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Enhancement of Chemical Products in Bio-Crude-Oil from Lignocellulosic Residues – Effects of Biomass Type, Temperature, Pre-Treatment and Catalysts

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Enhancement of Chemical Products in Bio-Crude-Oil from Lignocellulosic Residues – Effects of Biomass Type, Temperature, Pre-Treatment and Catalysts Enhancement of Chemical Products in Bio-Crude-Oil from Lignocellulosic Residues – Effects of Biomass Type, Temperature, Pre-treatment and Catalysts. Dissertation Zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades vorgelegt von Akeem Mayowa Azeez Hamburg 2011 Universität Hamburg Fakultät für Mathematik Informatik und Naturwissenschaften Zentrum für Holzwirtschaft ii I hereby declare that this research work was carried out by me, Azeez Mayowa Akeem, at the University of Hamburg (Institute of Wood Science) in collaboration with Wood Chemistry/Chemical Technology Unit of Johann-Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Hamburg, between April 2008 and March 2011. And that all experiments and analyses herein reported were carried out at the Wood Chemistry/Chemical Technology Unit of Johann-Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Bergedorf, Hamburg. Supervisors: PD Dr. habil Juergen Odermatt Dr. rer. nat. Dipl.-Holzwirt Dietrich Meier (vTi, Hamburg) Prof. Dr. Ing. Thomas Willner (Hamburg University of Applied Science) iii Acknowledgement My special thanks goes to Dr. Dietrich Meier for supervising this work and his persistent words of encouragement. The unwavering support, trust and useful suggestions from my official supervisor, in person of Dr. Jürgen Odermatt, are greatly appreciated. I am equally grateful to Prof. Ing. Thomas Willner, who is instrumental to my sojourn to Hamburg and at the same time offered to co-supervise this research. The trio have contributed immensely to the successful completion of this program with enriched ideas, thorough supervision coupled with love. Their charming disposition is worthy of emulation. I will ever remain grateful. My interaction in the course of this work was unrestricted in all units within the Institute, largely due to open arms and affections of all workers. I am grateful to Dr. Jürgen Puls (Institute Acting Director), Prof. Bodo Saake, Dr. Ralf Lehnen and Dr. Othar Kordsachia, for their numerous assistances. The completion of this research has been attained with assistances rendered by my colleagues and co-workers; Ingrid Fortmann, Silke Radtke, Michael Windt, Eoin Butler, Tina Schirmacher, Gudrum Jesussek, Christiane Riegert, Christiane Kühl and Cornelia Hamann. Supports from other colleagues; Philip Wenig, Andreas Klingberg, Alexander Deutschle, Fokko Schütt and Valentina Becerra are also appreciated. Your love and affection have made my stay in the institute seemingly short. In the same vein, I appreciate help offered by Martina Heitmann, Inge Stichweh, Patrick Eidam, Bernhard Ziegler, Nikole Erasmy, Manuela Mauerhöfer (Secretary), Tanja Potsch and other co-workers. You have all touched my life positively. I am thankful. The full scholarship offered by Deutscher Akademischer Austausch- Dienst (DAAD) throughout the period of this research work has provided me the enabling condition to carry out this work without hindrance. I am immensely thankful to DAAD for this gesture. My employer, University of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria is equally appreciated for the trust reposed in me and also for her support and assistance by granting me study leave. This appreciation will be incomplete without mentioning invaluable contributions by my spouse and my three boys. They have sacrificed their feelings and emotions to enable me attain this height. I thank you for your affection, love and understanding. I remain highly indebted to you. I equally thank my parents, brothers and sisters for their care and prayers. You are such wonderful parents and siblings. Above all, all Praises and Thanks are due to Almighty God, the Giver of my strength and guidance. And Him alone shall I worship. iv Table of Content 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Production of fuels and chemicals from biomass ................................................................... 1 1.2 Nigeria and renewable energy ................................................................................................ 3 1.3 Research aims and objectives ................................................................................................. 4 2 Literature Review 6 2.1 Lignocellulosic biomass and its conversion to fuel and chemicals .......................................... 6 2.1.1 Structure and composition of lignocellulosic biomass .................................................... 6 2.1.1.1 Cellulose ...................................................................................................................... 6 2.1.1.2 Hemicelluloses ............................................................................................................. 7 2.1.1.3 Lignin ........................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.1.4 Extractives ................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.1.5 Ash ............................................................................................................................. 11 2.1.2 Analysis of lignocellulose ............................................................................................... 11 2.2 Thermochemical conversion processes of lignocellulose ..................................................... 14 2.2.1 Fast pyrolysis ................................................................................................................. 16 2.2.1.1 Kinetic and mechanism of fast pyrolysis ................................................................... 17 2.2.1.2 Reaction mechanisms of polysaccharide .................................................................. 20 2.2.1.3 Reaction mechanisms of lignin .................................................................................. 24 2.2.2 Fast pyrolysis liquid product from lignocellulose .......................................................... 27 2.2.2.1 Factors affecting the bio crude oil yields and compositions ..................................... 27 2.2.2.2 Bio crude oil characteristics....................................................................................... 29 2.2.2.3 Chemical characterization and fractionation of BCO ................................................ 31 2.2.3 Chemicals in BCO ........................................................................................................... 34 2.2.3.1 Catalytic modification of BCO .................................................................................... 37 2.2.3.2 Modification through metal ions and salts ............................................................... 39 3 Result and Discussion 41 3.1 Comparison of samples based on physicochemical analyses of pyrolysate obtained at optimum pyrolytic temperature (Publication 1) ............................................................................... 41 v 3.1.1 Feedstock characterisation ........................................................................................... 41 3.1.2 Comparison of BCO of various samples ........................................................................ 46 3.2 Influence of temperature and removal of indigenous minerals on pyrolytic chemical products (Publication 2). ................................................................................................................... 55 3.2.1 Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis of samples ................................................................ 55 3.2.2 Analytical pyrolysis at different temperatures .............................................................. 57 3.2.3 Sample pre treatment and impregnation ..................................................................... 63 3.2.3.1 Effects of washing and impregnation of beech ......................................................... 63 3.3 Application of catalysts in the production of chemicals from lignocellulose (Publication 3) 68 3.3.1 Effects of catalysts ......................................................................................................... 68 3.3.2 Effect of catalyst concentration .................................................................................... 74 3.4 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 77 4 Reference 80 5 Appendices 93 vi List of Figures Figure 1.1: Simplified process flow in a lignocellulosic biorefinery ........................................................ 2 Figure 2.1: Chemical structure of cellulose ............................................................................................ 7 Figure 2.2: Structures of polyoses monosaccharide sugars . .................................................................. 8 Figure 2.3: Monomers of lignin and their carbons’ designation. ............................................................ 9 Figure 2.4: Typical dilignol structures with common linkages ............................................................. 10 Figure 2.5: Pyrolysis curves of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin n TGA ............................................ 18 Figure 2.6: Kinetic model for pyrolysis of pure cellulose under vacuum ............................................. 19 Figure 2.7: Transformation of cellulose products during pyrolysis ....................................................... 20 Figure 2.8: Possible intermidiates and reaction pathways for small pyrolysis products from levoglucosan . .............................................................................................................. 21 Figure 2.9: Formation of hydroxyacetaldehyde
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