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Five Dimensions of Homeland and International Security Five Dimensions of Homeland and International Security Edited by Esther Brimmer Brimmer, Esther, ed., Five Dimensions of Homeland and International Security (Washington, D.C.: Center for Transatlantic Relations, 2008). © Center for Transatlantic Relations, The Johns Hopkins University 2008 Center for Transatlantic Relations The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies The Johns Hopkins University 1717 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Suite 525 Washington, D.C. 20036 Tel. (202) 663-5880 Fax (202) 663-5879 Email: transatlantic @ jhu.edu http://transatlantic.sais-jhu.edu ISBN 10: 0-9801871-0-9 ISBN 13: 978-0-9801871-0-6 This publication is supported in part by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security through a grant ( N00014-06-1-0991) awarded to the National Center for Study of Preparedness and Critical Event Response (PACER) at the Johns Hopkins University. Any opinions, finding, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not represent the policy or position of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Cover Image: In mathematical fractals, images display the same characteristics at different scales. Similarly, there may be connections among security issues although they occur at different levels of “magnification” (local, national, international). Image used with permission of Dave Massey, available at www.free-background-wallpaper.com. Table of Contents Acknowledgements . v Introduction: Five Dimensions of Homeland and International Security . 1 Esther Brimmer and Daniel S. Hamilton Chapter 1 The International Aspects of Societal Resilience: Framing the Issues . 15 Sir David Omand Chapter 2 Chemical Weapons Terrorism: Need for More Than the 5Ds . 29 Amy Sands and Jennifer Machado Chapter 3 Reviving Deterrence . 43 Jonathan Stevenson Chapter 4 Criminal and Terrorist Networks: Gauging Interaction and the Resultant Impact on Counter-Terrorism . 57 Tamara Makarenko Chapter 5 Dissuasion and the War on Terror: What is Meant by Dissuasion, and How Might It Apply to the War on Terror? . 73 Charles D. Lutes and M. Elaine Bunn Chapter 6 Trade Security: Stovepipes in Motion . 85 Robert Quartel Chapter 7 Deterrence and Homeland Security: A Defensive-Denial Strategy Against Terrorists . 97 James H. Lebovic Chapter 8 Creating a National Homeland Security Plan . 109 Bruce Davis Chapter 9 The Case for a New Guard Operational Model . 119 Lawrence J. Korb and Sean E. Duggan Chapter 10 Homeland Security and the Protection of Critical Energy Infrastructures: A European Perspective . 133 Heiko Borchert and Karina Forster Chapter 11 The Use of Economic Sanctions to Maintain International Peace and Security and Combat International Terrorism . 149 Chantal de Jonge Oudraat About the Authors . 175 About PACER . 181 v Acknowledgements This book results from a project conducted in 2006-2007 by the Center for Transatlantic Relations at the Johns Hopkins University’s Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS). The Center for Transatlantic Relations leads the international policy work of the Johns Hopkins-based U.S. National Center of Excellence on Homeland Security, awarded by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. This National Center for the Study of Preparedness and Catastrophic Event Response (PACER) is one of five merit-awarded U.S. university-based Centers of Excellence in homeland security. The Center for Transatlantic Relations would like to thank our colleagues Gabor D. Kelen, M.D., of the Johns Hopkins University Department of Emergency Medicine and Lynn R. Goldman, M.D., of the Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health for their leadership of the PACER project. We would also like to thank Guy Barber, MPH, and his colleagues for our good cooperation during the course of the project. CTR would like to thank the scholars, experts, practitioners and others who attended the February 2007 meeting that shaped our thinking about the project. Many authors in this volume participated in that event. The editor would like to thank Center for Transatlantic Relations Director Daniel Hamilton, PhD, for his broad yet integrated vision for the project and CTR Program Coordinator Ms. Katrien Maes for her effective organization of the February 2007 project meeting and her help on the PACER project. In particular, the editor would like to thank Ms. Gretchen Losee, CTR Administrative Coordinator, for her careful copy editing and her hard work to facilitate the publication of this volume. Throughout this project we consulted with a variety of U.S. and other security experts, but the views expressed are those of the authors. Chapter writers do not necessarily agree with each other nor was consensus sought. Rather the project was designed to foster intellectual exploration as a contribution to the policy evaluations made when crafting a comprehensive approach to preparedness. Esther Brimmer, Ph.D. Washington, D.C. Introduction Five Dimensions of Homeland and International Security Esther Brimmer and Daniel S. Hamilton In a globalized world, no nation is home alone; effective homeland security must incorporate international capacities along the continuum of operations, from deterrence/prevention to response/consequence management. This book sets out to understand better the intersections between homeland and international security and the implications of these connections for preparedness. For decades, strategists endeavored to develop theories that helped policymakers safeguard vital national interests during the Cold War. 9/11 raises the specter of violent non-state actors able to inflict mass casualties even on the most powerful country in the world. Hurricane Katrina reminded us that the violence of nature can also have a devastating impact on the nation. This book considers whether some national security concepts can help orient homeland security thinking to promote preparedness. The objective is to enhance the security of our society by being prepared to address a range of challenges. The book explores the applicability to homeland security of “5Ds”: deterrence, denial, dissuasion, defense and diplomacy. The goal is not slavishly to apply traditional concepts, but to seek nuggets of insight from each to help forge new, effective ways to support preparedness. In the immediate aftermath of 9/11, attention focused on securing the homeland. We suggest that our ability to protect the homeland depends to a significant degree on our ability to forge international networks and arrangements that can strengthen “forward resilience.” International security concepts can influence the international environment to make preparedness more effective at home. This approach provides certain advantages. Not only were national security concepts designed to address vital issues, a feature in common with homeland security, but also national security ideas recognize the 2 Five Dimensions of Homeland and International Security integral nature of the international dimension to what might otherwise seem to be a domestic question. National security has long been linked to international security. For example, freedom of the seas, patrolled by the British, and later the American navy, not only facilitated navigation and commerce but allowed the United States to grow and prosper with relatively little interference from other powers. Shaping favorable international security conditions helped safeguard the homeland. In recent decades, American leaders have understood that “forward defense,” anchored by alliance structures in Europe, Asia and the Middle East, can also be an important support for security at home. These insights remain valid today. But today the front line may no longer be the Hindu Kush but the Washington D.C. metro or the port of Long Beach. Efforts to ensure “forward defense” must be supplemented with new arrangements for “forward resilience.” Our deeply integrated economies and societies mean that the United States cannot secure its own society without the support of other countries. We need international cooperation to secure ports and transportation routes, to contain disease, even to help meet the challenges of devastating natural disasters. Significant international aid flowed to the United States after Hurricane Katrina, yet the U.S. was unprepared to accept or to utilize such assistance effectively. This book results from a project conducted in 2006-2007 by the Center for Transatlantic Relations at the Johns Hopkins University’s Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS). The Center for Transatlantic Relations leads the international policy work of the Johns Hopkins-based U.S. National Center of Excellence on Homeland Security, awarded by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. This National Center for the Study of Preparedness and Catastrophic Event Response (PACER) is one of five merit-awarded U.S. university-based Centers of Excellence in homeland security. Throughout this project we consulted with a variety of U.S. and other security experts, and commissioned a number of papers addressing ways in which the “5Ds” could be relevant to homeland security, particularly when it comes to efforts to prevent, prepare for and recover from high-consequence events. This volume includes these papers prepared under the auspices of the PACER project. Our authors focus on two ways the international security dimension contributes to homeland security: first, how national and international Introduction 3 security theories can contribute concepts to homeland security planning;
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