DOCSLIB.ORG

The Druze-Maronite Sectarian Clash in The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

American University in Cairo AUC Knowledge Fountain Theses and Dissertations 2-1-2019 The Druze-Maronite sectarian clash in the War of the Mountain (1983-1984): The resilience of mid-nineteenth century Maronite- Druze enmities in the Druze collective memory and its impact on the dynamics and consequences of Harb Al Jabal Lara Moenes Mikhail Follow this and additional works at: https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds Recommended Citation APA Citation Mikhail, L. (2019).The Druze-Maronite sectarian clash in the War of the Mountain (1983-1984): The resilience of mid-nineteenth century Maronite-Druze enmities in the Druze collective memory and its impact on the dynamics and consequences of Harb Al Jabal [Master’s thesis, the American University in Cairo]. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/737 MLA Citation Mikhail, Lara Moenes. The Druze-Maronite sectarian clash in the War of the Mountain (1983-1984): The resilience of mid-nineteenth century Maronite-Druze enmities in the Druze collective memory and its impact on the dynamics and consequences of Harb Al Jabal. 2019. American University in Cairo, Master's thesis. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/737 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by AUC Knowledge Fountain. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AUC Knowledge Fountain. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Druze-Maronite sectarian clash in the War of the Mountain (1983-1984): The resilience of mid-nineteenth century Maronite-Druze enmities in the Druze collective memory and its impact on the dynamics and consequences of Harb Al Jabal 1 Acknowledgments I would not have reached this stage in my thesis without the help and guidance of Dr. Mouannes Hojairi (my supervisor), Dr. Pascale Ghazaleh (my first reader) and Dr. Munira Khayyat (my second reader). It was a great pleasure to work with you and learn from your comments. I want to use this occasion to thank Dr. Pascale Ghazaleh for her time and remarkable comments that not only helped me improve the content of my thesis, but also assisted me in changing the way I conduct my research; especially on ethnic and religious communities in the Middle East. Thank you for teaching me how to be cautious while choosing the sources that inform the reader about certain communities in the Middle East, how to distance myself as a researcher from the research I am conducting and how to be quite precise with the choice of words. I owe you this progress that I witnessed in my research and writing skills from the beginning of the writing process till now. I would also love to thank the American University in Beirut (AUB) for letting me have access to its microfilms, which were quite essential as primary data for my research on Harb Al Jabal. As for Fighters for Peace NGO in Lebanon, I could not have been able to conduct interviews with ex-fighters in the Mountain War without your help and support. Special thanks goes to Mr. Asaad Chaftari, vice president of Fighters for Peace, and Racha El Amin who put me in contact with a number of Maronite and Druze ex-fighters and were quite helpful whenever I needed help. I am so grateful for my family, my father, mother and sister, for their continuous help and support. Thank you for everything. As for my mum, I would not have reached this stage in my life without your constant support, encouragement and help. You never ceased to push me to do my best. I owe you my life. As for my friends, I would like to thank my best friends Aida Yehia, Aliaa Soliman and Mariam Mecky for proof-reading my work and for constantly providing me with constructive feedback on my thesis. As for Ivette Idrobbo, thank you for believing in me and pushing me to do my best in my thesis. 2 Contents Glossary ............................................................................................................................. 5 Chronology ...................................................................................................................... 10 Introductory Chapter:The War of the Mountain /Harb Al Jabal (1983-1984): How can the specific history of the inter-sectarian rivalries between the Maronites and the Druzes in Al Chouf region in Mount Lebanon in mid-nineteenth century provide an explanation for their sectarian clash at the end of the twentieth century? ............................................ 13 A. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 13 B. Conceptual Framework ................................................................................................ 27 C. Methodology .............................................................................................................. 33 D. Division of Chapters .................................................................................................. 37 Chapter One: Mount Lebanon and the nineteenth century socio-economic and political changes: From feudal rivalries to Maronite-Druze inter-sectarian conflicts .................... 40 A. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 40 B. Mount Lebanon and the system of Iqtaa: The land as the source of socio-economic and political power in Mount Lebanon ............................................................................. 44 C. The prevalence of tribal and feudal loyalties over sectarian affiliations till the mid- nineteenth century ............................................................................................................. 47 D. The nineteenth century and the beginning of sectarian tensions in Mount Lebanon ... 48 D.1. The internal reforms in the Maronite Church and the peasants’ uprisings of 1820: How did these factors contribute to the articulation of different forms of “communal consciousness” in Mount Lebanon?.................................................................................. 48 D.2. Emir Bachir II (1789-1840) and the Egyptian occupation of Mount Lebanon in 1831 ........................................................................................................................................... 51 D.3. The Tanzimat reforms and the controversies over their interpretation ..................... 54 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 59 Chapter Two:The Druze political leadership’s relation with the Maronite-dominated Political establishment under Greater Lebanon (1920-1975): From accommodation to Confrontation .................................................................................................................... 62 A. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 62 B. The post-1860 phase in Mount Lebanon: The creation of Greater Lebanon (1920) and the Druze political leadership’s “temporary” adaptation to the new political setting 64 3 C. The rise of Kamal Joumblat: Towards a more confrontational relation between the Druzes and the Lebanese state .......................................................................................... 67 D. The 1975 civil war: Was it a coup de grâce to the Lebanese confessional political establishment? ................................................................................................................... 73 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 75 Chapter three:The Mountain War (1983-184): The revival of the Druze-Maronite mid- nineteenth historical enmities in Al Chouf ....................................................................... 77 A. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 77 B. The Mountain War: How did the specific history of the Maronite-Druze sectarian rivalries in the mid-nineteenth century ignite the Mountain War? ................................... 78 C. The Particularism of the Mountain War: Why was this war essential to the Druzes more than any other political encounter with the Lebanese political establishment? ....... 82 D. The Mountain War: To what extent is this war an extension of the 1860 events/massacres? ............................................................................................................. 84 D.1. The Maronites and Harb Al Jabal: What did the memory of the 1860 massacres mean for them in the midst of the Mountain War? ........................................................... 85 D.2. The Druzes and Harb Al Jabal: An investigation of the factors that enabled the Druzes to win the Mountain War ...................................................................................... 89 E. The ramifications of the Mountain War: How did Walid Joumblat translate the military victory into political gains? ............................................................................................. 100 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 102 Concluding chapter ....................................................................................................... 104 Bibliography .................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • On the Present-Day Veneration of Sacred Trees in the Holy Land

