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HINDUISM TODAY SAMPLE: Puranas Summary from the Siva Purana AGAMAS: Basics

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THE HINDU SCRIPTURES Simple Christians have the Bible Hindus have the Vedas Actually, it is much more complicated… TIMELINE (written)* SRUTI SMRITI (BC) 1500 800 400 0 400 800 1200 1600 (AD) Note: dates for the Vedas(samhitas) can vary more than 1,000 years MAHABHARATA VEDAS & RAMAYANA BRAHMANAS TANTRAS ARANYAKAS PURANAS UPANISHADS DARSHANAS *some were orally transmitted prior to this TWO TYPES OF SCRIPTURES SHRUTI (“heard”) SMRITI (“remembered”) heard by the rishis -Itihasas (History or Epics) direct from God -Puranas (Mythology) -Dharma Shastras- Law Codes …The Vedas -Agamas & Tantras- Sectarian Samhitas, Brahmanas, Scriptures. Arayakas, Upanishads -Darshanas- Manuals of Philosophy * THE *VEDAS *Note: “Veda” is used in multiple ways: 1. Referring to the oldest hymn portions (Samhitas) 2. Referring to the collection of samhitas, brahmanas, aranyakas, and upanishads 3. Shaivites and Vaishnavites often include the Agamas by this term 4. Many also include the Gita by this term THE VEDAS (Samhitas) The Rig Veda 10,552 hymns The Sama Veda 1,875 hymns--mostly Rig Veda repeated The Yajur Veda Vedic sacrificial manuals The Atharva Veda Incantations, spells, mystical poetry Searching for the VEDAS You want a copy of the Vedas? -you won’t find it in the library -you won’t find it in the bookstores -you might find a concise, edited version -when you find it… When were they written? Nobody knows exactly… -The oldest Veda (Rig) reached its final stage of compilation about 1000 B.C. -Different dates given Tilak: 6000 B.C. Jacobi: 4500 B.C. Mueller: 1200 B.C. The Rig Veda Rig Veda Book 3 Hymn 10 1. Thee Agni, God, Imperial Lord of all mankind, do mortal men With understanding kindle at the sacrifice. 2 They laud thee in their solemn rites, Agni, as Minister and Priest, shine forth in thine own home as guardian of the Law. 3 He, verily, who honours thee with fuel, Knower of all life, He, Agni! wins heroic might, he prospers well. … The Sama Veda “sama” means “song” or “hymn” Rig Veda rearranged for ritual use Usually sung from high to low pitch, never moving between pitches, lulling the mind 1875 mantras making 4000 hymns The Yajur Veda Formulae and verses for sacrifices “Yaj” means “sacrifice” The ‘white’ and ‘black’ Yajur Vedas: two different schools of the Yajur emerged: 1) Tattitiya Samhita (Krishna/black) more prevalent in southern India 2) Vajasaneyi Samhita (Shukla/white) clearly demarcates samhita and brahmanas A little more complicated… Four recensions of Krishna (black) Yajurveda: -taittirīya saṃhita -maitrayani saṃhita -caraka-katha saṃhita -kapiṣṭhala-katha saṃhita Two recensions of the (white) Shukla: -Vajasaneyi Madhyandiniya -Vajasaneyi Kanva Even more complicated… Each recension has its own version of: Brahmanas, Aranyakas, and Upanishads E.g. The Taittiriya Shakha (branch): Taittiriya Samhita, Taittiriya Brahmana Taittiriya Aaranyaka, Taittiriya Upanishad and the Mahaanaarayana Upanishad. Yajur Veda 6.1.1 (Taittiriya Samhita) [6]. Indra slew Vrtra, he died upon the waters. Of the waters what was fit for sacrifice, pure, and divine, that went out of the waters, and became Darbha grass. In that he purifies (the sacrificer) with bunches of Darbha grass, verily he purifies him with the waters which are fit for sacrifice, pure, and divine. He purifies (him) with two (stalks); verily he purifies him by days and nights. He purifies (him) with three (stalks); three are these worlds; verily he purifies him by these worlds. He purifies (him) with five stalks [7]; the Pankti has five syllables, the sacrifice is fivefold; verily he purifies him by the sacrifice. He purifies (him) with six (stalks); six are the seasons; verily he purifies him by the seasons. He purifies (him) with seven (stalks); seven are the metres; verily he purifies him by the metres. He purifies (him) with nine (stalks); nine are the breaths in man; verily he purifies him along with his breaths. He purifies (him) with twenty-one (stalks); there are ten fingers and ten toes, and the body is the twenty first; he thus completely purifies the man. The Atharva Veda Incantations, charms and spells to counteract evil; marriages and funerals. 20 books or kandas; 750 hymns, 6,000 verses SAMPLE: Atharva Veda I, 23. Leprosy cured by a dark plant. 1. Born by night art thou, O plant, dark, black, sable. Do thou, that art rich in colour, stain this leprosy, and the gray spots! 