named Sandala brought forward an idea of a self contained breathing apparatus With a regenerative system, but this paper was never published. Again a host of people became interested in looking at the problem of self contained compressed air breathing apparatus (SCUBA) and compressed ' oxygen diving apparatus, including the Belgian physiologist. Dr. Theodore Schwann (1853), who continued the work begun by Abata Fontana. Schwann's apparatus was complicated and somewhat primitive, the oxygen supply allOWing breathing for only a short space of time, and was never put to practical use. Early compressed oxygen cylinders were made of sheet copper and were formed with hemispherical ends, charged to a pressure of 30 atmospheres (441 Ibs per sq. inch). TO-day the usual cylinder pressure is 120 to 200 atmospheres (1763 to 2939 lbs per sq. inch), and carries the same amount of gas, although the cylinders are a fraction of the size of the early models.
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To the Englishman, B.A. Fleuss, belongs the credit· for being the first to design (1878) a J2ractical, regenerating, self contained breathing apparatus (oxygen). Pleuss' first ~pparatus was a watertight stiffened rubber mask fitted over the face. and into it ran two breathing tubes from a flexible bag, worn on the diver's back. The bag was conneoted to a copper tank of oxygen compressed to 30 atmospheres. The exhalations returned through the bag, where an absorbent removed the carbon dioxide product of breathing. The absorbent comprised rope yarn soaked with a solution of caustic potash. This set was first employed at the disaster at the KillingWorth Colliery in 1880, and at the flooded Severn tunnel in 1882. Unfortunately for 1i'leuss, Paul Bert (1833-1886) at that stage had only just publis'led his classic, "La Pression Barometrique", and his work on o;':'gon poisoning at depths in excess of 33 feet had not been r(lsd, It was probaoly due to this lack of knowledge that tho famous diver Alexandor Lambert nearly lost his life in tho flooded Severn tunnel. Probably hero should be mentioned the discovery of oxygen and carbon diOXide, as around this hinged the development of COOUBA.
1 • OXygen (°22- The Reverend Stephen Hale prepared oxygen, along With many other gases, in 1727, but did not recognise it as an element. Full credit for its discovery, and realisation of its importance, when he isolated it from mercuric oxide, must go to Priestly (1777). During the years 1780 to 1789, Lavoisier and his colleagues demonstrated that oxygen was absorbed by the lungs and, after metabolism, carbon dioxide and water were given off. Since that time the value of Lavoisier's discovery has gradually increased. 2. Carbon Dioxide (0°21 earbon dioxide was first isolated by Black in 1757, but the significance of this gas was not appreciated until the work of J.S. Haldane (1926) was pUblished. Scheele (1777) was probably the first to use carbon dioxide absorbents in a~ experimental manner. In 1789 Antoine Lavoisier, while performing
•.. / experiments Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org)
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experiments on metabolism, showed that guinea pigs excreted carbon dioxide. He absorbed the carbon dioxide with caustic soda. Regnault in 1874 applied the same principle to larger animals. With the development of the CCOURA (most of which was done between 1900 and 1914), mine rescue apparatus, fire fighting apparatus and submarine escape apparatus became one and the same. Tracing the development of these sets, there are times when the picture becomes very confused, due to the fact that many of the sets were similar, but were slightly modified and were called by a different name; also the fact that some sets were designed as mine rescue sets but were modified for diving but given the same name. Of course, different countries produced and developed very similar pieces of apparatus. 1900 to 1914 was a very good period for oxygen sets. The basic principles of the early oxygen breathing sets were quite similar to the ones of the present day; the main area of development has been the reducing valve and the carbon dioxide absorbent canister. Although history relates that divers were used during war in very'early times, as shown by Vegetius on the Act of War in 1511, tactical diVing in military operation is comparatively new in modern warfare. It was developed into a very potent weapon of both offence and defence during World War II. Developments in closed circuit, or self contained, breathing apparatus, made this application possible. The impression is received, and is probably correct, that it took war or some other such disaster before CCOURA took another step in development. The exceptions'were the development of sets for Mount Everest expeditions, the need for oxygen in aircraft which fly at high altitudes, and for medical purposes. Although this is basically a history of oxygen breathing apparatus, mention has'to be made of self contained air ' breathing apparatus as, in the early stages of development, , one of the main aims was to become self contained underwater, be it by means of air or oxygen.
• •• /HISTORY Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org)
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~, ~~~__~ ,0, .'~ _~~=-~ ~ ~C::-=~=-=iii"'-:-,,",':-;;;i-;;;>"'" g -::=--~~~ From an Assyrian bas lorem·. d••lgn. 'relief (c. 900 B.C.) in the British Museum
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DaigtU by Leonordo da Vi"n: (4) 4"d rb) show mar.",; (c) "'_ a _ael ."ad,," 10 • helmet wilh win"""" a"d an -- odd" .II.ped. movlhf1iece; (d) mow' Sc..b. wWI l1Ie air reurllOir on lite di"". ,11",; (c) .Ita",. Ihe divn _aring .. ...it at Inlllllt'. Tae ",,,4 kg••, IIi. 'i4/11 wllt'e 10 be fItted when he descended end emplied w"" he wished to .!nfflt:e.
FIG. 41.-Thepll""_'*-usedby Paul iIorl tor 1tla~ioni ~II Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org)
The- late Professor }obnScott Haldan!', C,H., F.R.S., M.D.
AN ANCIENT UNDER\X'ATr~R HERD lJtlderW'Qte~ warN"" lUI i~ned in th,=, 16th Cl.'llturr. A knight in undetwau.·; vnnl\lt fCU" l"ttl ~jU,1. It '"" as .;tn!ll~ It, that, TM illuc'ltratlQf'l j! tak"n from th( Profc$$Qr. Sir Lwnard E. HiI1, f~Jt.~., Lt-D., M.D. lUI ~ltbJft of ". It, AtIIlltW1 hy "'.fhllll )(~ ~:::;....-+ \t~j\ A, Siebe'. first 'closed' diving helmet and dress, made in 1829. Now " ~ •...... ':'... .: -., in the SCience: Museum, London. The lat. Paulllcrt (>833-'886), Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org)
MOUNT EVEREST EXPEDITIONS
OW/lire"', IlI'/)4TtUUI ;1 _ «l1'ly uomplt (Jf tht ltmlt-kM,"'ud rtllInlTati!''! tYPI. It lIad tll~ OXJ'Ini bUllflt which lure worn r01l1td tile waiu. The wJwlt appara. till f4'a' lwritd on II judut.
Alexander von Humboldt 1795-1799.
a
Barton (1872)
An eady Fle....·Davi. self.. containt~d breathing Ingen.housz 178~ apparatu•. Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org)
Lorini (1597)
1 ( ;;\!iIJCrl
F om an anonymous MS. , of 1430. Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org)
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HISTORY AND TYPES OF CLOSED CIRCUIT OXYGEN UNDERWATER BREATHING APPARATUS USED IN ENGLAND Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 12 -
HISTORY
After the initial breakthrough b~ Fleuss, interest in the CCOUBA waned. What diving there was to be done was done by tthard hat" divers. Although the 0 sets had been used; the true value of the apparatus had not beeh established.' Then, in the early 1900s, the field was entered by R.H. Davis, who worked With, and was later to become managing director of, Siebe Gorman and Company, Submarine Engineers (the home of British diving). 'Fleuss, who had given up the field of oxygen apparatus designing, WaS inVited by DaViS to collaborate With him to improve and develop Fleuss l original work. 'The result of this work was the development of several'O? sets, including the original- submarine escape apparatus, 111so the "proto" and "salvus". At about this time (1903 to 1907) a Frenchman, Professor Georges'Jaubert, invented a preparation of Sodium Oxylithe Peroxide. This chemical when breathed upon gives off oxygen, and at the same time absorbs the carbon dioxide in the' expired air. In 1909 Captain S.S. Hall, R.N., and Dr. O. Rees, R.N., using this oxylithe, developed a submarine escape apparatus which was accepted by the Royal Navy. Although never used in an escape, it was used as a shallow water diVing unit. It is said that its best use was in the application of sodium peroxide for whitening the quarterdeck woodwork. At the outbreak of the First World War, the United Kingdom was fairly well equipped with O? breathing sets. The well tried "proto" and "salvus" were adopted by many of the Allied Armies for operations in poisonous air and with a limited amount of use underwater. Development of O? sets then came to a standstill until about'1927 when, due to a United States Navy submarine disaster; another look was taken at submarine escape apparatus. Davis, who originally designed a submarine escape apparatus in the early 1900s, set to work and produced the WEA. Again 0 set development quietened down until 1941-42, when the su6cessful attacks underwater by Italian Frogmen were made. Then there was developed a mass of new types of 02 sets, most of which were modifications of the earlier sets, and were made by Siebe Gorman and Company. These included the human torpedo apparatus, amphibious tank escape apparatus, 'mine and booby trap disposal apparatus, P-party apparatus, frogman apparatus and several others. The mine and booby trap and P-party were oxynitrogen mixture gas breathing sets and were probably the first self contained closed circuit apparatus ever to use mixtures•
