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Lithogeochemistry, Hydrothermal Alteration, Mineralization, Fluid Inclusion and Sulfur Isotope Study of the Halo Porphyry Copper

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Lithogeochemistry, Hydrothermal Alteration, Mineralization, Fluid Inclusion and Sulfur Isotope Study of the Halo Porphyry Copper 九州大学学術情報リポジトリ Kyushu University Institutional Repository Lithogeochemistry, Hydrothermal Alteration, Mineralization, Fluid Inclusion and Sulfur Isotope Study of the Halo Porphyry Copper- Molybdenum Prospect, Northeast Cambodia シーン, セライソカ https://doi.org/10.15017/2534418 出版情報：九州大学, 2019, 博士（工学）, 課程博士 バージョン： 権利関係： Lithogeochemistry, Hydrothermal Alteration, Mineralization, Fluid Inclusion and Sulfur Isotope Study of the Halo Porphyry Copper- Molybdenum Prospect, Northeast Cambodia SEANG SIRISOKHA 2019 Lithogeochemistry, Hydrothermal Alteration, Mineralization, Fluid Inclusion and Sulfur Isotope Study of the Halo Porphyry Copper- Molybdenum Prospect, Northeast Cambodia By SEANG SIRISOKHA A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF ENGINEERING To Department of Earth Resources Engineering Graduated School of Engineering Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan Examination Committee: Professor Koichiro Watanabe (Chairman) Professor Akira Imai Professor Kazuya Idemitsu Associate Professor Kotaro Yonezu July, 2019 Fukuoka, Japan Abstracts The Halo copper-molybdenum prospect is a porphyry system in Ratanakiri province, northeastern part of Cambodia. The province has a potential for porphyry- type deposits such as porphyry copper-molybdenum (Halo prospect, China Wall prospect) and porphyry copper-molybdenum-gold (Okalla prospect). The Halo porphyry copper-molybdenum prospect lies 2km southeast of a strike slip fault trending NE-SW, known as the Phum Syarung-Dok Yong Fault corridor. The Halo prospect is hosted by intermediate to felsic intrusive and volcanic rocks. However, detailed geochemical characteristics of rocks, alteration lithogeochemistry, ore mineralization, fluid inclusion and sulfur isotope were not studied yet, which only one research was carried out on the Halo porphyry copper-molybdenite deposit, including geological mapping, termite mound geochemistry, short wave infrared (SWIR) spectroscopy on alteration mineral identification, and rock-chip geochemistry. This is the first study that focuses on the characteristics of the intrusive rocks (major elements, trace elements, and rare earth elements) to constrain petrogenesis and tectonic setting, and lithogeochemistry of intrusive and volcanic rocks to demonstrate elements transportation during hydrothermal alteration. In addition, this study also defines alteration and vein mineral paragenesis, fluid inclusion microthermometry in detail to elucidate relationships between alterations, ore mineralization and evolution of ore forming fluid. Sulfur isotope analysis was further conducted in order to understand the source of mineralized fluid at the Halo porphyry copper-molybdenum prospect. Chapter 1 introduces the research background, location of study area, problem statement, objective of research, methodology and thesis organization. i Chapter 2 describes the regional geology, tectonic setting, deposit geology and overview on intrusive rocks and volcanic rocks in the Halo prospect. The characteristics of intrusive rocks and volcanic rocks were described on the basis of petrography. The Halo porphyry copper-molybdenum deposit, is hosted by diorite, granodiorite, granodiorite porphyry, quartz feldspar porphyry, and andesite porphyry. Chapter 3 describes the lithogeochemistry of the intrusive rocks and volcanic rocks. The intrusive rocks and volcanic rocks in the Halo prospect, range from diorite to granite (quartz feldspar porphyry) in composition as well as dacite to trachyandesite (andesite porphyry) in composition, respectively. They were formed in a subduction- related tectonic setting, likely a volcanic arc. Trace elements spider diagrams normalized to primitive mantle display strong enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements such as Rb, Ba and K and depletion in some high-field strength elements such as Nb and Ti, suggesting that magmas were generated in a subduction related tectonic setting. Pearce Element Ratio (PER) analysis was used in this research to identify material transfer during hydrothermal alteration. PER analysis indicates a moderate to high degree of sericite alteration of dacites, quartz feldspar porphyries, andesite porphyries and granodiorite porphyries. Moreover, three alterations in the Halo prospect such as potassic (secondary K-feldspar and biotite), phyllic (sericite) and propylitic (epidote) alteration were identified. The potassic alteration within the quartz feldspar porphyries, andesite porphyry and granodiorite porphyry with high grad of copper ranges up to 2670ppm and molybdenum ranges up to 5297ppm. The potassic alteration zone vectoring