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An Analysis of the Pharmacological Components of Herbal Teas Used for Galactagogue Effects by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectromet

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An Analysis of the Pharmacological Components of Herbal Teas Used for Galactagogue Effects by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectromet Anadolu Klin / Anatol Clin Orijinal Makale/Original Article An Analysis of the Pharmacological Components of Herbal Teas Used for Galactagogue Effects by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Galaktagog Etki İçin Kullanılan Bitkisel Çayların Farmakolojik Bileşenlerinin Gaz Kromatografisi/ Kütle Spektrometrisi ile Analizi Fidan Pesen Ozdogan1, Kemal Abstract Gokhan Ulusoy2, Seyfullah Oktay 1 3 Aim: This study aimed to analyze the phytochemical components of a number of herbs and Arslan , Enis Macit , Saliha Aysenur Cam1, Fatma Uysal1, herbal teas used to improve breast milk production by gas chromatography/mass spectrom- Muhammed Fatih Dogan1 etry (GC/MS). 1 Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Faculty Materials and Methods: The methanolic extracts were prepared by the maceration method us- of Medicine, Department of Medical ing a rotary evaporator. The essential oils were obtained by the Clevenger method. Pharmacology 2 Results: The GC/MS analyses of the essential oils and methanol extracts of the medicinal herbs Health Sciences University, Gulhane Faculty of Medicine, Department of Foeniculum vulgare, Pimpinella anisum, Trigonella foenum graceum, Urtica dioica, and Nigella Medical Pharmacology sativa, and their teas on the market were performed with high sensitivity. The chemical compo- 3 Health Sciences University, Gulhane nents identified were presented in detailed tables. Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology Discussion and Conclusions: In our study possible pharmacological effects of the components identified were discussed in light of the literature. Our findings are guiding for further research on the pharmacologically active components of these herbs and herbal teas that may be used for breast milk enhancement or other medical purposes in the future. Keywords: breast milk-increasing teas; Foeniculum vulgare; Nigella sativa; Pimpinella anisum; Trigonella foenum graceum; Urtica dioica Öz Received/Geliş : 10.12.2018 Amaç: Bu çalışmada, anne sütü üretimini artırmak için kullanılan bir dizi bitki ve bitkisel çayın Accepted/Kabul: 19.02.2019 bileşenlerinin gaz kromatografisi/kütle spektrometrisi (GK/KS) ile analizi amaçlanmıştır. DOI: 10.21673/anadoluklin.494566 Gereç ve Yöntemler: Metanol ekstreleri maserasyon metoduyla rotatif buharlaştırıcı kullanılarak Corresponding author/Yazışma yazarı hazırlanmıştır. Uçucu yağların elde edilmesinde ise Clevenger yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Kemal Gokhan Ulusoy Bulgular: Foeniculum vulgare, Pimpinella anisum, Trigonella foenum graceum, Urtica dioica Health Sciences University, Gulhane Faculty ve Nigella sativa tıbbi bitkilerinin ve bunların piyasadaki çaylarının uçucu yağlarının ve metanol of Medicine, Department of ekstrelerinin GK/KS analizleri yüksek hassasiyetle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tespit edilen kimyasal bi- Medical Pharmacology, Etlik, Ankara, Turkey E-mail: [email protected] leşenler tablolarda ayrıntılı olarak belirtilmiştir. Tartışma ve Sonuç: Çalışmamızda tanımlanan bileşenlerin olası farmakolojik etkileri literatür ORCID ışığında yorumlanmıştır. Bulgularımız, gelecekte anne sütünü artırmak ya da başka tıbbi amaç- Fidan P. Ozdogan: 0000-0001-6388-0584 K. Gokhan Ulusoy: 0000-0003-1786-2945 lar için kullanılabilecek bu bitki ve bitkisel çayların aktif farmakolojik bileşenleri üzerine yapılacak S. Oktay Arslan: 0000-0001-9328-9373 araştırmalar için yol gösterici niteliktedir. Enis Macit: 0000- 0001-7526-0462 S. Aysenur Cam: 0000-0003-3326-8487 Anahtar Sözcükler: anne sütünü artırıcı çaylar; Foeniculum vulgare; Nigella sativa; Pimpinella Fatma Uysal: 0000-0002-3975-928X anisum; Trigonella foenum graceum; Urtica dioica M. Fatih Dogan: 0000-0003-4628-2771 10138 Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, Mayıs 2019; Cilt 24, Sayı 2 Ozdogan et al. A Pharmacological Analysis of Herbal Teas INTRODUCTION In development and standardization of these prod- Breast milk has a direct effect on healthy growth and ucts, phytochemical compositions, pharmacodynamic development, especially in newborns. Today, the and pharmacokinetic studies, high-performance liq- World Health Organization recommends that babies uid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography should be fed exclusively with breast milk for the first (GC), and mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS, GC/MS/ six months after birth without any complementary MS) can be performed by analytical methods. Produc- food. The maternal feeding behavior can have a sig- tion of herbal galactagogues should be based on well- nificant impact on breastfeeding and milk production. designed clinical studies of efficacy and safety. Turky- Recently, some