Capitulo Tercero La Ausencia Frente a La Presencia En El

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Capitulo Tercero La Ausencia Frente a La Presencia En El Hombres de fe, hombres políticos. El Concilio de Éfeso (431) y sus participantes, Antig. crist. (Murcia) XVIII, 2001, págs. 59-149 CAPITULO TERCERO LA AUSENCIA FRENTE A LA PRESENCIA EN EL CONCILIO DE ÉFESO. RECONSTRUCCIÓN DE LA GEOGRAFÍA CONCILIAR I. GÉNESIS DE LA JERARQUÍA ECLESIÁSTICA Veinte aflos antes de que tuviera lugar el concilio de Calcedonia 451, muestran ya las listas episcopales del concilio de Éfeso 431 la división jerárquica eclesiástico-geográfica en patriarca• dos, exarcados', metrópolis y sufragáneos, que «De iure» se impusiera en Calcedonia. La iglesia había ido legalizando, a través de decretos conciliares, estructuras de su propia jerarquía que, aunque no con fuerza de ley, ya existían en el seno de la vida de la iglesia. Los concilios de Nicea 325, Constantinopla 381 y Calcedonia 451 constituyeron, pues, la base jurídica en la que se fundamentó el desarrollo e institucionalización de esa jerarquía. Desde Nicea 325 los arzobispos de Alejandría ejercían autoridad sobre Egipto, Libia y Pentápolis^. Los cánones de los concilios habidos desde Nicea 325 hasta Calcedonia 45 P observaban la superioridad de los arzobispos de Antioquía sobre la diócesis de Oriente, sin que, como en el caso de Alejandría en Nicea, quedaran especificados, de forma exacta, las demarca• ciones sometidas a su jurisdicción". De la interpretación que los obispos de Jerusalén hicieran del canon VII de Nicea 325'', en detrimento de los derechos jurisdiccionales de su metropolitano 1 Sobre la utilización de la palabra exarcado aplicada a la terminología geográfico-eclesiástica: ver Chrysos, 151-158. 2 De la provincia Egipto se fundó en el 341, la de Augustamnica: DAVID, DHGE 5, 415. Sobre Tebaida: KEES, REW \, 1579-1580. 3 Canon VI de Nicea 325. Canon II de Constantinopla 381. Cánones de Calcedonia 451 (HEFELE-LECLER- CQ, XI, 767-828). 4 DAGRON, 416. 481. 5 El VII canon de Nicea otorgaba al obispo de Jerusalén un rango honorífico. 59 de Cesarea, da fe el hecho de que los obispos de Jerusalén consagraran obispos y presidieran sínodos''. Finalmente, la ambición de Juvenal de Jerusalén, que transgredió no solamente los derechos de su metropolitano sino también los del propio arzobispo de Antioquía, se cristalizó en Calcedonia 451 en la fundación del patriarcado de Jerusalén, a coste de ganar las tres Palestinas a la jurisdicción de la diócesis de Oriente. Tampoco los obispos de Constantinopla permanecieron inactivos. Desde que por el concilio de Constantinopla 381^ se les concediera, a través del III canon, un rango honorífico de primacía tras Roma, los obispos de Constantinopla, sobre todo a partir de Juan Crisòstomo", se mezclaron en los asuntos internos de la iglesia dentro y fuera de las fronteras que configurarían el futuro patriarcado de Constantinopla. Lo que sólo debía tener carácter honorífico pasó a adquirir connotaciones prácticas, de forma que Constan• tinopla, un simple obispado, en su origen dependiente de Heraclea, metrópolis de la provincia Europa y cabeza de la diócesis de Tracia, se convirtió en Calcedonia 451 en silla patriarcal y, en virtud del canon XXVIII, se le renovaron los derechos honoríficos de primacía, como segunda Roma''. Ratificando y ampliando el contenido legal de los cánones V y VI de Nicea 325 por los cuales había quedado dispuesto