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Craftsmen in the Neo-Assyrian Empire

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Craftsmen in the Neo-Assyrian Empire $OWHU2ULHQWXQG$OWHV7HVWDPHQW %DQG :KDW¶VLQD1DPH" 7HUPLQRORJ\UHODWHGWRWKH:RUN)RUFH DQG-RE&DWHJRULHVLQWKH$QFLHQW1HDU(DVW (GLWHGE\ $JQqV*DUFLD9HQWXUD $ 2 $ 7 ±±±±± QD1DPH" 9HQWXUD:KDW¶VL *DUFLD $JQqV*DUFLD9HQWXUD :KDW¶VLQD1DPH" 7HUPLQRORJ\UHODWHGWRWKH:RUN)RUFH DQG-RE&DWHJRULHVLQWKH$QFLHQW1HDU(DVW $OWHU2ULHQWXQG$OWHV7HVWDPHQW 9HU|IIHQWOLFKXQJHQ]XU.XOWXUXQG*HVFKLFKWHGHV$OWHQ2ULHQWV XQGGHV$OWHQ7HVWDPHQWV %DQG +HUDXVJHEHU 0DQIULHG'LHWULFK,QJR.RWWVLHSHU+DQV1HXPDQQ %HUDWHUJUHPLXP 5DLQHU$OEHUW]-RDFKLP%UHWVFKQHLGHU6WHIDQ0DXO 8GR5WHUVZ|UGHQ:DOWKHU6DOODEHUJHU*HEKDUG6HO] 0LFKDHO36WUHFN :KDW¶VLQD1DPH" 7HUPLQRORJ\UHODWHGWRWKH:RUN)RUFH DQG-RE&DWHJRULHVLQWKH$QFLHQW1HDU(DVW $JQqV*DUFLD9HQWXUD 8JDULW9HUODJ 0QVWHU 7KRURXJKO\UHIHUHHG $JQqV*DUFLD9HQWXUD :KDW¶VLQD1DPH"±7HUPLQRORJ\UHODWHGWRWKH:RUN)RUFH DQG-RE&DWHJRULHVLQWKH$QFLHQW1HDU(DVW $OWHU2ULHQWXQG$OWHV7HVWDPHQW 8JDULW9HUODJ±%XFKXQG0HGLHQKDQGHO0QVWHU ZZZXJDULWYHUODJFRP $OOULJKWVUHVHUYHG1RSDUWRIWKLVSXEOLFDWLRQPD\EHUHSURGXFHGVWRUHG LQDUHWULHYDOV\VWHPRUWUDQVPLWWHGLQDQ\IRUPRUE\DQ\PHDQV HOHFWURQLFPHFKDQLFDOSKRWRFRS\LQJUHFRUGLQJRURWKHUZLVH ZLWKRXWWKHSULRUSHUPLVVLRQRIWKHSXEOLVKHU 3ULQWHGLQ*HUPDQ\ ,6%1 ,661 3ULQWHGRQDFLGIUHHSDSHU Table of Contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................................. 7 Agnès Garcia-Ventura Introduction: The Work Force and Job Categories in the Ancient Near East ....................................................................................... 9 Jacob L. Dahl / Laura F. Hawkins / Kathryn Kelley Labor Administration in Proto-Elamite Iran ...................................................... 15 Vitali Bartash Age, Gender and Labor: Recording Human Resources in 3350–2500 BC Mesopotamia ......................................................................... 45 Camille Lecompte The Archaic Lists of Professions and Their Relevance for the Late Uruk Period: Observations on Some Officials in Their Administrative Context ...................................................................................... 81 Fumi Karahashi Female Servants of Royal Household (ar3-tu munus) in the Presargonic Lagaš Corpus ...................................................................... 133 Massimo Maiocchi Reading History through Lexicography: The Weavers of Sargonic Adab in Comparative Perspective ............................................................................. 147 Laura Culbertson The maškim in Ur III Legal Documents ........................................................... 169 Katrien De Graef kƯma napišti mƗti eqlumma ul tƯdê? Field Work in Old Babylonian Sippar ..... 189 Jaume Llop The Gold- and Silversmith in the Middle Assyrian Documents ....................... 243 Daniel Justel Middle Babylonian Terminology Uelated to Workforce .................................. 259 Matteo Vigo On the Terminology of Some (Job) Titles in Hittite Texts ............................... 271 6 Table of Contents Josué J. Justel The Role of the “Overseer” as the Person Responsible for the Labour Force in the Hurrian Milieu ........................................................................................ 315 Philippe Abrahami / Brigitte Lion Aspects of Job Categories and Household Workforce Management in Nuzi Documentation .................................................................................... 329 Juan-Pablo Vita Terminology related to Work Force and Job Categories in Ugarit .................. 355 Melanie Groß Craftsmen in the Neo-Assyrian Empire ........................................................... 369 Lorenzo Verderame Travel and Displacement as Part of the Job: The Case of the Neo-Assyrian ummânus .......................................................................................................... 397 Stefan Zawadzki The Organization of Building Works in Neo-Babylonian Sippar .................... 417 Kristin Kleber Dependent Labor and Status in the Neo-Babylonian and Achaemenid Periods .................................................................................. 441 Mark Tamerus Labour in the Achaemenid Heartland ............................................................... 467 Indices .............................................................................................................. 495 . Texts............................................................................................................ 49 . Names (.1. Personal Names; .2. Topographical and Ethnic Names, .3. Divine Names; .4. Temple Names) .................................................... 