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Home , Enlightened absolutism, Republic of Letters

HI2108 Culture and Politics in Europe 1700-1815

Course co-ordinator Dr. Joseph Clarke (Dept. of History) Contact details [email protected] Room 3153 Teaching Staff Dr. Joseph Clarke, Dr. Linda Kiernan Duration One semester (Michaelmas term) Assessment Essays, one 2 hour exam. Weighting 10 ECTS Lecture Times Thursday, 11.00 – 12.00, room 3074 Friday, 12.00 – 1.00, Theatre Course Description: The ‘long eighteenth-century’ that led from Louis XIV to was an age of unprecedented cultural and political change. In order to understand the nature and extent of this change, this course charts the emergence of new ways of thinking about , society and the self during the Enlightenment and explores how these ideas contributed to reshaping the state during the Revolutionary crisis that convulsed Europe from 1789 on. By examining the evolution of attitudes towards gender, death and family life, the course also explores how perceptions of private life and popular culture changed over the 18th century.

1 Learning Outcomes: On successful completion of this module students should be able to: • Demonstrate an informed understanding of the main themes and developments in the political and cultural from 1700 to 1815. • Engage critically with the scholarly literature on this subject. • Evaluate a range of methodological and theoretical approaches to the study of 18th century political and cultural history. • Identify and interpret a range of relevant primary sources. • Communicate their conclusions clearly in both written and verbal contexts.

Course Structure:

Week 1 1 Introduction: What is Cultural History? 2 The Culture of the Court and the Culture of Custom Week 2 3 From the Republic of Letters to the Public Sphere 4 ‘What is Enlightenment?’ Week 3 5 Enlightenment in action: the Encyclopédie. (Dr. Kiernan) 6 ‘If God did not exist’: believers and unbelievers in the 18th century. Week 4 7 ‘In every respect different’: The Enlightenment and Gender. (Dr. Kiernan) 8 The Enlightenment Deified: Writers and their Readers in the 18th century. (Dr. Kiernan) Week 5 9 The Politics of Enlightenment I: Absolutism and Utopia. 10 The Politics of Enlightenment II: The Enemies of Enlightenment. (Dr. Kiernan) Week 6 11 An Age of ? Pseudo-Science and the Sentimental in the 18th century 12 Living, Loving and Dying in the . (Dr. Kiernan) Week 7 Reading Week Week 8 13 ‘Do Books Make Revolutions’? 14 The End of the Old Order Week 9 15 Remaking

2 16 Counter-Revolution at home and abroad Week 10 17 Terror is the Order of the Day 18 Living the Revolution. (Dr. Kiernan) Week 11 19 Ending the Revolution 20 Napoleon, Empire and Europe Week 12 21 Legacies of Revolution 22 Conclusions

Recommended Reading

Some General Introductions to 18th and 19th century European History. J. Black, Eighteenth century Europe, 1700-1789, (1990) T. Blanning, The Eighteenth century: Europe 1688-1815, (2000) ___ The Nineteenth century: Europe 1789-1914, (2000) W. Doyle, The old European order, 1660-1800, (1992) ___ Old Régime France: 1648-1788, (2001) E. Hobsbawn, The age of revolution: Europe 1789-1848, (1973) O. Hufton, Europe: privilege and protest 1730-1789, (1980 and 2003) C. Jones, The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon, (2002) R. Gildea, Barricades and borders: Europe 1800-1914, (1996) M. Broers, Europe after Napoleon: Revolution, Reaction and Romanticism, 1815- 1851, (1996) M. Perry, An History of Modern Europe, (1992) J. H. Shennan, Liberty and order in early modern Europe: the subject and the State, 1650-1800, (1986)

1 What is Cultural History? P. Burke, History and Social Theory, (1992) ___ Varieties of cultural history, (1997) R. Chartier, Cultural History: between practices and representations, (1988) R. Darnton, ‘Intellectual and Cultural History’, in M. Kammen (ed.), The Past Before Us: Contemporary Historical Writing in the United States, (1980) ___ The Kiss of Lamourette: Reflections in Cultural History, (1990)

