Novel Method of Probe Design for Characterising Unclassified Microbial Taxa in Wastewater
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Novel method of probe design for characterising unclassified microbial taxa in wastewater TAN SHI MING Interdisciplinary Graduate School The Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE) 2017 Novel method of probe design for characterising unclassified microbial taxa in wastewater TAN SHI MING Interdisciplinary Graduate School The Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE) A thesis submitted to the Nanyang Technological University in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2017 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I will like to express my gratitude towards my supervisor, Professor Yehuda Cohen for providing me with the academic freedom to pursue my PhD candidature in SCELSE. I thank him for the countless opportunities he has provided, the financial stability for the projects that I have pursued and his strong resolve in moulding me into an independent researcher. Secondly, I will like to express my thanks to Dr Paul William, Mr Teo Guo Hui and Mr Ryan Lim for their tremendous help with the flow cytometry work. The flow cytometry work would not have gone smoothly without their invaluable expertise and advice. Prof Federico Lauro had proposed the use of FISH-FACS tool for the enrichment of the unclassified bacteria and I appreciate his input. The sequencing team in SCELSE has helped with the sequencing aspect of my thesis. Special thanks go to Dr Daniela Moses whom I have consulted on the type of sequencing platform to use and Mr Alexander Putra who has efficiently handled my samples for sequencing. Mr Larry Liew was instrumental in obtaining sludge samples from Ulu Pandan Water Reclamation Plant, and I will like to thank him for his time and effort. Dr Xie Chao was the author of the RiboTagger software and he suggested the design of FISH probes from RiboTags. Mr Wesley Goi rendered advice in the updating of the SILVA database in the RiboTagger software. Dr Xiang Hui Liu was instrumental in attempting genomic binning using other software that was not covered in this thesis. Recovery of draft genomes from enriched samples was influenced through discussions with Dr Rohan Williams. My sincerest appreciation goes towards Dr Muhammud Hafiz, Dr Martin Tay, Dr Rasmus Kirkegaard and Miss Krithika Arumugam for their kind patience in imparting basic bioinformatics knowledge to me. The thesis would not have been a success without the acquisition of these essential skills. i I will like to show my appreciation to Dr Nguyen Quoc Mai Phuong, Mr Muhamma d Jasrie, Dr Maria Yung, Dr Lim Chun Ping and Prof Cao Bin for their invaluable advice and feedback on my thesis. Heartfelt thanks to my friends in SCELSE: Syed Munir, Chan Siew Herng, Rosalie Chai, Choo Pei Yi, Adelicia Li, Wong Jun Jie, Kelvin Chong and many more for creating a fun-filled environment to do my PhD in. The wonderful friendships forged have helped me through the tough times. I am extremely grateful to the Environmental and Water Industry (EWI) and SCELSE for their generous scholarship and financial support during my PhD journey. Finally, I will like to extend my utmost gratitude towards my family members: Dad, Mum and sister for their emotional support and pampering. Thank you for putting me through the wonder education system in Singapore. Last but not least, a big thank you to my wonderful girlfriend, Julianna Ng for her unwavering faith in my abilities. Your constant encouragements have spurred me in every little way possible. ii Publications 1.) Shi Ming Tan, Maria Yung, Chao Xie, Paul Hutchinson, Guo Hui Teo, Muhammad Hafiz Ismail, Martin Tay Qi Xiang, Rohan Williams, Yehuda Cohen. Design of next generation FISH probes from omics dataset for targeted visualisation and enrichment of environmental samples. Manuscript in preparation. 2.) Shi Ming Tan, Maria Yung, Chao Xie, Paul Hutchinson, Guo Hui Teo, Rohan Williams, Yehuda Cohen. Genome analysis of an unclassified and rare bacterial taxon in activated sludge recovered with next generation FISH probes. Manuscript in preparation. 3.) Shi Ming Tan, Chao Xie, Paul Hutchinson, Guo Hui Teo, Yehuda Cohen. Deciphering different spatial structures of Haliangium species in activated sludge with FISH and cell sorting. Manuscript in preparation. iii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................ i Publications ...................................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................. iv List of Figures .................................................................................................................................... x List of Tables................................................................................................................................... xvi List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................... xviii Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... xx Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research gap .................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Aims and scopes ............................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 2 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 7 2.1 Activated sludge process for biological wastewater treatment ...................................... 7 2.2 Unclassified microbial taxa present in floccular sludge community drives biological wastewater treatment under tropical conditions ..................................................................... 10 2.3 Approaches to identification and classification of prokaryotes .................................... 15 2.3.1 Culture-dependent approach................................................................................. 15 2.3.2 Culture-independent approach.............................................................................. 16 2.3.3 Methods of FISH probe design ............................................................................... 24 2.3.4 Methods for enrichment of target bacterial taxa .................................................. 29 Chapter 3 Novel method of probe design driven by next generation sequencing reads ........... 35 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 35 iv 3.2 Materials and methods .................................................................................................. 37 3.2.1 Sample preparation ................................................................................................ 38 3.2.2 Sample fixation ....................................................................................................... 39 3.2.3 Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) ............................................................... 39 3.2.3.1 Evaluation of the in silico specificity and coverage of probes ........................... 42 3.2.4 Probe dissociation curve ........................................................................................ 43 3.2.5 Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene ......................................................................... 44 3.2.6 Visualisation of probe accessibility site of the16S rRNA gene ............................... 45 3.2.7 Co-localisation analyses ......................................................................................... 45 3.3 Results ............................................................................................................................ 46 3.3.1 Evaluation of the in silico specificity and coverage of FISH probes ....................... 46 3.3.2 In silico accessibility of 16S rRNA to RiboProbe ..................................................... 48 In situ validation of RiboProbe ............................................................................................... 49 3.3.3 Determining probe stringency of RiboProbe ......................................................... 51 3.3.4 Hybridisation of RiboProbe with activated sludge ................................................. 52 3.3.5 Co-localisation assays ............................................................................................. 54 3.3.6 Applications of RiboProbe ...................................................................................... 57 3.4 Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 61 3.4.1 Design of RiboProbe ............................................................................................... 61 3.4.2 Validation of RiboProbe ......................................................................................... 62 3.4.3 Evaluation of RiboProbe ........................................................................................