••• •/DAVIS Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org)
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J.'ig. 34 1. Breathing bug. 2. Oxygen cylinder. i 3. CO~ absorbent cht\rnhtr. • , f'a«:, mallk. ·Fl~uS3'a first apparatus fOT work in irrespirable atmosphere! • Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org)
" Oxylithe ; l ! The /irst Ivl/·time Scvba, invented by William James in 18" < Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 15 - DAVIS SUBMARINE ESCAPE APPARATUS (DSEA) The original submarine escape apparatus was designed by R.H. Davis in 1903-1906, and was viewed by the Royal Navy with slight interest. About this time, Siebe Gorman had acquired the rights to oxylithe. Hall and Rees developed a submarine escape apparatus (using this oxylithe) which was a helmeted half-suit with a sodium peroxide canister inside, connected to the mouth. The Royal Navy adopted this set in preference to the Davis apparatus, as it dispensed With the need for compressed 02' After the United States Navy submarine disaster (the sinking of the 84 with the loss of all hands) the Royal Navy took a more intensive look at submarine escape apparatus. In 1927 Davis developed, from his original work on submarine escape sets, the Davis Submarine Escape Apparatus (DSEA). This set was first used operationally at'the time of the sinking of H.M. Submarine Poseidon in'1931, in the South China Sea, in which it saved six lives. The DSEA is still in use to-day by many navies of the world. There have been modifications to this set, but in general it remains the same as the one designed in 1927. It is only since 1954 that it has gradually been superseded by the free ascent and BIBS demand valve methods. Descriptioll of Apparatus The DSEA apparatus consists of a rubber breathing and buoyancy bag, inside which is arranged a canister containing 1 lb of protosorb for the absorption of exhaled CO? In the pocket at the lower edge of the bag is carried a steel cylinder containing 56 litres of compressed 0" at 120 atmospheres pressure. The cylinder is provided With a control valve and is connected by a tube to the bag. Opening of the cylinder valve admits ° to the bag and charges it to a pressure equal to that of the sfirrounding water. The canister of absorbent inside the bag is connected by means of a flexible corrugated tube to a mouthpiece, and breathing is carried out through the mouth only, the nose being closed by a clip. In order to conserve the supply of oxygen in the cylinder, means are provided whereby oxygen can be admitted into the bag from an external source i.e. cylinders installed in the compartments of submarines, or two small steel capsules of oxygen, called oxylets, mounted inside the breathing bag; these capsules'have break-off necks and 0, is released by breaking these, with the hands, through tl"le bag. The bag is provided with an automatic non-return relief valve which •••fallows Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 16- allows gas to escape from the bag as the user ascends to the surface. A tap is provided to close this valve when the wearer reaches the surface, thus retaining the air in the breathing bag, which can then serve as a life jacket or buoyancy vest. A two-way tap is provided in the mouthpiece which is kept closed When the apparatus is not in use to prevent access of the atmosphere to the chemicals in the canister. The apparatus is provided With adjustable neck strap and adjustable waist strap. There is a small additional bag (emergency buoyancy bag) on the front of the main breathing bag to ensure the wearer will remain afloat on the surface, even if he has lost all his gas from the breathing bag. This "buoyancy bag is inflated by a third oxylet fitted inside it. Over the years one modification was a valve fitted on the left shoulder of the breathing bag, with a gag device to retain the oxygen on reaching the surface. Another modification was a new type of absorbent canister. A rubber extension similar to an apron can be unrolled and held out by the wearer . in a horizontal position when he is ascending through the water. This sets up a considerable resistance and retards the speed of his ascent. Once the DSEA had been generally issued to submarines, it was used also as a handy shallow water diving apparatus with a thirty minute endurance. The early British frogmen trained with"this type of diving apparatus with very little modification• ••• /THE "PROTO" Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) • • , A modified valve ·'K" is now beingfirted , on the left shoulder of the breathing bag with a gag device to retain IC-o-x-yge-=n-",,'--re'''hing the .urf.~. ThiJ,m I fact, is.. rnodilled vtnion. by . Si~, ···?~"c;o·, - 18 - THE "PROTO" CCOURA The "Proto" Mark I 0 breathing apparatus was invented and developed by Fleuss and ~avis in about 1906-1910. This set was designed for fire fighting and mine rescue. The "Proto" apparatus was used by the British and American Armies in the First World War, and in its present and improved form is used by many countries for mine rescue and fire fighting. The design of the "Proto" is arranged so as to ensure equal balance back and front of the wearer. The projections on the back, which might catch in obstructions when working on low mine roads or when creeping through small openings when fire fighting, are completely avoided, whereas With the other types contained solely on the back, this is not so. The more vulnerable parts of the "Proto" are carried in front within sight and under the control and protection of the wearer. The reducing valve is of the constant feed type. Although it is thought that this set was never used for diving, it has been included as it was one of, if not the first, closed circuit oxygen breathing sets following Fleuss' original, and most of the principles laid down on the "Proto" O2 set were to be followed in the majority of the others• • The "Proto" set is still much used to-day by many Fire Brigades. • •• !THE "SALVOS" Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) . . . I . 7 I f- f .i' •.... \ =:::.. Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 2 °- TIlE "SALVUS" CCOURA This was one of the sets developed in the early 1900s by Davis and Fleuss for fire fighting and underwater work• • The principles of operation were very similar to the "Proto" oxygen set. It was a well designed set, and was used by many of thc Allied Armies during the First World War for use against poisonous gas; it was also adopted by many of the services as a fire fighting 02 set. A modification of the "Salvus" set was called the P-party; the main uae of this P-party set was for use by bomb and mine dispoaal units. Yet another modification to this "Salvus" set was called by the Navy the ANS amphibian breathing apparatus, or Pattern 3485 "Salvus", which was used for underwater work. Although the "Salvus" set fell out of use in the underwater field later on, due to its size and weight, it remained in use until the late 1950s for fire fighting. The "Salvus" is on the same regenerative principle as the "Proto" and is worn on the chest. A general description is shown on page 21 • • .•/ADMIRALTY Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) (4) PART No. DESCRIPTION 1 OXYR4'ft Cyllndtr ~(~) 2 Cylinder Valft 3 Reducing V.lve 4 By-pUi Valve ,. 6 PmsureGauge 6 P.fO.»:\UW Gauce MIrrw ,12'· 7 Swan· Dt (~) "- , \ .) I "; , DIAGRAMMATIC ARIWlGEMEHT OF 'WVUS' APl'ARATUS, MARK VI \ HALF-HOUR SELF-CONTAINED OXYGEN BREATHING APPARATUS (R. H. Duis's Plten18) The 'salvus' Is on the same ftgennati1o'€ principle which reduees the temperat""e of the Inspired air as the ·Proto·. The apparatus which 15 worn In and so add. to the comfort or the wearer (tbe cooler front of the wearer. and is enUrely within. sight Is attached to the top of Ule reOliable (lanIster (15) and under his control, mmsllts of n Steel Cylinder (1) and can be used many times without recharging) ; oontalnlng about 3.5 cubic ket (95 lItns) of oxypn I " NoecUp (14) and a pair or Goggles. The preMUte when charged tQ a pressure of J20 atmospheres '-C-. gauge I. provided with a proJeettnr cover <6llns"" t ,800 lb. per square Inch, fitted with a Main Valve which Is fttted a mirror to enable the wearer to !21; a COt ReDlla'Ole Absorbent Canister (1$) read the «aup by reflection. A Br-p", (4j Ott the contalnlng the speCIa. alnarbent, 'Protosorb'; a 'reduelng valve -enables the user to supply tIM Bnathlng Bag (tS) j an automaUc Pressure breathlnc hi with oxygen direct from the Cl)tnder Reducing Valve (3). whleh panel the oxy&.n trom In cae of ne.d. With the Rellet Valve (t) lUll" .aaell lb. oyllndor 10 lb...... 1111. bag ., • conilanl 0' p....,... In th. b....th...... , .... Ilo at .,.... rate; • PrenUl'e aa...... /& i Ptelu ln a&motphtNI nl.-.Tho WHitappal'alIDII_collnnltnll, pressure and avallabfe tim. In mlnu ; • MouCh. .ft....ro...... , •• ift MJ1IIture ham.. ' t • Vi ,i.M (tB) with Rexl.... tea, S 1,Tnt , •• 7 '.,' r ,...,..., ,. n.... Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) ADMIRALTY NECK "SALVUS" (ANS)jPATTERN 3485 "SALVUS" In the case'of the Admiralty Neck "Salvus" (ANS) amphibian apparatus, the principle is the same as that of the "Salvus", but the breathing bag is of the neck type, and the oxygen cylinder with its closing valve, reducing valve • and CO absorbent canister are carried at the left hand side of the2wearer. The apparatus functions in the following manner: an oxygen cylinder containing 6 cUbic feet of 0 pressurised to 120 ATA is fitted with a cylinder valve. An2automatic pressure reducing valve connected to the cylinder reduces the pressure of the °2 , and delivers it at a constant rate (2 litres/min) to the metal tube, which is screwed to the CO absorbent canister. To the metal tube is attached a fl€xible corrugated breathing bag. Terminating in the face mask, the breathing bag is worn around the neck and fastened in front by the jock strap, the bag being connected to the CO aDsorbent canister by a second corrugated breathing bag. 2 A pressure gauge is mounted on a flexible metal tube connected to the H.P. side of the reducing valve, giving the bottle pressure of 02 When opening the cylinder valve. The reducing valve is fitted with a hand operated by-pass valve which enables 02 to be delivered direct from the cylinder, by short circuiting the reducer valve. Excess oxygen may accumulate when standing still or doing light work. To enable this to be released, a hand operated press-in-relief valve is fitted on the underside of the CO absorbent (protosorb) canister. In addition, a relief2valve to release excess pressure underwater is fitted to the right shoulder of the breathing bag. All fittings are rust proof and the following parts are supplied to convert from fire fighting to shallow water diving: 1. Davis submerged escape apparatus type goggles, nose clip and mouthpiece. 2. Weighted shoes to keep the wearer upright in the water. 3. A counterweight worn on the right side to • balance the weight of the apparatus • • •• /TEE AI~HIBIAN • Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) o , t ------THE "SALVUS· REDUCINfj VAi,.VE;. CYLINDER VALVE AND ReliEf VALVE J --~'--'- j '..osc1lltW:....--~ ---j NJ"ItlMA11C l'llI£1 w.l.\I[ IN ~ SAG. (friA USE IJNOE:A "''l'IA,l '",::{.:~ • ;• • Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 24 - THE AMPHIBIAN CCOUBA The original amphibian breathing apparatus was designed in about 1908 for dual purpose work, in poisonous gas or underwater. Its design was very similar to the f1Proto" set. with a marked bias towards underwater work. It also had the ability to be converted to a mixture set. The original setj the Mark I, oonsisted ofa steel cylinder charged with O?, a CO~ absorbent canister. nose clip, goggles, a streamlined nreathing bag with excess air escape valve and, for use underwater. a lead balance weight at the back was added. The Mark II amphibian set WaS modified by, firstly, reseating the relief valve to the front of the set and the ability for it to be hand operated, and secondly, the breathing bag being reformed to fit around the neck as with the "Salvus ANS".· Instead of being on the usual harness on the wearer's back, to meet special reqUirements a sleeveless jacket is worn, on which the 0 cylinder and valves and CO canister are carried. This set had a very limited use und§rwater but was tried in the submersible canoes ("Sleeping Beauties"). After the war it became known as the "Sewer Man's Set" and large quantities were sold for use in sewers. Some of these are still in use to-day. • •• IMINE Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) THE "AMPHIBIAN" APPARATUS (MARl< I) Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 26 - MINE RECOVERY SUIT (MRS) The MRS was an adaptation by Siebe Gorman of an oxygen-nitrogen gas mixture self contained diving dress designed by Sir Robert Davis and his son R.W.G. Davis before World War II. This apparatus was similar in appearance to the standard diver's dress and along similar lines to the early Drager self contained apparatus. The MRS was the first type of diving apparatus used by the famous P-party or human minesweepers. These men were responsible for clearing mines and unexploded bombs from the harbours and rivers. Later this group used the P-party diving set, whioh was a modification of the "Salvus". The main difference in these sets was not the principle of oxygen breathing, but the antimagnetic quality of the metals used in the set, because many of the mines these men were called upon to delouse were of the magnetic variety• •• o/THE AlrPHIBIOUS Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) • MJne """-r suit . Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 28 - TIlE AMPHIBIOUS TANK ESCAPE CCOUM (ATEA) Some of the duplex drive amphibious tanks, planned to play an important part in the invasion of Europe, were by no me~~s as amphibious as would seem. Here the problem was to make a set that was light and small enough for a man to wear continuously at the ready, and be able to pass through the narrow hatches of the tank. The ATEA thus came into being. It was a very small version of the DSEA, consisting of a rectangular breathing bag and a cylindrical one pound soda lime canister. The set being charged initially with 0 from a cylinder in the tank through a tyre inflation valve 6n the top of the canister, additional life was given to the set by fitting a DSEA oxylet cylinder in the breathing bag to quickly recharge it. Siebe Gorman produced some 6,000 of these sets in the three months prior to D-Day and many lives were saved during the heavy weather off the coast of Normandy during the landings• • • •• jCHARIOT Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) • Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 30 - CHARIOT OR HUMAN TORPIDJO CCOUBA In 1941, after an attack on British warships by the Italians with their chariots,'Britain started to develop her own. The first human torpedo, the Mark I, was designed by the Naval Constructor's Department of the Admiralty; and the • machines were manufactured by Messrs Stodhert and Pitts of Bath. Lieutenant Commander Sladen and Lieutenant Commander Fell, R.N., were the two officers responsible for training human torpedo and X-craft personnel in the 12th Submarine Flotilla. With the development of these human torpedoes it beoame neoessary to design a new O? diVing set. Originally the DSEA was used, but problems of sh~rt duration etc. were encountered. A new set was called for, with specifications of 6 hours endurance at a diVing depth of 90 feet. During the trialS of this set, there was a series of accidents which were attributed to oxygen poisoning. There was a re-examination of "La Pression Barometrique" and an experimental party of naval doctors, civilian scientists and 17 naval officers and divers, was established at Siebe Gorman's works in 1942 to determine the safe limits of oxygen poisoning, and to establish the present oxy-nitrogen practice. Over 1000 dives were carried out in toxic depths of oxygen poisoning together with animal experiments. The civilian scientists included the late Professors Sir Leonard Hill and J.B.S. Haldane, and the whole was reported by Surgeon Lieutenant (now Professor) K.W. Donald in his thesis "Oxygen Poisoning in Man". The safe diving depth was reduced to 30 feet. The first human torpedoes employed by the British in October 1942 were to be launched against the German battleship "Tirpitz". The attack failed because the torpedoes broke loose from the fishing boat which was transporting them to the target area. The main difference between the new chariot diving set and any previous design, was the need for long duration and depth. The basis for this set was the DSEA, with a large radial CO absorbent canister with a capacity of 4tlbs of • absorbent,2 and a modified "Salvus" reducer which gave a constant flow of 1.2 litres/min of 02 and two cylinders (aluminium) of 8 cubic feet capacity• • • ••/This Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 31 - This set was used only with 100% oxygen. A similar but smaller set was developed with a three hour endurance for working out of the small X-craft or midget submarines• • • 0 ,,/THE "FROG11A.N" Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) D1AOItANMAnc SJrnfCH 01' HUMAN-TOIU'1lIJlJ ...... _THING' A""lATUS 0' l!l f , ·;• ; • •, _ tweBE1l EXHAUST-mVI -'. LEAD WEIGHTS ,CIl _ANCY ; -.-.-. QUICH£L£AS! ~Irs : 8Y'flASS VALVE f."ESWR£.fUDVCINC VALVE • KlNO .GIoaos VJ IDCAWJNJNG· A CH:AJuo'rI;D's KNm A8OA.I.D H.M.S. '''1IoNAVIlNTUUn 1'N1944 Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) .~::~';" ~.; - '1. ,,--,~" ;.. ",,-' ~;-;:>",~' ""';; ,~ - TIRED MEN A chariot team is helped abmtrd after a Irainitl8 run. Pholo "lJllUlrllled" M.w< J H""""" TOlU'fDO BmlO HOllmlJ> OUTllO.\IlO In Ihi. pbotolr..pb no warboed i' flitted. Photo AIJIU'lQIId Pr,u 'i ',.J Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 34 - THE "FROGMAN" CCOUBA • The development o£ the 0 breathing frogman was ' not so much o£ the set itsel£ but o£ the protective clothing, diving dress and other equipment, e.g. swim fins, which became the all important part of the frogman's equipment. There was a tailoring and refining of the already existing oxygen breathing sets to suit the new swimming diver. After the £rogman attack by the Italians in 1941, three units entered into the development of frogman equipment, Siebe Gorman was already highly involved in the production' of underwater oxygen sets for other diving uses. Secondly, there was the newly established Admiralty Experimental Diving Unit (AEDU), under the directorship o£ Captain W.O. Shelford, R.N.. Included in this team was the late Professor J.B.S. Haldane, and the unit was housed at the Siebe Gorman Works. The-third was the Dunlop (Special Products) Rubber Company, mainly responsible £or the rubber frogman suit and swim fins. From these the British frogman was evolved, and although late starting in the field, probably was better equipped th~~ his Italian counterpart. The name "Frogman" was coined by the press and seems to have alluded to every man who went underwater, but in actual fact, i£ there was such a thing as a frogman, it was the underwater swimmer. The early frogman used a modified DSEA with constant oxygen feed, and on this most of the early free swimmers did their training. Then there came Siebe Gorman's "Amphibian" Mark IV oxygen breathing apparatus. This was a very much modified version of the early "Amphibian" oxygen apparatus. Two other oxygen sets designed specifically £or the free swimmers were the Dunlop underwater breathing apparatus and the Admiralty Universal oxygen breathing apparatus. The latter could also be used for mixture gas breathing• • • •• /CLEARANC E Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) '.:'1("" "',,;...:"'--..... :c·.: • ,.;.;;. ~ ..