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First Evidence of Multiple Resistance of Sumatran Fleabane (Conyza Sumatrensis (Retz.) E.Walker) to Five- Mode-Of-Action Herbicides

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First Evidence of Multiple Resistance of Sumatran Fleabane (Conyza Sumatrensis (Retz.) E.Walker) to Five- Mode-Of-Action Herbicides AJCS 13(10):1688-1697 (2019) ISSN:1835-2707 doi: 10.21475/ajcs.19.13.10.p1981 First evidence of multiple resistance of Sumatran Fleabane (Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) E.Walker) to five- mode-of-action herbicides Camila Ferreira de Pinho*1, Jessica Ferreira Lourenço Leal1, Amanda dos Santos Souza1, Gabriella Francisco Pereira Borges de Oliveira1, Claudia de Oliveira1, Ana Claudia Langaro1, Aroldo Ferreira Lopes Machado1, Pedro Jacob Christoffoleti2, Luiz Henrique Saes Zobiole3 1Department of Plant Science, Institute of Agronomy, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica-RJ, Brazil 2Department of Crop Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil 3Corteva AgriscienceTM, the Agriculture Divison of DowDuPontTM, Dow AgroSciences LLC Mogi-Mirim-SP, Brazil *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Herbicide resistance is the evolutionary response of weeds to the selection pressure caused by repeated application of the same active ingredient. It can result from two different mechanisms, known as target site resistance (TSR) and non-target site resistance (NTSR). In addition to single-herbicide resistance, multiple resistance can occur due to herbicides selection or accumulation of resistance genes by cross-pollination. The aim of this research was to investigate the suspect of multiple herbicide resistance of Sumatran Fleabane (Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) E.Walker) to herbicides frequently used as a burndown application. Dose-responses in a whole-plant assay were carried out to investigate multiple-resistance of Sumatran fleabane to paraquat, saflufenacil, diuron, 2,4-D and glyphosate. Results indicated that the resistance index (ratio R/S) based on herbicide rate to cause 50% mortality (LD50) were 25.51, 1.39, 7.29, 1.84 and 7.55 for paraquat, saflufenacil, diuron, 2,4-D and glyphosate, respectively. Based on herbicide rate required to cause a 50% reduction in plant growth (GR50), the resistant index were 51.83, 14.10, 5.05, 3.96 and 32.90 for the same herbicides, respectively. Our results confirmed multiple resistance of Conyza sumatrensis from Paraná-Brazil to herbicides from five-mode of-action. This was the first report of Conyza sumatrensis resistant to 2,4-D and the first case of Conyza sumatrensis presenting multiple resistant to herbicides from five- mode of-action in the world. Keywords: Dose-response; herbicide; mode of action; multiple resistance, Sumatran fleabane. Abbreviations: ae_acid equivalent; ai_active ingredient; ALS_acetolactate synthase; APX_ascorbate peroxidase; DAA_days after application; DAT_days after treatment; EPSPS_5-enolypyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase; GR_Glutathione reductase; GR50 _rate required to cause a 50% reduction in plant growth; ha_ectare; kPa_kilopascal; LD50_rate required to cause a 50% mortality; NMR_nuclear magnetic resonance; PPO_protoporphyrinogen oxidase; PSI_photosystem; PSII_photosystem II; R_resistant; RI_resistance index; S_susceptible; TSR_target site resistance; non-target site resistance (NTSR); UPCB_Herbarium of the State University of Paraná. Introduction Brazil is one of the largest grain producers in the world due to cropping systems, and reduced tillage management practices its extensive arable land and favorable climate for the of annual crops. These factors have provided a favorable niche production. However, weeds cause serious loss due to for the ecological adaptation of Conyzas (Murphy and Lemerle, competition with the crop of interest for essential resources 2006), as one of the main current weed problems in Brazil. (Swanton et al., 2015; Jha et al., 2017; Gharde et al., 2018). The occurrence of this plant is concentrated in the late autumn Conyza spp. is currently considered as one of the main weeds and early spring, which coincides with the fallow or winter in the crop production. Among the Conyza genus, there are growing season (Tozzi and Van Acker, 2014). The absence of nearly 50 species (Kissmann and Groth, 1999) and C. plants in the fallow favors the establishment of Conyza spp. in bonariensis, C. canadensis and Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) the areas. These species produce many seeds that can spread E.Walker species have been often associated with cases of long distances by wind (Wu et al., 2007; Savage et al., 2014). herbicide resistance in Brazil. It is a cosmopolitan weed, where These biological characteristics and the selection of herbicide- minimum soil disturbance associated with fallow, perennial 1688 resistant biotypes contribute to the wide and increasing The aim of this research was to investigate the first case of dispersion of Conyza spp. multiple resistance of Conyza sumatrensis to herbicides from Herbicide resistance causes greater short-term cost to manage five-mode-of action frequently used as a