2. The leprosy and the gray spots drive away from here-- may thy native colour settle upon thee--the white spots cause to fly away! 3. Sable is thy hiding-place, sable thy dwelling-place, sable art thou, O plant: drive away from here the speckled spots! 4. The leprosy which has originated in the bones, and that which has originated in the body and upon the skin, the white mark begotten of corruption, I have destroyed with my charm. * Upavedas Secular texts connected to the Vedas Political- Rig Music and art- Sama Archery and war- Yajur Medicine- Atharva The Vedangas Though not shruti, they are important for the study of the Veda Siksa- pronunciation Kalpa- details of ritual Vyakarana- grammar Nirukta- etymology of rare words Chanda- explain and practice verse meter Jyotisa- planetary astrology The memorization of the Vedas was very precise: memorization of them in multiple ways (e.g. forward and backward), recited in a particular pitch, along with precise movements of the arm and fingers. Vedic Gods Agni Indra Varuna Vedic Gods Surya Soma THE VEDAS (entire) In addition to the oldest portion, the hymns, there are three other portions: (The Samhitas) The Brahmanas The Aranyakas The Upanishads The Brahmanas Circa 600-200 B.C. Details of ritual and sacrificial rites and duties; commentaries on rituals and prayers on the four vedas (Samhitas) The Brahmanas Rig Brahmanas The Aitareya Brahmana Kaushitaki or Sankhayana Brahmana Sama Brahmanas 8 Brahamanas Yajur Brahmanas Shatapatha Brahmana (white)100 lectures Taittiriya Brahmana (black) Atharva Brahmanas Gopatha Brahmana The Aranyakas Circa 400-200 B.C., Spiritual/mystical interpretations of rituals and ceremonies. Called “forest texts” as they were from ascetics of the forest The Aranyakas Each Aranyakas is associated with a Brahmana, sometimes having more than one; the Atharva has none. The Upanishads “Those who sit near”- the teachings of gurus to their students Doctrines of caste, karma, and reincarnation are more fully developed in these writings UPANISHADS Inversion of Influence- older texts of the Veda are not as influential as the later philosophical portions (the Upanishads) Upanishad Basics When? ? 400-200 B.C. is the most likely range; some in recent centuries Who? No one knows. Sages who taught. “Upanishad” = “one who sits near” How Many? 12 are most important (acc. to Sankara, 8th century) 108 important many more-- 240? Upanishads Topics: -states of consciousness -dreams, meditation -the world within the mind and soul -self-realization (that you are divine) -the unity of all things The Four Great Vedic (Upanishad) Statements 1. TAT TVAM ASI (You are *that). (Sama Veda – Chandogy Upanishad) 2. AHAM BRAHMASMI (I am Brahman). (Yajur Veda – Brhadaranyak Upanishad 3. AYAM ATMA BRAHMAN (This Self is Brahman). (Atharva Veda – Manduky Upanishad) 4. PRAGNANAM BRAHMAN (Brahman is consciouness). (Rig Veda - Aitarey Upanishad) * “that” is the Upanishadic way of referring to the ultimate, yet indescribable Reality SAMPLE: Upanishad The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, Chapter 11 (4.5) SAMPLE: Upanishad Chandogya Upanishad * Vedas, division of Karma kanda (ritual) Samhitas and Brahmanas Jnana kanda (knowledge) Aranyakas and Upanishads Shruti Smriti DARSHANAS Exhibitions or philosophical systems developed out of the Vedas by various teachers or schools. SIX FAMOUS SCHOOLS: Nyaya Vaiseshika Sankhya Yoga Mimansa Vedanta PURANAS A.D. 400-1500 18 major books and 18 minor books relating to the Trimurti- Brahma, Vishnu, & Shiva Popular mythology that is well-known by the common people of India …POPULAR HINDUISM TODAY SAMPLE: Puranas Summary from the Siva Purana AGAMAS: Basics Texts of the Trimurti -Siva Agamas (28) -Vishnu Agamas (108) -Devi Agamas (Tantras) (77) Shiva Vishnu Parvati TANTRAS A.D. 500-1100 Numerous writings (mainly in dialogue form) between Shiva and his consort, Parvati (Durga) Belief that true power resides in the feminine aspect of deity, worship of the mother goddess, from which ‘Shakti’ or power comes. TANTRAS Two forms of tantrism: right-handed (symbolic) left-handed (literal/sexual) Three schools: Kaula (taboo breaking) Mishra (external and internal mixed) Samaya (meditative) EPICS (itihasa) 1. MAHABHARATA (Gita) Mahabharata Mythology of the war between two families (cousins), Pandavas v. Kauravas The longest epic poem Contains the Bhagavad Gita …perhaps the most popular scripture EPICS 2. Ramayana Dharma Shastras Code of Manu Other law codes (Arth, Niti, etc.) Ramayana The life of a noble king, Ram while in exile, his wife, Sita is abducted by the evil king, Ravana. Hanuman (the monkey god) and other cohorts help Ram rescue Sita. written by Valmiki in 3rd century B.C. other language translations exist with variations.
