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Tesi Dottorato Fragai Scuola dottorale in Archeologia Curriculum Archeologia e Antichità Post-Classiche XXX ciclo I complessi palatini islamici della Giordania tra XIII e XIV secolo: origine e ruolo storico, politico, ideologico di un tipo edilizio monumentale alla luce dell’archeologia leggera Il caso di Kerak Tutor Dottorando PROF. GUIDO VANNINI LORENZO FRAGAI Ai miei genitori e a Ester, instancabili sostenitori e punti di riferimento fondamentali INDICE Indice p. iii Premessa p. 1 Capitolo I – Introduzione storico-geografica 1.1 La Transgiordania nel contesto medievale del Vicino Oriente p. 6 1.2 La Transgiordania in epoca crociata p. 10 1.3 La Transgiordania in epoca ayyubide-mamelucca p. 14 Capitolo II – Metodologia della ricerca 2.1 Archeologia leggera come chiave di lettura di un territorio p. 17 2.2 Strumenti informatici come risorsa per l’analisi archeologica p. 20 Capitolo III - I palazzi ayyubidi e mamelucchi del bīlād al-Shām 3.1 Le residenze palatine del bīlād al-Shām: struttura e formazione p. 25 3.2 Descrizione del sito di Shawbak p. 52 3.2.1 Il complesso palatino CF34 p. 60 3.3 Descrizione del sito di ʿAjlūn p. 66 3.4 Descrizione del sito di Kerak p. 72 3.4.1 Il palazzo di al-Nasir Dawud (CA1) p. 81 Capitolo IV - Il caso di al-Kerak: sintesi degli studi pregressi 4.1 Sintesi storica del sito p. 87 4.2 Sintesi storica degli studi architettonici e archeologici nel sito p. 102 Capitolo V – I complessi palatini islamici di Kerak: un’analisi di archeologia leggera 5.1 Archeologia leggera nel sito di al-Kerak: metodologia di indagine e realizzazione di un archivio stratigrafico p. 105 5.2 La galleria/nicchia CF8: l’indagine archeologica p. 109 5.3 Il complesso palatino CA1 di al-Nasir Dawud: nuove acquisizioni p. 115 5.3.1 Il donjon mamelucco CF10 p. 130 5.4 Il padiglione monumentale CF7: l’indagine archeologica p. 133 iii 5.4.1 L’indagine architettonica p. 141 5.5 Il piccolo īwān CF4: l’indagine archeologica p. 143 5.5.1 L’indagine architettonica p. 150 5.6 Il complesso palatino CA2: l’indagine architettonica p. 152 5.6.1 L’indagine architettonica p. 165 Capitolo VI - Fonti storiche e fonti archeologiche a confronto: i complessi palatini islamici di Kerak alla luce dei risultati raggiunti 6.1 Brevi indicazioni cronologiche e biografiche sulle fonti utilizzate p. 167 6.2 I complessi palatini ayyubidi di Kerak nel contesto della Giordania meridionale p. 177 6.2.1 La moschea CF2 di Kerak: unicum o tradizione ben affermata? p. 188 6.2.2 La moschea di Shawbak: una proposta p. 195 6.3 I complessi palatini mamelucchi di Kerak p. 198 6.4 Great and little traditions: un quadro per lo studio delle interazioni culturali attraverso i secoli in Giordania: il caso di Kerak p. 205 Capitolo VII – Conclusioni 7.1 Conclusioni generali sul caso di Kerak e sullo sviluppo dei palazzi ayyubidi e mamelucchi in Giordania p. 219 Bibliografia p. 225 Fonti edite p. 226 Bibliografia p. 227 Repertorio delle fonti archeologiche p. I Avvertenze al Repertorio p. II R1 Atlante dei tipi murari dell’edilizia palatina ayyubide e mamelucca di Kerak p. III R2 Gli edifici indagati p. XV iv Premessa La presente ricerca nasce da una serie di studi e da diversi spunti di riflessione precedenti che ne hanno definito gli orizzonti e fornito le linee guida finalizzate al suo sviluppo. Per un verso, hanno avuto un ruolo centrale le ricerche sul popolamento medievale e le dinamiche insediative nell’area del Vicino Oriente a partire dal XII secolo, con particolare attenzione al confronto fra storici e archeologi nel tentativo (ormai imprescindibile) di coniugare le diverse fonti, rispettivamente scritte e materiali, per una ricostruzione dei fenomeni storici completa ed attendibile; altro argomento di interesse è stata l’indagine delle tecniche costruttive medievali. Un ruolo primario nello sviluppo del lavoro è stato svolto dallo studio delle aree di frontiera, di cui mi sono interessato da vicino grazie alla partecipazione alla missione archeologica “Petra Medievale”1 in 1 La missione archeologica “Petra Medievale. Archeologia degli insediamenti di epoca crociato- ayyubide in Transgiordania” è attiva in Giordania fin dalla metà degli anni ’80. Importante obiettivo è stato, negli anni, occuparsi dell’allora “nuova” tematica delle dinamiche insediative, materiali e culturali della presenza crociata nel territorio dell’Outrejordan. La missione è sostenuta dal MIUR (progetti PRIN, FIRB, ‘Galileo’) e dal MAE (Missioni DGRC), in collaborazione con il Department of Antiquities of Jordan, nel quadro di accordi internazionali italo-giordani ed europei (cfr. www.Shawbak.net). Opera inoltre entro le linee del ‘Progetto strategico di Ateneo’ La società feudale mediterranea: profili archeologici. Apogeo e declino, alle origini dell’Europa moderna, condotto dalla Cattedra