3 L. Hunt (ed.), The New Cultural History, (1989) D. LaCapra & S. Kaplan (eds.), Modern European Intellectual History: Reappraisals and New Perspectives, (1982) J. Wallach Scott, Gender and the Politics of History, (1988) B. Scribner, ‘Is a History of Popular Culture Possible?’ History of European Ideas, vol. x, no. 2, pp. 175-91. Q. Skinner (ed.), The Return of Grand Theory in the Human , (1985)

2 The Culture of the Court and the Culture of Custom Robert W. Berger, Versailles: the Chateau of Louis XIV, (1985) T. Blanning, The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture - Old Regime Europe 1660-1789, (2002) Peter Burke, The Fabrication of Louis XIV (1992) ___ Popular culture in early modern Europe, (1978) Robert Darnton, ‘A Bourgeois puts his World in Order’, and ‘Workers Revolt: The Great Cat Massacre of the Rue Saint-Séverin’ in Darnton, The Great Cat Massacre (1984) A.G. Dickens (ed.), The Courts of Europe: Politics, Patronage and Royalty, 1400- 1800, (1977) N. Elias, The Court Society (1983), esp. chapter 5 (Etiquette and Ceremony) M. Foucault, Discipline and Punish, (1977) chapter 1 (on the Damiens execution) D. Garrioch, ‘Plebian Culture, Metropolitan Culture’ in Garrioch, The Making of Revolutionary Paris, (2002) H. Himelfarb, ‘Versailles: Functions and Legends’, in P. Nora (ed.), Rethinking France, vol. 1 (2001) E. Muir, Ritual in Early Modern Europe, (1997) Steven N. Orso, Philip IV and the Decoration of the Alcázar of Madrid, (1986) Robert A. Schneider, The Ceremonial City; Toulouse Observed, 1738-1780, (1995) E. P. Thompson, ‘Customs and Culture’ and ‘The Patricians and the Plebs’ in Thompson, Customs in Common, (1991)

3 From the Republic of Letters to the Public Sphere K. Baker, ‘Defining the Public sphere in 18th century France: variations on a theme by Habermas’, in C. Calhoun, ed. Habermas and the Public Sphere, (1992)

4 T. Blanning, The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture, esp. Part II C. Calhoun, ed. Habermas and the Public Sphere, (1992) R. Chartier, The Cultural Origins of the , (1991) esp. chapter 2, ‘The Public Sphere and Public Opinion.’ R. van Dulmen, The Society of the Enlightenment: the rise of the middle class and enlightenment culture in Germany, (1992) Anne Goldgar, Impolite Learning: Conduct and Community in the Republic of Letters, 1680-1750, (1995) D. Goodman, ‘Enlightenment Salons: The Convergence of Female and Philosophic Ambitions’, 18th Century Studies, vol. 22, (1989) pp. 329-51. ___ The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment (1994) J. Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: an Enquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, (1989) M. Jacob, The radical enlightenment: Pantheists, Freemasons and Republicans, (1981) ___ Living the enlightenment: freemasonry and politics in eighteenth-century Europe, (1991) ___ ‘The Mental Landscape of the Public Sphere: A European Perspective’, 18th century Studies, 28, (1994) pp. 95-113. S. Kale, French Salons: high society and political sociability from the Old Regime to the Revolution of 1848, (2004) S. Maza, ‘Women, the bourgeoisie and the Public Sphere: a response to Daniel Gordon and David Bell’, French Historical Studies, 17, (1991-2) D. Roche, Les Républicains des Lettres: Gens de Culture et Lumières au XVIIIe Siècle, (1988) ___ France in the Enlightenment, (1998) J. Van Horn Melton, The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe, (2001)

4 ‘What is Enlightenment?’ D. Brewer, The Discourse of Enlightenment in Eighteenth Century France: Diderot and the Art of Philosophising, (1993) E. Cassirer, The Philosophy of the Enlightenment, (1951) M. Cranston, Philosophers and Pamphleteers, (1986)