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    S Srinidhi et al: J. Pharm. Sci. Innov. 2018; 7(4) Journal of Pharmaceutical and Scientific Innovation www.jpsionline.com (ISSN : 2277 –4572) Review Article MADANAPHALA KALPAS: A REVIEW S Srinidhi *1, M Kumar Ashvini2, Gazala Hussain3, T Vidyavati4 , S Vasan Satish 1 1PG Scholar, Department of Panchakarma, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda & Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka, India 2Professor and Head of Department of Panchakarma, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda & Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka, India 3Associate Professor, Department of Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda & Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka, India 4PG Scholar, Department of Agada Tantra evum Vidhi Vaidyaka, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheswara College of Ayurveda & Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka, India *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] DOI: 10.7897/2277-4572.07493 Received on: 01/08/18 Revised on: 19/08/18 Accepted on: 21/08/18 ABSTRACT Vamana (emetic therapy) is one among the panchakarma chikitsa (five eliminative therapies), where the morbid doshas are expelled through the oral cavity. Many vamaka yogas(emetics) have been mentioned in bruhatrayees (treatises of Ayurveda) in various forms of preparations. Madanaphala (emetic nut) is considered as best vamaka dravya (emetic drug). Many Madanaphala vamaka preparations like vati (pills), ghreya (inhalation), etc. have been mentioned in texts of Ayurveda. This review is an attempt to explore various yogas for vamana karma where madanaphala is used as the main ingredient. KEYWORDS: Madanaphala, vamana, yogas INTRODUCTION Paryaya (Synonyms) 5 Vamana karma (emetic therapy) is a procedure which is It has various synonyms and a few are as follows: Madana- it indicated in kapha pravrudha avastha (increased state of kapha) 1 causes mada (intoxication), Chardana- helps to induce vomiting, and urdhva jatrugata rogas (diseases of head, neck, throat, eyes, Pindeetaka- the fruit is spherical in shape, Shalyaka- has a lot of shoulder).
  • Vedams & Upanishads

    Vedams & Upanishads

    VEDAMS & UPANISHADS sadagopan.org CONTENTS 1 The Two kinds of knowledge : Para and Apara Vidhyas 1 2 The Four categories of knowledge in VedAs 2 3 The Four kinds of VEda SamhitAs 3-5 4 108 Upanishads and Classification 6-10 sadagopan.org sadagopan.org sadagopan.org sadagopan.org ॥ौीः॥ VEDAMS & UPANISHADS The two kinds of Knowledge: Para and Apara vidhyAs The great tradition of the transmission of knowledge thru AchArya Mukham is recorded in Mundaka Upanishad as a conversation between BrahmA, the creator and his eldest son, AtharvA about the knowledge of BRAHMAN, the corner stone of ALL knowledge. AtharvA taught what he had learned from his father to AngirA, who in turn taught it to SatyavAhA belonging to the clan of BharadvAjA. SatyavAhA passed that supreme knowledge in succession to Sage Angiras . sadagopan.org sadagopan.org sadagopan.org SaunakA, the celebrated grahasthA approached Sage Angiras and asked humbly: “O Illustrious sage! kasminnu BhagavO vig~nyAthE sarvamidham vig~nAtham bhavathee ? (What is that by the knowing of which all this becomes known?) Sage Angiras replied: "two kinds of knowledge needs to be known according to the knowers of Brahman. They are the higher knowledge (parA) and the lower knowledge (aparA)" Sage Angiras explained further that the lower knowledge is the Rig Veda, the Yajur VedA, the Saama VedA and Atharva VedA, SikshA (phonetics), kalpA (rituals), vyAkarNam (grammer), NirukthA (etymology), chandas (metre) and JyOthisham (astronomy); and the higher knowledge is that by which the imperishable Brahman is attained. Sage Angiras said:"dhvE vidhyE vEdhithavyE ithi ha sma yadh BrahmavidhO vadanthi ParA chaivAparA cha".