center of the hydrothermal system may represent the locus of mineralization. ii Chapter 4 documents the hydrothermal alteration, mineral paragenesis, and style of mineralization. The Halo deposit is characterized by an early potassic alteration followed by late propylitic and phyllic alterations. A variety of mineralization styles are disseminated sulfides, veinlets, and stockworks veins. Hydrothermal alteration and mineralization can be divided into four stages, Stage I quartz+magnetite±chalcopyrite±pyrite±molybdenite veins associated with potassic alteration, Stage II quartz+molybdenite±chalcopyrite±pyrite veins associated with potassic and phyllic alteration, Stage III quartz+pyrite±chalcopyrite±sphalerite ±galena veins associated with phyllic alteration, Stage IV quartz±calcite±anhydrite ±gypsum±pyrite veinlet with weak propylitic alteration. Chalcopyrite mineralization mainly occurred as stockwork veinlets, ore-bearing quartz veins and dissemination in host rocks while molybdenite mainly occurs in quartz veins and at the margin of quartz veins. Copper and molybdenum mineralization was accompanied with both potassic and phyllic alterations. Chapter 5 presents the fluid inclusion study and sulfur isotope analysis on quartz veins in different stages. Six types of fluid inclusions are typically observed at Halo: vapor-mono-phase (type I), two-phase liquid+vapor, liquid-rich (type II), two- phase vapor+liquid, vapor-rich (type III), three-phase liquid+vapour+anhydrite (type VI), three-phase liquid+vapor+opaque (type V) and multi-phase halite-bearing inclusions consisting of liquid+vapor+halite±anhydrite±hematite+opaque minerals (type VI). Fluid inclusions in quartz+magnetite+chalcopyrite+pyrite vein (Stage I vein) and quartz vein (Stage IV vein) associated with potassic alteration and silicic alteration consist of four types of fluid inclusions (II, III, V, and VI) and six types of fluid inclusions (I-VI), respectively. The liquid-vapor homogenization temperatures iii (Th) of type VI fluid inclusions in Stage I vein and unknown stage associated potassic and silicic alteration, respectively, are lower than the halite dissolution temperatures (Td), suggesting existence of NaCl saturated at the time of entrapment of the type VI fluid inclusions. Wide ranges of Th and Td of halite-bearing inclusions ranging from 280 to 460oC and 425 to 485oC of in Stage I vein, respectively, and 182 to 320oC, and 256 to >500oC in Stage IV vein, respectively, suggest heterogeneous entrapment of gaseous vapor and hypersaline brine. The minimum pressures and temperatures were estimated to be around 43 bars and 280oC and 10 bars and 182oC for potassic alteration and silicic alteration, respectively. Fluid inclusions in quartz+ molybdenite vein (Stage II vein), quartz+pyrite+chalcopyrite+sphalerite+galena vein (Stage III vein), quartz+ pyrite+chalcopyrite+sphalerite+galena vein (Stage III vein) and quartz+pyrite vein (Stage III vein) associated with phyllic alteration are composed of liquid-rich type two- phase inclusions, and they homogenize into a liquid phase at temperatures ranging widely from 174 to 264oC, 174 to 306oC, 201 to 357oC and 201 to 358oC, respectively, suggesting boiling with salinity from 4.0 to 14.0 wt. %, 0.3 to 2.0 wt. %, 0.5 to 14.0 wt. %, 1.5 to 14.0 wt. % NaCl equivalent, respectively. Pressures about 13 bars, 20 bars, 20 bars, and 13 bars were estimated for aqueous solution at 174oC, 174oC, 201oC, 201oC, respectively. Sulfur isotopic composition of ore sulfides are homogeneous (δ34S = about +3 ‰) throughout the mineralization stages. These values are close to zero, which suggests a deep-seated, most likely a magmatic source. Chapter 6 gives general conclusion and recommendations for further research on the Halo porphyry copper-molybdenite prospect. According to the results mention above, the Halo prospect is a porphyry copper-molybdenum prospect which was formed in a subduction-related tectonic setting, likely a volcanic arc. Drill holes HD1 iv and HD2 are situated close to the center of porphyry deposit than drill holes HD3 and HD4. Detailed study on diamond drill cores should be carried out to interpret the subsurface alteration and mineralization that would define economic potential as well as to develop the accurate model of the mineralization area. v Acknowledgements This research would not have been successful without help, guidance, and support from many people during my study at Kyushu University, Japan. Therefore, I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude towards them. I wish to express my sincere thanks to Professor Koichiro Watanabe, Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Kyushu University in Japan for his kind support and encouragement to carry out this research work, advice and reading the manuscript and give facilities in varies ways. I wish to express my special thanks to Associate Professor Tetsuya Nakanishi, Kyushu University
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