~:~~-:~ :.~~~~~ Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 36 - CLEARANCE DIVING BREATHING APPARATUS (CDBA) This oxygen breathing set came into service approximately in 1951. All the other sets developed and used during World War II had by this time gradually dropped out of use. The Dunlop Company then produced the CDBA which had the ability to be used as a closed circuit oxygen breathing apparatus, or as a semi-closed circuit for mixturE; gas breathing. This had been originally considered by the late Professor J.B.S. Haldane, when during the war he converted a "Salvus" Pattern 3485 this was the forerurmer of the CDBA, but the story is a little more complicated than th~t. The CDBA was more likely a composite of the wartime oxygen sets along the lines specified by the AEDU, who had done much experimental work on oxygen breathing at their new home at HMS Vernon, Portsmouth. The CDBA has remained in use in the Royal Navy, and in many other navies of the world, to this day. Deecriptiop of the CDBA This is a olosed circuit oxygen breathing apparatus of the pendulum breathing type, the oxygen being inhaled from the breathing bag or counterlung through a carbon dioxide absorbent canister, and exhaled in the reverse diroction. The CDBA consists basically of the harness and breathing bag (capacity 8 litres) constructed of 2 ply rubberised fabric. On the back of the harness there is fitted a weight pocket. A canister of st inches diameter holding approximately 2 Ibs of carbon dioxide absorbent is fitted into the breathing bag from the front, and secured by me~~s of an adjustable metal band. The reducer and by-pass valve assembly is of the constant mass type, Which reduces the high pressure oxygen of the cylinders to a low working pressure. Vrhcn used With 100% oxygen, a constant mass of gas flows into the breathing bag during a dive. This is a predetermined mass eqUivalent to between 0.5 and 2 litres/min at Standard Temperature and Pressure. The flow rate of the reduoer may be preset for any given flow between 0.5 litres lli~d 13 litres/min. This adjustment is necessary when the set is being used for various mixtures of gases. Also •.•jincorporated Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 37 - incorporated in the reducing valve is a by-pass which allows the breathing bag to be filled instantly. The twin oxygen cylinders which are made of aluminium alloy contain 0.36 • litres per cylinder at a pressure of 3,000 Ibs per s~uare inch. In addition to the twin cylinders there is also an emergency cylinder of 0.36 litres capacity which can be fed straight irrto the breathing bag. The CDBA can easily be changed to a semi-closed circuit set for mixture gas diving by adjusting: 1. The relief valve on the shoulder of the breathing bag. 2. The reducer flow to the reqUired flow for the given mixture. • •• /DUNLOP __ u _ Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) *'.>f • "+. "" . ::.....-ill '*""'" • - - - - ~!,,~:' ·t,,'t~·- ....,.._.- Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 40 - JJUNLOP UNJJERWATER SWIMMING BHEAT1iING APPAM:1.U.S (ffiVSBA) This oxygen set was developed by Dunlop in conjunction with the Admiralty Experimental JJiving Unit and the National Institute of Medical Research• • Dunlop had originally been called in to develop and manufacture a rubber suit and swim fins which was to become known as the Admiralty Underwater Swim Suit Mark I (UWSS Mk I). There was also a W~rk II and III of this suit which was used without fins, i.e. for the operators of X-craft. The UVrSBA oonsists of two rubber breathing bags, a 2 litre one on the right side which is the exhalation bag on which is mounted a relief valve; The larger 5 litre bag on the left side is the inhalation bag. The bags are connected together by the cylindrical CO? absorbent canister. The canister holds 41bs of 8-14 meSh protosorb. On each bag is fitted a one way valve, and a breathing tube Which connects to the mouthpiece is attached to each valve holder. The oxygen supply is from two 2-cu ft cylinders charged to 120 ATA. Each cylinder is connected independently to the breathingb~g on its own side. There is no constant flow to this set, the diver has to regulate the amount of oxygen he needs by control of the oxygen bottle valve • • ../SIEBE Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) Co"CAKISTERAMORaE"TfOR -JI::::6~2=~~;~::- CUP ASSEM8L1NG 'M'STeIlTO II"". CO,AB50RlIfMTc-'U-4-=::t: i~~~~~~~~CAftI5TfR COYER.. /lECK HOLE 1M t PLUG fOIUILLlH' CAHI5T'_ WITH APRON Co, ABSOItNIIT. EXllALIHG VALVe 6l);H--ltlHALlI'IG VALVE eXHAlIHG rll8l! FII"'''..L.I-'" 6RllUOC :;flU"" '!lBOTK llAc.s TO 'REYCIIT ~UR'A(.!I COM.I'4G I,..TO RELIE' VAlve -~Ioi IIITI"'''T' (OMTACT. II'IHALl/IG TUBe ·t:=.~,....Oa FElD TueE '-::\:--~t.J..-o.BOTTLE VALVE 0. eornt: -4-+" IW_-=~.:::l~:4+-0180TTLE 'IlON'" WEill"'" POClItT DIAGRAMMATIC PLAN VIEW OF THE U.VI.5.s. Mit. I ASSEMBlY COMPl£l1l WITH SWIM fINS AND U.W.S.B.A. UNOER WATER SWIMMING BREATHING APPARA1VS. (--_ ...._..,.- (U.W.5.S.A.) fAcE MASK MOT 5H()W". Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 42 - SIEBE GORMAN AllPHIBIAN 1~K VI OXYGEN UNDERWATER SWIMMING APPARATUS This is one of the latest Siebe Gorman oxygen sets on the market. The set is designed for underwater swimming in depths not exceeding 10 metres (33 feet). It uses a " regenerative closed circuit principle and is supplied with 100% oxygen. Breathing Bag and Harness The breathing bag is situated on the ohest of the diver. It is made of reinforced rubber and is integral with the harness whioh extends down over the back to the waist straps. Canister A canister containing 0.9 Kgs (2 lbs) of carbon dioxide absorbent is fitted inside the bag, and connects to the breathing tube by means of a watertight connection passing through the front of the bag. Access to the canister for filling is through a slot in the bottom of the bag which can be made watertight by two clamp bands. Cylinders • Two aluminium high pressure cylinders each of 0.5 titres water capacity and having a charging pressure of 123 Kg/cm (1800 psi) are worn horizontally across the front of the apparatus. The cylinders connect into a manifold and a single cylinder valve controls their opening and closing. A third reserve cylinder of similar capacity and working pressure is worn horizontally above the two main cylinders and has a separate independent connection into the breathing bag. The oylinder is fitted with a valve sealed by a lead shearing pin, which is sheared by the first movement to open the hand wheel. This ensures that the reserve cylinder is full when required. All three cylinders are mounted on a common carrier frame, which is attached to the clamp bands of the breathing bag. Reducer Connected to the manifold is a reducing valve which reduces the pressure to that required for breathing and supplies it to the diver at a constant rate of 1.5 litres/min. A hand •••/operated -""--- "------Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 43 - operated by-pass is fitted to admit high pressure gas direct to the breathing bag to allow for exceptionally hard work or to gain buoyancy for ascending. The reducer is connected to the • breathing bag by a flexible reinforced rubber small bore hose • Relief Valv~ o A relief valve is fitted to the left shoulder of the breathing bag. A spindle protrudes through the cover of the relief valve so that it can be lifted manually if required. Weight A lead weight to compensate for the buoyancy of the breathing bag is fitted between the cylinders. Additional weights ca~ be carried on a quick release weight carrier on the ba • • • • •• /"COBRA" Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 44 - "COBRA" (CLAl'illESTlNE OPERATIONS ~THINC APPARATUS) • This is another of the new Siebe Gorman oxygen sets. The "Cobra" is a closed circuit underwater breathing apparatus using oxygen. The components are housed in a streamlined case to which a harness is attached. The apparatus is strapped to the diver's back and is intended for working in face down, standing or crawling positions. Case and Harness The main portion of the streamlined casing forms the support on which all Units of the breathing set are mounted. A detachable case lid gives easy access to all parts of the set, and is secured by rubber toggle straps and non magnetic hinges. The harness is of 2 inch terylene webbing. Breathing Bags Two breathing bags of reinforced double nitrile rub~er are fitted in the upper part of the casing. The casing is perforated in their vicinity to allow a free flow of water in and out of the space between the wallS of the bags and the • casing. The inhalation bag is on the diver's right side and has a capacity of 2,500 ccs. Screw connections attach the bag to the canister at the bottom and breathing tube at the top. It is fitted also with an inflation connection leading direct from the flow selector, so that the inhalation bag is always fed with the correct mixture. The exhalation bag is on the diver's left side and has a capacity of 3,000 ccs. The exhalation bag has screw connections to the canister and