Hallucinogenic and Poisonous Mushroom Field Guide Pdf
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Occurrence of Psilocybin/Psilocin in Pluteus Salicinus (Pluteaceae)
College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU Biology Faculty Publications Biology 7-1981 Occurrence of psilocybin/psilocin in Pluteus salicinus (Pluteaceae) Stephen G. Saupe College of Saint Benedict/Saint John's University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/biology_pubs Part of the Biology Commons, Botany Commons, and the Fungi Commons Recommended Citation Saupe SG. 1981. Occurrence of psilocybin/psilocin in Pluteus salicinus (Pluteaceae). Mycologia 73(4): 781-784. Copyright © 1981 Mycological Society of America. OCCURRENCE OF PSILOCYBIN/ PSILOCIN IN PLUTEUS SALICINUS (PLUTEACEAE) STEPHEN G. SAUPE Department of Botany, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 The development of blue color in a basidiocarp after bruising is a reliable, although not infallible, field character for detecting the pres ence of the N-methylated tryptamines, psilocybin and psilocin (1, 2, 8). This color results from the stepwise oxidation of psilocybin to psi locin to a blue pigment (3). Pluteus salicinus (Pers. ex Fr.) Kummer (Pluteaceae) has a grey pileus with erect to depressed, blackish, spinu lose squamules in the center. It is distinguished from other species in section Pluteus by its bluish to olive-green stipe, the color intensify ing with age and bruising (10, 11 ). This study was initiated to deter mine if the bluing phenomenon exhibited by this fungus is due to the presence of psilocybin/psilocin. Pluteus salicinus (sgs-230, ILL) was collected on decaying wood in Brownfield Woods, Urbana, Illinois, a mixed mesophytic upland forest. Carpophores were solitary and uncommon. Although Singer (10) reponed that this fungus is common in some areas of North America and Europe, it is rare in Michigan (5). -
Appendix K. Survey and Manage Species Persistence Evaluation
Appendix K. Survey and Manage Species Persistence Evaluation Establishment of the 95-foot wide construction corridor and TEWAs would likely remove individuals of H. caeruleus and modify microclimate conditions around individuals that are not removed. The removal of forests and host trees and disturbance to soil could negatively affect H. caeruleus in adjacent areas by removing its habitat, disturbing the roots of host trees, and affecting its mycorrhizal association with the trees, potentially affecting site persistence. Restored portions of the corridor and TEWAs would be dominated by early seral vegetation for approximately 30 years, which would result in long-term changes to habitat conditions. A 30-foot wide portion of the corridor would be maintained in low-growing vegetation for pipeline maintenance and would not provide habitat for the species during the life of the project. Hygrophorus caeruleus is not likely to persist at one of the sites in the project area because of the extent of impacts and the proximity of the recorded observation to the corridor. Hygrophorus caeruleus is likely to persist at the remaining three sites in the project area (MP 168.8 and MP 172.4 (north), and MP 172.5-172.7) because the majority of observations within the sites are more than 90 feet from the corridor, where direct effects are not anticipated and indirect effects are unlikely. The site at MP 168.8 is in a forested area on an east-facing slope, and a paved road occurs through the southeast part of the site. Four out of five observations are more than 90 feet southwest of the corridor and are not likely to be directly or indirectly affected by the PCGP Project based on the distance from the corridor, extent of forests surrounding the observations, and proximity to an existing open corridor (the road), indicating the species is likely resilient to edge- related effects at the site. -
The Hallucinogenic Mushrooms: Diversity, Traditions, Use and Abuse with Special Reference to the Genus Psilocybe
