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Proceedings of a CARDI International Conference on Research on Water in Agricultural Production in Asia for the 21St Century Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 25–28 November 2003

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Proceedings of a CARDI International Conference on Research on Water in Agricultural Production in Asia for the 21St Century Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 25–28 November 2003 Water in Agriculture Proceedings of a CARDI International Conference on Research on Water in Agricultural Production in Asia for the 21st Century Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 25–28 November 2003 Editors: Vang Seng, Eric Craswell, Shu Fukai and Ken Fischer Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Canberra 2004 Water in agriculture edited by Vang Seng, Eric Craswell, Shu Fukai and Ken Fischer ACIAR Proceedings No. 116e (printed version published in 2004) The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was established in June 1982 by an Act of the Australian Parliament. Its mandate is to help identify agri- cultural problems in developing countries and to commission collaborative research between Australia and developing country researchers in fields where Australia has a special research competence. Where trade names are used this constitutes neither endorsement of nor discrimination against any product by the Centre. ACIAR PROCEEDINGS This series of publications includes the full proceedings of research workshops or symposia organised or supported by ACIAR. Numbers in this series are distributed internationally to selected individuals and scientific institutions. The papers in this volume were refereed. © Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, GPO Box 1571, Canberra, ACT 2601. Veng, S., Craswell, E., Fukai, S. and Fischer, K., ed., 2004. Water in agriculture. ACIAR Proceedings No. 116, 239p. ISBN 1 86320 426 1 (print) 1 86320 427 X (online) Cover design: Design ONE Solutions Technical editing: Scribbly Gum Publications Pty Ltd Typesetting: Clarus Design Pty Ltd Printing: Pirion, Canberra Water in agriculture edited by Vang Seng, Eric Craswell, Shu Fukai and Ken Fischer ACIAR Proceedings No. 116e (printed version published in 2004) Foreword WATER makes a significant contribution to food security as it directly affects agricultural productivity. Due to the significant growth in agricultural productivity over recent decades, the irrigated areas that comprise 17 per cent of agricultural lands produce nearly 40 per cent of food and agricultural commodities. The water used for irrigation in developing countries makes up over 80 per cent of fresh water use. High risks of flood and/or drought make rain-fed systems difficult environments in which to increase crop productivity. The extent to which agricultural production can be increased to meet food demands is limited by decreasing water availability and growing competition for water from the industrial and urban sectors. In arid and semi-arid regions, water resources are fully exploited. Declining quality of water and soil resources has created new threats to food supplies. The great challenge in the 21st century will be to increase food production with limited water and land resources in both rain-fed and irrigated agriculture. ACIAR supports a number of projects which have an emphasis on improving agricultural productivity and sustainability, particularly in Southeast Asia. The host country of this conference provides a good example. One of our projects focuses on Cambodia, where the most important crop is rice grown mostly under rain-fed conditions. ACIAR has made a commitment to improve production from the limited and unreliable rainfall by improving planting methods, direct seeding and the development of suitable rice cultivars. We are pleased to publish these proceedings and hope that the book will be a valuable resource for researchers with an interest in the many aspects of water use in agricultural production. Peter Core Director Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research 3 Water in agriculture edited by Vang Seng, Eric Craswell, Shu Fukai and Ken Fischer ACIAR Proceedings No. 116e (printed version published in 2004) Water in agriculture edited by Vang Seng, Eric Craswell, Shu Fukai and Ken Fischer ACIAR Proceedings No. 116e (printed version published in 2004) Contents Foreword 3 Preface 7 Challenges to agricultural production in Asia in the 21st Century 9 Per Pinstrup-Andersen Sustainable agriculture and efficient water use in Monsoon Asia 22 Kunio Takase The economics of rice double-cropping with supplementary irrigation in the rainfed lowlands of Cambodia: a survey in two provinces 32 S. Chea, R.A. Cramb, and S. Fukai Developing sustainable land and water management for the Aral Sea Basin through an interdisciplinary approach 45 Christopher Martius, John Lamers, Peter Wehrheim, Anja Schoeller-Schletter, Ruzimbay Eshchanov, Alexander Tupitsa, Asia Khamzina, Akmal Akramkhanov and Paul L.G. Vlek Household-level irrigation for efficient water use and poverty alleviation 61 Jack Keller and Michael Roberts The effect of water availability on rice-based double cropping in rainfed lowlands in Cambodia 72 C. Phaloeun, J. Basnayake, C. Kim Ngoy, S. Fukai and M. Sarom Mekong River water: will river flows meet future agriculture needs in the Lower Mekong Basin? 