exhalation tube and the relief valve. All connections to the breathing bags have O-ring seals and gas-tight joints can be effected by hand. Canister A canister containing 3 Kg (6.6 lbs) of carbon dioxide absorbent is of radial flow construction. • •• /Cylinders Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 45 - Cylinders Two al~~inium alloy cylinders each of 2.0 litres water capacity with a working pressure of 120 atmospheres are fitted vertically on each side of the soda lime canister. The cylinder valves connect to the reducer manifold at the bottom • of the set• Reducer The reducer is a sealed constant mass flow type unit giving an oxygen flow of 2 litres per minute. Gas from the cylinder is supplied into it via the high pressure manifold. ;By-pasS A by-pass valve is fitted which enables high pressure gas to pass directly from the manifold into the inhalation bag. Flow Control Gas flow is controlled by the flow selector. Relief Valve A pressure relief valve is connectod to the exhalation • bag which is fixed to the top of the casing. The relief pressure is adjustable (1i-S inches). A diffuser is fitted to the relief valve to silence the bubble stream. Length 78 em (30.75 inches) Width 46.5 em (15.25 inehes) Depth 20 em (S inches) Weight (fully charged) 30 Kg (66 lbs) • ••• !HISTORY Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 46 - • • HISTORY AND TYPES OF CLOSED CIRCUIT OXYGEN UNTIERWATER J3REATHlllG APPARATUS USED IN I TAL Y • • Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 47 - HISTORY Although we know Abata Felice Fontana (1730-1805) was involved with the development of CC OUBA , there were probably several other Italians working in this field. • The first attack by underwater swimmers in modern times was probably by an Italian. Italian naval e:ngineers, Raffaele Rcssetti and Raffaele Paocucci first used a primitive human torpedo called a "Mignatta" and sank the Yugoslavian battleship "Viribus Unitisll in November, 1918. During this attack on the "Viribus Unitis", the men on the torpedo~did not, as far as is known, use a breathing set, but relied on their heads remaining just above the surface of the water. In 1935, two Italian naval officers, Elios Toschi and Teseo Tesei, designed and tried a human torpedo as we know them to-day. This torpedo, named the "Sea Swine" or "Pig", got its name due to the problems they had With it during the trials. The oxygen supply was a fairly primitive one, but the value of these men and equipment was quickly seen by the Italian Navy. There was set up a unit of these underwater swimmers called Force H of the Tenth Light Flotilla at the Navy Yards at Lar-Spezia. The men in this Force H were to become known as Gamma Men. At about this time, the company "Pirelli" started to manufacture underwater equipment. Pirelli Company and the Lar-Spezia Naval Yards were to the Italian diving world what Siebe Gorman and Portsmouth were to the British. Although primarily rubber manufacturers, Pirelli were building the DSEA under licence from Siebe Gorman for the Italian Navy before the war. By the start of World 'iiar II· Pirelli had designed and built a very effective CCOUBA set. They did, of course, manufacture the "frogman" rubber suits and develop the swim fins which increased the scope of the Gamma Men's activities tremendously. There were several variations of the sets Mod 701, 801 and 901. The changes in each model were very small, a pressure gauge added or a new type handle, etc•• The Model LS901 is still very much in current use. • •• /The Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 48 - The first attack by frogmen during World War II was on 20-22 September, 1941, by the Italian H. F~rce using the Pirelli set when they launched an attack with three "Sea Swine" in the Bay of Algeciras. The "Sea Swine" were carried to the area by the submarine "Scire" and was directed at HMS Barham. This attack was unsuccessful and the diving equipment and one of the chariots was recovered. It was followed by the attack led by Lieutenant Luigi Durand De La Penne in December, 1941, when they sank the battleships HlIIS Valiant and IDIIS Queen Elizabeth in Alexandria Harbour. The equipment and chariot captured in the Algeciras attack was sent to the United Kingdom to form the basis of British development in this field• •••/THE PIRELLI Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) THE HfSTO'RY OF C~0.UBA. IN ITALY SlOW-SPEED TORP£D<>-<:ALLED TIm ·PIC·. (a) Pilot', seat. (b) Diver's Ot second man', ,eat. (I) Warhead (300 kg. ofexpl"'ive). (2) Time-fmc. (3) SuspenMon-ring. (4) Clutch for warhead. (s) Wind-screen. (6)"Fore trimming-tank. (7) Trimming-t:mk control pump. (8) Battery compartment. (9) Electric motor. (10) Crash submersion ,·ontrollever. (11) Crash submersion tank. (12) Crash tank exhaust valve. (13) Security grip for second man. (14) 20 at,,, .ir contoiner for tank Cf",h exhaust. (IS) Can containing reserve breathing set and working tDol, (net-lifters, neHutters. eopr. clamps. etc.). (16) Stern trimming tank. (17) Proprller shaft «Impartment. (18) Peotective grid for proprller. (19) Propeller. (20) Vertical ru,lder (direction). (21) Horizontol rndder (for depth). ALEXANDRIA IS. XII. ,iii Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) ~~·~:':·~l ...... _.- -' "-'" The Italian .rigillal (duo 'pii) or ihe Brili,h 'chariot'. i. ~J),-.... '._ _ ..~ A •, -- , -....( Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 51 - THE PIRELLI CCOUJ3A As was mentioned in" the history, there were several models of the Pirelli CCOUJ3A, i.e. 18701, 16801, LS901 and the sports set "Poseidon". The main designs 01' all 01' them are identical. Description of Model L8901 The oxygen comes from two oylinders each having 1.6 litres capacity at a pressure of 150-200 atmospheres. The" oxygen passes through a regulator. This pressure regulator, or reducer, allows a continuous ' flow of oxygen, and may be regulated by turning a wing nut, thus allowing the flow of oxygen to be regulated to give from 0.5 litres per minute to 2 litres per minute. The oxygen then enters the breathing bag Which is made of rubberised fabric. From this bag the oxygen is inhaled by way of a corrugated hose through a purifying cartridge, Which is a 6" radial type hOlding approximately 2 Ibs of soda lime. In case it is necessary to supplement the oxygen supply, a by-pass is fitted which allows the oxygen to by-pass the regulator and flow straight to the bag• •• •jHISTORY Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) p""".' ~ >'/'-- -' ",•.'.,$ - ... '~"> ... ,- - -,- ~. Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 54 - 40_ HISTORY AND TYPES OF CLOSED CIRCUIT OXYGEN UNDER~R BREATHING APPARATUS USED IN GERMANY " Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 55 - HISTORY In approximately 1800 a German named Friedrich Von Drieberg invented an apparatus called the "Triton" which resembled the aqualung of to-day. It consisted of 4 metal cylinders filled with air, worn on the diver's back, with a breathing tube leading to the diver's mouth. Most of the time the diver was not self-contained, as there were tubes leading from the set to the pump on the surface, but in case of a breakdmvn of the pump, or some other emergency, the diver had sufficient air to stay down for some time. This apparatus had very little following and little use. The first CCOUBA to come on to the market in the early part of 1912 was the Draeger hoseless diving apparatus. Bernhard Draeger had been making standard diving dress for some years and this hoseless oxygen set was a modification of the standard dress. In 1913 a surge of development on oxygen sets took place, partly due to some bad mining accidents involVing carbon dioxide in the Waldenburg mining district. Some of these sets were very effective open circuit sets but with only a life of approximately 10 minutes. Later included was closed circuit equipment Which gave a life of over 20 minutes, and further developments extended these times. At about the same time (1911-1913) Draeger also developed a submarine escape apparatus which was a well designed oxygen set, not unlike the DSEA which was to gain such fame. There were several models of this set, one of which was used at the sinking of the U5? It was in this stage that the oxygen sets remained till late 1943. In January, 1944, the German Navy first employed human torpedoes. -These were used by a group known as Kleinkampfmittel Verband, referred to as K. Force, based at Heiligenhafen under Captain C.D. Bekker. These human torpedoes, called "niggers", had built into them a dome in which a man sat. Therewas a compressed air supply with air purifiers to the dome. There were numerous troubles with these torpedoes and many men were lost from carbon dioxide poisoning. The "niggers" were eventually abandoned, and a midget two man submarine called a "Seehund" was developed instead. Although relatively efficient, the • • •• / development Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 56 - development of these also was plagued with misfortune and they never were used operationally. Another section of K. Force was sent to train with the Italians, and after Italy capitulated, these men returned to Germany, Where Draeger developed and produced a eeOUBA for their use. This set was used in the 1.Ulderwater attack on bridges at Nijmegen• • Prior to this set Draeger had produced several eeOBA for underwater work - the Draeger Bade - Tauchretter (1925), the Draeger Gegenlunge (Tauchretter - Ansug) and the Draeger Gegenlunge for submarine escape. In the 1950s, Draeger started again developing CeOBA for mine rescue and also for underwater work, including sets such as the Draeger Model, Lt. Lund II, and later the model LAR, which were confined to oxygen breathing. Draeger also produces gas mixture breathing sets • • • • •. /DRAEGER ------Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) fi...l dlvin, «p.rlment•• 1911: Helmet, b,...hlno boO cortied Oft 1ft. "'i:tt.k. 0."