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Pocket Guide to Raptors of the Pembina Valley Region, Manitoba

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Pocket Guide to Raptors of the Pembina Valley Region, Manitoba A POCKET FIELD GUIDE TO RAPTORS OF THE PEMBINA VALLEY REGION www.arocha.ca TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements . 3 Introduction . 4 Osprey About raptors . 5 Vulture Osprey How to use this guide . 6 Turkey Vulture Glossary . 7 Vultures (Turkey Vulture) . 9 Osprey . 11 Eagles . 13 Harrier Bald Eagle . 13 Northern Harrier Golden Eagle . 15 Harriers (Northern Harrier) . 17 Eagle Accipiters . 19 Bald Eagle Sharp-shinned Hawk . 19 Golden Eagle Cooper’s Hawk . 21 Northern Goshawk . 23 Accipiter Buteos . 25 Sharp-shinned Hawk Broad-winged Hawk . 25 Cooper’s Hawk Swainson’s Hawk . 26 Northern Goshawk Red-tailed Hawk . 27 Rough-legged Hawk . 31 Falcons . 33 Falcon Buteo American Kestrel . 33 American Kestrel Broad-winged Hawk Merlin Swainson’s Hawk Merlin . 35 Gyrfalcon Red-tailed Hawk Peregrine Falcon . 37 Peregrine Falcon Ferruginous Hawk Rare raptors in the Pembina Valley Region . 39 Rough-legged Hawk Check-list of raptors . 40 Bibliography . 41 1 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS INTRODUCTION Funding for this pocket guide was provided by Birds of prey have fascinated people through the the Canadian Wildlife Federation, Manitoba ages. They have appeared in the courts of kings, Tourism Secretariat and A Rocha donors. Special on the arms of falconers and have been studied thanks goes to the following people who by many biologists and scientists. For anyone provided photographs: Alfred Aug, Vic Berardi, who has grown up on the prairies, the lazy Gordon Court, Jerry Liguori, Bob Shettler, Phil circling of a hawk on a warm summer day is an Swanson, Dennis Swayze, Robert Visconti and iconic memory. Historically persecuted for their Brian Wheeler. Raymond Klassen produced the real or perceived threat as “chicken hawks”, initial raptor silhouettes. Many thanks to Valorie raptors are now recognized as important links in Goossen, Rudolph Koes, Allen Schritt, Bob sustaining the ecosystem. Legislation protects all Shettler and Peter Taylor for their review of the raptors in North America and for some species guide. Pembina Valley Tourism Association additional conservation measures are needed as facilitated funding for this guide. Special thanks they are considered species at risk. to Yvonne Peters for her excellent work on the design of this guide. This booklet could not have Birds of prey can be seen in any season of the been produced effectively without the aid of year, but one of the best times to see raptors is in reference material (see Bibliography). Cover spring. For the novice birdwatcher, identifying photo by A. Aug. Cover background image by birds of prey can be a major challenge and the Raymond Klassen. cause of much frustration. Even experts can have difficulty with raptor identification. Many raptors look very similar to each other because of their mottled and dull plumages. Adding to the challenge of identification are the differing plumages among juveniles, subadults as well as adults. Also, some species have different colour morphs. Recommended citation: Goossen, J. Paul. 2015. A pocket field guide to raptors of the Pembina Valley Region, second edition. A Rocha Canada, Morden, Manitoba and Surrey, British Columbia. 42 pp. Printed on FSC certified paper. Prairie Falcon © 2015 A Rocha Canada. All rights reserved. Photo by V. Berardi 3 4 ABOUT RAPTORS HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE The term raptor applies to birds of prey including This field guide is intended to be a helpful hawks, falcons, eagles and owls. Raptors are birds introduction to the novice birdwatcher and a which capture and consume other living creatures quick reference guide for the expert in the or feed on dead animals (carrion). Generally the identification of raptors in the PVR (see map on term raptor applies to birds of prey which are back cover). The guide focuses on the active during the day (diurnal) thereby excluding identification of raptors in flight. owls which are mostly active at night (nocturnal). Of the 21 diurnal raptor species recorded in So how do you use this guide? First determine Manitoba, only 16 breed in the province. that the bird you are viewing is a raptor. Then consult the silhouette guide on the front inside Diurnal raptors can be grouped into seven cover to decide what type of raptor you are categories: vultures, osprey, eagles, harriers, looking at. Is it a vulture, osprey, eagle, harrier, accipiters, buteos and falcons. Vultures are accipiter, buteo or falcon? Once you have soaring birds which feed primarily on carrion and decided what type of raptor you are observing, rely on their sense of smell and good eyesight to consult the section in the guide that pertains to find food. Ospreys are the fish hawks of the raptor that group of raptors. For those unfamiliar with world. Eagles are large birds known for their the topographical terminology of birds, please strong