5 M. Foucault, ‘What is Enlightenment in P. Rabinow, ed. The Foucault Reader, (1984) P. Gay, The Enlightenment: an interpretation, (1973) A. Goldgar, Impolite Learning: Conduct and Community in the Republic of Letters, 1680-1750 (1995) N. Hampson, The Enlightenment, (1968) P. Hazard, The European Mind 1680-1715 (trans. J Lewis May) (1953) M. Horkheimer and T. W. Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment, (1994) J. Israel, The Radical Enlightenment: philosophy and the making of modernity, 1650- 1750, (2001) R. Koseleck, Critique and Crisis: Enlightenment and the Pathogenesis of Modern Society, (1988) D. Outram, The Enlightenment, (1995) R. Porter, The Enlightenment, (1990) ___ Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World, (2000) R. Porter & M. Teich, eds. Enlightenment in National Context (1981) D. Roche, France in the Enlightenment, (1998) F. Venturi, Utopia and Reform in the Enlightenment, (1971) I. O. Wade, The Intellectual Origins of the French Enlightenment, (1971)

5 Enlightenment in Action: the Encyclopédie P. Blom, Encyclopédie: the triumph of reason in an unreasonable age, (2004) M. Cranston, Philosophers and Pamphleteers: Political Theories of the Enlightenment (1986) R. Darnton, The Business of Enlightenment: A Publishing History of the Encyclopédie (1979) ___ ‘Philosophers trim the Tree of Knowledge: the Epistemological strategy of the Encyclopédie’, in Darnton, The Great Cat Massacre, pp. 185-209. P. N. Furbank, Diderot: A Critical Biography, (1992) R. Grimsley, Jean d’Alembert: 1717-1783, (1963) J. Lough, The Encyclopédie, (1971) J. Lough, ed. Essays on the Encyclopédie of Diderot and D’Alembert, (1968) J. Proust, Diderot et l’Encyclopédie, (1967) A. M. Wilson, Diderot, (1972)

6 6 ‘If God did not exist’: Believers and Unbelievers in 18th century Europe N. Aston, Religion and Revolution in France 1780-1804, (2000) chapters 1-4. S. J. Barnett, The Enlightenment and Religion, (2003) C. Becker, The heavenly city of the eighteenth-century philosophers, (f. p. 1932) P. Gay, : an Anthology, (1968) M. Jacob, The Radical Enlightenment: Pantheists, Freemasons and Republicans, (1981) A. Kors, d’Holbach’s Coterie: An Enlightenment in Paris, (1976) F. Manuel, The Eighteenth Century Confronts the Gods, (1967) J. McManners, Reflections at the death bed of : the art of dying in eighteenth century France, (1975) ___ Death and the Enlightenment: Changing Attitudes to Death among Christians and Unbelievers in 18th century France, (1981) ___ Church and society in eighteenth-century France, 2 vols. (1998) R. R. Palmer, Catholics and Unbelievers in 18th century France, (1961) R. Pomeau, La religion de Voltaire, (1974)

7 ‘In every respect different’: The Enlightenment and Gender K. Clinton, ‘Femme et Philosophe: Enlightenment Origins of Feminism’, Eighteenth- Century Studies, 8 (1975), pp. 283-299. N. Z. Davies and A. Farge, eds. A History of Women in the West, vol. iii, Renaissance and Enlightenment Paradoxes, (Cambridge, Mass., 1983) E. Ehrman, Mme du Châtelet, (Oxford, 1986) D. Goodman, ‘Enlightenment Salons: The Convergence of Female and Philosophic Ambitions’, 18th Century Studies, vol. 22, (1989) pp. 329-51. C. Hesse, The other Enlightenment: how French women became modern, (2001) P. Hoffman, La femme dans la pensée des Lumières, (1977) O. Hufton, The Prospect Before Her: A History of Women in Western Europe, (1995) J. Jones, ‘Repackaging Rousseau: Femininity and Fashion in Old Regime France,’ French Historical Studies (Autumn 1994) L. Jordanova, Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science and Medicine between the Eighteenth and Twentieth Centuries, (1989) ___ The Enlightenment and Its Shadows, (1990) J. Landes, Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution (1988)