." r·o·",...·,ion .p,..,..h,J. To Itt. rieht: Dr.if\iJ.'h,c. B.rfthord .Driller. • -Dtl••rog.n- mo.,1 una _ U-ol1aped .....ItlI"lI bag. ORl'GER self r~.euer model 1914 in use Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) DRaGER ....cue appliance model type Waldenburg ~ ..... _ ·Undeniater apparatus im,'ented by F~ de Drie~ ., Ibe Ix'ginning of the nine....ntb _twy ,~ ~r'....,< AN MRLY UN[)ERWATHR DIVING Otl'l'FlT 'l'hl.1'ktt of_"'to< was """ ofthe cotl.... idcu ""'oUy 10 be put into p_. It ... InttMted by IlL Gc:rllMll ~ J(Jit~ kid bW out Jo t 1'7 10 the 'I\Pft': . CJdet.·, , Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) Bosele88DlvID. • ---< ~.... ,. Apparatu8 • Model OM 40 .• Air·Ouliet Volve 2 SCNJ,WS tor Helmet • J Telephone Coble ,wr.-- 9 4 Air Supply Hme :r--O Air E$tt1pe Hote t Ho.o "r Brea.t Wo/g'1! "7 Box fot" Regen.redlon Cartridge Pr~lSvrCl GQvge Valve of the Comprened Air Cylinder Valve <>f Ih. OX1.eO Cylio. • der Volvo at lho Broo.1 Wolght General 8ketcb of the 80seles. DJ'llgel' Diving ApparatnB • Oxygen Cylinder 2 Oxygen or Comprested Air Cyllndor 3 Cylinder in the 8_Wofjht 4 Brea.t Wolght'··'· 'w 5 Air Supply Hos. • . Air E.cope Hmo • 1 RI, ""t1011 C p b t1 ) if AUII:. 'I>rlit.r.KI.int~uC"il"rlil 1 , ; Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) ~."" ..\ •. <'i(;',., .·';U~ • " • Dra.ger.G!ge~l~~ge Z.lch• ." At-mtadc:; il; .. MliUlddllicJr;: • ~r..-.n.thlt.~h; 11_ ...".".....,...••~"'j._IriIkt. ".~_·j~_Ii~~;"· .;...... (J'b.r4rvdr,..-a, Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) , The Drliget' Lung or Tauchretter (Gernuln) • Be 1---10 • G)GOgl" (0) Oxypo cylinder and 9Il1Ya M) Mouthpl_and cocIt BC) Bag .ecun'ng clamp !!-) Ilellof val"" B) Ilreothtn.-"'" ~C) CO••_1caniller ~ SoolaiJl& _p , Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 63 - DRAEGER LIEUTENANT LUND MIDGET CCOUBA • This is a closed circuit oxygen breathing set with an endurance of approximately 80 minutes. The apparatus is f~otened to the diver's chest and back with three straps. • It consists of an oxygen supply unit, the breathing bag with a refillable carbon dioxide absorbent cartridge, and double breathing'tubes with mouthpiece and one way valves. In an emergency, the apparatus can be thrown off, as the straps are all fastened with one quick release lock. The breathing bag, which is worn on the back, is made from a rubberised fabric. The oxygen is fed through an inspiratory valve and the inhalation tube to the mouth and lungs, Whilst the exhaled air flows back into the breathing bag Via a second tube, an expiratory valve and the absorbent cartridge. It is in this soda lime cartridge that the exhaled air is cleansed of carbon dioxide. The supply is'contained in two steel cylinders which are carried on the chest, and contain 0 at a pressure of 200 atmospheres. The normal capacity of e~ch cylinder is 0.8 litres, which results in a supply of 320 litres of oxygen. The cylinders can be shut off indiVidually and are arranged • vertically, with the valves at the bottom. Connected to the cylinders is an oxygen distributor unit Which consists of a pressure reducing valve, with a quantity regulating machine and an auxiliary valve. Once one or both cylinder valves are opened, a constant supply of 0.9 litres per minute of oxygen blows through the pressure reducing valve and the quantity regulating nozzle, into the breathing bag. Extra oxygen can be fed into the breathing bag by operating the aUXiliary valve by hand. The connection between the cylinders and distributor unit can be broken by hand, so that the cylinders can be changed without the need of tools. A pressure gauge is connected to the distributor unit so that the diver can check how much oxygen he has left at any time. The mouthpiece with the twin breathing tubes has a stop valve, which completely cuts off the circuit while the apparatus is being carried around. A pressure relief valve on the breathing bag offsets any excessive pressure rise in the breathing circuit. On the side of the breathing bag next to the diver's back is a pocket to take flat weights, which control the diver's balance and • ascent• • •• /THE DRAEGER Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) 1 ... O.yS.n cr1il\Chfl 2 '" P,euunt-redudfIQ volvo 3 ... CoMlont Itow regulutor .. - Pvsh-button .01.... ! .. pr.ssure ocug ... 6 ... Non-r"urn Y(live 7 "" Refillable Q3rtrid:. 8 - Cortrid~ sealing cop 9 -- hupiHlt0t'1 vgly. 10 Mouthpioce wHit .top va"- • 11 B,eolhing tube 12 - bplrofory val". 13 - Spocer spring 14 P,eHufIIl ndi.f vol"e 1.5 ... Breathing: bog 191,]0 • • .....,M.d.i Lt. Lvftd n. Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 65 - ~ DRAEGER SAUERSPOFF SCHWH'Il'ITAUCIlGERAT MODEL LA.R III CCOUM This is a shallow water, closed circuit, oxygen • breathing apparatus which consists of a saltwater-proof, aluminium alloy cylinder of 1.5 litres capacity, charged to 200 kg/cm2 (2844 p.s.i.). A reducer reduces the high pressure oxygen from the cylinder to a low working pressure. The eQunterlung demand valve operates when the breathing bag'empties on inhalation. The gas passes from the breathing bag (4,500 ec) through the inspiratory tube to the mouthpiece, then back through the expiratory tube. These tubes have one way flap valves adjacent to the mouthpiece. The expiratory breathing tube passes to the carbon dioxide absorbent canister, which is filled with 1,400 cc of carbon dioxide absorbent (Draeger sorb). This has an indicator which turns blue when the absorbent is exhausted. The oxygen passes from the canister to the breathing bag. The casing is made of reinforced polyester fibreglass. The demand valve has an adjustable screw for regulating the opening pressure of the demand valve. The volume of the breathing tubes is 625 ce. The total weight of the set is 9.1 kilogrammes. o • • •• /HISTORY ------Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 67 - • HISTORY AND TYPES OF CLOSED CIRCUIT OXYGEN UNDER'UTER BREATHING A:PPARATUS • USED IN FRANCE • < Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 68 - HISTORY France, along with England, was responsible for many • o£ the breakthroughs in the diving field. M. de Maillet, a French missionary, published an idea of a diving chamber in 1748. In 1771-1776, Freminet, a Parisian, invented a simple • helmet and leather diving dress, with a metal frame work, called by the inventor a Hydrostatergatic Machine. These men, and the ones that followed, had still not considered any other type of gas other than air, but they were driving towards a self contained diving set. In 1860-1565, BenOit, a mining engineer, and Auguste Rouquayrol, a Naval officer, produced a diving apparatus which was really the first self contained diving set. They called it an aerophore. The diver carried a metal canister on his back. The canister contained air at a pressure of 30 atmospheres; The air was kept at that pressure from the surface by a pump, but once a certain pressure of air had been obtained the diver could detach the tube which connected him with the upper world and for a few minutes be independent • • Between the reservoir of air in the canister and the diver's respiratory tubes, the air was reduced to thc requisite pressure by a deVice, to become known as a regulator. A membrane was SUbjected to a pressure, on one side by water and on the other by the air breathed by the diver. The air side was at lower pressure than the water, but damage to the diver's lungs was prevented because the bellying o£ the membrane under the water pressure caused a valve to open and supply more air. If, on the other hand, the pressure of the air became greater than the pressure of the water, i.e. during exhalation during ascent, this valve closed and the excess air escaped through a rubber valve (or duck bill). For the first time, this regulator, an essential pert of the aerophore, illtroduced the principle of auto compensation of pressure between the water outside the divor's body and the air inside. • In 1937, a French Naval officer, Lieutenant Commander Javques Yves Cousteau, started to take an interest in'under water development. He built a model set using oxygen, which was, in fact, an amateur version of the DSEA. Then in Paris, ••• /Emile Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 69 - Emile Gagnan, an engineer and an expert on industrial gases, and Lieutenant Commander Cousteau met in 1942. From this meeting the demand regulator was born - the all important part of the diving unit to become known as the aqualung. Although France had not become very interested in • oxygen, some of the prinoiples which were laid down by her countrymen did have an effect on CCOUBA. It is thought that the first commercial oxygen diving set produced by France was in the 1950s, by La Spirotechnique when, with the Fenzy Cempany, they produced the Oxygers 57 (1957) • • • • .• /THE FENZY ---~ ~-- Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) • THE MAN-BOAT The OrigiNlI V. Lt Pri"'" first JivUrg-",ir. (;-8-.:16. Lts Toumelles Nauti141 StQJium. Lifl'tmant.. Commander Yves u Pritur rmtrging from the ..- after 1M first trUJs of his ,ICW /,,/OETACHABLE ,/.' FEfO-PIPE ,,. . ••. WATER iflAT NOZZLE -l- fXH,tWJT , Flo. H.