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Refleksi Kondisi Eko-Sosio-Kultura Kota Malang Melalui Kitab Pararaton

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Refleksi Kondisi Eko-Sosio-Kultura Kota Malang Melalui Kitab Pararaton REFLEKSI KONDISI EKO-SOSIO-KULTURA KOTA MALANG MELALUI KITAB PARARATON Ardi Wina Saputra Universitas Katolik Widya Mandala Madiun Email: [email protected] Informasi Artikel: Dikirim: (4 Maret 2020) ; Direvisi: (22 April 2020); Diterima: (29 April 2020) Publish (30 April 2020) Abstrak: Refleksi Kondisi Eko-Sosio-Kultura Kota Malang Melalui Kitab Pararaton.Kondisi ekologis kota Malang pada akhir tahun 2019 hingga awal tahun 2020 sangat mengkhawatirkan. Pemberitaan di media massa baik secara luring maupun daring adalah buktinya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merefleksikan kondisi eko sosio kultura kota Malang melalui Kitab Pararton. Metode yang digunakan untuk merefleksikan adalah metode site of memory. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan kondisi ekologis masyarakat Malang pada era Pra Kerajaan Singhasari. Semoga penelitian ini dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan refleksi sekaligus literatur dalam pembelajaran di sekolahan guna mewujudkan kesadaran ekologis masyarakat Malang sejak menempuh pendidikan. Kata Kunci: ekologi, Malang, Pararaton. Abstract: Reflection Of Eko-Sosio-Kultura Condition, Malang CityThrough The Pararaton Book. The ecological condition of Malang city at the end of 2019 until the beginning of 2020 is very worrying. News in the mass media both offline and online is proof of this. This study aims to reflect the condition of the socio-cultural eco-city of Malang through the Book of Pararton. The method used to reflect is the site of memory method. The results of this study indicate the ecological conditions of the people of Malang in the era of the Pre-Kingdom of Singhasari. Hopefully this research can be used as a reflection as well as literature in learning in schools in order to realize the ecological awareness of the people of Malang since taking education. Key Word: ecology, Malang, Pararton PENDAHULUAN Melanda Kota Malang. Beberapa hari Pada awal tahun 2020, kondisi kemudian, tepatnya pada 19 Januari 2020 ekologi Kota Malang sangat Radar Malang memuat berita bertajuk memprihatinkan. Tiga surat kabar yang Krisis Air di Kota Malang, Pemerintah sering dibaca oleh warga Malang Pusat Turun Tangan. Berita ini pun melaporkan berita tak sedap perihal didukung dengan Surya Malang pada lingkungan di kota ini. Malang Post pada 16 tanggal sama memberitakan permasalahan Januari 2020 memuat dua berita tentang serupa dengan judul Tandon Air Telah kondisi ekologis di Kota Malang dengan Dipasang untuk Menghadapi Krisis Air judul Gawat Krisis Air Sebulan Lagi, Bersih di Malang. Korbannya 10 Ribu Pelanggan dan Judul-judul berita tersebut Diguyur Hujan 40 menit, Banjir Kembali membuktikan bahwa memang kondisi 13 Ardi Wina Saputra – Refleksi Kondisi Eko-Sosio-Kultura Kota Malang melalui Kitab Pararaton ekologis kota Malang sedang tidak baik- rata usia 20-29 tahun. Penduduk usia 0-14 baik saja. Ada dua permasalahan utama tahun sebanyak 20,29%. Penduduk usia 15- yaitu banjir dan kendala ketersediaan air 64 tahun sebanyak 73,17%. Penduduk usia bersih. Hal ini sangat