7 T. Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud (1990) J. Scott, Only Paradoxes to Offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Man, (1996) S. Spencer, ed. French Women and the Age of Enlightenment, (1984) G. Sussman, Selling Mother’s Milk: the Wet-Nursing Business in France, 1715-1194, (1982) L. Steinbrugge, The Moral Sex: Women’s Nature in the French Enlightenment, (1995) S. Tomaselli, ‘The Enlightenment debate on women’, History Workshop, 20, (1985) M. Trouillle, Sexual Politics and the Enlightenment, Women Writers read Rousseau, (1997) C. H. Winn and D. Kuizenga, eds. Women writers in pre-Revolutionary France: strategies of emancipation, (1997)

8 The Enlightenment Deified: Writers and their Readers in the 18th century. See the entries on the Public Sphere and the following: P. Bénichou, Le Sacre de l’Écrivain, 1750-1830; Essai sur l’avènement d’un pouvoir spirituel laïque dans la France moderne, (1973) T. Blanning, The Culture of Power…, Part II A. Brookner, Greuze: the rise and fall of an eighteenth-century phenomenon, (1972) T. Crow, Painters and Public Life in Eighteenth-Century Paris, (1988) ___ Emulation: Making Artists in Revolutionary France, (1995) R. Darnton, The Literary Underground of the Old Regime, (1982) esp. chaps 1 and 2. ___ ‘The Facts of Literary Life in Eighteenth-Century France’, in K. Baker, ed. The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture, vol. i, The Political Culture of the Old Régime, (1987) ___ ‘Readers Respond to Rousseau: the Fabrication of Romantic Sensitivity’ in Darnton, The Great Cat Massacre, pp. 209-250. R. Darnton and D. Roche, eds. Revolution in Print: the Press in France, 1775-1800, (1989) E. Eisenstein, Grub Street Abroad: Aspects of the French Cosmopolitan Press from the Age of Louis XIV to the French Revolution, (1992) M. Fried, Absorption and theatricality: painting and beholder in the age of Diderot, (1980) C. Hesse, Publishing and Cultural Politics in Revolutionary Paris, 1789-1810, (1991)

8 H. Honour, Neo-Classicism, (1968) C. Labrosse, Lire au XVIIIe siècle: La Nouvelle Héloïse et ses lecteurs, (1985) J. A. Leith, The idea of art as propaganda in France 1750-1799: a study in the history of ideas, (1965) ___ Space and revolution: projects for monuments, squares, and public buildings in France 1789-1799, (1991) J. Lough, An Introduction to Eighteenth Century France, (1960) esp. chapters 7 and 8. ___ Writer and Public in France from the Middle Ages to the Present Day, (1976) H. Mason, French Writers and their Society, 1715-1800, (1982) A. Ward, Book Production, Fiction, and the German Reading Public, 1740-1800, (1974)

9 The Politics of Enlightenment I: Absolutism and Utopia. B. Baczko, Lumières de l’Utopie, (Paris, 1978) trans. Utopian Lights: the Evolution of the Idea of Social Progress, (New York, 1989) D. Beales, Joseph II, (1987) C. B. A. Behrens, Society, and the Enlightenment: The Experiences of Eighteenth-Century France and , (1985) H. Chisick, The Limits of Reform in the Enlightenment, (1981) ____ ‘Utopia, Reform and Revolution: the Political Assumptions of L. S. Mercier’s L’An 2440’, History of Political Thought, vol. xxii, (2001) pp. 648-68. A. Forrest, The French Revolution and the Poor, (1981) esp. chapters 1 and 2. E. Fox-Genovese, The Origins of , (1976) F. Hartung, Enlightened , (1957) O. Hufton, The Poor in Eighteenth Century France, 1750-1789, (1974) C. Jones, Charity and bienfaisance: the Treatment of the Poor in Montpellier. 1740- 1815, (1983) L. Krieger, and Philosophers, 1689-1789, (1970) H. Mitchell, ‘Politics in the service of knowledge: the debate over the administration of medicine and welfare in late 18th century France’, Social History, (1981) K. Norberg, Rich and Poor in Grenoble, (1985)

9 M. Raeff, The Well-Ordered : Social and Institutional Change through Law in the Germanies and Russia, 1600-1800, (1983) H. M. Scott. ed. Enlightened absolutism: reform and reformers in later eighteenth- century Europe, (1990) F. Venturi, Utopia and Reform in the Enlightenment, (1971) E. P. Thompson, ‘The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century’ in Thompson, Customs in Common, pp. 185-259.