di Archeologia Medievale dell’Università di Firenze e dedicato allo studio archeologico della società feudale – attraverso l’analisi delle forme insediamentali in ambiti territoriali comparati nel bacino del Mediterraneo – nel momento in cui questa diviene protagonista nel prolungato confronto con le nuove realtà politiche che, dall’Occidente europeo all’Oriente mediterraneo islamico, venivano affermandosi in età bassomedievale (Vannini 2007). La ricerca si è quindi successivamente concentrata sulla regione di Petra, attraverso la riscoperta di un sistema di incastellamento attorno alla valle precedentemente occupata in epoca nabatea, romana e bizantina, le cui tracce erano scomparse (vd. Vannini 1987). L’indagine ha avuto come prerogativa lo studio delle forme di insediamento crociato nei territori corrispondenti alla Signoria di Transgiordania durante il XII secolo nei suoi aspetti strutturali in rapporto con il modello insediativo ayyubide sulla frontiera crociato-musulmana di Terrasanta (Vannini 2007). Contrariamente a quanto inizialmente ritenuto dalla storiografia moderna, dopo un’eclissi di quasi mezzo millennio la valle di Petra fu sede di un articolato e maturo sistema d’incastellamento, appoggiato ai due grandi castelli di al-Habis e al-Wu‘ayra oltre al castello di Shawbak che è divenuto, a partire dal 2002, l’oggetto principale della ricerca con scavi stratigrafici e letture archeologiche delle strutture conservate in elevato (su questo sito è stato realizzato inoltre un progetto integrato di ricerca archeologica, restauro conservativo e valorizzazione che ha visto (e vede) la collaborazione tra l’Università degli Studi di Firenze e il Dipartimento delle Antichità della Giordania (Vannini-Nucciotti 2007, p. 24) che ha permesso di realizzare la mostra internazionale “Da Petra a Shawbak” e il convegno di Firenze “La Transgiordania nei secoli XII- 1 Giordania diretta dal Prof. Guido Vannini dell’Università degli Studi di Firenze. La ricerca muove inoltre i suo passi dai precedenti lavori di tesi triennale e magistrale che hanno fornito la base di partenza per un approfondimento della situazione storico-archeologica del paese in epoca medievale, permettendo così di focalizzare l’attenzione sulla definizione e sull’indagine del tipo edilizio “palazzo/complesso palatino” di epoca ayyubide-mamelucca attraverso l’archeologia cosiddetta “leggera”2. Le analisi sulle tipologie insediative medievali della Giordania crociata e ayyubide, costantemente aggiornate dalle missioni archeologiche dell’Università di Firenze sui siti incastellati dell’area di Petra, sono state anch’esse una preziosa e imprescindibile fonte di informazioni: l’insieme dei dati raccolti ha permesso di portare a termine il lavoro fornendo un quadro dei principali caratteri distintivi del territorio in questione, nonché delle difficoltà da affrontare e dei filoni di ricerca da seguire. L’inizio delle ricerche storico-archeologiche sugli insediamenti di età crociata in Giordania da parte dell’Università di Firenze risale al 19863; il risultato fu l’avvio di un’indagine di carattere propriamente “archeologico” «attraverso l’esposizione di una serie di dati rilevati sul campo come spunto per avanzare alcune considerazioni di carattere storico» (Vannini 2007). Nel corso degli anni la ricerca si è evoluta per tentare di portare uno specifico contributo all’analisi dei caratteri e delle forme dell’insediamento propriamente “occidentale” nel suo passaggio verso oriente nei territori corrispondenti alla Signoria di Transgiordania nel secolo XII, in rapporto alle culture locali del periodo4. Le letture archeologiche susseguitesi nel corso degli anni hanno permesso una rivalutazione storico-archeologica di questa regione, basata sullo studio e sulla produzione di un’abbondante documentazione materiale e sulla metodologia stratigrafica come XIII e le “frontiere” del Mediterraneo medievale” Palazzo Vecchio – Palazzo Strozzi 5-8 nel novembre 2008. 2 Si intende un sistema di lettura e documentazione che prevede l’uso integrato delle procedure di analisi delle stratigrafie murarie con quelle dell'archeologia del paesaggio e dell'archeologia ambientale (su base archeomatica). Una metodologia di indagine con limiti espliciti ma anche con potenzialità di ricostruzione di contesti storici e socio-economici. 3 Colgo l’occasione per ringraziare il Prof. Guido Vannini per avermi dato l’opportunità di partecipare alle campagne archeologiche in Giordania a partire dal 2012 e per avermi affidato lo studio del complesso di ricevimento del palazzo ayyubide di Kerak in sede di tesi magistrale, confluito e proseguito in questo lavoro. 4 Vannini-Nucciotti 2003. 2 strumento per una ricostruzione storica del territorio considerato in relazione ai radicali mutamenti introdotti dagli
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