que las demarcaciones eclesiásticas debían corresponder a la división provincial estatal, se adoptó, en el concilio de Constantinopla 381, en virtud a su canon II, la organización en las 5 diócesis de la administración civil, correspondientes a la parte oriental del Imperio, para las circunscripciones eclesiásticas'"; el mapa de la geografía eclesiás• tica reflejaba, pues, la distribución territorial civil: las cinco diócesis de Oriente, Alejandría, Oriente, Ponto, Asia y Tracia, cada una de las cuales se dividía a su vez en las provincias correspondientes. Los cánones IX y XVII de Calcedonia 451 mencionan por primera vez la figura jurídica del exarca como cabeza de las divisiones diocesanas". Tenemos intención de presentar a continuación una lista de los participantes en el concilio de Éfeso 431 en relación a la suma total de obispados componentes de la realidad geográfico- eclesiática, cuya existencia, adecuada al momento cronológico de dicho concilio, nos haya sido posible demostrar. No nos detendremos a analizar la gran ausencia del Occidente. Aparte de que ya las invasiones bárbaras y las de los hunos azotaban la zona occidental del Imperio, lo que frenaba el desarrollo de la organización territorial eclesiástica, la asistencia de Occidente a los concilios celebrados en el, para ellos, lejano Oriente fue siempre muy precaria, reducida a la representación romana, al Ilírico, mientras este fuera bastión occidental, y a algún representante más. La «sacra» imperial de invitación al concilio de Éfeso nos pone, de nuevo, en contacto con este hecho: el emperador había enviado una invitación para cada metropolitano, de los obispos occidentales se nombra tan sólo a Celestino, a Agustín, y a los obispos ilíricos. Sabemos que estas «sacras» reflejaban la información guardada en los archivos de la cancillería imperial. En consecuencia, si el Occidente se hubiera hecho representar de forma más exhaustiva en estos primeros concilios, qué duda cabe, que el número de obispos citados en la «sacra» habría sido más elevado. Otro testimonio que refrenda lo dicho lo encontramos en la celebración del doble 6 HONIGMANN.DOP 5, 215-216. 7 EN6L1N, 35. 8 DAGRON, 465. 9 DAGRON, 473-487. 10 EN8L1N, 35. 11 DAGRON. 476. 60 concilio de Rímini/Sirmio. Ello nos conduce, según hemos indicado, a prescindir de una reconstrucción del ausente Occidente eclesiástico. No así del Ilírico, feudo papal en el Oriente, cuya organización y participación en los concilios celebrados en Oriente queda ampliamente documentada. Por la proximidad cronológica, aunque especificando en el caso la fecha de su constatación como obispados, hemos introducido también en el recuento los obispados datables desde el conciliábulo de Éfeso 449, el concilio de Calcedonia 451 o la encuesta del emperador León I en el 458. Como sea que, según hemos visto, el desarrollo de las instituciones eclesiásticas permite hablar, ya antes de Calcedonia 451, de los cinco patriarcados, hemos distribuido el capítulo en 6 apartados, correspondientes a los 4 patriarcados orientales, al occidental, en el que incluimos la representación romana y de Cartago, y el Ilírico. Tras una pequeña introducción referente a la organización de cada patriarcado, pasamos a detallar en tablas los componentes de las diócesis y provincias, o provincias solamente, dependiendo del caso, esto es metrópolis y obispados sufragáneos sujetos a sus respectivos cuadros geográfico-administrativos. Las tablas quedan