burndown application weed population, including yield loss, reduced commodity prior to soybean planting. prices because of weed-seed contamination, reduced land values, costs of mechanical and cultural controls, additional Results expense of alternative herbicides or cropping systems or both for managing the resistant weed. Several recent studies have The dose-response assay showed 100% mortality in the C. described the added costs associated with the management of sumatrensis - S biotype. On the other hand, the R biotype was herbicide-resistance weeds (Norsworthy et al., 2012). In Brazil, significantly less affected by herbicides and it was required the presence of herbicide-resistant Conyza spp. increases higher doses than normal. The LD50 and GR50 values for R control costs by 40%. The scenario is even worse with the plants were higher for S biotype (Fig. 1 to 5; Table 1). occurrence of Conyza spp. and Digitaria insularis in the same production area, which increase costs by 200% (Adegas et al., Paraquat dose-reponse 2017). Treatment with herbicides is the primary method of controlling Paraquat controlled 100% of S plants. In contrast, R plants weed populations in modern agriculture. Furthermore, strong were not controlled even at the 16X rate (6,400 g a.i. ha-1). -1 selection by herbicides has resulted in widespread evolution of Paraquat LD50 values were 38.24 and 975.59 g a.i. ha for S resistance to herbicides in weed populations (Délye et al., and R plants, respectively. Even the highest paraquat dose 2013; Powles and Yu, 2010). Currently, there are 100 cases of used in the dose-response assay could not kill the R plants. The Conyza spp. resistant to herbicides in the world (Heap, 2018). maximum control for R plants was 57%. The GR50 values for In Brazil, the first report of herbicide-resistant Conyza spp. was paraquat showed that the dose needed to reduce 50% of dry observed in 2005, when glyphosate no longer controlled these mass was 159.17 and 8,249.65 g a.i. ha-1, for S and R biotype, plants (Moreira et al., 2007; Heap, 2018). Because of respectively (Fig. 1). The resistance index (R/S) was calculated glyphosate resistance, ALS-inhibitors herbicides started to be from LD50 and GR50 values and showed that R biotype was used to control weeds in the soybean crop. In 2011, multiple 25.51 and 51.83-fold more resistant than S plants (Table 1). resistance to both mode of action was reported as a result of the high selection pressure exerted by the ALS-inhibitor Saflufenacil dose-response herbicides (Santos et al., 2014; Heap, 2018). Populations resistant to glyphosate, ALS-inhibitors and other herbicides are The S biotype was 100% controlled by saflufenacil. For the R of major concerns because these herbicides are the most plants more than 8X dose (560 g a.i. ha-1) was required to effective post-emergence chemicals currently available to satisfactorily control the weed. The dry mass of S plants was growers to manage horseweed in soybean. In addition, in reduced to less than 10% with 2X dose (140 g a.i. ha-1), while 2016 and 2017, single resistance to paraquat and saflufenacil 8X could reduce about 50% dry mass of R plants. Saflufenacil -1 and multiple resistance to chlorimuron, glyphosate and LD50 values were 13.19 and 18.36 g a.i. ha for S and R plants, paraquat were reported (Heap, 2018). respectively. The GR50 values for saflufenacil showed that the Multiple-herbicide resistance can arise by field selection of dose needed to reduce 50% of dry mass was 45.29 and 638.93 herbicides or due to accumulation of resistant genes by cross- g a.i. ha-1, for S and R biotype, respectively (Fig. 2). Based on pollination (Beckie and Tardif, 2012). The multiple resistance the LD50 and GR50 values, the resistance index reveled that R to five-herbicides-modes- of-action (5-enolypyruvyl-shikimate- population was 1.39 and 14.10-fold less responsive to 3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) inhibitors, photosystem I (PSI) saflufenacil compared to S plants (Table 1). diverters, photosystem II (PSII) inhibitors, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors and 2,4-D) was reported by farmers Diuron dose-response who observed no efficiency to control Sumatran fleabane after different herbicide applications in the last growing season at Diuron controlled 100% of S plants. On the other hand, R Western region of Paraná State-Brazil. In no-tillage systems, plants were controlled only when 8X (16,000 g a.i. ha-1) was the non-selective herbicides, such as glyphosate, paraquat or applied. The LD50 values for diuron were 534.88 and 3,900.53 g -1 saflufenacil, has been widely used. The presence of Conyza a.i. ha for S and R plants, respectively, while the GR50 values sumatrensis requires application of glyphosate + 2,4-D ranged from 1,035.16 to 5,227.16 g a.i. ha-1 for S and R plants, followed by pre-planting spray of paraquat or saflufenacil. This respectively (Fig. 3). The resistance index (R/S) calculated from management system is effective for controlling weeds, but LD50 and GR50 values showed that R biotype was 7.29 and 5.05- when repeated over the years may promote the selection of fold more resistant than S plants (Table 1).
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