10 The Politics of Enlightenment II: The Enemies of Enlightenment See the above and: I. Berlin, Three Critics of the Enlightenment, Vico, Hamann, Herder, (2000) M. Hulliung, The Autocritique of Enlightenment: Rousseau and the , (1994) D. McMahon, ‘The Counter-Enlightenment and the Low-Life of Literature in Pre- Revolutionary France’, Past and Present, no. 159, (1998) ___ The Enemies of Enlightenment: The French Counter-Enlightenment and the Making of Modernity, (2002)

11 An Age of Reason? Pseudo-Science and the Sentimental in the 18th century A. Brookner, Greuze: the rise and fall of an eighteenth-century phenomenon, (1972) ___ Jacques-Louis David, a personal interpretation, (1974) N. Bryson, Word and image: French painting of the ancien régime, (1981) R. Darnton, Mesmerism and the End of Enlightenment in France, (1968) D. Denby, Sentimental Narrative and the Social Order in France 1760-1820 (1994) H. F. Ellenberger, The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry, (1970) M. Foucault, The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception, (1989) M. Fried, Absorption and theatricality: painting and beholder in the age of Diderot, (1980) A. Gauld, A history of hypnotism, (1992) J. Mullan, Sentiment and Sociability: the Language of Feeling in the Eighteenth- century (1988)

10 A. Van Sant, Eighteenth-Century Sensibility and the Novel: The Senses in Social Context (1993) M. Tatar, Spellbound. Studies on Mesmerism and Literature, (1978) E. F. Timm (ed.), Subversive sublimities. Undercurrents of the German Enlightenment (1992) A Vila, Enlightenment and Pathology: Sensibility in the Literature and the Medicine of 18th-century France, (1998).

12 Living, Loving and Dying in the Age of Enlightenment T. Brennan, ‘Beyond the barriers: popular culture and the Parisian guinguettes’, Eighteenth-Century Studies, (1984-5) P. Burke, Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe, (1978 and subsequent eds.) R. A. Etlin, The Architecture of Death: the Transformation of the Cemetery in Eighteenth Century Paris, (1984) D. Garrioch, Neighbourhood and Community in Paris, 1740-1790, (Cambridge, 1986) ___ The Formation of the Parisian Bourgeoisie, 1690-1830, (1993) ___ The Making of Revolutionary Paris, (Berkeley, 2002) R. M. Isherwood, ‘Entertainment in the Parisian fairs in the 18th century’, Journal of Modern History, (1981) J. Kaplow, The Names of Kings: the Parisian Labouring Poor in the Eighteenth Century, (1972) esp. chapters4 and 5. T. Kselman, Death and the Afterlife in Modern France, (Princeton, 1993) J. McManners, Death and the Enlightenment: Changing Attitudes to Death among Christians and Unbelievers in 18th century France, (1981) D. Roche, The People of Paris: an Essay in Popular Culture in the Eighteenth Century, (1987) M. Root-Bernstein, Boulevard Theatre and Revolution in 18th-century Paris (1984) M. Vovelle, Mourir Autrefois: Attitudes Collectives devant la Mort aux XVIIe et XVIIIe Siècles, (1974) ___ La Mort et l’Occident de 1300 à Nos Jours, (Paris, 1983)

11 Revolutionary Europe

There are many good introductory surveys of the French Revolution, and you should have a look at a selection of them to familiarise yourself with both the events and the range of interpretations that have been made of them. Among the best are:

D. Andress, French Society in Revolution, (1999) W. Doyle, The Oxford History of the French Revolution, (Oxford, 1989 and 2002) A. Forrest, The French Revolution, (1995) F. Furet & D. Richet, The French Revolution, (1970) N. Hampson, The Social History of the French Revolution, (1970) L. Hunt, Politics, Culture and Class in the French Revolution, (1986) G. Lefebvre, The French Revolution, (2 vols., 1962) P. McPhee, The French Revolution, (2002) S. Schama, Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution, (1989) D. M. G. Sutherland, France 1789-1815: Revolution and Counter-Revolution, (1985) M. Vovelle, The Fall of the French , 1787-1792, (1978) I. Woloch, The New Régime: Transformations in the French Civic Order: 1789- 1820s, (1995)