divididas en tres columnas, que responden a las demarcaciones geográfi• cas, lista nominal de los participantes en Éfeso 431 y lista nominal, en tanto que nos hubiere sido posible rastrear el nombre del obispo, de los ausentes en el concilio. Hemos ordenado la secuencia de patriarcas y arzobispados en atención a un orden jerárqui• co'-, mientras que la de metrópolis y obispados sufragáneos siguiendo un orden geográfico, el que nos proporcionan las listas civiles de Hierocles y Georgio Ciprio, así como las tablas confeccionadas por A. H. M. Jones'l Algunos obispados que no aparecen mencionados en las listas civiles, cuya existencia sin embargo queda refrendada por otras fuentes, se incluyen al final de la lista. II. RECONSTRUCCIÓN DE LA GEOGRAFÍA CONCILIAR A) Roma y los representantes occidentales LOS OCCIDENTALES NO PRESENTES ÉFESO 431 Roma Celestino Repr. Legados romanos: Obispos: Arcadio Proyecto. Presbítero Felipe. Cartago Capreolo. Capreolo repr. por Bessula, diácono. 12 En tanto que las listas del concilio de Éfeso nos permiten utilizar la división y orden de patriarcados, dispondremos las jurisdicciones patriarcales en relación al orden jerárquico establecido. Las listas de Éfeso también nos permiten introducir siguiendo dicho orden jerárquico los arzobispados. Sobre la jerarquía en la iglesia ver cap.IV. 13 JONES, 525-552. 61 B) El Patriarcado de Constantinopla Desde el concilio de Constantinopla 381 el ámbito territorial correspondiente a la jurisdic• ción del futuro patriarcado constantinopolitano había quedado dividido en las tres conocidas diócesis de Ponto, Asia y Tracia. En el periodo que ocupan los dos decenios que van desde Éfeso 431 hasta Calcedonia 451 la diócesis póntica se repartía en las provincias: Capadocia I, Galacia, Galacia Salutarla, Bitinia, Honoria, Paflagonia, Helenoponto, Ponto Polemoniaco, Armenia I, Capadocia II y Armenia II. La diócesis de Asia contaba, por su parte, con las provincias de Asia, Helesponto Lidia, Caria, Frigia Pacatiana, Frigia Salutarla, Licia, Licaonia, Pisidia, Pamfilia II, Pamfilia I e Islas. Por último, la diócesis de Tracia se distribuía en las provincias de: Europa, Tracia, Haemi- montos, Rodope, Misia, y Escitia. Especial atención merece la provincia de Pamfilia, en la diócesis de Asia. Esta provincia que, políticamente'\ nunca fue dividida, aparece introducida en la Noticia I como Pamfilia I y Pamfilia II. La división, que como hemos visto, no pudo haberse dado más que a niveles puramente eclesiásticos, tuvo que haber tenido lugar poco antes del concilio de Éfeso 431, como se desprende de una carta, fechada en el 426 y dirigida por Ático de Constantinopla a Bereniano de Perge, Amfiloquio de Side y al resto de obispos de la Provincia de Pamfilia"'. Las listas conciliares de Éfeso 431 testimonian la existencia de Side y de Perge como metrópolis eclesiás• ticas con sufragáneos. La tercera división de la Frigia testimoniada por Teodoreto para el sínodo de Sárdica (347), aparece constatada también por la «sacra» llevada al concilio de Éfeso por el conde Juan en agosto del 431 y por las listas del concilio". PATRIARCADO DE CONSTANTINOPLA NO PRESENTES EFESO 431 Constantinopla"^ - Nestorio Diócesis del Ponto Provincia Capadocia I Cesarea" - Firmo Nisa-" Heraclidas-' - Diócesis de Asia Provincia de Asia 14 Sobre divisiones provinciales: GERLAND; 36-48, RUGE. RE XVIII, 354-377; BELKE, TIB 4, 54-55; HILD, TIB 2, 112-113; TOURNEBIZE, DHGE A, 298; BELKE TIB 7, 77.