    On the Present-Day Veneration of Sacred Trees in the Holy Land

    ON THE PRESENT-DAY VENERATION OF SACRED TREES IN THE HOLY LAND Amots Dafni Abstract: This article surveys the current pervasiveness of the phenomenon of sacred trees in the Holy Land, with special reference to the official attitudes of local religious leaders and the attitudes of Muslims in comparison with the Druze as well as in monotheism vs. polytheism. Field data regarding the rea- sons for the sanctification of trees and the common beliefs and rituals related to them are described, comparing the form which the phenomenon takes among different ethnic groups. In addition, I discuss the temporal and spatial changes in the magnitude of tree worship in Northern Israel, its syncretic aspects, and its future. Key words: Holy land, sacred tree, tree veneration INTRODUCTION Trees have always been regarded as the first temples of the gods, and sacred groves as their first place of worship and both were held in utmost reverence in the past (Pliny 1945: 12.2.3; Quantz 1898: 471; Porteous 1928: 190). Thus, it is not surprising that individual as well as groups of sacred trees have been a characteristic of almost every culture and religion that has existed in places where trees can grow (Philpot 1897: 4; Quantz 1898: 467; Chandran & Hughes 1997: 414). It is not uncommon to find traces of tree worship in the Middle East, as well. However, as William Robertson-Smith (1889: 187) noted, “there is no reason to think that any of the great Semitic cults developed out of tree worship”. It has already been recognized that trees are not worshipped for them- selves but for what is revealed through them, for what they imply and signify (Eliade 1958: 268; Zahan 1979: 28), and, especially, for various powers attrib- uted to them (Millar et al.
  • ANNEX III (Public)