flight and powerful strength. Harriers are check the glossary section of this guide for often seen flying low over marshes or grasslands definitions and see Figure 1 which illustrates in search of small rodents. Accipiters are agile and many of the terms. swift woodland hawks that pursue songbirds. Buteos are the chunky hawks seen soaring over fields and open woodlands or perched on telephone or hydro poles. Falcons are the fast, powerful aerial hunters of the raptor world. In the Pembina Valley Region (PVR), raptors live in or near a variety of habitats including forests, Rough-legged Hawk riparian woodlands, marshes, lakes and grasslands. Photo by V. Berardi 5 6 GLOSSARY Adult – a bird that has reached full adult plumage. Trailing edge – the back edge of the extended Armpit – area where underwing coverts meet wing. body. Underwing coverts – small feathers on the open Diurnal – active during the day. underwing covering the bases of the flight Fingers – descriptive term referring to primary feathers. feathers of a wing. Wing panel – area of light colouration on the Flight feathers – the primary and secondary primary feathers. feathers. Wrist – the bend in the wing. Juvenile – a bird that is in its first year. Figure 1. Topography Subterminal Leading edge – the front edge of the extended of a raptor. wing. Band Morph – a descriptor of the overall colouring of a bird (e.g., light, dark). Armpit Moustache – a dark vertical facial mark. Belly Band Nape – the upper neck region just below the head. Patagium – fold of skin between the wrist and the Nape body. Primary feathers – the long feathers at the outer Patagium edge of an open wing. Rump – the region between the base of the tail Wrist and the back. Secondary feathers – the long inner feathers Leading between the primary feathers and the body. Edge Subadult – a bird that has not acquired an adult plumage. Age may range between 1-5 years Fingers depending on the species. Terminal Band Subterminal band – second last band near the tip Trailing Edge of the tail. Terminal band – last band at the tip of the tail. Secondary Feathers Topography – pertains to the external features of a bird. Red-tailed Hawk Primary Feathers 7 Photo by A. Aug 8 VULTURES edges are darkish. Golden Eagle has large head with golden nape and has steady stable flight. TURKEY VULTURE Rough-legged Hawk has dark subterminal (Cathartes aura) undertail band. Size: Large raptor. Larger than Red-tailed Hawk. Status in the Pembina Valley Region: Breeds. Arrives in late Key identifiers: Large dark raptor, small red March or early April. Highest head, white or ivory bill. Long wings, two-toned total spring count in the underwings (black coverts, silvery flight Pembina Valley is 360 feathers). Long tail, silvery on underside. (2013). Flight characteristics: Rarely flaps its wings, usually seen soaring with wings held in a strong V over its back (dihedral position). Teetering and unsteady flight when soaring. Confusing species: Golden Eagle and dark morph Rough-legged Hawk. These species also have two-toned underwings but their trailing Photo by P. Swanson TURKEY 9 VULTURE10 OSPREY OSPREY OSPREY (Pandion haliaetus) Size: Large raptor. Larger than Red-tailed Hawk. Key identifiers: Large raptor, whitish breast, belly and underwing coverts. Dark brown back and upper wings. Long, narrow wings crooked at wrist which extends even with or beyond the head. Wings appear in shape of a “W” or “M” with dark wrist patches. White head with dark brown eye stripe extending to neck. Long tail. Flight characteristics: Wings are slightly bowed downward; shallow, stiff wing beats. Occasionally soars. Confusing species: From a distance gulls may look similar but lack the dark eye stripe and dark wrist on the underwings and do not show “fingers” on the wing. Subadult Bald Eagles may be mistaken for Osprey. Osprey are smaller with a white breast. Status in the Pembina Valley Region: Migrant. First arrival during second week in April. Highest total spring count in the Pembina Valley is 243 (2013). 11 Photo by A. Aug 12 Adult EAGLES Photo by V. Berardi BALD EAGLE (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) Size: Larger than Red-tailed Hawk. Key identifiers: Adult - White head, dark body and wings, white tail, yellow bill. Adult plumage attained in five years. Subadults (1-4 years) - various dark and white plumage patterns. Highly variable mottling on body and wings. Underwing coverts generally whitish. Flight characteristics: Flapping, gliding and soaring. Heavy, lumbering, flat wing beat. Plank- like wings held flat when soaring. Confusing species: Subadults can be confused with Golden Eagles. Golden Eagles have golden nape, tawny bar on upper wings (except juveniles) and proportionally smaller head compared to the rest of the body. Golden Eagles soar with wings held in slight dihedral. Status in the Pembina Valley Region: Breeds but most are migrants. May overwinter, feeding on wild or domestic carrion. Migrants first seen around mid February. Highest total spring count in the Pembina Valley is 1,868 (2013).
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