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FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS REPORT ― 2020 REPORT — a Great Deal of Information on the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights Is Available on the Internet FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS REPORT ― 2020 REPORT — A great deal of information on the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the FRA website at fra.europa.eu The Fundamental Rights Report 2020 is published in English. — FRA’s annual Fundamental Rights Report is based on the results of its own primary quantitative and qualitative research and on secondary desk research at national level conducted by FRA’s multidisciplinary research network, FRANET. Relevant data on international obligations in the area of human rights are available via FRA's European Union Fundamental Rights Information System (EFRIS) at: https://fra.europa.eu/en/databases/efris/. © European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, 2020 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not under the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights copyright, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders. Neither the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights nor any person acting on behalf of the Agency is responsible for the use that might be made of the following information. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2020 Print ISBN 978-92-9474-895-9 ISSN 2467-2351 doi:10.2811/18138 TK-AL-20-001-EN-C PDF ISBN 978-92-9474-894-2 ISSN 2467-236X doi:10.2811/570216 TK-AL-20-001-EN-N Photos: see page 228 for copyright information PRINTED ON PROCESS CHLORINE-FREE RECYCLED PAPER (PCF) Contents 1 TEN YEARS ON: UNLOCKING THE CHARTER’S FULL POTENTIAL ..................................................................4 1.1. WHY THE CHARTER MATTERS AT NATIONAL AND LOCAL LEVELS ........................................................6 1.2. THE CHARTER’S ADDED VALUE AND ITS USE AT NATIONAL AND LOCAL LEVELS ..........................................8 1.3. MAIN OBSTACLES TO MORE COMPREHENSIVE USE OF THE CHARTER ....................................................19 FRA OPINIONS ..................................................................................................................24 INDEX OF COUNTRY REFERENCES ...............................................................................................27 ENDNOTES ......................................................................................................................27 2 EQUALITY AND NON-DISCRIMINATION ........................................................................................32 2.1. EQUAL TREATMENT DIRECTIVE STILL STALLED, BUT OTHER EFFORTS ADVANCE EQUALITY AGENDA ......................35 2.2. EFFECTIVENESS AND INDEPENDENCE OF EQUALITY BODIES STILL UNDER SCRUTINY .....................................37 2.3. EU AND MEMBER STATES IMPROVE COLLECTION AND USE OF EQUALITY DATA ..........................................41 2.4. RIGHTS OF LGBTI PERSONS IN FOCUS ...................................................................................45 FRA OPINIONS ..................................................................................................................49 INDEX OF COUNTRY REFERENCES ...............................................................................................52 ENDNOTES ......................................................................................................................52 3 RACISM, XENOPHOBIA AND RELATED INTOLERANCE ..........................................................................56 3.1. RACISM REMAINS A PERSISTENT PROBLEM .............................................................................59 3.2. LEGAL AND POLICY INITIATIVES TO CURB HATE CRIME AND HATE SPEECH FALL SHORT ..................................63 3.3. MORE EFFORTS NEEDED TO IMPLEMENT RACIAL EQUALITY DIRECTIVE CORRECTLY ......................................70 FRA OPINIONS ..................................................................................................................74 INDEX OF COUNTRY REFERENCES ...............................................................................................76 ENDNOTES ......................................................................................................................76 4 ROMA EQUALITY AND INCLUSION .............................................................................................80 4.1. STRONG PLANS AND POLICIES, BUT WEAK IMPLEMENTATION AND LIMITED RESULTS ....................................84 4.2. SEGREGATION REMAINS A CHALLENGE .................................................................................85 4.3. DESEGREGATION MEASURES NEED RELIABLE DATA .....................................................................95 FRA OPINIONS ..................................................................................................................97 INDEX OF COUNTRY REFERENCES ...............................................................................................99 ENDNOTES ......................................................................................................................99 5 ASYLUM, VISAS, MIGRATION, BORDERS AND INTEGRATION ...................................................................104 5.1. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AT BORDERS ...................................................................................109 5.2. RECEPTION CONDITIONS AND CHILD DETENTION ........................................................................120 5.3. ASSESSING FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS COMPLIANCE THROUGH SCHENGEN EVALUATIONS ..................................124 5.4. EU IT SYSTEMS AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS IN THE FIELD OF HOME AFFAIRS ...........................................128 5.5. REFUGEE INTEGRATION: CHALLENGES FOR UNACCOMPANIED CHILDREN WHO REACH AGE OF MAJORITY ................131 FRA OPINIONS ..................................................................................................................133 INDEX OF COUNTRY REFERENCES ...............................................................................................135 ENDNOTES ......................................................................................................................135 6 INFORMATION SOCIETY, PRIVACY AND DATA PROTECTION .....................................................................140 6.1. DATA PROTECTION AND ENFORCEMENT: IN SEARCH OF EXPERTISE AND RESOURCES ...................................143 6.2. ALL EYES ON AI, BUT ITS IMPACT ON FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS GETS LIMITED ATTENTION .................................147 6.3. ADDRESSING THE POTENTIAL TO MISUSE TECHNOLOGY .................................................................150 FRA OPINIONS ..................................................................................................................156 INDEX OF COUNTRY REFERENCES ...............................................................................................158 ENDNOTES ......................................................................................................................158 1 7 RIGHTS OF THE CHILD .........................................................................................................162 7.1. PRIORITISING THE FIGHT AGAINST CHILD POVERTY ......................................................................165 7.2. CHILDREN AND JUSTICE .................................................................................................170 7.3. DIGITAL SPACE BRINGS OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS FOR CHILDREN .....................................................172 FRA OPINIONS ..................................................................................................................178 INDEX OF COUNTRY REFERENCES ...............................................................................................180 ENDNOTES ......................................................................................................................180 8 ACCESS TO JUSTICE ............................................................................................................184 8.1. EU PUSHES FOR ACTION ON VICTIMS’ RIGHTS, CALLS FOR NEW FOUR-YEAR STRATEGY ..................................187 8.2. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE .................................................................191 8.3. CONTINUING CHALLENGES TO THE INDEPENDENCE OF COURTS ..........................................................196 FRA OPINIONS ..................................................................................................................201 INDEX OF COUNTRY REFERENCES ...............................................................................................202 ENDNOTES ......................................................................................................................202 9 DEVELOPMENTS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES .............206 9.1. THE CRPD AND THE EU: CLOSING OLD CHAPTERS, OPENING NEW ONES .................................................209 9.2. THE CRPD IN EU MEMBER STATES: PROGRESS CONTINUES BUT IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES PERSIST ................214 9.3. CRPD MONITORING FRAMEWORKS: MORE DPO INVOLVEMENT, MORE REGIONAL AND LOCAL ACTION ...................221 FRA OPINIONS ..................................................................................................................223 INDEX OF COUNTRY REFERENCES ...............................................................................................224 ENDNOTES ......................................................................................................................224
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