11 The Hallucinogenic Mushrooms: Diversity, Traditions, Use and Abuse with Special Reference to the Genus Psilocybe Gastón Guzmán Instituto de Ecologia, Km 2.5 carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351 Congregación El Haya, Apartado postal 63, Xalapa, Veracruz 91070, Mexico E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The traditions, uses and abuses, and studies of hallucinogenic mush- rooms, mostly species of Psilocybe, are reviewed and critically analyzed. Amanita muscaria seems to be the oldest hallucinogenic mushroom used by man, although the first hallucinogenic substance, LSD, was isolated from ergot, Claviceps purpurea. Amanita muscaria is still used in North Eastern Siberia and by some North American Indians. In the past, some Mexican Indians, as well as Guatemalan Indians possibly used A. muscaria. Psilocybe has more than 150 hallucinogenic species throughout the world, but they are used in traditional ways only in Mexico and New Guinea. Some evidence suggests that a primitive tribe in the Sahara used Psilocybe in religions ceremonies centuries before Christ. New ethnomycological observations in Mexico are also described. INTRODUCTION After hallucinogenic mushrooms were discovered in Mexico in 1956-1958 by Mr. and Mrs. Wasson and Heim (Heim, 1956; Heim and Wasson, 1958; Wasson, 1957; Wasson and Wasson, 1957) and Singer and Smith (1958), a lot of attention has been devoted to them, and many publications have 257 flooded the literature (e.g. Singer, 1958a, b, 1978; Gray, 1973; Schultes, 1976; Oss and Oeric, 1976; Pollock, 1977; Ott and Bigwood, 1978; Wasson, 1980; Ammirati et al., 1985; Stamets, 1996). However, not all the fungi reported really have hallucinogenic properties, because several of them were listed by erroneous interpretation of information given by the ethnic groups originally interviewed or by the bibliography. -
Clinical Toxicology of 'Magic Mushroom' Ingestion N
Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.57.671.543 on 1 September 1981. Downloaded from Postgraduate Medical Journal (September 1981) 57, 543-545 Clinical toxicology of 'magic mushroom' ingestion N. R. PEDEN ANN F. BISSETT M.A., M.R.C.P. M.A., S.R.N. K. E. C. MACAULAY J. CROOKS M.B., Ch.B. M.D., F.R.C.P. A. J. PELOSI* M.B., M.R.C.P. Department of Therapeutics, University of Dundee, and *Department ofMedicine, Perth Royal Infirmary Summary following the ingestion of magic mushrooms in the The clinical features are reported in 27 cases of months of September and October of 1979 and 1980. 'magic mushroom' ingestion. Mydriasis and hyper- The authors personally admitted or subsequently reflexia were common as were disorders of perception interviewed 8 of the patients and the case records of and affect. Psilocybe semilanceata appears to have all the patients have been reviewed. The mean age been the species of fungus involved. was 16 3 years (range 12-24 years) and 10 were by copyright. school children. Seven patients were self-referrals. Introduction Of the remainder, 12 were brought to hospital by Hallucinogenic mushrooms have been used for concerned parents, 5 by friends, 2 by the police and magico-religious purposes by the Indians of Mexico one had telephoned the Samaritans. for many centuries (Wasson, 1959) but the active constituents, psilocybin and psilocin were not Mushrooms and mode of ingestion identified until 1958 (Hofman et al., 1958). These The authors have identified P. semilanceata compounds were subsequently found in the British growing on sites described by patients and also in species Psilocybe semilanceata (Benedict, Tyler and gastric contents aspirated from patients. -
Mycological Investigations on Teonanacatl the Mexican Hallucinogenic Mushroom
Mycological investigations on Teonanacatl, the mexican hallucinogenic mushroom by Rolf Singer Part I & II Mycologia, vol. 50, 1958 © Rolf Singer original report: https://mycotek.org/index.php?attachments/mycological-investigations-on-teonanacatl-the-mexian-hallucinogenic-mushroom-part-i-pdf.511 66/ Table of Contents: Part I. The history of Teonanacatl, field work and culture work 1. History 2. Field and culture work in 1957 Acknowledgments Literature cited Part II. A taxonomic monograph of psilocybe, section caerulescentes Psilocybe sect. Caerulescentes Sing., Sydowia 2: 37. 