13 Do Books make Revolutions? K. Baker, Inventing the French Revolution, (Cambridge, 1990) T. Blanning, The French Revolution: Class war or Culture Clash?, (1997) R. Chartier, The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution, (1991) R. Darnton, ‘The High Enlightenment and the low life of literature in pre- revolutionary France’, P&P, no 51, (1971) reprinted in Darnton, The Great Cat Massacre and other episodes in French Cultural History. ___ ‘The Brissot Dossier’, F H S, 17 (1991), pp. 191-205 and F. da Luna’s accompanying: ‘The Dean Street of Revolution: J.-P. Brissot, Jeune philosophe’, pp. 159-199. N. Hampson, Will and Circumstance. . Rousseau and the French Revolution, (1983)

12 C. Jones, ‘Bourgeois Revolution Revivified: 1789 and Social Change’, in C. Lucas, ed. Rewriting the French Revolution: the Andrew Browning Lectures 1989, (Oxford, 1991) pp. 69-118. R. Sprang, ‘Paradigms and Paranoia: How Modern is the French Revolution?’ A H R, 108, (Feb. 2003) pp. 119-47. S. Maza, ‘Politics, Culture and the Origins of the French Revolution’, J M H, 61, (1989) pp. 703-23. T. Tackett, Becoming a Revolutionary: the deputies of the French National Assembly and the Emergence of a Revolutionary Political Culture (1789-1790), (1996)

14 The End of the Old Order P. Campbell, The Ancien Régime, (1988) W. Doyle, The Origins of the French Revolution, (1988) ___ ‘Was there an Aristocratic Reaction in Pre-Revolutionary France’, Past & Present, (1972) W. Doyle, ed. Old Regime France, 1648-1788, (2001) J. Egret, The French Pre-Revolution, (1977) Michael Fitzsimmons, ‘New light on the aristocratic reaction in France’, French History, 10 (1996) G. Lefebvre¸ The Coming of the French Revolution, (1947) C. Jones, The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon, (2002) P. M. Jones, Reform and Revolution in France: the Politics of Transition, 1774-1791, (1995) B. Stone, The Genesis of the French Revolution, (1994)

15 Remaking France N. Aston, Religion and Revolution in France 1780-1804, (London, 2000) M. Fitzsimmons, The Remaking of France: the National Assembly and the of 1791, (1994) J. Godechot, The Taking of the Bastille, 14 July 1789, (1970) N. Hampson, Prelude to Terror: the French Constituent Assembly, (1988) P. .M. Jones, Reform and Revolution in France: The Politics of Transition, 1774-91, (1995) ___ The Peasantry and the French Revolution, (1988)

13 M. Kennedy, The Jacobin Clubs in the French Revolution: The Early Years, (1982) G. Lefebvre, The Great Fear of 1789, (1973) J. McManners, The French Revolution and the Church, (London, 1969) J. Markoff, The abolition of feudalism: peasants, lords, and legislators in the French Revolution, (1996) R.B. Rose, The Making of the Sans-Culottes, (1982) G. Rudé, The Crowd in the French Revolution, (1959) T. Tackett, Becoming a Revolutionary: The Deputies of the French National Assembly and the Emergence of A Revolutionary Culture (1789-1790), (1996) I. Woloch, The New Régime: Transformations of the French Civic Order, 1789- 1820s, (1994)

16 Counter-Revolution at Home and Abroad W. Doyle, the French Revolution, esp. chapters, 6, 7, and 9. J. Godechot, The Counter-Revolution: Doctrine and Action, (1972) H. Gough, ‘Genocide and the Bicentenary: The French Revolution and the Revenge of the Vendée’, Historical Journal, 30, (1987) T. Le Goff and D. Sutherland, ‘The Revolution and Rural Community in 18th century Brittany’, Past & Present, 62 (1974) pp. 96-116. J.-C. Martin, La Vendée et la France, (1987) H. Mitchell ‘Resistance to the Revolution in Western France’, Past & Present, 63 (1974) W.J. Murray, The Right-Wing Press in the French Revolution, (1986) C. Petitfrère, ‘The Origins of the Civil War in the Vendée’, French History, 2 (1988) D. Sutherland, ‘The Social Origins of Counter-Revolution in Western France’, Past and Present, 99, T. Tackett, ‘The West in France in 1789: the religious origins of the counter- revolution’, JMH, (1982) pp. 715-45. ___ When the took Flight, (2003) C. Tilly, The Vendée, (1964)