-Principle of thell.ouqqayt01..tlaay<- IF -, Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 72 - :tHE FENZY "OlCYGERS" (1957) CCOUBA This unit is a demand type. oxygen breathing set which has neither a by-pass nor a continuous flow of oxygen. The oxygen consumed from the breathing bag is automatically replaced when the demand valve is actuated, due to the walls of the breathing bag collapsing against the valve. The purification canister (soda lime) forms the rigid part of the apparatus. The canister is divided inside by a longitudinal baffle partition to guarantee a homogeneous diffusion of the gas stream. The canister, which is made of stratified polyester, contains approximately 1.500 kg of soda lime. The oxygen cylinders are of the Gerzat type, made from antimagnetic alloy, with & capacity of 1.5 litres, and a filling pressure of 200 kg/cm2• • The breathing bag has approximately 5.5 litres capacity and is made from cloth impregnated with Neoprene. Inhalation and eXhalation valves are fitted in the circuit to control the direction of the gas flow. The sensitivity of the demand valve can be adjusted by a knurled knob sited on the front of the set. The mouthpiece is fitted with a rotary cock, which enables the wearer to isolate the set and breathe to atmosphere. This is used when clearing the bag and lungs of nitrogen. • • ••• /HISTORY Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 74 - THE FEnZY P.0.68 This is a demand type oxygen closed circuit apparatus • which consists of: 1. CO2 absorbent canister - designed to give maximum yield • of soda lime granulate. The box type canister contains 3!lbs of soda (1.59 kg), enough to clear C0 0 for three hours. The external wall is heat proof. ~ 2. Oxygell.£Ylinder - The "Gerzat" type oxygen cyl~nder capacity 1.5 litres, filling pressure 200Kg/cm. A control valve is screwed into the neck where a high-medium pressure reducing valve is mounted. A "stratified polyester lining" protects the cylinder from shock and corrosion. 3. ~-MP reducing valve - composed of one moving part. A hole in the centre of the piston connects the liP and 1~ chambers. Pressure increase in 1~ chamber moves the piston blocking the intake of liP gas. A valve seat of special nylon ensures positive sealing. Medium Pressure has a minimum valve of 6 to 7Kg/cm2 •A filter is mOQ~ted at the high pressure inlet. 4. Breathing bag - similar in appearance to "Oxygers 57". Approximate volume is 4 litrcs. The CO canister is connected to the bottom of the bag. The2 oxygen demand valve is located in the centre. Outlet and inlet valves are on the top. 5. Inhalation and Exhalation Valves - Similar to "Oxygers 57", fitted reciprocally to gIve one way gas flow. They are the "Godel" type, a circular clack valve, fixed by a central teat on a nylon seating. 6. Flexible corrugated tubes - Moulded from black flexible rUbbei:--~----<-_·- Length: 37 em approximately "tlo l'w'11e i 200 cc Maximum outside diameter: 350 millimetres Maximum inside diameter: 220 millimetres. 7. Mouthpiece with cock - • (1) The mouthEiece, made of rubber, it has a watertight "lip cover". An adjustable strap passing behind the neck prevents it from dislodgement. The cock, a rotatable oonical dome of moulded nylon, the rotation being limited to a quarter turn. Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 76 - • HISTORY AND TYPES OF CLOSED CIRCUIT OXYGEN UNDERWATER BREATHING APPARATUS USED IN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA • • Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 77 - HISTORY The Americans were quite late in starting in the CCOUBA field. and although well to the front in standard suit diving. they half-heartedly accepted the DSEA and other mine safety oxygen breathing apparatuses. It appears that few sUbmarines carried submarine escape sets before the First • World War. and that few men'dived with the D5EAor "Salvus" • We know that they looked at. but did not instal, a Draeger submarine escape apparatus. That was how it stood until the fateful day in December. 1927, when the USN Submarine 54 sank with the loss of all hands. . Almost immediately after the l.s~ pf S4, Lieutenant Moms en, USN, came forward with the idea of tM Momsen Lung for SUbmarine escape. This set was similar to the D5EA. except'that the Momsen Lung did not carry a cylinder of oxygen, but relied on each man inflating his set from a large storage bottle of oxygen in the submarine. then putting on a nose clip, inserting a mouthpiece, and "swimming like hell" for the surface. This set. with modifications, still remains in operation. Late in 1940 Christian J. Lambertsen developed and " demonstrated his CCOUBA, the Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit (LARU). This unit was first used in early 1942 during World War II by the Office of Strategic Services. In 1952 the LARU was modified and though it remained in service, the USN also used Italian made Pirelli models 901 and 701 oxygen sets, and Draeger Lieutenant Lund II. In about 1963 the USN adopted a new set, the Emerson Closed Circuit Oxygen Breathing Apparatus. There was also a small diving unit called the Emerson Min-0-Lung but the use of this was very limited and there is no evidence of it ever being used to any extent. • .. /EMER50N Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) • • World War IILAIlU '...... bem.n Amphll••Unl. 1952 l.AIlU. Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 79 - EMERSON MIN-Q-LUNG CCOUllA This is a compact 15lb., front-mounted set glv~g • one hour diving duration. The vest and breathing bags are one unit. Each has a large shoulder connection on the right side for the demand valve assembly and breathing hose, and on the • left for the breathing hose only. The carbon dioXide absorption canister is mounted in front, on the vest, and is directly connected from either end to the breathing bags. On the right end of the canister is a removable cover. The canister is made of fibreglass, and has one permanently mounted central baffle. The regulator combines several functions in one unit, Le. on/eff check valve, etc.. The regulator is a non compensated and pre-set type, operating at 100-3000 psi. The normal pre-set output pressure is 85-95 psi, and is of the demand oxygen type • • • •• /THE EMERSON Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) • Min-O-Lung, vest and breathing bag assembly Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 81 - THE EMERSON ceounA MOD 9.50.3 AND MOD 9.50.21 • Models 9.30.3 and 9.50.21 are almost identical in appearance; the basic difference being that oxygen is supplied at a constant flow, through a waist valve assembly with flows of 0.5, 0.9, 2.0 and 3.0 litres per minute in Model 9.50.3 and through a demand valvo system in Model 9.50.21. One oxygen cylinder is provided which has a capacity of 12.7 CUbic feet, pressurised to 2000 psi. The fibreglass carbon dioxide absorbent canister is mounted vertically and is secured to the left side of the back plate by a clamp. The canister is cylindrical with a capacity of 61bs of absorbent. The breathing bag assembly consists of right (inspiratory) and left (expiratory) breathing bags, held in place on the vest by means of fasteners. The regulator is the same in both models. The pre-set • output pressure is 75 psi. • •• jSUMMARY Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) KIGHT HOSE 9S-03-Nl$1 ELBOW 9S-03-N503S LEFT HOSE 9S-03-N153 RIGHT BAG 98-03-H157 LEFT BAG OUTLET HOBE 9S-03-H158 98-03-E6038 STRAP 9S_03~F82 HOSE WAIST VALVE 9S-03-G12 9S_0.'l_E6QOA MOUTHPIECE ASSEMBLy 9S-0S-G70QA Breathing bag and vest assembly. model 9-80-3 ·1t~-""----;':T' - 't·, 'f;;',":,,".'':'':- L__.,_J ,0 i, \ - Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 83 - SUMMARY We have discussed the history and different types of oxygen sets developed and used by interested units and countries. There are. of course. many other countries that have used, and are using. closed circuit oxygen breathing • apparatus for underwater work. With two notable exceptions • namely Japan and Russia, most countries buy their equipment from the major manufacturers of oxygen equipment. For example. Australia has always used equipment of the British type, which is probably due to the early history of Australian diving. Most of the training of divers was done in Britain and naturally enough the tendency is to use the equipment on which one has trained. Most of the smaller navies in the world have similar relationships, either for political, economic or manufacturing reasons, The first exception. Japan, although slow to recognise the value of underwater swimmers, had started training men and mass-producing oxygen sets for this underwater warfare by the end of World War II. Their first attempt in the underwater field was a human torpedo called a Kaiten (Which was, in every • sense of the word, a human torpedo). It consisted of a Torpedo Type 8 modified by a compartment built in between the warhead and the body of the surface. The actual type of breathing equipment used is in doubt, but probably compressed air was used. The operators of these human torpedoes were a special attack force known as the Kamashio (Divine Sea), brothers of the Kamikaze pilots. These human torpedoes had doubtful success. Another suicide group, less well known than the Kamashio, and perhaps a little less spectaCUlar, were the Frogmen Commandos known as the Fukuryu (Happy Dragons), who used CCOUBA. The exact type cannot be ascertained, but was probably a set with two large cylinders on the back, and the bag and canister on the chest. From this a 10 hour endurance was claimed. Their job was to thwart the expected invasion of Japan by the US Army. Four thousand of these Fukuryus were said to have been trained at Yokosuka Naval Base, but the end of the war curtailed the chance of using them. The second exception is Russia. The Russians had a form of DSEA before the war, with the