ZOO 435 Lecture - General Characteristics of Extant Birds

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

ZOO 435 Lecture - General Characteristics of Extant Birds Forelimbs are wings (in all birds); most can fly Feathers and leg scales (epidermal structures) No sweat glands Uropygial gland present in most Rudimentary pinna (fleshy ear) Skeleton fully ossified; air sacs in bones; strutting for strength Cervical vertebrae have saddle-shaped articular surface – very flexible Single occipital condyle (flexible) Jaws covered by beak (keratinized sheath) No teeth Well developed brain and nervous system Optic lobes and cerebellum very well-developed Excellent eyesight – can see color, UV, and polarized light o Golden Eagle can see a rabbit two miles away; 1500 feet for people Poor sense of taste and smell (with some exceptions) 12 pairs of cranial nerves (just like mammals) 4-chambered heart; Right aortic arch (IV) persists Reduced renal portal system (Blood from the posterior part of the body flows into the renal portal veins, which pass into the caudal vena cava. The renal portal system is found only in fishes, amphibians, reptiles and birds. Thus, mammals have no renal portal system. All that remains in mammals is the azygous vein, which is an unpaired vein that drains most of the intercostal space on both sides of the mammalian thorax.) Nucleated red blood cells Crop – diverticulum of the esophagus (allows ingestion of food which can be stored until a safe place is found for digestion) Proventriculus – distal portion of the stomach (closer to mouth); initiates digestion; Ventriculus (gizzard) – proximal portion of the stomach (farther from mouth); muscular walls to grind and crush, often aided by sand or gravel Air sacs among viscera and in skeleton Voice box = syrinx; located at proximal end of trachea, at junction with bronchi Cloaca; no bladder; semi-solid urine; nitrogenous waste = uric acid Female with only left ovary and oviduct (exceptions, e.g. hawks) Internal fertilization; most males lack intromittent organ usually lacking (exceptions: e.g. ducks; ostrich) Oviparous; amniotic egg; calcified shell; yolk for energy; albumen (egg white) acts as a cushion; respire through shell (only a day or two before hatching) Endothermic; body temp between 100 – 133 degrees F; high metabolic rate ZW sex determination (not XY system) o ZZ = males; homogametic; ZW = females; heterogametic o Also found in some fish; insects (butterflies; moths) o Ovum determines sex of offspring o Unknown whether W produces female characteristics; OR double Z produces male characteristics o No birds with double W or single Z (Z0) have been discovered o ZW chromosomes are autosomal in mammals; and vice-versa . ZW and XY couples may come from different chromosomes of the common ancestor; the two systems may be related somehow Small genomes (chicken = 1.2 billion base pairs; people = 3.5 billion bp) o TRANSPARENCY But birds tend to have lots of chromosomes; but tend to be vastly different sizes o Macrochromosomes and microchromosomes o Diploid number of chicken = 78 (38 pairs of autosomes; pair of sex chromosomes) . Diploid number of people = 46 (23 pairs autosomes; sex chr.) Mitochondrial genome: 16,800 bp; 13 genes o People: 16,600 bp; 37 genes .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Reproduction Methods
1336 Chapter 43 | Animal Reproduction and Development fertilization. Seahorses, like the one shown in Figure 43.1, provide an example of the latter. Following a mating dance, the female lays eggs in the male seahorse’s abdominal brood pouch where they are fertilized. The eggs hatch and the offspring develop in the pouch for several weeks. 43.1 | Reproduction Methods By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: • Describe advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual reproduction • Discuss asexual reproduction methods • Discuss sexual reproduction methods Animals produce offspring through asexual and/or sexual reproduction. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages. Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent because the offspring are all clones of the original parent. A single individual can produce offspring asexually and large numbers of offspring can be produced quickly. In a stable or predictable environment, asexual reproduction is an effective means of reproduction because all the offspring will be adapted to that environment. In an unstable or unpredictable environment asexually-reproducing species may be at a disadvantage because all the offspring are genetically identical and may not have the genetic variation to survive in new or different conditions. On the other hand, the rapid rates of asexual reproduction may allow for a speedy response to environmental changes if individuals have mutations. An additional advantage of asexual reproduction is that colonization of new habitats may be easier when an individual does not need to find a mate to reproduce. During sexual reproduction the genetic material of two individuals is combined to produce genetically diverse offspring that differ from their parents.
