Immigrazione: Accoglienza O Contenimento ? Un Nuovo Approccio

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Immigrazione: Accoglienza O Contenimento ? Un Nuovo Approccio I DOSSIER DI PARTECIPAGIRE.NET IMMIGRAZIONE: ACCOGLIENZA O CONTENIMENTO ? UN NUOVO APPROCCIO Di Massimo D’ANGELO 1 Sommario Parte I ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 UN PIANO MARSHALL PER L’IMMIGRAZIONE: UNA NOVITÀ, UNA SOLUZIONE, UN’ILLUSIONE O COS’ALTRO?.......................................................................................................................................... 4 Un Piano Marshall per l’immigrazione è una novità? ..................................................................... 4 Chi propone un Piano Marshall per l’immigrazione? ...................................................................... 4 Obiettivo finale: riduzione dei flussi migratori ............................................................................... 6 Quando si potrebbe introdurre un Piano Marshall per l’immigrazione? ........................................ 6 Ogni tanto c’è qualcuno che chiede un Piano Marshall per l’aiuto ai paesi più poveri.................. 7 Alcune domande di fondo ................................................................................................................ 9 I problemi di efficacia e di impatto dell’aiuto e un Piano Marshall per l’immigrazione .............. 11 NOTE .............................................................................................................................................. 12 Parte II ................................................................................................................................................... 12 UN’ANALISI CRITICA DELLE POLITICHE DI CONTENIMENTO DELL’IMMIGRAZIONE ............................. 12 Le alternative ad un Piano Marshall per l’immigrazione .............................................................. 13 Difesa della sicurezza nazionale, selettività e discriminazione nelle misure di contenimento .... 15 Sui centri di accoglienza, di detenzione e di espulsione per gli immigranti irregolari ................. 17 Altre restrizioni rilevanti per gli immigranti irregolari ................................................................. 21 Le misure nei paesi “terzi” ............................................................................................................. 22 Uso e abuso degli strumenti di cooperazione e contenimento dell’immigrazione nei paesi “terzi” ....................................................................................................................................................... 24 Le conseguenze delle misure di contenimento sulla condizione degli immigranti irregolari ....... 25 Il costo finanziario delle politiche di contenimento ...................................................................... 28 Sono i flussi migratori arrestabili con le misure di contenimento?............................................... 29 ____________________________________________________________________________... 31 NOTE .............................................................................................................................................. 31 Parte III ................................................................................................................................................... 33 SULLA “CRIMINALIZZAZIONE” DEGLI IMMIGRANTI IRREGOLARI ............................................................ 33 Dalla sicurezza nazionale alla criminalizzazione dell’immigrazione irregolare ................................... 33 ‘Criminalizzazione’ formale e criminalizzazione ‘de facto’ dell’immigrazione irregolare ............ 35 L’immigrante irregolare come “pericolo sociale” ......................................................................... 36 La “criminalizzazione degli immigranti irregolari” ....................................................................... 37 Gli immigranti che commettono crimini e la criminalizzazione degli immigranti ........................ 38 Chi ha ucciso il capo? ................................................................................................................... 40 Le evidenze statistiche: segni contraddittori................................................................................. 42 Distorsioni nel trattamento degli immigranti irregolari in sede giudiziaria................................. 44 2 Fattori socio-economici, criminalità e immigrazione irregolare ................................................... 45 Immigrazione e traffico di droga ................................................................................................... 47 I paesi coinvolti nel traffico della droga ........................................................................................ 47 I gruppi criminali che sono coinvolti nel traffico della droga........................................................ 48 Il legame tra gruppi criminali e comunità nazionali ..................................................................... 49 Immigranti come “corrieri” della droga ........................................................................................ 50 Coinvolgimento degli immigranti nello spaccio della droga ........................................................ 51 Criminalizzazione dell’immigrazione e lotta al terrorismo ........................................................... 53 Diffusione del terrorismo e comunità nazionali ............................................................................ 53 Reclutamento internazionale di nuovi quadri terroristici ............................................................. 54 Immigrazione e adesione alle reti terroristiche messi a confronto .............................................. 55 Immigrazione e analisi del rischio terroristico .............................................................................. 56 Politiche antiterroristiche e politiche d’immigrazione .................................................................. 57 N O T E............................................................................................................................................ 58 Parte IV................................................................................................................................................... 60 LOTTA AL “TRAFFICO” DI IMMIGRANTI .................................................................................................. 61 Sul terzo tentativo di criminalizzazione dell’immigrazione irregolare ......................................... 61 Perseguendo chi organizza e facilita l’immigrazione irregolare ................................................... 62 Sugli “intermediari” dell’emigrazione ........................................................................................... 63 Il costo del “servizio” di intermediazione per l’immigrazione ...................................................... 66 Sulla repressione e prevenzione dell’attività criminale degli “intermediari” dell’immigrazione . 68 Lotta contro il traffico di migranti o contro il traffico di esseri umani?........................................ 69 Differenze e sovrapposizioni tra traffico di migranti e traffico di esseri umani ........................... 71 Un doppio rischio ........................................................................................................................... 73 Lotta contro il traffico di migranti ed esternalizzazione dei confini ............................................. 74 Il Mediterraneo: l’ultima barriera? ............................................................................................... 75 Lotta contro il traffico di migranti e percezione del ruolo delle ONG ........................................... 78 Alcuni episodi sconcertanti ............................................................................................................ 81 Le “carovane” dall’Honduras ......................................................................................................... 83 Crimini contro i migranti................................................................................................................ 84 “Bandierine” nel deserto ............................................................................................................... 86 N O T E............................................................................................................................................ 88 Parte V.................................................................................................................................................... 89 IMMIGRAZIONE: ACCOGLIENZA O CONTENIMENTO? UN NUOVO APPROCCIO ..................................... 90 La difficile difesa dei confini europei dall’immigrazione dal sud .................................................. 90 Alcuni dati quantitativi ................................................................................................................... 95 3 Le misure di controllo degli attraversamenti marittimi promosse dalle istituzioni europee ....... 99 L’esternalizzazione dei confini europei attraverso accordi con paesi terzi ................................. 102 L’accordo euro-turco per un piano di azione sui rifugiati ........................................................... 104 Problemi irrisolti e critiche all’accordo euro-turco ...................................................................... 107 L’azione dell’Unione Europea in Libia in materia di immigrazione............................................
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