Recommended publications
  • The Persecution of Christians in the First Century
    JETS 61.3 (2018): 525–47 THE PERSECUTION OF CHRISTIANS IN THE FIRST CENTURY ECKHARD J. SCHNABEL* Abstract: The Book of Acts, Paul’s letters, 1 Peter, Hebrews, and Revelation attest to nu- merous incidents of persecution, which are attested for most provinces of the Roman empire, triggered by a wide variety of causes and connected with a wide variety of charges against the fol- lowers of Jesus. This essay surveys the twenty-seven specific incidents of and general references to persecution of Christians in the NT, with a focus on geographical, chronological, and legal matters. Key words: persecution, mission, hostility, opposition, Jerusalem, Rome, Peter, Paul, Acts, Hebrews, Revelation This essay seeks to survey the evidence in the NT for instances of the perse- cution of Jesus’ earliest followers in their historical and chronological contexts without attempting to provide a comprehensive analysis of each incident. The Greek term diōgmos that several NT authors use, usually translated as “persecu- tion,”1 is defined as “a program or process designed to harass and oppress some- one.”2 The term “persecution” is used here to describe the aggressive harassment and deliberate ill-treatment of the followers of Jesus, ranging from verbal abuse, denunciation before local magistrates, initiating court proceedings to beatings, flog- ging, banishment from a city, execution, and lynch killings. I. PERSECUTION IN JUDEA, SYRIA, AND NABATEA (AD 30–38/40) 1. Persecution in Jerusalem, Judea (I). Priests in Jerusalem, the captain of the tem- ple, and Sadducees arrested the apostles Peter and John who spoke to a crowd of * Eckhard J.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ornamental Trees of South Dakota N.E
    South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange South Dakota State University Agricultural Bulletins Experiment Station 4-1-1931 The Ornamental Trees of South Dakota N.E. Hansen Follow this and additional works at: http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/agexperimentsta_bulletins Recommended Citation Hansen, N.E., "The Ornamental Trees of South Dakota" (1931). Bulletins. Paper 260. http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/agexperimentsta_bulletins/260 This Bulletin is brought to you for free and open access by the South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station at Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bulletins by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Bulletin 260 April, 1931 The Ornamental Trees of South Dakota Figure I-The May Day Tree. Horticulture Department Agricultural Experiment Station South Dakota State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts Brookings, S. Dak. The Ornamental Trees of South Dakota N. E. Hansen This bulletin describes the deciduous trees. By deciduous trees is meant those that shed their leaves in winter. The evergreens of South Dakota are described in bulletin 254, October 1930. A bulletin on "The Ornamental Shrubs of South Dakota" is ready for early publication. The following list should be studied in connection with the trees described in South Dakota bulletin 246, "'The Shade, Windbreak and Timber Trees of South Dakota," 48 pages, March 1930. All the trees in both bulletins have ornamental value in greater or less degree.
    [Show full text]
  • The Worship of Augustus Caesar
    J THE WORSHIP OF AUGUSTUS C^SAR DERIVED FROM A STUDY OF COINS, MONUMENTS, CALENDARS, ^RAS AND ASTRONOMICAL AND ASTROLOGICAL CYCLES, THE WHOLE ESTABLISHING A NEW CHRONOLOGY AND SURVEY OF HISTORY AND RELIGION BY ALEXANDER DEL MAR \ NEW YORK PUBLISHED BY THE CAMBRIDGE ENCYCLOPEDIA CO. 62 Reade Street 1900 (All rights reserrecf) \ \ \ COPYRIGHT BY ALEX. DEL MAR 1899. THE WORSHIP OF AUGUSTUS CAESAR. CHAPTERS. PAGE. Prologue, Preface, ........ Vll. Bibliography, ....... xi. I. —The Cycle of the Eclipses, I — II. The Ancient Year of Ten Months, . 6 III. —The Ludi S^eculares and Olympiads, 17 IV. —Astrology of the Divine Year, 39 V. —The Jovian Cycle and Worship, 43 VI. —Various Years of the Incarnation, 51 VII.—^RAS, 62 — VIII. Cycles, ...... 237 IX. —Chronological Problems and Solutions, 281 X. —Manetho's False Chronology, 287 — XI. Forgeries in Stone, .... 295 — XII. The Roman Messiah, .... 302 Index, ........ 335 Corrigenda, ....... 347 PROLOGUE. THE ABYSS OF MISERY AND DEPRAVITY FROM WHICH CHRISTIANITY REDEEMED THE ROMAN EMPIRE CAN NEVER BE FULLY UNDERSTOOD WITHOUT A KNOWLEDGE OF THE IMPIOUS WoA^P OF EM- PERORS TO WHICH EUROPE ONCE BOWED ITS CREDULOUS AND TERRIFIED HEAD. WHEN THIS OMITTED CHAPTER IS RESTORED TO THE HISTORY OF ROME, CHRISTIANITY WILL SPRING A LIFE FOR INTO NEW AND MORE VIGOROUS ; THEN ONLY WILL IT BE PERCEIVED HOW DEEP AND INERADICABLY ITS ROOTS ARE PLANTED, HOW LOFTY ARE ITS BRANCHES AND HOW DEATH- LESS ARE ITS AIMS. PREFACE. collection of data contained in this work was originally in- " THEtended as a guide to the author's studies of Monetary Sys- tems." It was therefore undertaken with the sole object of estab- lishing with precision the dates of ancient history.
