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SYN: CONYZA CANADENSIS) Ali Esmail Al-Snafi Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Thi Qar University, Iraq

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SYN: CONYZA CANADENSIS) Ali Esmail Al-Snafi Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Thi Qar University, Iraq IAJPS 2017, 4 (02), 248-256 Ali Esmail Al-Snafi ISSN 2349-7750 CODEN (USA): IAJPB ISSN: 2349-7750 INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.344930 Available online at: http://www.iajps.com Review Article PHARMACOLOGICAL AND THERAPEUTIC IMPORTANCE OF ERIGERON CANADENSIS (SYN: CONYZA CANADENSIS) Ali Esmail Al-Snafi Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Thi qar University, Iraq. Received: 10 February 2016 Accepted: 25 February 2017 Published: 28 February 2017 Abstract: Phytochemical studies revealed that Erigeron canadensis (syn. Conyza canadensis) contained saponins, diterpenoids, terpenoids, glycosides, tannin, anthraquinone, steroids and flavonoids. Pharmacological studies showed that Erigeron canadensis exerted antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticoagulant, antiinflammatory, anticancer, mutagenic gastric protective effect and skin depigmentation activity. The current review discussed the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Erigeron canadensis. Keywords: Erigeron canadensis, Conyza canadensis, contents, pharmacology Corresponding author: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi, QR code Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Thi qar University, Iraq. Cell: +9647801397994. E mail: [email protected] Please cite this article in press as Ali Esmail Al-Snafi, Pharmacological and Therapeutic Importance of Erigeron Canadensis, Indo Am. J. P. Sci, 2017; 4(02). www.iajps.com Page 248 IAJPS 2017, 4 (02), 248-256 Ali Esmail Al-Snafi ISSN 2349-7750 INTRODUCTION: vergerette du Canada; German: kanadisches As a result of accumulated experience from the berufkraut; Swedish: kanadabinka [33]. past generations, today, all the world’s cultures have an extensive knowledge of herbal medicine. Distribution: 75% of the world’s population used plants for The plant is distributed in Northern America therapy and prevention. Plant showed wide range (Canada, United States and Mexico); Southern of pharmacological activities including America (Belize, Costa Rica; El Salvador, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama); hypolipidemic, cardiovascular, central nervous, Africa (Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, respiratory, immunological, anti-inflammatory, Lesotho; South Africa, Swaziland); Asia (Armenia, analgesic antipyretic and many other Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russian Federation, China, pharmacological effects [2-30]. Phytochemical Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Palestine, Syria, Iraq and studies revealed that Erigeron canadensis (syn. Turkey); Europe (Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Conyza canadensis) contained saponins, Lithuania, Moldova, Ukraine, Belgium, Czech, diterpenoids, terpenoids, glycosides, tannin, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, anthraquinone, steroids and flavonoids. Slovakia, Switzerland, Denmark, Finland, Pharmacological studies showed that Erigeron Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom, Albania, canadensis exerted antimicrobial, antioxidant, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, anticoagulant, antiinflammatory, anticancer, Greece, Italy, Macedonia, Montenegro, mutagenic gastric protective effect and skin Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, France, Portugal depigmentation activity. This review will highlight and Spain) and in Pacific zone [33]. the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Erigeron canadensis. Description: Erigeron canadensis is a winter or summer annual Synonyms: forb. It is erect with one to several stems reaching Caenotus canadensis (L.) Raf., Caenotus pusillus 30 to 150 cm (1 to 5 ft) tall. Stems are typically (Nutt.) Raf., Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist, unbranched at the base unless damage has occurred Conyza canadensis var. glabrata (A. Gray), to the apical growing points. The leaves are linear Conyzella canadensis (L.) Rupr., Erigeron to oblanceolate, 2 to 8 cm (0.8 to 3.1 in) long and 2 canadense var. pusillus (Nutt.) B. Boivin, to 8 mm (0.08 to 0.31 in) wide. The leaf margins Erigeron canadensis f. canadensis, Erigeron are ciliate-serrate. The inflorescence is a loose canadensis var. canadensis, Erigeron canadensis f. panicle. The numerous flower heads are very small, coloratus Fassett, Erigeron canadensis var. 2 to 4 mm (0.08 to 0.16 in) tall and 3 to 7 mm (0.12 glabratus A.Gray, Erigeron canadensis var. to 0.28 in) wide. The rays are white or purplish and grandiflorus Schwein., Erigeron canadensis var. very small, only reaching 0.5 to 1.0 mm (0.02 to levis Makino, Erigeron canadensis var. strictus 0.04 in) in length. The fruit is an achene with a Farw., Erigeron myriocephalus Rech. f. & Edelb., white bristly pappus [34-36]. Erigeron pusillus Nutt., Erigeron setiferus Post ex Boiss., Leptilon canadense (L.) Britton & Brown, Traditional uses: Leptilon canadense (L.) Britton & A. Br., Leptilon The plant was used for the treatment of wounds, canadense var. canadense, Leptilon pusillum swellings, and pain caused by arthritis in Chinese (Nutt.) Britton, Marsea canadensis (L.) V. M. folk medicine [37]. Zuni people insert the crushed Badillo, Senecio ciliatus Walter and Trimorpha flower of Conyza canadensis variety into the canadensis [31]. nostrils to crush sneezing and relieving rhinitis [38]. Taxonomic classification: The leaves of Erigeron canadensis were prepared Kingdom: Plantae, Subkingdom: Viridiplantae, as tonic to be used in the treatment of diarrhea, Infrakingdom: Streptophyta, Superdivision: diabetes and hemorrhages [39]. Embryophyta, Division: Tracheophyta, The plant was used in folk medicines in the Subdivision: Spermatophytina, Class: northern areas of Pakistan for the treatment of Magnoliopsida, Superorder: Asteranae, Order: various pathological conditions including acute Asterales, Family: Asteraceae, Genus: Erigeron/ pain, inflammation, fever and the microbial Conyza, Species: Erigeron canadensis [32]. infections including urinary infections, respiratory tract infections, diarrhea and dysentery [40]. Common names: In Korea, the plant was used to treat allergic Arabic: theil el-fars, hasheshat el-jabal, nashash diarrhea, stomatitis, otitis media, conjunctivitis, el-theban, Asa kanada, sheikh al-rabi; English: and acute toothache [41]. butterweed, Canadian fleabane, Canadian The plant was also used as an antithelmintic, a horseweed, hogweed, horseweed; French: mild hemostyptic, for uterine bleeding, gout, rheumatic symptoms, dropsy, tumors, and www.iajps.com Page 249 IAJPS 2017, 4 (02), 248-256 Ali Esmail Al-Snafi ISSN 2349-7750 bronchitis. In African folk medicine, it was used in carvenol, 3', 4', 5, 7-tetrohydroxy dihydroflavone the treatment of granuloma annulare, sore throats, and 9, 12, 13-trihydroxy-10(Z)-octadecenoic acid urinary tract infections and for medicinal baths. In were isolated from the whole Erigeron homeopathic medicine, Erigeron canadensis was canadensis[54]. used for bleeding of the bladder, hemorrhoids, The compounds isolated from essential oils were menorrhagia and metrorrhagia, gastritis, hepatitis differ among different locations which may be and cholecystitis [42]. attributed to the different environmental and climatic conditions. A total of 23 components were Medicinal Parts: identified in the essential oil of aerial parts of The dried aerial parts of the plant and the fresh Erigeron canadensis from Ethiopial. The main aerial parts of the flowering plant were used constituents were monoterpenoids [limomene medicinally [42]. (57.2% ), camphene ( 2.5% ) α and β-pinenes (1.9 % and 2.1% )] and sesquiterpenoids [caryophyllene Chemical constituents: (6.7%), germacrene D (4.9%) and α-curcumene Phytochemical studies revealed that Erigeron (3.0%)]. A few non-terpenoid acetylenic canadensis (syn. Conyza canadensis) contained compounds (4.8%) were also detected. The isolated saponins, diterpenoids, terpenoids, glycosides, compounds were included: α-Pinene: 1.9%, β- tannin, anthraquinone, steroids and flavonoids. Myrcene: 1.2%, p-Cymene: 0.8%, Limonene: Conyzolide; conyzoflavone; conyzapyranone A; 57.2%, (E) -β –Ocimene: 1.1%, β- Pinene: 2.1%, conyzapyranone B; 4 Z,8 Z-matricaria- γ-lactone; 4 Sabinene: 0.8%, p-Menth-1(7),8(10) dien-9-ol: E,8 Z-matricaria- γ-lactone ; 9,12,13-trihydroxy- 0.3%, Camphene: 2.5, 4-Hexen-3-one 2,2 10(E)-octadecenoic acid; epifriedelanol; friedeline; dimethyl: 0.8%, β-Caryophyllene: 6.7%, taraxerol; simiarenol; spinasterol; stigmasterol; β- Spathulenol: 1.5%, α-Curcumene: 3.0%, π- sitosterol; C10 acetylenes; sesquiterpene Muurolene 1.1%, Himachala-1,4-diene: 0.7%, 2- hydrocarbons and many sphingolipids were Allyl phenol: 0.5%, 2E,8Z-Matricaria ester: 0.2%, isolated from different parts of the plant [40, 43- Farnesene: 0.8%, β-Vatriene: 0.9%, δ-Cadinene: 52]. 0.7%, Z,Z-Matricaria ester: 3.4%, Germacrene D: Sphingolipids, 1,3,5-trihydroxy-2-hexadecanoyl 4.9% and 2E,8E-matricaria ester: 1.2% [55]. amino-(6E,9E)-heptacosdiene; 1,3,5-trihydroxy-2- The essential oil of Erigeron canadensis from hexadecanoylamino-(6E,9E)-heptacosdiene-1-O- France contained 18 compounds, limonene being glucopyranoside; 1,3-dihydroxy-2-hexanoylamino- the main one (76.03%). The identified compounds (4E)-heptadecene; p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3,5- were included: α-Pinene: trace, β-Pinene: dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,5-dimethoxybenzoic 1.57±0.06%, β-Myrcene: 3.62±0.04%, Cosmene: acid; 3beta-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid; 0.32±0.04%, Limonene: 76.03±0.07%, delta-3- 3beta-erythrodiol; beta-sitosterol; stigmasterol; Carene: 3.87±0.03%, Thujone: 1.70±0.04%, beta-sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside and harmine Camphor: 0.39±0.06%, Isoborneol: trace, were also isolated from the plant [51-52]. Menthol: 0.23±0.05%, Isobornyl
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