buoyancy bag on the back, connected by a tube and stop valve. Later they produced a chest mounted set with vertical cylinder, a canister, and a ••. /mask Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 84 - mask in the form of a rubber skull cap. Although we know they have diving units, the type of equipment used now is unknown. One type is believed to be similar to the American Mark V mixed gas breathing apparatus. The main difference between the Russian oxygen set and others we have described is thought to bc the oarbon dioxide absorbent canister. The • set is probably of the demand type, with two canisters connected in parallel. It might be noted that the navies and armies of the world account for about 99% of the users of closed circuit oxygen breathing apparatus. The oxygen set offers no marked advantage to the sports diver, and in fact does possess a great number of disadvantages, i.e.: 1. The cost of an oxygen set in most cases is three or four times as great as that of an air set, the depth limitation of 30 feet (oxygen poisoning), and CO2 poisoning. • 3. much more critical maintenance needed on this equipment. The Services use CCOUBA because a man using this equipment underwater gives no indication of his presence, and is therefore a relatively inexpensive, effioient and lethal weapon. What of the CCOUBA of the fUture? The ultimate closed circuit oxygen breathing apparatus is described in RAN Sohool of Underwater Medicine Project 4/69. -If a set to these specifications could be designed and bUilt, then the ultimate will have been reached. Even then, there will remain the depth limitation of 30 feet and yet another limitation will creep in - the work of J.L. Smith and others shows that to avoid lung damage the safe limit of breathing 100% oxygen at 2-3 atmospheres absolute is 3-4 hours. The next logical step in design to be investigated is a closed circuit mixed gas breathing apparatus, with some form of electronic oxygen • sensor which would allow the exact amount of oxygen to be introduced into the circuit for any given depth, thereby keeping the oxygen concentration in the breathing bag at a • safe level at all times. This type of set is in development at the present time in the United States. • •• /Last Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 85 - Last but not least, I feel I should mention a few of the names of the elite group of underwater sWimmers. These men used equipment knowing it to be dangerous and unproven, With trials carried out in that worst-experimental field possible, the battlefield: I. Fraser, V.C. (UK), De La Penne (Italy), J. Magennis, V.C. (UK), J. Borghese (Italy), • D. Cameron, V.C. (UK), Schrieber (Germany), Milne (UK), M. Arillo (Italy), Jacobacci (Italy), W.R. Fell (UK)l- Greenland (UK), Storer (Germany), Katsurayama (Japan), Cassidy (UK), Satoh (Japan), T. Waldron (UK), L. Crabb (UK), Bailey (UK), J. Mould (Australia), Warren (UK), Toschi (Italy), Cabrini (Italy), Franzini (Italy), Tesei (Italy), to name but a few. • • • ••• /REFERENCES Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) ...... • ~fl1101d wlUl 'lngl\t qllncl.,. ",.lve 'Qr tn. u,embly ....aGl -co. '\ FIG IS (H) J SemI..,losed-circu;t 'one-way' breathing apparatus • '...-1--/1 HP'cyUflcMn B~lvaJv. <':ofltaiolng made-vj) W.ater tlgr,t cover Oller mix1ur. preuure reduc1ng fiG IS (I) valve $pring Semi-cIoscd..,lmJit pcll<\u1"", breathing apparatus ....17 PIG II Deep-dlvlna repaeratlvo ayatem Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) • -co,. • Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) RUSiJian Breathing Apparatus • PflE-I?40 • • l Walll boll l ~ (8) Breathing.baa- ...... Mootl>plec:o and ~u:: Malb bnal!'lna·baa Sl Shoulder 11Illpl bact C) Canister abeD: OXYtro/pn cylmd;::-r Ol)'lell lupply l Boo bai OIl lOI 0"1'10". tor (or _ IUppIy YO aRey-ba, lI.el~ (ll lI.ellU:." , eon va bOO~&I»&devi"! ~11.) Abto~bent.. nll""_llI1lna ~lllnllalion IUbo to C) ea . ~)=P"" G)Qowo_ure-oq connenon (H) Hood in a...·jjiilng rUblJ:or ~ COtporating 808~" and .peaaJ d vice for equaliuftJ prasure over • . (B)"'~UIt "I~e:~ In I>halbl...... _ plec:o • Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) REFERENCES 1 • The Sea Devils J. Borghese Melrose Ltd. The Sea Our Shield Capt. W.R. Fell Cassell Ltd. • Above Us The Waves C.E. Warren and G. Harper & Co. J." Benson Deep Diving and R.H. Davis Siebe Gorman & Co. Submarine Operations They Dared the Deep R.F. Marx Pelham Books Frogman V.C. I. Fraser Penguin Books. The War Beneath the W. Brou F. Mullar & Co. Sea The :Man in the Helmet Young Tuscal Ltd. To Hidd€n Depths P. Tailliez W. Kemper Ltd. Breathing in Irresp- R.H. Davis Siebe Gorman & Co. irable Atmospheres A~ Under the Sea J. Dugan PengUin Books Sub/sunk W.O" Shelford Doubleday World Beneath the G. Doukan Allen & Unwin Ltd. Waves The Frogmen J. Waldron & Evans Bros. Ltd. J. Gleeson By Sea and By Stealth B. Wilkinson P. Davies Ltd. • Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 90 - Handbook of Emerson Oxygen Breathing Apparatus. Draeger Review. Pirelli Catalogue of OXygen Diving Apparatus. Siebe Gorman Catalogue of Diving and Industrial Breathing Equipment. BR 155/43 Diving Manual. 1.BR 155 RAN Diving Manual. US Navy Manual (Part I). BR 155/C Royal Navy Diving Manual. SUI~ Report 4/69. P. Olqer. Dunlop Digest, Feb 1946 • • • Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 91 - ACKNOI,LEDGEMENTS • R.P. Oommon, Offioer in Oharge, Admiralty Experimental Diving Unit, HMS Vernon, Portsmouth, England. ~~. A. Dawson, Manager, Siebe Gorman A/Asia Pty. Ltd., Sydney, Australia. H. & B. Draeger, Draegerwerk, Lubeck, Germany. J.H. Emerson, President, Emerson Oompany, h~ssachusetts, USA. W.G. Gorham, Fo~tley Thatch, Silton, Dorset, England. P.R. Kelly, The Dunlop Co. Ltd. (Overseas Dept.), Birmingham, England. Ril.N Diving Scheel, HMAS Penguin, Sydney, J oOlJTRIBUT OR Daniel T~ Quick, Technical Officer, School of Underwater Medicine, HM1~ PENGUIN, Sydney, Australia• • Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 92 - ALPHABETICAL INDEX Page No. Abbe de la Chapelle 3, . 70 Admiralty Universal Apparatus 34; 40' Amphibian Apparatus 13, 24, 25, 34, 35, 42' Amphibious Tank Escape (A.T.E.A.) 12, 14, 28, 29 Aristotle 3 Admiralty Experimental Diving Unit 40 Alexandria Harbour 48, 49 Australiffil Diving 83 Balls C. 10 Barton 9 Benoit' 68 Bekker, Capt. C.D. 55 Bert, Paul 4, 7, 8 Black 4 Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso 3, 6 Brize 3 Bay of Algeciras 48 Chariots 30, 32, 33 Clearance Diving Apparatus (C.D.B.A.) 36, 38, 39 Cobra Siebe Gorman Apparatus 44 Cousteau, Jacques Yves 68, 69 Cousteau-Gagnan Demand Valve 71 Davis, Sir Robert H. 2,9, 12, 15, 18, 20, 21, 26 Davis R. ';;{. G. 26 Davis Submarine Escape Apparatus (D.S.E.A.) 1,' 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 22, 28, 30, 47, 55, 68, 77, 83 Da Vinci, Leonardo 3, 7 De Maillet, M. 68 Donald, Professor K.W. 30 Draeger, Bernhard 55, 57 II Hoseless Apparatus 26, 55, 59 II Gegenlunge 56, 61' 'I L.A.R. III t69 56, 65, 66 II Lt. Lund II 56, 63; 64, 77 II Tauchretter 56, 60, 61, 62 Drieberg von Frederic 3,'55,58 Dunlop Apparatus 34, 40, 41 Dunlop Co. 34, 36 De la Penne, Lt. Luigi Durand 48 Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 93 - Page No. Emerson Closed Circuit Apparatus 1 77; 8'1, 82 Emerson Min-D-Lung 77, 79, 80 Fell, Lt. Cdr, R.N. 30 Fenzy P.O. 68 69, 74, 75 Irleuss, ILA. 2,'4,8,9,12, 13, 18, 20 Fludd 10 :D'ontana, Abata Felice 3, ·17 Fradin 3 Freminet 68 P'rogman 12,16,17,47, 5U, 85, WI Fukuryu 83 Gagnan, Emile 69 Galibert 10 Gamma Men 4'{ Garforth 9 • H :B-'orce" 4 "I, 48 ane, Professor J.S. 4, 8, 30, 3{1, 36 Hale; Reverend Stephen 4 Hall, Captain S.S., R.N. 12, 14, 15 Hill, Professor Sir Leonard E. 8, 30 Homer 3 I-Iousz, Igen 3, . 9 Human 'l'orpedo 12; 13, 30, 32, 33, 83 H"M.S. Valiant 48 " Queen Elizabeth 48 II Barham 48 J arne s, William H. 3, 14 Japanese Oxygen Diver 83 Jaubert, Professor Georges 12 K Force 55, 56 KaHen 83 Karnashio 83 Kamikaze 83 Killingworth Colliery 4 Klinbert 3, 58 Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) - 94 - Page No. La Spiroteclmique 69 La Pression Barometrique 4, 30 Lambert, Alexander 4 Lambertsen" Amphibious Respiratory Unit (L.A.R.U, ) 77, 78 Lambertson, Christian J. 77 Lavoisier, Antoine 4 Le Preiur V. 70 Lorini 10 M1gnatta 47 Mine Recover'J Suit (M.R.S.) 13, 26, 27 Momsen, Admiral Charles Bowers 77 Momsen Escape Apparatus 77 Mount Everest 5, 9 N1ggers 55 Nijmegen 56 Ox:ylithe 12, 14; 15 Oxygers '57 69, 72, 73 P Party ApT1aratus 1, 12, 14, 20, 26, 27 Paocucci; R. 47 Poseidon, H.M. Submarine 15 Pirelli Company 47 Pirelli Apparatus 47; 48; 50, 51, 52, 53, 77 Priestly 4 Proto Apparatus 12, 18, 19, 20, 24 Pig 47, 48, 49, 50 nees, Dr. O. , n.N. 12, 14, 15 Regnault" 5 Rossetti, Rafaele 47 Rouquayrol, Auguste 68; 70; 71 Russian Oxygen Diving 83, 84, 88 Sandala 3 Salvus 12, 14; 20; 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 77 Scheele 4 Severn Tunnel 4 Rubicon Research Repository (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org) 95 - Sea Swine 47, 48, 49, 50 Schwa.'ln, Dr. Theodore 3, 10 See-Hund 55 " Sewerman Apparatus 13, 24 Shelford, CD.ptain W.O., R.N. 1 , . 2, 3~· Siebe Gorr"&~ Company 12, 15, 17, 28, 29, 30, 34 S:u1clair 13 Sodium Peroxide 12, 15 Sleeping Beauties 24 S:l.adE';n, Ilt. Cdr., R.N. 30 Scire Italian SUbmarine 48 S. 4, u ~~} .. 11. Submn.rillB 77 Smith, J.L. 84 Tirpitz 1, . 30 ~lesGi, . Teseo 47, 49 Toschi, Elias 47 Triton 55, 58 Two Man Submarine 55 n.D.T. 1 n Refit 57 55 Vallo 10 Vegetiu8 5, 7, 8 Viribus Unitns 47 Von Hlli~boldt, Alexsnder 9 World War I 12, 1B, 20 World War II 1,5,26,36, 47, 48, 50, 83 Waldenburg ~fining District 55, 58 X Craft Apparatus 1, 13, 30, 31, 40