    [Show full text]
  • An Atlas of Antient [I.E. Ancient] Geography
    'V»V\ 'X/'N^X^fX -V JV^V-V JV or A?/rfn!JyJ &EO&!AElcr K T \ ^JSlS LIBRARY OF WELLES LEY COLLEGE PRESENTED BY Ruth Campbell '27 V Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Boston Library Consortium Member Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/atlasofantientieOObutl AN ATLAS OP ANTIENT GEOGRAPHY BY SAMUEL BUTLER, D.D. AUTHOR OF MODERN AND ANTJENT GEOGRAPHY FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS. STEREOTYPED BY J. HOWE. PHILADELPHIA: BLANQHARD AND LEA. 1851. G- PREFATORY NOTE INDEX OF DR. BUTLER'S ANTIENT ATLAS. It is to be observed in this Index, which is made for the sake of complete and easy refer- ence to the Maps, that the Latitude and Longitude of Rivers, and names of Countries, are given from the points where their names happen to be written in the Map, and not from any- remarkable point, such as their source or embouchure. The same River, Mountain, or City &c, occurs in different Maps, but is only mentioned once in the Index, except very large Rivers, the names of which are sometimes repeated in the Maps of the different countries to which they belong. The quantity of the places mentioned has been ascertained, as far as was in the Author's power, with great labor, by reference to the actual authorities, either Greek prose writers, (who often, by the help of a long vowel, a diphthong, or even an accent, afford a clue to this,) or to the Greek and Latin poets, without at all trusting to the attempts at marking the quantity in more recent works, experience having shown that they are extremely erroneous.
    [Show full text]
  • On September 15, 2006, Joseph Postman (Plant Pathologist & Pome
    Trip Report: Expedition to Georgia and Armenia to Collect Temperate Fruit and Nut Genetic Resources 15 September – 20 October 2006 Joseph Postman USDA, ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository 33447 Peoria Road Corvallis, Oregon 97333 Ed Stover USDA-ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository One Shield Avenue, University of California Davis, California 95616 Cooperators: Marina Mosulishvili Georgia Academy of Sciences Institute of Botany, Kojori Road 1 0107 Tbilisi, Georgia Anush Nersesyan National Academy of Sciences of Armenia Institute of Botany Avan 63, Yerevan 375063 Armenia Table of Contents Expedition Summary .........................................................................................................................2 Map of Sample Collection Sites.........................................................................................................3 Georgia Contacts:...............................................................................................................................3 Armenia Contacts: .............................................................................................................................4 Itinerary and Collection Activities - Georgia ..................................................................................7 Itinerary and Collection Activities - Armenia ...............................................................................12 Appendix 1a – Material Transfer Agreement between Armenia and United States.................20 Appendix 1b – Material Transfer Agreement
    [Show full text]
  • Soppognyttevekster.No › Agarica-1998-Nr-24-25 T
