Cambodia National Mekong Committee

CAMBODIA NATIONAL MEKONG COMMITTEE Basin Development Plan Programme Integrated Water Resources Management in Cambodia National Sector Review August 2003 Phnom Penh, Cambodia Cambodia National Mekong Committee National Sector Review 2003 Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................................................... V ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................................................VI FOREWORD ...........................................................................................................................................VIII PART I: ESSENTIAL ENTRODUCTORY TEXT......................................................................................I SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 1 SECTION 2: THE IMPORTANCE OF CROSS-SECTORAL AND BASIN WIDE LINKAGES ....... 4 2.1. Cross-Border Linkages........................................................................................4 2.2. Sector Linkages ...................................................................................................4 2.3. Planning Linkages ...............................................................................................7 SECTION 3: SUMMARIES OF THE EIGHT SECTORS....................................................................... 8 3.1. Irrigated Agriculture............................................................................................8 3.2. Watershed Management (WSM).........................................................................8 3.3. Fisheries...............................................................................................................9 3.4. Hydropower.......................................................................................................10 3.5. Navigation, transport and river works...............................................................11 3.6. Tourism and recreation......................................................................................12 3.7. Water supplies ...................................................................................................13 3.8. Flood Control and Management........................................................................13 PART II: NATIONAL SECTOR REVIEW .............................................................................................. 1 SECTION 4: IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE ......................................................................................... 17 4.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................17 4.2. Economic Importance of Irrigated Agriculture .................................................17 4.2.1. Socio Economic Development and Proposal....................................................... 17 4.2.2. Irrigated Land and Agriculture Production.......................................................... 18 4.2.3. Rice Ecosystems and Irrigation ........................................................................... 18 4.3. Land Use in the Basin........................................................................................20 4.3.1. Land Use for Irrigation Agriculture..................................................................... 20 4.3.2. The Main Categories of Land Use for Irrigated Agriculture ............................... 20 4.4. Development of Irrigated Agriculture...............................................................21 4.4.1. Lowland Irrigation............................................................................................... 21 4.4.2. Irrigated Agriculture Management ...................................................................... 22 4.4.3. Land Leveling for Irrigated Agriculture .............................................................. 24 4.4.4. Groundwater Irrigation Issues ............................................................................. 25 4.5. Social and Economic Issues ..............................................................................27 4.6. Environmental Impacts of Irrigation .................................................................29 4.7. Institutional Factors Affecting Irrigated Agriculture ........................................29 4.8. References .........................................................................................................31 SECTION 5: WATERSHED MANAGEMENT...................................................................................... 34 5.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................34 5.2. Country Profile ..................................................................................................34 5.2.1. Physical Characteristics ....................................................................................... 34 Basin Development Plan Programme i Cambodia National Mekong Committee National Sector Review 2003 5.2.2. Livelihoods .......................................................................................................... 35 5.3. Overview of the Watershed...............................................................................36 5.3.1. Definition............................................................................................................. 36 5.3.2. Classification of Watershed................................................................................. 36 5.3.3. Status of Watershed Natural Resources............................................................... 37 5.4. The Institutional Framework and State of Watershed Management in Cambodia.......................................................................................................40 5.4.1. Policy and Legal Framework............................................................................... 40 5.4.2. Major Legal and Policy Documents Pertaining to Watershed Management in Cambodia................................................................................... 40 5.4.3. Decentralization................................................................................................... 41 5.4.4. Institutions Involved in Watershed Management ................................................ 41 5.4.5. Priorities and Long-term Objectives.................................................................... 42 5.4.6. Programmes and Projects .................................................................................... 42 5.5. The Issues in Watershed Development and Challenges....................................43 5.5.1. Socio-Economic Issues to Poverty and Environmental Degradation .................. 43 5.5.2. Inadequate Benefit Sharing of Product and Services........................................... 43 5.5.3. Land Use Planning and Conflict Resolution........................................................ 43 5.5.4. Participation Related to Forestry and Watershed Development .......................... 44 5.5.5. Hydropower and Irrigation Development............................................................ 44 5.5.6. Challenges in Watershed Management in Cambodia .......................................... 45 5.5.7. Donor Interest ...................................................................................................... 45 5.6. Conclusion.........................................................................................................46 5.7. References .........................................................................................................47 SECTION 6: FISHERIES.......................................................................................................................... 49 6.1. Introduction: ......................................................................................................49 6.2. The Importance of Fisheries:.............................................................................50 6.2.1. Fish and Food Security ........................................................................................ 50 6.2.2. The Value of the Fisheries to the Economy......................................................... 50 6.2.3. Livelihoods and Food Security............................................................................ 50 6.3. Ecology..............................................................................................................51 6.3.1. Wetland Ecosystem ............................................................................................. 51 6.3.2. Flooded Forest ..................................................................................................... 51 6.3.3. Wetland Biodiversity........................................................................................... 52 6.4. Environmental Issues.........................................................................................53 6.4.1. Internal Trans-boundary ...................................................................................... 53 6.4.2. External Trans-boundary ..................................................................................... 55 6.5. Inland Fisheries Management............................................................................55 6.5.1. Large Scale, Commercial Fishing- the fishing lots.............................................

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