[Show full text]
Sex-Specific Spawning Behavior and Its Consequences in an External Fertilizer
vol. 165, no. 6 the american naturalist june 2005 Sex-Specific Spawning Behavior and Its Consequences in an External Fertilizer Don R. Levitan* Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, a very simple way—the timing of gamete release (Levitan Tallahassee, Florida 32306-1100 1998b). This allows for an investigation of how mating behavior can influence mating success without the com- Submitted October 29, 2004; Accepted February 11, 2005; Electronically published April 4, 2005 plications imposed by variation in adult morphological features, interactions within the female reproductive sys- tem, or post-mating (or pollination) investments that can all influence paternal and maternal success (Arnqvist and Rowe 1995; Havens and Delph 1996; Eberhard 1998). It abstract: Identifying the target of sexual selection in externally also provides an avenue for exploring how the evolution fertilizing taxa has been problematic because species in these taxa often lack sexual dimorphism. However, these species often show sex of sexual dimorphism in adult traits may be related to the differences in spawning behavior; males spawn before females. I in- evolutionary transition to internal fertilization. vestigated the consequences of spawning order and time intervals One of the most striking patterns among animals and between male and female spawning in two field experiments. The in particular invertebrate taxa is that, generally, species first involved releasing one female sea urchin’s eggs and one or two that copulate or pseudocopulate exhibit sexual dimor- males’ sperm in discrete puffs from syringes; the second involved phism whereas species that broadcast gametes do not inducing males to spawn at different intervals in situ within a pop- ulation of spawning females.
[Show full text]
Needham Notes
Lesson 26 Lesson Outline: Exercise #1 - Basic Functions Exercise #2 - Phylogenetic Trends Exercise #3 - Case Studies to Compare • Reproductive Strategies- Energy Partitioning • External versus Internal Fertilization • Sexual Dimorphism o Functional Characteristics o Aids to Identification o Copulatory Organs • Timing - Copulation, Ovulation, Fertilization, Development Objectives: Throughout the course what you need to master is an understanding of: 1) the form and function of structures, 2) the phylogenetic and ontogenetic origins of structures, and 3) the extend to which various structures are homologous, analogous and/or homoplastic. At the end of this lesson you should be able to: Describe the advantages and disadvantages of internal and external fertilization Describe sexual dimorphism and the selection pressures that lead to it Describe the trends seen in the design of copulatory organs Describe the various forms of reproductive strategy for delaying development of the fertilized egg and the selective advantage of them References: Chapter 15: 351-386 Reading for Next Lesson: Chapter 16: 387- 428 Exercise #1 List the basic functions of the urogenital system: The urinary system excretes the waste products of cellular digestion, ions, amino acids, salts, etc. It also plays a key role in water balance along with numerous other structures in different species living in different environments (i.e. gills, skin, salt glands). The primary function of the system is to give rise to offspring, - to reproduce. Exercise #2 Describe the evolutionary trends that we see in the urogenital systems of the different vertebrate groups: The phylogenetic trends that we see throughout the chordates were covered in detail in lectures (lecture 31 and 32) and are summarized schematically in the next figures: Exercise #3 – Comparisons – Case 1 Reproductive Strategies - Energy Partitioning Some would argue that the primary reason that organisms exist is to reproduce and make more organisms.