    ANNEX III (Public)

    ICC-01/11-01/11-650-AnxIII-tENG 25-09-2018 1/5 EK PT ANNEX III (Public) 1 Official Court Translation ICC-01/11-01/11-650-AnxIII-tENG 25-09-2018 2/5 EK PT State of Libya Libyan House of Representatives Law 6/2015 on General Amnesty The House of Representatives NOTING: The interim Constitutional Declaration issued on 3 August 2011 and its amendments; Law 10/2014 on the Election of the House of Representatives during the Transitional Period and its amendment; Law 6/2006 on the Judicial System and its amendments; The Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure, their amendments and supplementary legislations; The Military Penal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure and their amendments; Law 29/2013 on Transitional Justice; Law 17/2012 Laying the Foundations for National Reconciliation and Transitional Justice and its amendments; Law 3/2014 on Combating Terrorism; Law 35/2012 on Amnesty for Certain Crimes; Resolution 7/2014 of the House of Representatives on the Dissolution of all Irregular Military Formations; The submissions of the Justice and National Reconciliation Committee of the House of Representatives; The conclusions of the House of Representatives at its 34th Ordinary Meeting held on 28 July 2015. The following shall become law: Chapter One Article 1 With due regard to the provisions of Articles 2 and 3 of the present Law, all Libyans who committed crimes during the period from 15 February 2011 until the promulgation of the Present Law shall be covered by a general amnesty. Criminal proceedings related to such crimes shall be terminated, and sentences handed down shall be revoked.
  • Download Download

    Download Download

    Nisan / The Levantine Review Volume 4 Number 2 (Winter 2015) Identity and Peoples in History Speculating on Ancient Mediterranean Mysteries Mordechai Nisan* We are familiar with a philo-Semitic disposition characterizing a number of communities, including Phoenicians/Lebanese, Kabyles/Berbers, and Ismailis/Druze, raising the question of a historical foundation binding them all together. The ethnic threads began in the Galilee and Mount Lebanon and later conceivably wound themselves back there in the persona of Al-Muwahiddun [Unitarian] Druze. While DNA testing is a fascinating methodology to verify the similarity or identity of a shared gene pool among ostensibly disparate peoples, we will primarily pursue our inquiry using conventional historical materials, without however—at the end—avoiding the clues offered by modern science. Our thesis seeks to substantiate an intuition, a reading of the contours of tales emanating from the eastern Mediterranean basin, the Levantine area, to Africa and Egypt, and returning to Israel and Lebanon. The story unfolds with ancient biblical tribes of Israel in the north of their country mixing with, or becoming Lebanese Phoenicians, travelling to North Africa—Tunisia, Algeria, and Libya in particular— assimilating among Kabyle Berbers, later fusing with Shi’a Ismailis in the Maghreb, who would then migrate to Egypt, and during the Fatimid period evolve as the Druze. The latter would later flee Egypt and return to Lebanon—the place where their (biological) ancestors had once dwelt. The original core group was composed of Hebrews/Jews, toward whom various communities evince affinity and identity today with the Jewish people and the state of Israel.
  • The Druze: Culture, History and Mission

    The Druze: Culture, History and Mission

    The Druze A New Cultural and Historical Appreciation Abbas Halabi 2013 www.garnetpublishing.co.uk 1 The Druze Published by Garnet Publishing Limited 8 Southern Court South Street Reading RG1 4QS UK www.garnetpublishing.co.uk www.twitter.com/Garnetpub www.facebook.com/Garnetpub blog.garnetpublishing.co.uk Copyright © Abbas Halabi, 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review. First Edition 2013 ISBN: 9781859643532 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Jacket design by Garnet Publishing Typeset by Samantha Barden Printed and bound in Lebanon by International Press: [email protected] 2 To Karl-Abbas, my first grandson And the future generation of my family 3 Preface Foreword Introduction Chapter 1 Human geography Chapter 2 The history of the Druze, 1017–1943 Chapter 3 Communal and social organization Chapter 4 Traditional culture and the meaning of al-Adhā feast Chapter 5 Civil status law Chapter 6 The diaspora and cultural expansion Chapter 7 The political role of the Druze from independence to the present time Chapter 8 The Druze message: plurality and unity Summary and conclusion Appendix 1 The impact of European influences on the Druze community: “The new look” Appendix 2 Sheikh Halīm Taqī al-Dīn: a man of knowledge,
  • Lebanon: Military Activities in the Chouf District That Might Have Involved the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF); Links Between