1948. Summary or the stirpes Stirps. Cubensis Stirps. Yungensis Stirps. Mexicana Stirps. Silvatica Stirps. Cyanescens Stirps. Caerulescens Stirps. Caerulipes Key to species of section Caerulescentes Stirps Cubensis Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Sing Psilocybe subaeruginascens Höhnel Psilocybe aerugineomaculans (Höhnel) Stirps Yungensis Psilocybe yungensis Singer and Smith Stirps Mexicana Psilocybe mexicana Heim Stirps Silvatica Psilocybe silvatica (Peck) Psilocybe pelliculosa (Smith) Stirps Cyanescens Psilocybe aztecorum Heim Psilocybe cyanescens Wakefield Psilocybe collybioides Singer and Smith Description of Maire's sterile to semi-sterile material from Algeria Description of fertile material referred to Hypholoma cyanescens by Malençon Psilocybe strictipes Singer & Smith Psilocybe baeocystis Singer and Smith soma rights re-served 1 since 27.10.2016 at http://www.en.psilosophy.info/ mycological investigations on teonanacatl the mexican hallucinogenic mushroom www.en.psilosophy.info/zzvhmwgkbubhbzcmcdakcuak Stirps Caerulescens Psilocybe aggericola Singer & Smith Psilocybe candidipes Singer & Smith Psilocybe zapotecorum Heim Stirps Caerulipes Psilocybe Muliercula Singer & Smith Psilocybe caerulipes (Peck) Sacc. Literature cited soma rights re-served 2 since 27.10.2016 at http://www.en.psilosophy.info/ mycological investigations on teonanacatl the mexican hallucinogenic mushroom www.en.psilosophy.info/zzvhmwgkbubhbzcmcdakcuak Part I. -
Morphological Description and New Record of Panaeolus Acuminatus (Agaricales) in Brazil
Studies in Fungi 4(1): 135–141 (2019) www.studiesinfungi.org ISSN 2465-4973 Article Doi 10.5943/sif/4/1/16 Morphological description and new record of Panaeolus acuminatus (Agaricales) in Brazil Xavier MD1, Silva-Filho AGS2, Baseia IG3 and Wartchow F4 1 Curso de Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Campus Universitário, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemática e Evolução, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Campus Universitário, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil 3 Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Campus Universitário, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil 4 Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Conj. Pres. Castelo Branco III, 58033- 455, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil Xavier MD, Silva-Filho AGS, Baseia IG, Wartchow F 2019 – Morphological description and new record of Panaeolus acuminatus (Agaricales) in Brazil. Studies in Fungi 4(1), 135–141, Doi 10.5943/sif/4/1/16 Abstract Panaeolus acuminatus is described and illustrated based on fresh specimens collected from Northeast Brazil. This is the second known report of this species for the country, since it was already reported in 1930 by Rick. The species is characterized by the acuminate, pileus with hygrophanous surface, basidiospores measuring 11.5–16 × 5.5–11 µm and slender, non-capitate cheilocystidia. A full description accompanies photographs, line drawings and taxonomic discussion. Key words – Agaricomycotina – Basidiomycota – biodiversity – dark-spored – Panaeoloideae – Rick Introduction Species of Panaeolus (Fr.) Quél. -
Chemical Elements in Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes
Chemical elements in Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes The reference mushrooms as instruments for investigating bioindication and biodiversity Roberto Cenci, Luigi Cocchi, Orlando Petrini, Fabrizio Sena, Carmine Siniscalco, Luciano Vescovi Editors: R. M. Cenci and F. Sena EUR 24415 EN 2011 1 The mission of the JRC-IES is to provide scientific-technical support to the European Union’s policies for the protection and sustainable development of the European and global environment. European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Environment and Sustainability Via E.Fermi, 2749 I-21027 Ispra (VA) Italy Legal Notice Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa.eu/ JRC Catalogue number: LB-NA-24415-EN-C Editors: R. M. Cenci and F. Sena JRC65050 EUR 24415 EN ISBN 978-92-79-20395-4 ISSN 1018-5593 doi:10.2788/22228 Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union Translation: Dr. Luca Umidi © European Union, 2011 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged Printed in Italy 2 Attached to this document is a CD containing: • A PDF copy of this document • Information regarding the soil and mushroom sampling site locations • Analytical data (ca, 300,000) on total samples of soils and mushrooms analysed (ca, 10,000) • The descriptive statistics for all genera and species analysed • Maps showing the distribution of concentrations of inorganic elements in mushrooms • Maps showing the distribution of concentrations of inorganic elements in soils 3 Contact information: Address: Roberto M. -
