2. Projecto Vénus

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2. Projecto Vénus Índice 1. Introdução .............................................................................................................. 5 2. Contextualização Histórica da Técnica ................................................................. 9 3. Teorias Modernas da Técnica .............................................................................. 18 3.1 Determinismo ................................................................................................ 20 3.2 Objecto Técnico como Utensílio ................................................................... 24 3.3 Perspectiva Sociológica do Objecto Técnico................................................. 26 4. O Projecto Vénus – Apresentação e Discussão ................................................... 30 4.1 Como objecto técnico .................................................................................... 32 4.3 Como espaço-cidade ...................................................................................... 33 4.3 Como utopia ................................................................................................... 35 4.4 Como arte ...................................................................................................... 37 4.5 Como dispositivo .......................................................................................... 39 5. O Retorno da Técnico ao Corpo .......................................................................... 43 6. Conclusão ............................................................................................................ 50 7. Bibliografia .......................................................................................................... 54 8. Anexos ................................................................................................................. 59 1 “In a decaying society, art, if it is truthful, Must also reflect decay and Unless it wants to break faith with its social function, Art must show the world as changeable, And help to change it” Ernst Fischer 2 - Projecto Vénus- Redefinir a Máquina Antropológica na Era da Reprodutibilidade Técnica do Corpo - Venus Project - Redefining the Anthropological Machine in the Age of the Technical Reproducibility of the Body Paulo Moisés Silvestre de Figueiredo Abstracto Desenhado por Jacque Fresco, o Projecto Vénus é uma proposta de reconfiguração social, tendo como ferramenta de trabalho a cidade. A cidade projectada por Jacque Fresco responde de alguma forma a necessidade de encontrar programas de hibridização que ultrapassem os receios do determinismo em relação ao papel da tecnologia, e conferindo um cariz mais aproximado dos conceitos antropológicos de Leroi-Gourhan quando este apelida a técnica de utensílio colocado fora do corpo e que permitiu ao homem sobreviver num mundo hostil. A diferença é que a técnica já assumiu uma condição que transcende o mero instrumento, para ser já ela própria configuradora da realidade, como Kittler dizia em acerca dos media. Fresco coloca a cidade como paradigma de uma revolução cibernética, uma tecnotopia, em que a tecnologia servirá para libertar o humano de condições políticas, económicas e sociais que o autor considera obsoletas. Uma nova configuração multidimensional que se apoia numa nova esfera pública, ambicionando um ethos global com uma estrutura digital para comunicações em rede. Fresco atribui uma dimensão de extrema importância aos factos de a tecnologia, no Projecto Vénus, ficar paredes meias com a natureza sem que tenha uma relação intrusiva, mas antes uma relação de responsabilidade pela gestão eficaz dos sistemas circundantes que preconizam muitas das “expectativas messiânicas” de que Walter Benjamin nos falava acerca da tecnologia. O objectivo da presente dissertação será a partir da definição de técnica e da tecnologia e, mais tarde discutindo esta cidade cibernética chamada Projecto Vénus, tentar responder às seguintes perguntas: como Gourhan nos diz, a técnica foi colocada fora do corpo para permitir aos seres humanos sobreviver, podemos supor que, neste momento, com a emergência de novas áreas, como a biotecnologia, nanotecnologia e robótica, a tecnologia retorna ao corpo humano para resolver a falha que, de acordo com o mito de Epimeteu, lhe deu origem? Se assim for, este processo de incorporação dos aparelhos protéticos, pode significar que estamos a entrar na era de reprodutibilidade do corpo humano como um objecto? Além disso, será a crescente visibilidade do Projecto Vénus um sintoma de uma crescente sociedade tecnológica, uma tecnotopia cujo fim último é a reconfiguração da máquina antropológica tal como Agamben colocou em «The Open»? 