    Lebanon: Military Activities in the Chouf District That Might Have Involved the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF); Links Between

    Response to Information Request LBN101023.E Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada www.irb-cisr.gc.ca Français Home Contact Us Help Search canada.gc.ca Home > Research > Responses to Information Requests RESPONSES TO INFORMATION REQUESTS (RIRs) New Search | About RIRs | Help The Board 12 April 2006 About the Board LBN101023.E Biographies Organization Chart Lebanon: Military activities in the Chouf district that might have involved the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF); links between the IDF and the Druze in Lebanon (January Employment 1980 - April 2006) Legal and Policy Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Ottawa References Publications According to the Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities, published in 2005, Lebanon's roughly 200,000 Druze form seven percent of the nation's population Tribunal and are mostly concentrated in the Chouf (also spelled Shuf [Mackey 1989, 187]) Refugee Protection mountains south of Beirut (410). Division Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) - Druze Relations During the Lebanese Civil Immigration Division War Immigration Appeal Division In 14 March 2006 correspondence sent to the Research Directorate, a Decisions professor of political science at the American University of Beirut provided the following information: Forms Statistics The IDF [Israeli Defense Forces] occupied the Chouf district in June 1982, during Research their invasion of Lebanon. They completely evacuated the area by the beginning of 1984. Most IDF troops stationed in the Chouf district were Israeli Druze. Apart from Research Program driving the PLO and the Syrian army from the district, the IDF had no military National activity. The IDF achieved its military objective in the Chouf district within a few Documentation days in June 1982...
  • Civil War Leftist Political

    Civil War Leftist Political

    THEORISING REVOLUTION APPREHENDING CIVIL WAR LEFTIST POLITICAL PRACTICE AND ANALYSIS IN LEBANON 1969-79 Fadi Bardawil LSE Middle East Centre Paper Series | 16 About the Middle East Centre The LSE Middle East Centre builds on LSE’s long engagement with the Middle East and provides a central hub for the wide range of research on the region carried out at LSE. The Middle East Centre aims to enhance understanding and develop rigorous research on the societies, economies, polities, and international relations of the region. The Centre promotes both specialised knowledge and public understanding of this crucial area and has outstanding strengths in interdisciplinary research and in regional expertise. As one of the world’s leading social science institutions, LSE comprises departments covering all branches of the social sciences. The Middle East Centre harnesses this expertise to promote innovative research and training on the region. Social Movements and Popular Mobilisation in the MENA Research Network Since the highly televised, tweeted and mediatised Arab uprisings, there has been a deluge of interest in social movements and contestation from both inside and outside Middle East Studies, from the public, from policy-makers, and from students. The LSE Middle East Centre has established the Social Movements and Popular Mobilisa- tion (SMPM) Research Network which aims at bringing together academics and students undertaking relevant research. The objective is to generate a platform which will drive forward intellectual development and cutting-edge research in the field. As part of the network, a seminar series was set-up inviting academics to present their work. Presented papers are published as part of the LSE Middle East Centre Paper Series.
  • Genetic Heterogeneity of Beta Thalassemia in Lebanon Reflects

