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Genetic Analysis of Nitrogen Remobilization and Kernel Compositon in Zea Mays L Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Open Access Dissertations Theses and Dissertations Spring 2015 Genetic Analysis of Nitrogen Remobilization and Kernel Compositon in Zea Mays L. and Sorghum Bicolor (L.) Moench Raymond S Lindsey Purdue University Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations Part of the Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons, and the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Lindsey, Raymond S, "Genetic Analysis of Nitrogen Remobilization and Kernel Compositon in Zea Mays L. and Sorghum Bicolor (L.) Moench" (2015). Open Access Dissertations. 504. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations/504 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. ¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¢ ¥ ¦ § ¨ © ¡ £ ¢ ¥ ¦ £ ! " " # $ % % & ' ( ) * ) + * ) ) ( , - . - * / 0 " 1 1 ( 2 - . 0 1 ( 3 4 5 6 5 6 7 8 9 : ; 7 5 < = 7 4 > 7 7 4 : 7 4 : 6 5 6 ? @ 5 6 6 : ; 7 > 7 5 8 A B ; : B > ; : @ C = D A 7 5 7 E : @ ¡ ¢ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¥ ¦ § ¨ ¦ ¨ © ¦ ª £ « ¢ ¦ ¢ ¬ ¨ £ ¡ ¦ © ¦ ¥ ¦ « ¢ © ¢ ¤ ¥ £ ­ ¢ ¥ ¦ ¨ ® © ª ¡ ¦ £ ¦ ¨ ¯ £ ­ ° © ¦ ¡ ± ² ³ ´ µ ¶ · ¸ ¹ · F 8 ; 7 4 : @ : G ; : : 8 < H 6 > B B ; 8 I : @ J = 7 4 : < 5 A > E : K > L 5 A 5 A G 9 8 L L 5 7 7 : : M º ³ ² · ¸ ¸ » ¼ ³ ´ ± ½ · ¾ ¿ À ÁÂ » Ã ´ ³ ² · µ ´ ¶ ³ ´ ² Ä Å Æ ´ Ç » Å È N O P Q R S R T P O U V W X Y O Z [ R \ ] R ^ Y \ ^ T _ Y \ R ` T P O O \ S W P Q R T P _ \ R Y P a Y P Q R N Q R T a T b c a T T R ` P ^ P a O Y d ] ` R R V R Y P e f _ S [ a g ^ P a O Y c R [ ^ W e ^ Y \ h R ` P a U a g ^ P a O Y c a T g [ ^ a V R ` i j ` ^ \ _ ^ P R k g Q O O [ l O ` V m n o e P Q a T P Q R T a T b \ a T T R ` P ^ P a O Y ^ \ Q R ` R T P O P Q R p ` O q a T a O Y T O U f _ ` \ _ R r Y a q R ` T a P W s T t f O [ a g W O U u Y P R ] ` a P W a Y v R T R ^ ` g Q w ^ Y \ P Q R _ T R O U g O p W ` a ] Q P V ^ P R ` a ^ [ x º ³ ² · ¸ ¸ » ¼ ³ ´ y B B ; 8 I : @ J = z > { 8 ; | ; 8 < : 6 6 8 ; } 6 ~ M Å ¹ · É ´ Ê Ë Ì Ë Í Î Ï Ð y B B ; 8 I : @ J = M i GENETIC ANALYSIS OF NITROGEN REMOBILIZATION AND KERNEL COMPOSITION IN ZEA MAYS L. AND SORGHUM BICOLOR (L.) MOENCH A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University by Raymond S Lindsey In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy i May 2015 Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana ii To my parents: their love and support have made this possible. ii iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to thank my major advisor Dr. Mitch Tuinstra. His advocacy of hard work and scientific achievement have had an enormous influence on my graduate tenure. I would also like to express appreciation toward my committee members; Drs. Patrick Brown, David Rhodes, Torbert Rocheford, and Tony Vyn. Their collection of expertise has been a valuable asset throughout my research, and for their willingness to discuss a multitude of topics during my graduate tenure I am indebted. I would also like to thank those who supported my research at Purdue, particularly our technician Andy Linvill. Without him, our field research would not be possible. I’m also appreciative of his time spent teaching me the intricacies of precision planting, and harvest; experience I am sure to utilize in my career. Data collection for my research in 2012 and 2013 was extremely labor intensive, and I am very grateful to all of the members of the Tuinstra group, past and present, who assisted in data collection. iii Field research would not be possible without excellent research stations, and I thank Jim Beaty and Jon Leuck for their facilitation of my field experiments. Appreciation is also extended to Dr. Alex Lipka for his support in my Genome-Wide Association Mapping. I am incredibly thankful for the love and support of my parents and brother. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ xiii ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. x CHAPTER 1. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Nitrogen Use Efficiency ............................................................................................. 4 1.3 Kernel Composition in Maize .................................................................................. 10 1.3.1 Maize Kernel Protein .................................................................................. 11 1.3.2 Maize Kernel Oil .......................................................................................... 15 1.3.3 Maize Kernel Starch .................................................................................... 16 1.3.4 Maize Kernel Ash ........................................................................................ 19 1.3.5 Maize Kernel Fiber ...................................................................................... 19 1.3.6 Maize Kernel Density .................................................................................. 20 1.3.7 Xenia Effects ................................................................................................ 21 1.4 Kernel Composition in Sorghum ............................................................................. 22 1.4.3 Sorghum Kernel Feeding Quality ................................................................ 23 iv 1.4.4 Sorghum Kernel Protein .............................................................................. 25 1.4.5 Sorghum Kernel Oil ..................................................................................... 28 1.4.6 Sorghum Kernel Starch ............................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 2. GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY OF LEAF NITROGEN REMOBILIZATION IN ZEA MAYS ........................................................................................ 31 2.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................... 31 v ......................................................................................................................................... Page 2.2 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 32 2.3 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................... 33 2.3.1 Genetic Material ......................................................................................... 33 2.3.2 Experimental Design ................................................................................... 33 2.3.3 Phenotypic Evaluation ................................................................................ 36 2.3.4 Genotypic Information ................................................................................ 38 2.3.5 Statistical Analysis ....................................................................................... 38 2.3.6 Candidate Gene Analysis ............................................................................ 40 2.4 Results ..................................................................................................................... 40 2.4.1 Genetic Variance and Trait Correlations ..................................................... 40 2.4.2 Heritabilities ................................................................................................ 42 2.4.3 Genome Wide Association Studies ............................................................. 42 2.4.3.1 Examination of VTR2 Traits ..................................................................... 45 2.4.3.2 Examination of VTR4 Traits ..................................................................... 49 2.5 Discussion ................................................................................................................ 54 2.5.1 Genetic Variance and Trait Correlation ...................................................... 54 2.5.2 Heritabilities ................................................................................................ 55 2.5.3 Candidate Genes for Leaf N Remobilization ............................................... 55 v 2.5.3.1 Senescence Signaling............................................................................... 55 2.5.3.2 Senescence Activation/Regulation.......................................................... 60 2.5.3.3 Genetic Control of N Remobilization ...................................................... 62 2.6 Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 68 CHAPTER 3. GENETIC MAPPING OF KERNEL COMPOSITION IN A DIVERSE POPULATION OF ZEA MAYS .............................................................................................. 70 3.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................... 70 3.2 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 71
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