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Myanmar by Guven Witteveen

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Myanmar by Guven Witteveen Southeast Asia in the Humanities and Social Science Curricula Sources for Understanding Myanmar By Guven Witteveen onsidering Myanmar’s mineral and people, courses for any grade level and all social events come alive again. John Falconer and Luca cultural wealth, it has not been easy to sciences gain from this set of sources. Invernizzi Tettoni’s Myanmar Style: Art, Archi- study nor common to discuss the many NonNative Writers in Print tecture, and Design of Burma (1998) is a visual Csocieties there. Access to information, stories, Starting with an early account, Helen G. Trager’s smorgasbord of material culture and craft tra- and lives in Myanmar has markedly improved Burma through Alien Eyes: Missionary Views of ditions, past and present. The 500 photos go since 2010, when the US rekindled ofcial and the Burmese in the Nineteenth Century was pub- beyond surfaces with chapters that explore the informal relations in Burma, as they refer to the lished in 1966 while the leaders of the coup d’etat presence of religion in daily life and work. Pico country. Entrepreneurs, tourists, and scholars reigned. The reader travels back through time to Iyer’s 1988 collection of essays, Video Night in also have engaged with people and organizations understand early colonial initiatives from Brit- Kathmandu, includes one relating to Myanmar, there more and more. One result has been the ain and the lives of those dedicating themselves “The raj is dead! Long live the raj!” Social change need for useful sources of current conditions, to engaging with the local people and languages and inroads of Western society are prominent in as well as ways to understand the cultural con- in Burma. Patricia Elliott’s The White Umbrella the scenes he presents. text, which includes the texture and rhythm of (2002) presents the life of Sao Hearn Hkam, a Writing about organizations at the commu- life for the scores of ethnic nationalities located Burmese princess and wife to the country’s first nity and nongovernmental level, Brian Heidel in the state of Myanmar. Te 135 ethnic groups president, Sao Shwe Thaik. She was a tireless documents social change in The Growth of number fewer than Indonesia (300-plus) or Pap- fighter for the freedom of Civil Society in Myanmar (2006). Ingrid Jordt ua New Guinea (over 800 languages), but more the Burmese people. The wrote Burma’s Mass Lay Meditation Movement: than China (56) or Azerbaijan (15). Tis review Glass Palace (2009) is a nov- Buddha and the Cultural Construction of Pow- divides sources into three categories for under- el by Amitav Ghosh set in er (2007). Her ten years of fieldwork create standing the social conditions and governance: the last generation of the vivid discussion of political machinations and observations by outsiders, writings by expatriate 1800s, when the kingdom individual responses to the authoritarian pow- authors from Myanmar, and visual sources to ex- of Burma was shattered by ers. Christina Fink looked at the lives of ordinary plore. Because cultural and geographic context is British initiatives. The detail people in her account, Living Silence in Burma fundamental to understanding the place and the and dialogue make those (2009). Taking a wider view, Trevor Wilson and MYANMAR Geography and Population Industries: Agricultural processing, wood products, copper, tin, iron, Area: 261,227 square miles; slightly smaller than Texas cement, oil, natural gas Population: 56 million Society Government Religion: 89 percent Buddhist, 4 percent Christian, 4 percent Muslim Freedom House rating from “Freedom in the World 2015” (ranking of po- Life Expectancy: Almost 66 years litical rights and civil liberties in 195 countries): Not Free Literacy Rate: 92.7 percent Type: Parliamentary government Major Contemporary Issues Chief of State and Head of Government: President Thein Sein (since Feb- Human trafcking: Myanmar is a source of both labor and sex trafck- ruary 3, 2011) ing. Myanmar is listed as Tier 2 by the US Department of State, mean- Elections: President is chosen by parliament from three vice presidents; ing that the country does not fully comply with the standards of the Upper House, Lower House, and military each nominate one vice presi- department’s Trafcking Victims Protection Act but is making eforts dent, who serves a fve-year term to do so. Trafcking is also used in recruiting child soldiers by the Legislative branch: Bicameral; Amyotha Hluttaw (House of Nationalities, military. The UN has helped secure the release of some child soldiers, Upper House, 224 seats) and Pythu Hluttaw (House of Representatives, but the government does not prevent their recruitment. Lower House, 440 seats); members of both serve fve-year terms Political Freedom: Most notably, the military in the last two decades Judicial highest courts: Supreme Court of the Union (chief