    Genetic Heterogeneity of Beta Thalassemia in Lebanon Reflects

    doi: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00138.x Genetic Heterogeneity of Beta Thalassemia in Lebanon Reflects Historic and Recent Population Migration N. J. Makhoul1,R.S.Wells2,H.Kaspar1,3,H.Shbaklo3,A.Taher1,4,N.Chakar1 and P. A. Zalloua1,5∗ 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon 2Oxford University, London, UK 3Genetics Research Laboratory, Chronic Care Center, Beirut, Lebanon 4Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon 5Program for Population Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA Summary Beta thalassemia is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by reduced (β+)orabsent (β0) beta-globin chain synthesis. In Lebanon it is the most predominant genetic defect. In this study we investigated the religious and geographic distribution of the β-thalassemia mutations identified in Lebanon, and traced their precise origins. A total of 520 β-globin chromosomes from patients of different religious and regional backgrounds was studied. Beta thalassemia mutations were identified using Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS) PCR or direct gene sequencing. Six (IVS-I-110, IVS-I-1, IVS-I-6, IVS-II-1, cd 5 and the C>T substitution at cd 29) out of 20 β-globin defects identified accounted for more than 86% of the total β-thalassemia chromosomes. Sunni Muslims had the highest β-thalassemia carrier rate and presented the greatest heterogeneity, with 16 different mutations. Shiite Muslims followed closely with 13 mutations, whereas Maronites represented 11.9% of all β-thalassemic subjects and carried 7 different mutations. RFLP haplotype analysis showed that the observed genetic diversity originated from both new mutational events and gene flow from population migration.
  • Palestinian Forces

    Palestinian Forces

    Center for Strategic and International Studies Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy 1800 K Street, N.W. • Suite 400 • Washington, DC 20006 Phone: 1 (202) 775 -3270 • Fax : 1 (202) 457 -8746 Email: [email protected] Palestinian Forces Palestinian Authority and Militant Forces Anthony H. Cordesman Center for Strategic and International Studies [email protected] Rough Working Draft: Revised February 9, 2006 Copyright, Anthony H. Cordesman, all rights reserved. May not be reproduced, referenced, quote d, or excerpted without the written permission of the author. Cordesman: Palestinian Forces 2/9/06 Page 2 ROUGH WORKING DRAFT: REVISED FEBRUARY 9, 2006 ................................ ................................ ............ 1 THE MILITARY FORCES OF PALESTINE ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 2 THE OSLO ACCORDS AND THE NEW ISRAELI -PALESTINIAN WAR ................................ ................................ .............. 3 THE DEATH OF ARAFAT AND THE VICTORY OF HAMAS : REDEFINING PALESTINIAN POLITICS AND THE ARAB - ISRAELI MILITARY BALANCE ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 4 THE CHANGING STRUCTURE OF PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY FORC ES ................................ ................................ .......... 5 Palestinian Authority Forces During the Peace Process ................................ ................................ ..................... 6 The
  • AL-KULLIYYAH ISSUED by the American University

    AL-KULLIYYAH ISSUED by the American University

    From left 10 right:- Dr. Hall. Dr. John Carruthers, Pres. Dodge L.L.D., and Dr. Ward. AL-KULLIYYAH ISSUED BY THE American University. of Beirut FORMEI:tLY THE SYRIAN PROTESTANT COLLEGE VOL. XIII. NOVEMBER, 1926 NO.1 THE LIFE OF CLEVELAND H. DODGE The Great Friend oj the Near East. I have been requested by the editor of the English issue of AI-Kulliyyah to prepare an article on Cleveland H. Dodge, placing special emphasis on his interest in the Near East. All I can do is to state a few facts simply-their unusual significance must be left to the imagination of the reader. Cleveland H. Dodge came from an old American family which has been distinguished for many generations for its re­ ligious zeal and philanthropy. The first member settled in Salem, Mass., in 1629. The first New York member of the family was David Low Dodge, born in Connecticut in 1774. He came to New York in 1805 as a partner in the largest wholesale dry goods house in the city. David married a daughter of the Rev. Aaron Cleveland, grandfather of Grover Cleveland-a former president of the United States. David Low Dodge founded a line of philanthropists. For five generations the name has been prominent in finance, social and religious work. He was one of the founders of the American Tract and Bible Society and the first president of the American Peace Society. He wrote several books on religious subjects, one being "War Inconsistent with the Religion of Jesus Christ." His son, William Earl Dodge, became in 1833 a partner in Phelps, Dodge and Co., which is still one of the greatest houses in the metal industries.
  • Beirut's Sunset: Civil War, Right to the Truth and Public Remembrance 1

