Chapter 21 Lesson Reviews

Question Answer 1. Write a paragraph explaining how the In the scientific method, the scientist observes scientific method exemplified the new events, creates a hypothesis, and then tests it. emphasis on reason. The scientist uses the same reasonable process each time.

3. What developments were the foundation of The new reliance by scientists on direct the Scientific Revolution? observation and experiment marked a complete change from the reliance on ancient authorities for scientific knowledge.

4. What role did scientific breakthroughs play Students' answers should note that during the Scientific Revolution? breakthroughs, like Copernicus's new concept of the universe, cast doubt on long-held ideas.

5. What obstacles did participants in the Participants in the Scientific Revolution faced the Scientific Revolution face? challenge that the old, long-held ideas were still very powerful, especially in the view of the Church.

6. How did the Scientific Revolution change Scientific discoveries led Descartes to the belief people's worldview? that reason is the chief source of knowledge. Bacon used inductive reasoning to establish the scientific method.

1. Write a paragraph explaining what Montesquieu used England as an example of a Montesquieu meant by the phrase separation government with separation of powers. This of powers and where he saw this principle system provides the greatest freedom and applied. security for the state.

3. How did Enlightenment thinkers use the They tried to use reason to find the natural law ideas of the Scientific Revolution? that governed human behavior. They also questioned the ideas of ancient authorities and the Church.

4. What role did the philosophes play in the The ideas promoted by the philosophes-logic, Enlightenment? reason, the search for natural law-became the central basis for the Enlightenment. 5. How did the belief in logic and reason Smith and Rousseau believed that as intellectuals promote the beginnings of the social they could discover the natural laws that regulate sciences? their affairs.

6. How did Enlightenment ideas influence The Enlightenment influenced society by the society and culture? growth of reading. It allowed women to argue for the same rights as men. Artists broke from tradional forms.

1. Write a paragraph defining the term Enlightened absolutism is the idea that monarchs enlightened absolutism. Discuss one example could govern by Enlightenment principles while of an 18th century monarch and explain how maintaining their authority. Frederick II allowed he or she fulfilled or failed to fulfill this ideal. limited free speech but maintained a rigid social structure. 3. How were European rulers guided by Only Joseph II tried to implement reform. For Enlightenment thought? Catherine II and Frederick II, the priority was to maintain the existing system.

4. How did changing alliances in Europe lead It centered on 2 rivalries: Britain and France over to the 7 Years' War and how was the war colonies and Prussia and Austria over Silesia. carried out on a global scale? Britain won both conflicts.

1. Describe the federal system of government. The national and state governments share power.

3. What were the causes of and influences on Following the 7 Years' War, Britain tried to raise the American Revolution? taxes. Colonists resisted and tensions escalated. The American Revolution was also inspired by Enlightenment philosophy.

4. Why did intellectuals believe the formation The new system of government was based on of the United States carried out Enlightenment Montesquieu's ideas. The Bill of Rights derived thought? from natural rights proposed by Locke and the philosophes.

5. What were the effects of the American The new nation started with a weak government and Revolution? then had a stronger federal government. The Revolution was the embodiment of the Enlightenment's political dreams.