milk production-enhancing herbs and ilmaz et al. (4) suggested that herbal galactagogue ef- their tea forms have been presented for consumption fects might be phytoestrogen-mediated and that some by breastfeeding mothers. molecules may have 17p-estradiol-like effects. Galactagogues are synthetic or herbal molecules In this study, we aimed to identify by using the used to promote, sustain, and enhance milk produc- GC/MS method the chemical components of differ- tion that mediates complex processes involving in- ent medicinal herbs and “milk-boosting” teas on the teraction between physical and physiological factors. market that include fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), an- The most important regulator of milk production is ise (Pimpinella anisum), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum the prolactin (PRL) hormone. Somatotropin, cortisol, graceum), nettle seed (Urtica dioica), and black seed insulin, leptin, estrogen, progesterone and medroxy- (Nigella sativa). progesterone, oxytocin, recombinant bovine somato- tropin (rBST), and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) are other important galactagogues (1). MATERIALS AND METHODS The use of herbal medicinal products as nutraceuti- Plant materials cals and phytopharmaceuticals is becoming widespread Different types of medical plants thought to have a all around the world. However, it is important to have a breast milk-enhancing effect and different types of basic knowledge about the chemical composition of these herbal teas containing fennel, anise, nettle, fenugreek, products and their galactagogue mechanisms. It is also and black seed were obtained from a local plant mar- essential to establish good agricultural, laboratory and ket. Drying process is an important step in herbal tea manufacturing practices and high standards of quality production. There is no standard method for drying control in order to ensure effectiveness and safety. and various types of ovens can be used for this proce- There are commercially available herbal tea mix- dure. However, it is known that amounts of the com- tures that contain stinging nettle and other herbs such pounds in the herbal teas may vary according to the as melissa, caraway, anise, fennel, goat’s rue, lemon drying temperature and method as well. grass, etc. A recent study has shown that herbal ga- Extraction procedures lactagogue use can increase breast milk in mothers Plant tissue preparation: Plant tissue homog- of preterm infants without any adverse effect on the enization was performed by Lavion (Istanbul, Turkey) mother and infant (2). Also, use of fenugreek seed tea medium crasher at 25000 rpm for 5 minutes. Samples appears to improve breast milk sufficiency in mothers were ground into fine pieces up to 0.5 mm in the mill. of female infants aged 0–4 months (3). 200 ml methanol was added to 20 g of samples and In order to increase milk production in women shaken gently with a magnetic stirrer for 1 hour. Then with breast hypoplasia, some studies of effectiveness the extract was filtered through a 0.5-µm Seitz filter. have been performed with herbal galactagogues. How- Evaporation was performed at 48°C with a rotary ever, the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics evaporator in methanol. After the procedure, 10 ml of the active ingredients found in these herbs are not methanol was added to the residue and transferred to well-defined yet. The mechanisms of action, activity 10-ml tubes. These samples were stored at 4°C for fur- intervals, chemical structures, and possible side effects ther GC/MS analyses. need to be determined. Anatolian Clinic Journal of Medical Sciences, May 2019; Volume 24, Issue 2 39102 Anadolu Klin / Anatol Clin Essential oil extraction: Twenty g of the essential- chemical components seen in the chromatograms oil plants were weighted and ground into 0.5 mm fine were numbered and listed in the tables according to pieces by Lavion (HC-500, Istanbul, Turkey) medium retention time (RT). The percentage of each chemical crasher at 25000 rpm for 3 minutes. 250 ml distilled structure was also given. However, some peaks may water was added to the medium and distillation was not reflect the correct chemical designations in the performed by Clevenger apparatus for 3 hours. The GC/MS device library. obtained oil was measured and transferred into glass tubes. These samples were stored at 4°C for further GC/MS analyses. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION GC/MS conditions: Analysis of the extracts was The galactogenic, lactogenic, and estrogenic effects of performed by using a GC/MS (Agilent 7990B-5977A medicinal herbs have long been known. The tradition- MS detector; California, USA) equipped with a capil- al use of medicinal plants and teas for milk-increasing lary HP 5MS UI 30 m x 0.25 mm x 0.25 µm column purposes dates back many years. Although experimen- (Agilent 19091S-433UI; California, USA) in the elec- tal and clinical studies have focused on these tradition- tron impact (EI) mode. Samples were injected 1µl in al uses, studies
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