    -f 't),.. ~I:WI~TAD t'J'JfORHHMG l "International Mycological Directory" second edition 1990 av G.S.Hall & D.L.Hawkworth finner vi følgende om Fredrikstad Soppforening: MYCOWGICAL SOCIETY OF FREDRIKSTAD Status: Local Organisalion type: Amateur Society &ope: Specialist Conlact: Roy Kristiansen Addn!SS: Fredrikstad Soppforening, P.O. Box 167, N-1601 Fredrikstad, Norway. lnlen!sts: Edible fungi, macromycetes. Portrail: Frederikstad Soppforening was founded in 1973 and isopen to anyone interested in fungi. Its ai ms are to educate the public about edible and poisonous fungi and to improve knowledge of the regional non­ edible fungi. There are currently 130 subscribing members, represented by a biennially serving Board, consisting of a President, Vice-President, Treasurer, Secretary and three Members, who meet six to seven times per year. On average there are six membership meetings (usually two in the spring and four in the autumn) mainly devot ed to edible fungi, with lectures from Society members and occasionally from professionals. Five to six field trips are held in the season (including one in May), when an identification service for the general public is offered by authorized members who are trained in a University-based course. New species are deposited in the Herbaria at Oslo and Trondheim Universities. The Society offers to guide professionals and amateurs from other pans of Norway, and from other countries, through the region in search of special biotypes or races. MHtings: Occasional symposia are arranged on specific topics (eg Coninarius and Russula) by Society and outside specialists which attract panicipation from other Scandinavian countries. Publication: Journal: Agarica (ca 200 pages, two issues per year) is mainly dedicated to macrornycetes and accepts anicles written in Nordic languages, English, French or German.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf Článku "Additamenta Ad Floram Reipublicae Bohemicae. VIII."
    Zprávy Èes. Bot. Spoleè., Praha, 44: 185–319, 2009 185 AdditamentaadfloramReipublicaeBohemicae.VIII. AdditionstothefloraoftheCzechRepublic.VIII. JiøíHadinec 1) &PavelLustyk 2) [eds] 1)HerbáøovésbírkyUniverzityKarlovy,Benátská2,CZ-12801Praha2; e-mail: [email protected] 2) MoravskýLaènov287,CZ-56802Svitavy;e-mail: [email protected] Abstract This eighth part of floristic contributions includes newly published data of critically endangered species and data unpublished so far. Data of alien species found in the Czech Republic for the first time (Acanthus hungaricus, Allium cristophii, A. stipitatum, A. roseum, Amelanchier lamarckii, A. spicata, Amsinckia ly- copsoides, Campanula lactiflora, Dittrichia graveolens, Euphorbia agraria, Ferulago confusa, Gilia achilleifolia, Hordeum brevisubulatum, Legousia pentagonia, Malus fusca, and Stachys setifera) are sum- marised. The species Carex derelicta, Rubus silvae-norticae, Sorbus albensis, S. milensis, and S. por- tae-bohemicae, described from the Czech Republic as new to science in 2008 and 2009, are also listed below. Furthermore, critically endangered species (according to the Black and Red List of Vascular Plants of the Czech Republic) are reported from new sites (e.g. Aira caryophyllea, Asplenium adiantum-nigrum, Botrychium matricariifolium, Carex alba, C. dioica, Centaurea stenolepis, Eleocharis quinqueflora, Epi- pogium aphyllum, Gentianella amarella subsp. amarella, Geranium divaricatum, Gymnadenia densiflora, Hackelia deflexa, Ophrys apifera, Orobanche picridis, O. purpurea subsp. bohemica, Polycnemum arven- se, Pyrola media, Thalictrum simplex subsp. galioides, and Thesium ebracteatum). Finally, less rare and threatenedspeciesarementionedfromareaswheretheyhadnotbeenrecordedyet. Keywords:floristics,newfinds,theCzechRepublic Nomenklatura:Moravecetal.(1995),Kubátetal.(2002),Kuèera&Váòa(2005),Chytrý(2007) Úvod Pøed osmi roky vzniklá Additamenta se setkala záhy po svém zrodu s velmi pøíznivým pøijetím našich floristù i botanických profesionálù a postupnì se stala jejich vyuívaným publikaèním fórem.
