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Hydrography: Its Present State and Future Development

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Hydrography: Its Present State and Future Development Hydrography: Its Present State and Future Development By Z. Kopacz, W. Morgas and J. Urbanski, Institute of Navigation and Hydrography, Naval University of Gdynia, Poland In this paper, considerations on the state ‘Seahydrographie’ in Germany; ‘hydro- of hydrography today and its development grafia morska’ in Poland, etc. trends are discussed and presented. The Hydrography, being the subject of our subject of hydrography and the objectives considerations, can be also considered of hydrographic activities are discussed. as a branch of marine science whose Also discussed are the reasons, as well means and methods can also be applied as the results, of changes, both those to the inland waterways, lakes, etc. that have been already accomplished and The subject of hydrography constitutes those that are now being accomplished. the measurement, description and This paper provides the authors’ opinion depiction of the water and coastal fea­ regarding the present state of hydrogra­ tures, but only these features, the phy and its future development trends. knowledge of which directly enhances the navigational safety as well as effi­ ciency of all human activities carried Introduction out in any kind of water environment. The following issues are presented Hydrography is generally considered as below: the definition of the ‘hydrogra­ the science, which deals with the fea­ phy’; the definition of hydrographic tures of the water as an element of the information; means, methods and geographical environment, i.e. the sci­ products of today’s hydrography; the ence as well as the human activity, impact of the computer, information which deals with the measurements, and space sciences and technologies description and depiction of these of hydrography and; the probable water features. In such a formulation, trends of hydrographic development. hydrography may be considered as part of physical geography. Hydrography can be considered as a Definition of the Hydrography pure science or as an applied science. We consider hydrography as an applied Today’s hydrography, being a branch of science, i.e. hydrography being a part marine science, has developed mainly of physical geography, which fulfils the during the last three centuries. It main additional requirements regarding navi­ objective was to enhance the safety of gational safety as well as efficiency of navigation by means of gathering, pro­ human activities both at sea and in cessing and supplying ships with hydro- other kinds of water environment. Such graphic information that was presented kind of hydrography in some countries in the form most suitable for the navi­ is called ‘nautical hydrography', i.e. gation of ships. In the past, the main users of hydrographic infor­ phy as a kind of marine science. However, the fur­ mation were merchant, fishing and naval surface ther transformation of hydrography into the one vessels. However, today the circle of hydrographic described by the third definition is evident and information users has increased enormously. unavoidable. Today’s hydrographic information is not the same as it was even half a century ago. The amount of different types of hydrographic information has Hydrographic Information grown considerably. But at the same time, tradi­ tional kinds of information have changed immense­ Hydrographic information constitutes the mixed set ly. Therefore, below are given three definitions of of information composed of many subsets of differ­ today’s hydrography. All of them are true, but they ent kinds of information. Hydrographic information is differ in the degree of generalization and, there­ a subset of geographical information. Hydrographic fore, in the extent of their meaning. The first defi­ information also constitutes the major part of navi­ nition is most specific and most narrow. The last gational information. Therefore, hydrographic infor­ one is the broadest and most general. mation can also be considered as the main subset However, it should be stressed that hydrography is of navigational information. In the last case, hydro- both a kind of human activity and a branch of applied graphic information constitutes this kind of informa­ science. Therefore, the definition of the term tion, which describes all the geographical environ­ ‘hydrography’ must contain both the subject of the ment of maritime navigation. (Kopacz, Morgas, hydrography, i.e. what is being done? as well as the Urbanski; The navigational and hydrographical provi­ objective function, i.e. for what is it being done? sion of ships’ special tasks... 2001). The definition of the term ‘hydrography’, according Hydrographic information necessary for ensuring to the Hydrographic Dictionary (IHO Special navigational safety, i.e. information of the geo­ Publication No 32) reads: graphical environment of maritime navigation, is Hydrography: the branch of applied science which composed of the following kinds of information: deals with the measurements and description of the physical features of the navigable portion of - Bathymetric information (depths and depth con­ the EARTH’S surface and adjoining coastal areas tours) with special reference to their use for the purpose - Sea bottom information (types of seafloor, of NAVIGATION. wrecks and other obstacles) The term ‘hydrography’ which also takes into - Selected oceanographic information (sea sur­ account the ‘non-navigational’ needs of the users face temperatures, salinity, tides, currents, etc.), of the sea, can be expressed as follows: - Aids to navigation Hydrography: the branch of marine science which - Magnetic variation deals with the acquisition, processing and depic­ - Important seacoast features, including the tion of data about the physical features of seas, coastal navigation infrastructure oceans and their coast for ensuring the safety of navigation and for enabling and facilitating the real­ However, today’s hydrographic information is nec­ isation of all tasks and missions at sea. essary not only for ensuring the navigational safe­ The third, broadest and, therefore, most general ty for surface ships but also for enabling and facil­ definition of the term ‘hydrography’ may be itating the realisation of all other human activities, expressed as follows: including those carried out underwater. Today, Hydrography: the branch of physical geography hydrographic information, besides the necessity of which deals with the collecting of the topographic, ensuring the safety of surface and underwater nav­ geophysical and géomorphologie data about the igation of all kinds of ships and craft, is also nec­ seas, oceans, inland waters and their coasts, and essary for: also with processing it into the final hydrographic products, for ensuring the navigational safety as - Exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbon and well as the efficiency of all kinds of human activi­ mineral deposits ties being performed in any water environment. - Establishing and maintaining the exploitation's Further considerations regard mainly the second infrastructure version of hydrography’s definition, i.e. hydrogra­ - Underwater warfare activities: - Submarine and antisubmarine warfare activities Hydrography’s means, i.e. its equipment and sys­ - Mine warfare activities tems, can be divided into the following groups: - Special warfare activities - Amphibious warfare activities - Data acquisition and collection means - Fishing - Data processing means - Fish farming - Data distribution and updating means - Crustacean farming - Coastal zone management First, the means of acquisition of hydrographic data - Marine environment and natural resources pro­ will be briefly discussed. Hydrographic information, tection, and many other activities as has been already noted, contains three main kinds of information; these are: Today’s hydrographic information can be divided into three main kinds of information, as follows: - Topographic - Geophysical - Topographic information, comprising the seabed - Géomorphologie geomorphology (including bottom obstacles) and sea coast topographic information The topographic information can be divided into - Geophysical, information, i.e. oceanographic two main parts: information, and information regarding the Earth’s physical fields (gravity, magnetism, elec­ - Coastal topographic information tricity, etc.) - Seafloor topographic information - Géomorphologie information, i.e. information regarding not only the sea-bottom upper layers The seafloor topographic information is just bathy­ and their hydroacoustical and mechanical prop­ metric information. Further, only the acquisition erties, but also regarding the sub-bottom-sedi- means of this kind of information will be dis­ ment layers, including their structure, types and cussed. Although the means of acquisition of thickness, etc. The greater the penetration into coast-topography information is not discussed, it the sea bottom sediment layers are known the should be stressed that remote sensing means, better is this kind of hydrographic information including both satellite and aerial, are crucial for acquisition of this kind of information. These It should be emphasized that the permanent means are also becoming more and more impor­ growth of the amount of the géomorphologie infor­ tant for acquisition of this kind of information. mation in the set of the hydrographic information is Geophysical information, being part of hydrograph­ one of the main characteristics and trends of ic information, consists mainly of that part of hydrographic development at present. oceanographic
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