Hallucinogenic Mushrooms: a Guide
Hallucinogenic Mushrooms: A Guide Presented by the Hamre Center for Health and Wellness Table of Contents Introduction Harm Reduction What are Hallucinogenic Mushrooms? What are the U.S. and MN Laws Surrounding Mushrooms? What Kinds of Hallucinogenic Mushrooms are There? How are Hallucinogenic Mushrooms Ingested? How Do Hallucinogenic Mushrooms Affect the Brain? What are Some Short-Term Effects of Use? What are Some Long-Term Effects of Use? How Do Hallucinogenic Mushrooms Interact with Alcohol? What are Some Harm-Reduction Strategies for Use? Are Hallucinogenic Mushrooms Addictive? What are Some Substance Abuse Help Resources? Introduction Welcome to the Hamre Center’s hallucinogenic mushrooms guide! Thank you for wanting to learn more about “magic mushrooms” and how they can affect you. This guide is designed to be a science-based resource to help inform people about hallucinogenic mushrooms. We use a harm-reduction model, which we’ll talk about more in the next slide. If you have any concerns regarding your own personal health and mushrooms, we strongly recommend that you reach out to your health care provider. No matter the legal status of hallucinogenic mushrooms in your state or country, health care providers are confidential resources. Your health is their primary concern. Harm Reduction ● The harm reduction model used in this curriculum is about neither encouraging or discouraging use; at its core, harm reduction simply aims to minimize the negative consequences of behaviors. ● Please read through the Hamre Center’s statement on use and harm reduction below: “The Hamre Center knows pleasure drives drug use, not the avoidance of harm. -
Toxic Fungi of Western North America
Toxic Fungi of Western North America by Thomas J. Duffy, MD Published by MykoWeb (www.mykoweb.com) March, 2008 (Web) August, 2008 (PDF) 2 Toxic Fungi of Western North America Copyright © 2008 by Thomas J. Duffy & Michael G. Wood Toxic Fungi of Western North America 3 Contents Introductory Material ........................................................................................... 7 Dedication ............................................................................................................... 7 Preface .................................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. 7 An Introduction to Mushrooms & Mushroom Poisoning .............................. 9 Introduction and collection of specimens .............................................................. 9 General overview of mushroom poisonings ......................................................... 10 Ecology and general anatomy of fungi ................................................................ 11 Description and habitat of Amanita phalloides and Amanita ocreata .............. 14 History of Amanita ocreata and Amanita phalloides in the West ..................... 18 The classical history of Amanita phalloides and related species ....................... 20 Mushroom poisoning case registry ...................................................................... 21 “Look-Alike” mushrooms ..................................................................................... -
Bulk Isolation of Basidiospores from Wild Mushrooms by Electrostatic Attraction with Low Risk of Microbial Contaminations Kiran Lakkireddy1,2 and Ursula Kües1,2*