510 . Words (.1. Akkadian; .2. Aramaic;(EODLWH (ODPLWH .5. Greek;,UDQLDQ+DWWLDQ .8. Hittite;+XUULDQ /XZLDQ.11. Old-Persian; .12. Persian; 3.13. Sumerian; .14. Ugaritic).............................................................................................5 Craftsmen in the Neo-Assyrian Empire Melanie Groß1 Brewer, confectioner, sons of the cupbearer, cartwright, architect, scribe, smith, goldsmith, coppersmith, engraver, priest, temple-enterer, bow- maker, weaver, fuller, sash-weaver, tanner of coloured leather, firewood man, gaddƗiu, oxherd, fowl-herd, milk man, cook, dishwasher, fowler, boatman, reed-worker, prostitute, son of the female palace slave, farmer, beer man, gardener, vegetable gardener, donkey-driver, horse trainer, lower garment man, alum man, merchant, messenger, palace manager, overseer of the royal tombs, (…) ( SAA 12 83: r. 3–17) This large work force was entrusted to Nergal-Ɨpil-knjmnj’a, the official in charge of the ambitious building projects in the new capital of Kalপu in the reign of Assurnaৢirpal II.2 While this list may seem long, it is actually far from exhaus- tive. The textual records of the Neo-Assyrian period (ca. 934–612 BC) present a unique corpus for the study of officials, professionals and workers, revealing a seemingly infinite range of professional designations, pertaining to managers, secretaries, scholars, clerics, artists, craftsmen, traders, agricultural workers and armed forces. Assyria’s diverse labour force was embedded in a complex system of over- lapping spheres and household domains. Like every inhabitant of Assyria, each professional was first of all accountable to the king and a subject of the state. In addition, he or she could be employed on a provincial and municipal level or assigned to specific palaces and temples. Others again belonged to the personal households of the king, his immediate relatives and his officials. Moreover, it has been shown that in addition to the well-documented public sector, a consid- erable number of professionals and workers was employed in the private sector (Postgate 1987; Radner 2007b). 1 /HLGHQ8QLYHUVLW\,QVWLWXWHIRU$UHD6WXGLHV7KLVVWXG\KDVEHHQIXQGHGE\WKH,$39,, ³*UHDWHU0HVRSRWDPLD5HFRQVWUXFWLRQRILWV(QYLURQPHQWDQG+LVWRU\´DQGE\WKH(5& &R*±(5&&RQVROLGDWRU*UDQW3URMHFW³3HUVLDDQG%DE\ORQLD´ ,' I am most grateful to Jennifer Sarhafor proof-reading my English and to Bastian Still who JDYHPHKHOSIXOFRPPHQWVDQGsuggestions. The remaining errors are mine. Abbreviations DUHDFFRUGLQJWR31$,, Baker, H. D. (2011) (ed.), The Prosopography of the Neo- $VV\ULDQ(PSLUH9ROXPHPart II: Š–Z, The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, Helsinki. 2 The edict concerning the appointment of Nergal-Ɨpil-knjmnj’a is passed on to us through three fragmentary exemplars written on stone and clay from Nineveh and Kalপu (SAA 12 82–84). 370 Melanie Groß While some professional groups, such as scholars (e.g. Parpola 1993: XIII– XXVII; Radner 2009) and military troops (e.g. DeszĘ 2012), have been studied in some detail, others have been left largely untouched. This also pertains to the group of people whose skills were used to give physical shape to the Assyrian Empire and keep it in good repair, i.e. craftsmen. One of the earliest studies deal- ing with craftsmen in Assyria is Postgate 1979. This article, which is mainly concerned with the economic structure of the Assyrian Empire at large, also con- siders the available manpower and provides a brief discussion about the crafts- men and their cohorts. This group of professionals is treated again in Postgate 1987, which presents a general investigation of the different types of employ- ment and labour in Assyria. In more recent times Radner (2007b and 2015) has built on Postgate’s considerations and, thanks to new textual material, has been able to examine hired work, a type of employment that also applied to some craftsmen, e.g. goldsmiths. The latter have been studied in great detail by Radner (1999a). In her monograph, Radner edited the texts from the archive of the gold- smiths in Assur and studied their contents from a social-economic perspective, addressing topics such as their family organisation and business life. No compa- rable investigation for other types of craftsmen has been undertaken so far.3 This paper, which draws heavily on my study on the personnel of the Neo- Assyrian royal household,4 examines the craftsmen as one distinct group within the wide and diverse range of professionals active in the Neo-Assyrian Empire. For the sake of convenience they will be divided into the following three catego- ries: (1) craftsmen processing raw materials (2) craftsmen processing leather, wool and textiles (3) craftsmen processing food In this contribution, I will start by looking into the meaning and usage of the two generic terms ummânu and kitkittû referring to craftsmen. Then I will give a comprehensive overview of the various
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