[Show full text]
Reproductive Ecology & Sexual Selection
Reproductive Ecology & Sexual Selection REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY REPRODUCTION & SEXUAL SELECTION • Asexual • Sexual – Attraction, Courtship, and Mating – Fertilization – Production of Young The Evolutionary Enigma of Benefits of Asex Sexual Reproduction • Sexual reproduction produces fewer reproductive offspring than asexual reproduction, a so-called reproductive handicap 1. Eliminate problem to locate, court, & retain suitable mate. Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Generation 1 2. Doubles population growth rate. Female Female 3. Avoid “cost of meiosis”: Generation 2 – genetic representation in later generations isn't reduced by half each time Male 4. Preserve gene pool adapted to local Generation 3 conditions. Generation 4 Figure 23.16 The Energetic Costs of Sexual Reproduction Benefits of Sex • Allocation of Resources 1. Reinforcement of social structure 2. Variability in face of changing environment. – why buy four lottery tickets w/ the same number on them? Relative benefits: Support from organisms both asexual in constant & sexual in changing environments – aphids have wingless female clones & winged male & female dispersers – ciliates conjugate if environment is deteriorating Heyer 1 Reproductive Ecology & Sexual Selection Simultaneous Hermaphrodites TWO SEXES • Advantageous if limited mobility and sperm dispersal and/or low population density • Guarantee that any member of your species encountered is the • Conjugation “right” sex • Self fertilization still provides some genetic variation – Ciliate protozoans with + & - mating
[Show full text]
Evolution of the Two Sexes Under Internal Fertilization and Alternative Evolutionary Pathways
vol. 193, no. 5 the american naturalist may 2019 Evolution of the Two Sexes under Internal Fertilization and Alternative Evolutionary Pathways Jussi Lehtonen1,* and Geoff A. Parker2 1. School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia; and Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 New South Wales, Australia; 2. Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom Submitted September 8, 2018; Accepted November 30, 2018; Electronically published March 18, 2019 Online enhancements: supplemental material. abstract: ogy. It generates the two sexes, males and females, and sexual Transition from isogamy to anisogamy, hence males and ﬂ females, leads to sexual selection, sexual conﬂict, sexual dimorphism, selection and sexual con ict develop from it (Darwin 1871; and sex roles. Gamete dynamics theory links biophysics of gamete Bateman 1948; Parker et al. 1972; Togashi and Cox 2011; limitation, gamete competition, and resource requirements for zygote Parker 2014; Lehtonen et al. 2016; Hanschen et al. 2018). survival and assumes broadcast spawning. It makes testable predic- The volvocine green algae are classically the group used to tions, but most comparative tests use volvocine algae, which feature study both the evolution of multicellularity (e.g., Kirk 2005; internal fertilization. We broaden this theory by comparing broadcast- Herron and Michod 2008) and transitions from isogamy to spawning predictions with two plausible internal-fertilization scenarios: gamete casting/brooding (one mating type retains gametes internally, anisogamy and oogamy (e.g., Knowlton 1974; Bell 1982; No- the other broadcasts them) and packet casting/brooding (one type re- zaki 1996; da Silva 2018; da Silva and Drysdale 2018; Han- tains gametes internally, the other broadcasts packets containing gametes, schen et al.
[Show full text]
REPRODUCTIVE MECHANISM of UNISEXUAL and BISEXUAL STRAINS of the VIVIPAROUS FISH Poeciliopsisl
REPRODUCTIVE MECHANISM OF UNISEXUAL AND BISEXUAL STRAINS OF THE VIVIPAROUS FISH POECILIOPSISl R. JACK SCHULTZ Museum of Zoology, The University of Michigan Received September 12, 1960 The fishes of the order Cyprinodonti one or two uneven rows that follow the formes have evolved a variety of systems heart-shaped curvature of the lips and the of sex-determination, some of which are outer row of teeth. The second type of unique among vertebrate animals. One dentition is characteristic of an aberrant such anomalous condition was recently re strain of "F" females which are designated ported by Miller and Schultz (1959) in the as "Fx." The inner teeth of this strain viviparous genus Poeciliopsis Regan, where consist of a fine sandpaper-like patch on in certain strains gave birth to only female either side of the midline. No other con offspring. Poeciliopsis comprises approxi sistent morphological differences have been mately 16 species that range from southern found between the two strains, yet repro Arizona to Colombia, with at least two ductively they are radically different. Mat endemics in the Atlantic drainage of the ings of "F" females having normal denti Isthmus of Tehuantepec (fig. 1). Western tion to "F" males result in young of both Mexico harbors the largest number of sexes, but the "Fx " females with aberrant species. dentition mated to the same male produce This study deals principally with two only female progeny. species of Poecdiopsis tentatively assigned The same aberrant dental character was to the species group Leptorhaphis Regan later found in samples of strain "c." In (Miller, 1960).