86 H. Nesbitt, R. Johnston and Mak Solieng Land and water resources 105 Benjavan Rerkasem Premises and realities of agricultural benefits from large dams 119 K.B. Esser 5 Water in agriculture edited by Vang Seng, Eric Craswell, Shu Fukai and Ken Fischer ACIAR Proceedings No. 116e (printed version published in 2004) Using GIS technology to develop crop water availability maps for Lao PDR 124 Thavone Inthavong, S.P. Kam, J. Basnayake, S. Fukai, B. Linquist and Monthathip Chanphengsay Roles of floods for agricultural production in and around Tonle Sap Lake 136 Takao Masumoto, Katsuyuki Shimizu and Pham Thanh Hai Enhancing the agronomic productivity of degraded soils in North-east Thailand through clay-based interventions 147 A.D. Noble, S. Ruaysoongnern, F.W.T. Penning de Vries C. Hartmann and M.J. Webb Rainfed lowland rice-growing soils of Cambodia, Laos, and North-east Thailand. 161 R.W. Bell and V. Seng The development of tube-well irrigation systems in Cambodia 174 By Joseph F. Rickman and Poa Sinath Improved crop production under water constraints. 182 Shu Fukai and Suan Pheng Kam Improving rice productivity under water constraints in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam 196 Bui Chi Buu and Nguyen Thi Lang Drought response index for identifying drought resistant genotypes for rainfed lowland rice in Cambodia 203 Makara Ouk, S. Fukai, K.S. Fischer, J. Basnayake, M. Cooper and H. Nesbitt. Progress in drought avoidance of rainfed lowland rice 215 L.J. Wade, B.K. Samson, J. Siopongco, J. Egdane, A. Ismail, J. Bennett, H. Salekdeh, B. Ghareyazie, C.G. McLaren, A. Kamoshita, K. Yano, A. Yamauchi Synthesis 224 Per Pinstrup-Andersen Increasing productivity through genetic improvement for tolerance to drought and excess-moisture stress in maize (Zea mays L.) 227 G. Srinivasan, Pervez H. Zaidi, N.N. Singh and Ciro Sanchez 6 Water in agriculture edited by Vang Seng, Eric Craswell, Shu Fukai and Ken Fischer ACIAR Proceedings No. 116e (printed version published in 2004) Preface THE AVAILABILITY of water and water quality are major concerns for everyone. Water plays a very important role in all parts of life and at all stages of crop growth and plant development. Generally, water is regarded as life—no water, no life. Agriculture is the largest consumer of water. With increases in popu- lation, agricultural production also increases, which consequently leads to a significant increase in the quantity of water to be used, both for crop production and for urbanisation. Hence, the main question for us now is how to increase food production with limited water and land resources. The challenge becomes even more severe under irrigated conditions, where water availability is decreasing and competition for water is increasing between agriculture and industry. In these circum- stances, as a result of increased water use, the incursion of saltwater from the sea or from subsurface layers to cultivated areas is alarming. The International Conference ‘Research on Water in Agricultural Production in Asia for the 21st Century’, which was held at the Cam- bodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI) in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 25–28 November 2003, provided an impor- tant forum for researchers from around the world to discuss the issues and plan effective measures for the future. The themes: (i) Agricultural Systems and Efficient Water Use; (ii) Water and Land Resources; and (iii) Improving Agricultural Productivity under Water Constraints with Emphasis on Agricultural Production in Asia, were deliberately cho- sen to reflect the problems we are facing. I want to congratulate the Conference Organising Committee chaired by Dr Seng Vang, and his team, Mr Hun Yadana, Mr Ty Channa, Ms. Sakhan Sophany, Mr Chea Marong, Dr Eric Craswell (CARDI-Assistant Project), Mr Mike Clark (CARDI-Assistant Project), Prof. Shu Fukai (University of Queensland, Australia), and Prof. Ken Fischer (University of Queensland, Australia) for the suc- cess of this conference. Appreciation also goes to all those who partic- ipated in the conference and to all donors for making it possible. 7 Water in agriculture edited by Vang Seng, Eric Craswell, Shu Fukai and Ken Fischer ACIAR Proceedings No. 116e (printed version published in 2004) It is hoped that these proceedings will provide valuable information to researchers and anyone else who takes an interest in this important subject. Dr Men Sarom Director, Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI) 8 Water in agriculture edited by Vang Seng, Eric Craswell, Shu Fukai and Ken Fischer ACIAR Proceedings No. 116e (printed version published in 2004) Challenges
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