3 Abstract Designed by Jacque Fresco, The Venus Project is a proposal for social reconfiguration using the city and as tool. The city designed by Jacque Fresco responds to the need for hybrid programs that allow exceeding the fears of determinism as the role of technology, providing an approximation to the anthropological concepts of Leroi-Gourhan when he calls technique a utensil placed outside of the body which allowed man to survive in a hostile world. The difference is that technique has already taken a condition that transcends the mere instrument to be already itself configurative of reality, as Kittler said about media. Fresco puts the city as a paradigm of a cybernetic revolution, a technotopia, in which technology will release humans from political, economic and social conditions that the author considers obsolete. A new multidimensional configuration supported in a new public sphere, aiming a global ethos around a digital structure and communication networks. Fresco assigns a dimension of extreme importance to the fact that, in the Venus Project, technology is next door to nature without having an intrusive relationship, but rather a responsibility for the effective management of the surrounding systems which profess many of the "messianic expectations" that Walter Benjamin spoke about technology. The aim of the present dissertation will be, starting from the definition of technique and technology and later discussing this cybernetic city called Venus Project, try to answer the following questions: if as Gourhan tells us, technique was placed outside the body to enable human survival, can we assume that at present time with the emerging of new fields such as biotechnology, nanotechnology and robotics, technology returns to the human body to resolve the fault which, according to the Epimetheus myth, have given rise? If so, this process of incorporating the prosthetic apparatus, may mean that we are entering an era of reproducibility of the human body as an object? Also, is the upgrowing visibility of the Venus Project a symptom of the rising of a technological society, a technotopia whose ultimate end is the reconfiguration of the anthropological machine as Agamben posed in his book «The Open»? PALAVRAS-CHAVE: técnica, tecnologia, utopia, corpo, informação, prótese, dispositivo, cidade, arte, reprodução KEYWORDS: technique, technology, utopia, body, information, prosthesis, dispositive, city, art, reproduction Esta dissertação foi escrita de acordo com a ortografia Portuguesa antiga. This dissertation was written according to the old Portuguese spelling. 4 1. Introdução “O que é grande no homem é que ele é uma ponte e não um fim o que pode ser amado no homem é que ele é um passar e um sucumbir”i A tecnologia ocupa cada vez mais o espaço de mediação entre Homem e o Mundo. Este é um facto ao qual ninguém fica indiferente e que permite o desenvolvimento de novos campos de trabalho interdisciplinar sobre as influências dos dispositivos tecnológicos na experiência humana. A Modernidade foi profícua em teses sobre os objectos técnicos, em grande medida restringindo-os aos seus usos por parte do Homem, atribuindo à técnica o messianismo próprio de uma humanidade ciente da sua insuficiência biológica face aos perigos do mundo natural. Foi esta a premissa do argumento antropológico, na qual a tecnologia foi colocada fora do corpo a partir da memória, para permitir à espécie humana sobreviver na natureza (Hottois, 1990:36-47). Esta exteriorização tomou forma na roda, no fogo, nas cidades e em todos os aparelhos que vemos hoje, e que constituem a espinha dorsal da civilização humana. Como afirmado por Bernard Stiegler, esta exteriorização que permitiu ao humano evoluir, surgiu da necessidade de compensar uma falha muito maior: a biologia. Stiegler exemplifica com a lenda grega de Epimeteu e Prometeu, que a cultura e, assim, a tecnologia foram dadas ao homem, a fim de permitir que a espécie humana sobrevivesse (Stiegler, 2008:16-18). Por outras palavras, a nossa constituição biológica não foi suficiente aos seres humanos para sobreviver às provações da natureza e os aparelhos protéticos criados foram o nosso salvo-conduto para evoluir em relativa segurança. O argumento que vou tentar discutir na presente dissertação é que a tecnologia, exteriorizada para que possamos sobreviver, regressa progressivamente na sua modernidade à sua origem para resolver o "problema" inicial. A busca de um corpo perfeito, imortal, ligado a todos os organismos artificiais; um corpo público, em rede, que acolhe os dispositivos como extensões do inorgânico sobre o orgânico (Stiegler, 2004) se desintegra na tecnologia e se reconfigura dando origem as novas formas de “ser humano”. Farei uso de A Obra de Arte na Era de Sua Reprodutibilidade Técnica, (inserida no livro Sobre Arte, Técnica, Linguagem e Politica escrito em 1936) de Walter Benjamin,
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