[Show full text]
Reproduction and Sex in Invertebrates - Alan N
REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT BIOLOGY - Reproduction and Sex in Invertebrates - Alan N. Hodgson REPRODUCTION AND SEX IN INVERTEBRATES Alan N. Hodgson Department of Zoology & Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa Keywords: Asexual reproduction, copulation, courtship, fertilization, genitalia, gonochorism, hermaphroditism, iteroparity, mate guarding, parthenogenesis, paternity assurance, semelparity, sexual conflict, spermatophores, spermatozoa Contents 1. Introduction 2. Asexual reproduction 3. Sexual reproduction 3.1. Sexuality 3.2. Environment of Fertilization 3.2.1. Broadcast Spawning and External Fertilization 3.2.2 Spermcast Mating 3.2.3. Internal Fertilization 3.2.4. Sperm Heteromorphism and Paraspermatozoa. 3.3. Copulatory Organs, Copulation and Sperm Transfer 4. Mating behaviors of internal fertilizers: pre- and postcopulatory behaviors, selection and sexual conflict. 5. Frequency of Reproduction (Iteroparity and Semelparity) Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Whilst asexual reproduction is common in many invertebrate taxa, and the sole means of producing the next generation in some, sexual reproduction is the predominant reproductive method. In the majority of sexually reproducing species the sexes are separate (gonochoristic), however, hermaphroditism occurs in many phyla and some are exclusively so. Sexual reproduction requires that haploid gametes are brought together and in speciesUNESCO that inhabit aquatic environm – entsEOLSS this can occur either outside the body of the parents (external
[Show full text]
43.2 Fertilization.Pdf
Chapter 43 | Animal Reproduction and Development 1339 Figure 43.5 Many snails are hermaphrodites. When two individuals mate, they can produce up to one hundred eggs each. (credit: Assaf Shtilman) Sex Determination Mammalian sex determination is determined genetically by the presence of X and Y chromosomes. Individuals homozygous for X (XX) are female and heterozygous individuals (XY) are male. The presence of a Y chromosome causes the development of male characteristics and its absence results in female characteristics. The XY system is also found in some insects and plants. Avian sex determination is dependent on the presence of Z and W chromosomes. Homozygous for Z (ZZ) results in a male and heterozygous (ZW) results in a female. The W appears to be essential in determining the sex of the individual, similar to the Y chromosome in mammals. Some fish, crustaceans, insects (such as butterflies and moths), and reptiles use this system. The sex of some species is not determined by genetics but by some aspect of the environment. Sex determination in some crocodiles and turtles, for example, is often dependent on the temperature during critical periods of egg development. This is referred to as environmental sex determination, or more specifically as temperature-dependent sex determination. In many turtles, cooler temperatures during egg incubation produce males and warm temperatures produce females. In some crocodiles, moderate temperatures produce males and both warm and cool temperatures produce females. In some species, sex is both genetic- and temperature- dependent. Individuals of some species change their sex during their lives, alternating between male and female.
[Show full text]
Internal Fertilization and Sperm Storage in Cnidarians
TREE-1960; No. of Pages 2 Letter Internal fertilization and sperm storage in cnidarians: a response to Orr and Brennan 1,2 1 3,4 Antonio Carlos Marques , Jimena Garcı´a , and Cheryl Lewis Ames 1 Institute of Biosciences and Center for Marine Biology, University of Sa˜ o Paulo, R. Mata˜ o Tr. 14, 101, 05508-090, Sa˜ o Paulo, Brazil 2 Center for Marine Biology, University of Sa˜ o Paulo, Manoel Hypo´ lito do Rego, km. 131,5, 11600-000, Sa˜ o Paulo, Brazil 3 Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20013-7012, USA 4 BEES Concentration, Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA Orr and Brennan [1] recently presented a synthesis of the are internally fertilized by sperm taken up by the female diversity of sperm storage structures used in internal medusae during spawning aggregations with males [7]. fertilization in animal taxa and speculated on the selective At the climax of complex cubozoan sexual reproduction processes shaping their evolution. Orr and Brennan re- is the elaborate behavior seen only in species of Tripeda- strict their discussion of animals with internal fertilization liidae – Copula sivickisi and Tripedalia cystophora. These and some type of sperm storage to terrestrial and marine or tiny box jellyﬁsh display sexual dimorphism and courtship freshwater benthic and/or nektonic habitats, although they behavior in which spermatophores are formed by coalesc- acknowledged that some ctenophores have internal fertili- ing sperm packets ejaculated from ‘seminal receptacles’ of zation (see Box 2 in [1]). While we acknowledge that such the male testes (called hemigonads) [8–11].