17 Terror is the Order of the Day K. Baker, ed. The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture, vol. 4, The Terror (1994)

14 M. Bouloiseau, The Jacobin Republic: 1792-1794, (1987) R. Cobb, The People’s Armies: The Armées Révolutionnaires: instrument of the Terror in the departments, April 1793 to Floréal year II, (1987) ___ ‘The Revolutionary Mentality in France, 1793-4’, History, (1957) H. Gough, The Terror in the French Revolution, (1998) D. Greer, The Incidence of the Terror in the French Revolution, (1935) N. Hampson, The Terror in the French Revolution, (1978) ___ The Life and Opinions of Maximilien Robespierre, (1974) D. Jordan, The Revolutionary Career of Maximilien Robespierre, (1985) C. Lucas, The Structure of the Terror: the example of Javogues and the Loire, (1973) ___ ‘The Crowd and Politics between Ancien Régime and Revolution in France’, French Historical Studies, vol. 16, (1990) pp. 421-57. M. Ozouf, ‘War and Terror in French Revolutionary Discourse’, J M H. 56, (1984) R. R. Palmer, Twelve who Ruled: the Year of the Terror in the French Revolution, (1941) G. Rudé, The Crowd in The French Revolution, chapters 8-9. A. Soboul, The Parisian Sans-culottes and the French Revolution, (1972)

18 Living the Revolution A. de Baecque, The Body Politic: Corporeal Metaphor in Revolutionary France, (1997) S. Bianchi, La Révolution culturelle en l’An II: Elites et peuples. 1789-1799, (1982) R. Cobb, The People’s Armies, esp. pp. 442-480. T. Crow, Emulation: Making Artists for Revolutionary France, (1995) D. Godineau, The women of Paris and their French Revolution, (1998) O. Hufton, Women and the Limits of Citizenship in the French Revolution, (1992) L. Hunt, Politics, Culture and Class in the French Revolution, (1986) ____ ‘Engraving the Republic: print and propaganda in the French Revolution’, History Today, no.30 (Oct.1980) ___ The Family Romance of the French Revolution, (1994) E. Kennedy, The Cultural History of the French Revolution, (1989) J. Landes, Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution, (1989) J. Leith, Space and Revolution: Projects for Monuments, Squares and Public Buildings in France, 1789-99, (1991)

15 D. Levy et al., (eds) Women in Revolutionary Paris, 1789-94, (1979) D. Outram, The Body and the French Revolution, (1989) M. Ozouf, Festivals of the French Revolution, (1988) A. Ribeiro, Fashion in the French Revolution, (1990) W. Roberts, Jacques-Louis David and Jean-Louis Prieur, revolutionary artists: the public, the populace, and images of the French Revolution, (2000) F. Tallett, ‘Dechristianizing France: the year II and the Revolutionary Experience’, in F. Tallett and N. Atkin, eds. Religion, Society and Politics in France since 1789, (London, 1991) pp. 1-28. R. Wrigley, The Politics of Appearances: Representations of Dress in Revolutionary France, (2000) M. Vovelle, The Revolution against the Church. From Reason to the Supreme Being, (Oxford, 1991) ___ ‘The Adventures of Reason, or From Reason to the Supreme Being’, in C. Lucas, ed. Rewriting the French Revolution (Oxford, 1991) pp. 132-50.