    Beirut's Sunset: Civil War, Right to the Truth and Public Remembrance 1

    Beirut's Sunset: Civil War, Right to the Truth and Public Remembrance Gianluca Siega Battel' 1. The Years of Darkness: An International-Regional Civil War Several factors contributed to the 1975-1990 Lebanese civil war and different weight has been given to them in the literature on the topic. Some have a distinct Lebanese origin; others pertain to the domain of Middle Eastern and inter­ national politics. Inter-communal (and no less ferocious intra­ " Human rights expert; areas of expertise include minority rights, communal <<wars within the wan>) battles intertwined with post-conflict situations, the Balkans wars by proxy and episodes of full-scale inter-state conflict and the Middle East. against a background of regional rivalries (many states of the 1 On Lebanon's recent history and region played a role, even if only financial or diplomatic), the the civil war, I have consulted, among others: P. Hitti, History of unsolved Palestinian issue and the influence of superpowers. the Arabs, London, Palgrave The Lebanese civil war is probably better described as «cycles MacMillan, 2002 (1st ed. 1937), pp. 728-736; P. Mansfield, A History of of wars» with internal, regional and international dimensions'. the Middle East, London, Penguin In its modern history Lebanon experienced two civil wars prior Books, 2003 (1st ed. 1991), pp. 280- 322; F. Massoulie, Les conflicts du to 1975: in 1858-1860, between the Maronite and Druze Proche Orient, Paris, Casterman, communities, which triggered French intervention in defense 1994 (revised ed.); R. Fisk, Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War, london, of the former, and in 1958, between pro-Western and Oxford University Press, 20013 (1st nationalist/leftist forces, which ended with US intervention at ed.
  • Changing Security:Theoretical and Practical Discussions

    Changing Security:Theoretical and Practical Discussions

    Durham E-Theses Changing Security:Theoretical and Practical Discussions. The Case of Lebanon. SMAIRA, DIMA How to cite: SMAIRA, DIMA (2014) Changing Security:Theoretical and Practical Discussions. The Case of Lebanon. , Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10810/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Changing Security: Theoretical and Practical Discussions. The Case of Lebanon. Dima Smaira Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations. School of Government and International Affairs Durham University 2014 i Abstract This study is concerned with security; particularly security in Lebanon. It is also equally concerned with various means to improve security. Building on debates at the heart of world politics and Security Studies, this study first discusses trends in global governance, in the study of security, and in security assistance to post-conflict or developing countries.
  • Writing Beirut Mappings of the City in the Modern Arabic Novel

    Writing Beirut Mappings of the City in the Modern Arabic Novel

    Writing Beirut Mappings of the City in the Modern Arabic Novel Samira Aghacy Affectionately dedicated to the memory of Khalil Afif Husni © Samira Aghacy, 2015 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun – Holyrood Road 12 (2f) Jackson’s Entry Edinburgh EH8 8PJ www.euppublishing.com Typeset in 11/15 Adobe Garamond by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire, and printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon CR0 4YY A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 0 7486 9624 6 (hardback) ISBN 978 0 7486 9625 3 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 0 7486 0346 7 (epub) The right of Samira Aghacy to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Contents Series Editor’s Foreword vi Acknowledgments ix Note on Transliteration x Introduction 1 1 The Rural–Urban Divide: Subverted Boundaries 31 2 The Rhetoric of Walking: Cartographic versus Nomadic Itineraries 60 3 Sexualizing the City: The Yoking of Flesh and Stone 93 4 Traffic between the Factual and the Imagined: Beirut Deferred 126 5 Excavating the City: Exterior and Interior Relics 161 Inconclusive Conclusion 202 Bibliography 207 Index 223 Series Editor’s Foreword he Edinburgh Studies in Modern Arabic Literature is a new and unique Tseries which will, it is hoped, fill in a glaring gap in scholarship in the field of modern Arabic literature. Its dedication to Arabic literature in the modern period, that is, from the nineteenth century onwards, is what makes it unique among series undertaken by academic publishers in the English- speaking world.