ironis karena letak 65 tahun ke atas sebanyak 6,53%. Hal ini kota Malang yang berada di dataran tinggi tak lepas dari predikat Malang sebagai kota dan dikelilingi oleh pegunungan. Secara pendidikan.Jumlah sekolah berdasarkan geografis Kota Malang berada pada jenjang pendidikan pada tahun 2016-2018 ketinggian 445 -526 meter di atas adalah SD/MI sebanyak 334, SLTP/Mts permukaan laut, dengan luas wilayah Kota sebanyak 140, SLTA/MA sebanyak 69, Malang sebesar 110.06 km persegi. Lokasi SMK sebanyak 56. Malang sebagai kota tersebut harusnya sangat asri, segar, dan pendidikan dijadikan rujukan oleh harusnya jauh dari bencana apalagi banjir. mahasiswa dari berbagai daerah untuk Permasalahan ekologis yang menimba ilmu di Kota Malang. dihadapi oleh Kota Malang ini tidak Penduduk usia muda merupakan mungkin terlepas begitu saja dari kondisi penduduk yang produktif. Produktivitas sosio kulturalnya. Peneliti akan mencoba meningkat dan konsumsi serta daya beli mengurai dari kondisi sosialnya. Jumlah juga meningkat pesat tentunya. Hal ini juga penduduk Kota Malang berdasarkan data berkaitan dengan pembuangan limbah, baik dalam buku Malang dalam Angka BPS limbah rumah tangga hingga limbah Tahun 2019 kurang lebuh sebanyak 866, individu. Semakin aktif kegiatan konsumsi 118 jiwa. Kepadatan penduduk Kota dan produksi maka semakin sering limbah Malang sebesar 7.870 jiwa/Km persegi. yang dibuang. Pengelolaan limbah ini Wilayah paling padat terdapat pada apabila tidak diperhatikan tentu akan kecamatan Klojen dengan kepadatan berkonstribusi dalam merusak lingkungan. penduduk sebesar 11.618 jiwa/km. Selain kota pendidikan, Malang Permasalahan terjadi pada temuan ini, juga dikenal sebagai kota wisata. kepadatan penduduk berpengaruh pada Berdasarkan data dari BPS, jumlah proses sosialnya. Penduduk yang wisatawan Asing tahun 2018 sebanyak bertambah tentu membutuhkan tempat 124.267 dan jumlah wisatawan domestik tinggal baru dan tempat tinggal tersebut sebanyak 3.795.229. Intensitas wisatawan semakin lama menggusur ruang terbuka yang berkunjung ke Kota Malang hijau dan dibangun di atas daerah resapan menjadikan Malang sebagai ladang basah air. untuk bisnis kuliner dan penginapan. Data BPS juga mengatakan bahwa Kondisi sosial yang sedemikian Malang dihuni oleh penduduk dengan rata- padat mempengaruhi kondisi kultural, 14 WASKITA Vol 4 No 1 2020 wahana wisata yang dibangun melahirkan Oleh sebab itu, diperlukan produk-produk kultural baru berupa kuliner penulusran secara mengakar (radik) untuk dan beragam tempat menginap. Tahun merefleksikan kembali memori yang hilang 2018, Restoran/ Rumah Makan yang ini. Salah satunya adalah menelusuri tercatat secara resmi berdiri di Kota Malang dokumen kesusastraan kondisi Kota sebanyak 1.444 unit, sedangkan hotel Malang beberapa tahun silam yang terdapat sebanyak 85 unit, dan penginapan sebanyak pada karya sastra pra kolonial. Dokumen 89 unit. Jumlah ini tentulah bukan jumlah tersebut adalah Kitab Pararaton. yang sedikit di Kota yang tidak terlalu luas. Penelusuran ini juga sebagai upaya Produk kultural berikutnya adalah untuk memanfaatkan potensi literat warga sarana transportasi. Kondisi sosial Malang.Data menunjukkan bahwa mempengaruhi masyarakat untuk penduduk 15 tahun ke atas menurut melakukan mobilitas dan sarana karakteristik kemampuan membaca dan