[Show full text]
A Brief Natural History of the Orgasm Thierry Lodé
A brief natural history of the orgasm Thierry Lodé To cite this version: Thierry Lodé. A brief natural history of the orgasm. Frontiers in Life Science , Taylor and Francis, 2020, 13 (1), pp.34-44. 10.1080/21553769.2019.1664642. hal-02285727 HAL Id: hal-02285727 https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02285727 Submitted on 13 Sep 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Frontiers in Life Science ISSN: 2155-3769 (Print) 2155-3777 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tfls20 A brief natural history of the orgasm Thierry Lodé To cite this article: Thierry Lodé (2020) A brief natural history of the orgasm, Frontiers in Life Science, 13:1, 34-44 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/21553769.2019.1664642 © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group Published online: 12 Sep 2019. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tfls20 FRONTIERS IN LIFE SCIENCE 2019, VOL.
[Show full text]
Developmental Biology B.Sc. Biotechnology 4Th Semester (Generic Elective) Unit-I Gametogenesis and Fertilization Unit-I Reference Notes
INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL TRIBAL UNIVERSITY AMARKANTAK, M.P. 484886 SUBJECT- Biotechnology TITLE- Developmental Biology B.Sc. Biotechnology 4th Semester (Generic Elective) Unit-I Gametogenesis and Fertilization Unit-I Reference Notes Dr. Parikipandla Sridevi Assistant Professor Dept. of Biotechnology Faculty of Science Indira Gandhi National Tribal University Amarkantak, MP, India Pin: 484887 Mob No: +919630036673, +919407331673 Email Id: [email protected], [email protected] [email protected] Unit I Definition, scope & historical perspective of development Biology, Gametogenesis – Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis Fertilization - Definition, mechanism, types of fertilization. Different types of eggs on the basis of yolk. CONTENTS 1. Introduction & history of development biology 2. Gametogenesis- spermatogenesis & oogenesis 3. Fertilization and types of fertilization 4. Type of eggs 1. Introduction & history of development biology 1.1. Introduction Developmental biology is the study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop. Developmental biology also encompasses the biology of regeneration, asexual reproduction, metamorphosis, and the growth and differentiation of stem cells in the adult organism. 1.2. The Foundations of Developmental Biology What is developmental biology, and why has it emerged as one of the most dynamic and exciting areas of biological investigation? Nothing in nature is more fascinating than the development of a complex, multicellular organism that progressively acquires the essential attributes of its parents. Developmental biologists study all aspects of development, from the genes and molecular events that control development to the structural changes that an organism undergoes as it develops. They study various modes of development, from embryonic development of animals and plants to aggregation of slime mold amebae, flowering of plants or regeneration of limbs in salamanders.
[Show full text]
Reproductive System Parts of the Reproductive System Oviducts Four Regions
Lizard - Reproductive System Parts of the Reproductive System Oviducts Four Regions 1. Infundibulum- a funnel shaped passage 2. Magnus 3. Uterus 4. Vagina Ovary- where eggs are produced in the female Reproductive System. Ovum- the female Reproductive cell that can divide, giving a rise to an embryo after the fertilization by the male cell. Copulation- where both lizards come together in sexual intercourse and the penish enters the vagina and transfers the Reproductive cells. Parts of the Reproductive System cont. Cloaca- the female cloaca is shorter than the male cloaca. The cloaca is a body cavity where the intestinal, urinary, and genital canals empty out of. The cloaca has an opening for the female of depositing the sperm into. Testicles- the male has either a single penis or a pair of hemipenes which are only used for reproduction. During fertilization the testicles increase in size. Hemipenis- the paired male Reproductive organs. Organs Functioning Together The testicle is everted from the cloaca and inserted into the female’s cloaca. The male then deposits his sperm into the female’s cloaca which then swims up her oviduct to where her eggs are stored to then fertilize the eggs and begin the process of reproduction. Before copulation begins, the two lizards usually engage in some type of ritualized courtship. How frequently does the Lizard Reproduce? The Lizard usually breeds during the summer because of the warm and sometimes humid weather. Some species of Lizards lay eggs at about 12 months old and some can last to the age of 25 years old. The male usually leaves the female after copulation to find another female to lay eggs.
[Show full text]