    [Show full text]
  • Flora of the Colosseum of Rome, Or, Illustrations and Descriptions of Four
    Presented to the UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY by the ONTARIO LEGISLATIVE LIBRARY 1980 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from University of Toronto https://archive.org/details/floraofcolosseumOOdeak : FLORA OF THE COLOSSEUM OF ROME OR, ILLUSTRATIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR HUNDRED AND TWENTY PLANTS GROWING SPONTANEOUSLY UPON THE RUINS OF THE COLOSSEUM OF ROME. BY RICHARD DEAKffl, M.D. AUTHOR OF THE FLORIGRAPHIA BRITANNICI,” “BRITISH FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES,’ “METEOROLOGICAL CHART OF ROME,” ETC. ETC. LONDON GROOMBRIDGE AND SONS, 1855. LONDON : PRINTED BY J. WERTHEIMER AND C'O., CIRCUS PLACE, FINSBURY CIRCUS. PREFACE. The Colosseum is the most remarkable, the grandest, and most imposing of all the vast ruins of Ancient Rome. It was built, according to Suetonius (Nero 31), on the spot which was previously occupied by the lake or large pond attached to Nero’s palace, and is situated near to the remains of the Baths of Titus, which appear to be built on a part of the foundations of the palace of Nero, on the Esquiline the Hill ; opposite to it on the north-west side was temple of Yenus and Rome, and it communicated with the Palace of the Csesars, on the Palatine Hill, by a subterranean passage. Formerly the Colosseum was known by the name of the Flavian Amphitheatre, in memory of Flavius Ves- pasian, who commenced it a.d. 72. It is said to have been only four years in building, and to have been completed by his son Titus. They erected it as a triumphal commemoration of their successes in the Jewish wars, as well as the Triumphal Arch of Titus, which stands across the Via Sacra, near to the Colos- seum, and is, perhaps, the most interesting of all the triumphal arches in Rome, as its bas-reliefs not only IV PREFACE.
    [Show full text]
  • Kerria, Spiraea, Sorbaria, Pyracantha, Photi- Nia, Exochorda
    IAWA Bulletin n.s. , Vol. 13 (1),1992: 21-91 WOOD ANATOMY OF TREES AND SHRUBS FROM CIDNA. m. ROSACEAEI by Shu-Ym Zhang and Pieter Baas Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden , The Nether1ands Summary The wood anatomy of 162 species from lus, Armeniaca, Prunus S.str., Eriobotrya, China, belonging to 30 genera of the Rosa­ and Chaenomeles), as ornamentals (Rosa , ceae is described. The structural diversity Kerria, Spiraea, Sorbaria, Pyracantha, Photi­ is documented in a survey of characters, a nia, Exochorda, Docynia, and Chaenomeles), family description, generic descriptions and and as a source of valuable timber (Cotone­ tables. A key to the genera or groups of gen­ aster, Raphiolepis, and Pygeum). Fifty-four era is presented. A number of genera is de­ genera, about half of the total number ofgen­ scribed wood anatomically for the first time. era in the farnily, occur in China. In the pres­ Vestured pits noted in some Spiraea species ent study, thirty woody genera (see Table 1), are newly recorded for the farnily. The phe­ covering most of the woody ones, were sur­ nomenon of fibre dimorphism in Spiraea is veyed. A few small genera could not be in­ analysed in detail. cluded in the study because no wood sampies The systematic implications of the wood could be obtained. The classification of the anatomical diversity summarised in Tables family is subject to continued debate. For 22-24 are discussed at and below the sub­ practical reasons, we follow the systematic farnily level. The Spiraeoideae and Rosoideae arrangement and delimitation of subfamilies resemble each other very closely, but Exo­ and genera (see Table 1), and the nomencla­ chorda, and to a lesser extent Sorbaria, are ture as given in Flora Reipublicae Popularis aberrant within this group.