19 Ending the Revolution B. Baczco, Ending the Terror: The French Revolution after Robespierre, (1994) R. Cobb, ‘Thermidor or the Retreat from Fantasy’ in H. Lloyd Jones, ed. History and Imagination: Essays in honour of Trevor Roper, (1981) pp. 272-95. L. Hunt et al, ‘The Failure of the Liberal Experiment in France’, Journal of Modern History, 51 (1979) G. Lewis, and C. Lucas, eds. Beyond the Terror: Essays in French Regional and Social History, 1794-1815, (1983) J. Livesey, Making in the French Revolution, (2001) M. Lyons, ‘The 9 Thermidor: Motives and Effects’, European Studies Review, 5 (1975) ___ France under the Directory, (1975) I. Woloch, Jacobin Legacy: the Democratic Movement under the Directory, (1970) D. Woronoff, The Thermidorean Regime and the Directory, 1794-1799, (1984)

20 Napoleon: The Empire and Europe L. Bergeron, France Under Napoleon, (1981) M. Broers, Europe under Napoleon, 1799-1815, (1996)

16 G. Ellis, Napoleon, (1997) S. Englund, Napoleon: a Political life (2004) G. Lefebvre, Napoleon, (1969) M. Lyons, Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution, (1994) D. M. G. Sutherland, France, Revolution and Counter-Revolution: 1789-1815, (1985) J. Tulard, Napoleon: the Myth of the Saviour, (1985) I. Woloch, Napoleon and his collaborators: the making of a , (2001)

21 Legacies of Revolution The Revolution and the Family A. Burguière et al, eds. A History of the Family, vol. ii, the Impact of Modernity, (1996) M. Darrow, Revolution in the House: Family, Class, and Inheritance in Southern France, 1775-1825 (1989) S. Desan, The Family on Trial in Revolutionary France, (2004) C. Hall & L. Davidoff, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the Middle Class, (1987) C. Harrison, The Bourgeois Citizen in Nineteenth-Century France: Gender, Sociability and the Uses of Emulation, (1999) M. Perrot, ed. A history of private life: vol. 4, From the fires of revolution to the Great War, (1990) R. Phillips, Family Breakdown in Late-Eighteenth Century France: in Rouen, 1792-1803, (1980) W. Reddy, The Invisible Code: honour and sentiment in postrevolutionary France, 1814-1848, (1997) The Revolution and the Nation B. Anderson, Imagined communities: reflections on the origin and spread of , (1991) D. Bell, The cult of the nation in France: inventing nationalism, 1680-1800, (2001) R. Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany, (1992) L. Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation: 1707-1837, (1997) E. Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, (1983) E. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780: programme, myth, reality, (1992)

17 J. J. Sheehan, ‘What is German History? Reflections on the Role of the Nation in German History and Historiography,’ Journal of Modern History (1981) W.J. Shreeves, Nation-making in Nineteenth-Century Europe: the National Unification of Italy and Germany, 1815-1914, (1984) A. Smith, Theories of Nationalism, (1973) M. Teich and R. Porter, eds., The National Question in Europe in Historical Context, (1993) S.J. Woolf, A History of Italy, 1700-1860: The Social Constraints of Political Change, (1979)

22 Conclusions All of the above and: E. Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: the modernization of rural France, 1870-1914, (1979) P. Lehning, Peasant and French: Cultural Contact in Rural France during the Nineteenth Century, (1995)

Suggested Essay Titles

1 Assess Habermas’ argument that the public sphere was ‘the ruling authorities’ adversary’. 2 How did the relationship between artists, writers and the public change over the course of the eighteenth century? 3 Compare and contrast the contribution of two of the following to the circulation of enlightened ideas in eighteenth century Europe: the , the , the reading room and the Masonic lodge. 4 How did the Encyclopédie aim to ‘change the common way of thinking’? 5 ‘The philosophes aimed to disenchant the world.’ Discuss. 6 Did eighteenth century Europe experience a revolution in reading? 7 Was there any place for women in the Republic of Letters? 8 Is a history of popular culture possible in the eighteenth century? 9 Had the French monarchy been desacralised by 1789, and if so, how?

18 10 ‘Calling what happened in 1789 and after a “bourgeois revolution” is at worst misleading, and at best imprecise.’ Discuss. 11 ‘The Terror was merely 1789 with a higher body count.’ Discuss. 12 Why did the Revolution provokes such intense opposition either in France or across Europe? 13 Did war revolutionise the Revolution? 14 Did Napoleon end the Revolution?

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