justice and has oppressed the political freedom of the opposition party Nation- seven to eleven judges) al League for Democracy (NLD) and its leader, Aung San Suu Kyi. Judges: Chief justice and judges nominated by president, approved by Recent changes now allow for the NLD and Suu Kyi to participate the Pythu Hluttaw, and serve until mandatory retirement at seventy in elections, and Suu Kyi is now a member of parliament. The next Economy round of elections will be held this year. Myanmar is in the process of enacting major economic reforms but Drugs: Myanmar is the world’s third-largest producer of illicit opium. continues to rank as one of Asia’s poorest countries and experiences vast amounts of economic corruption. SOURCES GDP: $244.3 billion BBC. “Myanmar Profile.” Last modified October 7, 2014. http://tinyurl.com/ Per Capita Income: $4,800 o6s62lv. Unemployment Rate: 5.1 percent CIA. “The World Factbook: Burma.” Last modified June 23, 2014. http://tinyurl. Population Below Poverty Line: 32.7 percent com/28avfg. Infation Rate: 6.6 percent Freedom House. “Freedom in the World 2015.” Accessed February 11, 2015. Agricultural Products: Rice, pulses (legumes), beans, sesame, fsh http://tinyurl.com/knwvzk6. 39 Southeast Asia in the Humanities and Social Science Curricula Special Segment: Teaching Southeast Asia Monique Skidmore wrote sets of linked Wikipedia articles into “Wikipe- the Instant Video catalogue is Myanmar: The State, Com- dia books” found near the end of a main article called Myanmar (2006, 75 min- munity, and the Environ- near “portal” concentrates all the experience, utes), which outlines the slide ment (2011). They recount breadth, and depth onto the mobile device, desk- from rich country to poor. The the absence of cooperation top, or laptop. Myanmar’s pages have yet to be only Myanmar video (apart between government and gathered up in this way. Meanwhile, at Amazon. from travel genre) on Netflix opposition groups in eco- com, the “readers of this book also bought these is the 2012 story They Call it nomic development and titles” service can be used as an expedient way Myanmar: Lifting the Curtain environmental manage- to turn up emerging titles or discover authors. (82 minutes). Much of the director’s talking with ment. The most narrowly Their “look inside” function allows a quick sense poor villagers gives a candid focused book on governance is Mary P. Calla- of a book from its table of contents, and from the and closeup view of people’s han’s Political Authority in first few pages, its writing style can be sampled. lives there. Burma’s Ethnic Minority Older titles or books too specialized for Ama- Amateurs as well as States: Devolution, Occupa- zon sometimes can be found at Google Scholar professionals are authors of tion, and Coexistence (2007). (scholar.google.com) or Google Books (books. valuable multimedia, such The three approaches in the google.com). as the annual prizewinners subtitle are examined in Insider Authors in Print of the visual essays at http:// detail. The complement to Among the handful of English-language sources tinyurl.com/nju5ujo, pro- Callahan is Bertl Lintner’s that come from the hand of local scholars and duced since 2008. Subjects Burma’s Struggle for Democ- writers living outside Myanmar is Khin Myo of the five- to ten-minute-long stories include racy (1990), telling as it does of events leading to Chit, who wrote Colourful Myanmar (1995) to riots, boat breakers, Buddhist nuns, a former the 1988 uprisings. The systematic destruction convey the beauty and essence of Burmese cul- movie star, poppy production, gay marriage, dis- of villages of ethnic minorities and resulting dis- tural logic. Nobel Prize laureate Aung San Suu ability and workplace, and animist exorcism. At placed persons is the subject of Maggie Lemere Kyi wrote a series of letters for the Mainichi Vimeo.com, there are mainly four- to-five-min- and Zoë West’s Nowhere to Be Home (2011), Shimbun Newspaper (Japan), Letters from Burma ute stories by travelers and video enthusiasts, which comprises twenty-two oral histories. Rory (1997, http://tinyurl.com/pupfhy5l), to docu- some with music and others with natural sound MacLean’s Under the Dragon (2008) is a sort of ment the rippling effects of state oppression on only. The ever-changing titles at YouTube may Studs Terkel, interview-based account of 1990s all levels and facets of social life there. Pascal also yield some glimpses to illustrate a place or life in the Golden Triangle around Rangoon, Khoo Thwe’s From the Land of Green Ghosts: A topic, or practice with the search words “Burma,” Mandalay, and Bagan. Burmese Odyssey (2002) is a tale of a tribal youth “Myanmar,” or names of the larger ethnic groups A much more indirect reflection of the social who meets an Englishman in Mandalay and there (“Burmese” or “Myanma,” “Shan,” “Kayin,” conditions comes from Heather MacLachlan. eventually becomes the first or “Rakhine”).
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