    [Show full text]
  • Show Activity
    A Piscicide *Unless otherwise noted all references are to Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press. Plant # Chemicals Total PPM Acacia farnesiana Opopanax; Sweet Acacia; Cassie; Popinac; Huisache 1 Achyranthes bidentata Chaff Flower 1 Achyranthes aspera Chaff Flower 1 Agastache rugosa 2 Agave sisalana Hemp Plant; Sisal Agave; Mescal; Sisal; Sisal Hemp 1 Agave americana Century Plant; Maguey 1 10000.0 Ageratum conyzoides Mexican ageratum 1 Agrimonia eupatoria Sticklewort; Agrimony 1 12000.0 Akebia quinata Chocolate Vine 1 Albizia lebbeck Women's-Tongue Tree; Siris Tree; East Indian Walnut; Koko; Frywood; Lebbek Tree; Lebbek 1 Allium sativum var. sativum Garlic 1 Allium cepa Shallot; Onion 1 Aloe vera Aloe; Bitter Aloes 1 Althaea officinalis Marshmallow; White Mallow 1 Ammi visnaga Visnaga 3 Ammi majus Bishop's Weed 5 62202.0 Anamirta cocculus Levant Berry 1 100000.0 Anethum graveolens Garden Dill; Dill 2 Angelica sinensis Dang Qui; Dong Quai; Dang Gui; Dong Gui; Chinese Angelica; Dang Quai 1 Angelica dahurica Bai Zhi 2 Angelica archangelica Angelica; Wild Parsnip; Garden Angelica 4 13762.0 Apium graveolens Celery 5 1412.1899999999998 Apocynum cannabinum Bitterroot; Spreading Dogbane 1 Arbutus unedo Arbutus; Strawberry Tree 1 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Bearberry; Uva Ursi 2 15000.0 Arnica montana Leopard's-Bane; Mountain Tobacco 1 Artemisia vulgaris Mugwort 1 Artemisia dracunculus Tarragon 1 Artemisia capillaris Capillary Wormwood 1 Artemisia annua Sweet Annie;
    [Show full text]
  • Settlements and Necropoleis of the Black Sea and Its Hinterland in Antiquity
    Settlements and Necropoleis of the Black Sea and its Hinterland in Antiquity Select papers from the third international conference ‘The Black Sea in Antiquity and Tekkeköy: An Ancient Settlement on the Southern Black Sea Coast’, 27-29 October 2017, Tekkeköy, Samsun edited by Gocha R. Tsetskhladze and Sümer Atasoy with the collaboration of Akın Temür and Davut Yiğitpaşa Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978-1-78969-206-8 ISBN 978-1-78969-207-5 (e-Pdf) © Authors and Archaeopress 2019 Cover: Sebastopolis, Roman baths. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Oxuniprint, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Contents Preface ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ iii List of Figures and Tables ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� iv Once again about the Establishment Date of Some Greek Colonies around the Black Sea ������������������������������������1 Gocha R� Tsetskhladze The Black Sea on the Tabula Peutingeriana �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������42
    [Show full text]
  • The Cults and Sanctuaries in the Southern Black Sea
    THE SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES THE CULTS AND SANCTUARIES IN THE SOUTHERN BLACK SEA: HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN PERIODS A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) in Black Sea Cultural Studies by Onur Gemci September 2016 Thessaloniki - Greece Student Name: Onur Gemci SID: 2201140018 Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Manolis Manoledakis I hereby declare that the work submitted by me is mine and that where I have made use of another’s work, I have attributed the source(s) according to the Regulations set in the Student’s Handbook. © September 2016, Onur Gemci, 2201140018. September 2016 Thessaloniki - Greece To my parents and my brother… Abstract This master thesis was written as a part of the MA in Black Sea Cultural Studies of the International Hellenistic University, under the title of “The Cults and Sanctuaries in the Southern Black Sea: Hellenistic and Roman Periods”. It basically investigates the archaeological, environmental, literary, and numismatic datas within individual five chapters, and each one deals with an ancient city. Respectively, the chapters include the cities of Heracleia Pontica, Tios, Amastris, Sinope and Amisos. As it is understandable from the title, this work focuses on ancient religions and temples in the Southern Black Sea coast, in a chronological frame of Hellenistic and Roman times. Above all, this study aims to find a proper answer for the research question of “Which deities and cults were venerated prominently by the locals and the Greeks in the Southern Black Sea cities during the Hellenistic and Roman periods?” In the light of the modern, ancient and the most recent sources, we have attempted to answer the question in an original genre within the following sections.
    [Show full text]