Lakkireddy and Kües AMB Expr (2017) 7:28 DOI 10.1186/s13568-017-0326-0 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Open Access Bulk isolation of basidiospores from wild mushrooms by electrostatic attraction with low risk of microbial contaminations Kiran Lakkireddy1,2 and Ursula Kües1,2* Abstract The basidiospores of most Agaricomycetes are ballistospores. They are propelled off from their basidia at maturity when Buller’s drop develops at high humidity at the hilar spore appendix and fuses with a liquid film formed on the adaxial side of the spore. Spores are catapulted into the free air space between hymenia and fall then out of the mushroom’s cap by gravity. Here we show for 66 different species that ballistospores from mushrooms can be attracted against gravity to electrostatic charged plastic surfaces. Charges on basidiospores can influence this effect. We used this feature to selectively collect basidiospores in sterile plastic Petri-dish lids from mushrooms which were positioned upside-down onto wet paper tissues for spore release into the air. Bulks of 104 to >107 spores were obtained overnight in the plastic lids above the reversed fruiting bodies, between 104 and 106 spores already after 2–4 h incubation. In plating tests on agar medium, we rarely observed in the harvested spore solutions contamina- tions by other fungi (mostly none to up to in 10% of samples in different test series) and infrequently by bacteria (in between 0 and 22% of samples of test series) which could mostly be suppressed by bactericides. We thus show that it is possible to obtain clean basidiospore samples from wild mushrooms. -
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This article was downloaded by: [Reynaud-Maurupt, Catherine] On: 22 October 2009 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 916144473] Publisher Informa Healthcare Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Substance Use & Misuse Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713597302 The Contemporary Uses of Hallucinogenic Plants and Mushrooms: A Qualitative Exploratory Study Carried Out in France Catherine Reynaud-Maurupt a; Agnès Cadet-Taïrou b; Anne Zoll c a Research Group into Social Vulnerability [Groupe de Recherche sur la Vulnérabilité Sociale (GRVS)], Levens, France b French Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction [Observatoire Français des Drogues et des Toxicomanies (OFDT)], Saint Denis La Plaine, France c Société d'Entraide et D'Action Psychologique (SEDAP), Dijon, France Online Publication Date: 01 September 2009 To cite this Article Reynaud-Maurupt, Catherine, Cadet-Taïrou, Agnès and Zoll, Anne(2009)'The Contemporary Uses of Hallucinogenic Plants and Mushrooms: A Qualitative Exploratory Study Carried Out in France',Substance Use & Misuse,44:11,1519 — 1552 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.3109/10826080802490170 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826080802490170 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. -
Mycological Society of San Francisco
Mycological Society of San Francisco Fungus Fair!! 4-5 December 2004 Mycological Contact MSSF Join MSSF About MSSF Society of Event Calendar Meetings San Mycena News Fungus Fairs Cookbook Francisco Recipes Photos History Introduction Other Activities Welcome to the home page of the Mycological Society of San Francisco, North America's largest local amateur mycological Web Sites association. This page was created by and is maintained by Michael Members Only! Wood, publisher of MykoWeb. MykoWeb The Mycological Society of San Francisco is a non-profit corporation Search formed in 1950 to promote the study and exchange of information about mushrooms. Copyright © Most of our members are amateurs who are interested in mushrooms 1995-2004 by for a variety of reasons: cooking, cultivating, experiencing the Michael Wood and out-of-doors, and learning to properly identify mushrooms. Other the MSSF members are professional mycologists who participate in our activities and may serve as teachers or advisors. Dr. Dennis E. Desjardin is the scientific advisor for the Mycological Society of San Francisco. He is professor of biology at San Francisco State University and director of the Harry D. Thiers Herbarium. Dr. Desjardin was the recipient of the Alexopoulos Prize for outstanding research and the W. H. Weston Award for Excellence in Teaching from the Mycological Society of America. Our active membership extends throughout the San Francisco Bay Area and into many other communities in Northern California and beyond. To join the MSSF, please see the membership page. To renew your MSSF membership, see the renewal page. For information on how to http://www.mssf.org/ (1 of 2) [5/17/2004 12:11:22 PM] Mycological Society of San Francisco contact the MSSF, please visit our contact page.