transportasi Berdasarkan data BPS, Jumlah menulis, 98,12 % menguasai huruf latin, 60, kendaraan bermotor pada tahun 2018 75% menguasai huruf lainnya, 1,83% buta sebanyak 596.434 unit (Kantor Bersama huruf. Ini meupakan potensi yang dimiliki Samsat Malang). Sepeda motor 477.687, oleh Kota Pendidikan untuk menggunakan Mobil 97.079, Bus 1.006, Truck 20.662. dan memaknai sumber literatur guna Kondisi ini tentu membuat Malang semakin mengatasi permasalahan kotanya. macet dan dibutuhkan pelebaran jalan. Kitab Pararaton yang dijadikan Malang sedang tidak baik-baik saja, kajian dalam penelitian ini merupakan kitab diperlukan upaya untuk menggugah pararaton yang diperoleh baik secara daring kembali upaya untuk merefleksikankondisi maupun luring. Hal ini juga untuk mengajak ekososiokultural Kota Malang yang hilang. pembaca mengakses kitab tersebut. Salah Malang dulu dikatakan sebagai kota yang satu potensi warga Malang sesungguhnya ijo royo-royo, bahkan pemerntah Kolonial adalah ketersediaan media digital dalam Hindia Belanda menyebutnya sebagai Paris kehidupannya. Berdasarkan data BPS, Van East Java (Dukut Imam Widodo, Anggota Rumah tangga Berusia 5 Tahun ke 2011). Namun hasil kehijauan tersebut atas menggunakan internet sebanyak 73, tentu tidak serta merta menjadi produk 94%. Pengguna aktif kultural kolonialisme, sebelum kota ini HP/Komputer/Nirkabel sebanyak 75,23 %. tersentuh oleh tangan-tangan kolonial, Ini menunjukkan bahwa diperlukan ajakan Malang memanglah sudah indah eko sosio untuk mengayomi masyarakat kulturalnya. menggunakan produk kultural (gawai) secara tepat. Salah satunya adalah dengan 15 Ardi Wina Saputra – Refleksi Kondisi Eko-Sosio-Kultura Kota Malang melalui Kitab Pararaton mengakses informasi berupa Kitab Wardhana yaitu Ken Angrok yang Pararaton ini. merupakan titisan dewa sehingga didukung Pararaton dan Negarakertagama rohaniawan, sekaligus Ken Angrok yang merupakan dua karya sastra yang dekat dengan rakyat sehingga didukung menceritakan tentang Singosari. Keduanya oleh lapisan Rakyat Bawah. Kondisi sosial tidak ditulis dikertas melainkan di lontar. saat itu, orang-orang digiring taat jika yang Dari dua lontar itu, lontar Pararaton yang diagung-agungkannya merupakan lebih banyak menceritakan tentang keturunan para dewa dan pemberani Singosari. Kerajaan Singosari terletak di sehingga tidak tepat jika langsung wiliayah Malang Raya, sehingga untuk mengatakan Ken Angrok terbang melihat kondisi Malang Raya zaman menggunakan daun. dahulu, tentu Pararaton dapat dijadikan Menurut Vlekke (2008), pararaton sebagai salah satu sumber utama. menjengkelkan karena mencampur fakta Lontar Pararaton yang asli terletak dan mitos. Namun ini disengaja agar Raja di Perpustakaan Nasional. Pararaton pernah menjadi sangat sakti.Pararaton merupakan diteliti oleh Brandes sebelum Indonesia susastra masa lalu dalam genre gancaran merdeka,lalu diteliti oleh peneliti Indonesia atau prosa. Pararton mengalami proses dan dialihbahasakan beberapa kali. Aksara literalisasi, mula-mula sebagai susastra oral yang digunakan adalah aksara Bali dengan kemudian dituliskan dan ditekstualisasi. bahasa Jawa Kuna, bentuknya berupa Pararaton lebih dari 200 tahun menjadi gancaran atau prosa. Pandangan Profesor tradisi lisan. Hasan Djafar, epigraf.
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