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Xu Wei ஊྍʿʳel Letrado Detrás De La Leyenda

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Xu Wei ஊྍʿʳel Letrado Detrás De La Leyenda LA ALBOLAFIA : RE)ISTA DE HU,ANIDADES Y CULTURA , IRIA, /UADALU0E 0UENTE ESTRADA -24A1 -24A1 DU EEI ஊྍʿʳEL LETRADO DETR\S DE LA LE.ENDA ISSN: 2387 ,iriam /uadalupe 0uente Estrada Colegio de ,3:ico RESU,EN : Du Eei (1521-15A3) calgrafo, poeta, dramaturgo y pintor del periodo tardo de la Dinasta ,ing. Su vida desafortunada y su personalidad e:c3ntrica lo convirtieron en toda una leyenda del folklor chino. Su talento y libertad creativa fueron fuente de inspiracin para grandes maes- tros de la pintura china tradicional. Este artculo es a su vez una invitacin para todo aLuel Lue Luiera conocer su obra en sus m ltiples e:presiones. ABSTRACT : Du Eei (1521-15A3) calligrapher, poet, playwright and painter of the late period of the ,ing Dynasty. His unfortunate life and eccentric personality made him a legend of Chinese folklore. His talent and creative freedom were a source of inspiration for great masters of traditional Chinese painting. This article is itself an invitation to anyone who wants to know his work in its multiple e:pressions. 0ALABRAS CLA)E : pintura china, Dinasta Ming, biografa, letrados . WE.EORDS : Chinese painting, Ming Dynasty, biography, literati. 2 1.- DU EEI ஊྍʿ ʳEL LETRADO gibn _ . KuizF conociendo las compleHas tensiones Lue modelaron la vida de Du DETR\S DE LA LE.ENDA Eei, sea posible identificar su posicin con respecto a la tradicin como un de- La leyenda de Du Eei comienza con ambular entre lo convencional y lo e:- sus dos autobiografas 1 , contin a y se c3ntrico, lo civil y lo militar, lo histrico y alimenta de las voces de Luienes lo admi- lo religioso, Lue lo llev a producir obras raron y toma cuerpo en la e:presividad de Lue trastocaron los valores aceptados en su obra. ]l mismo sola decir Lue su su momento y se ganaron la admiracin caligrafa iba primero, su poesa en se- de generaciones posteriores. gundo lugar, su literatura en tercero y al En la Dinasta ,ing el florecimiento final su pintura. 0ara acercase a la obra de de ideas individualistas coincidira con el Du Eei, lo mFs apropiado es seguir las rechazo a la autoridad y la presencia de recomendaciones del artista: ^Si Luieres un r3gimen poltico en el cual la autoridad conocer el aullido desgarrador del gibn, se cristaliza en el mandato desptico del debes convertirte t mismo en un 1 Du Eei escribi dos autobiografas, la primera a 2 WEA ,Shiamin: Songs of ourselves5 Xu DeiAs ( O2 -- los 45 a1os Husto antes de su intento de suicidio y O9E) N3our Cries of a GibbonN (Sisheng yuan). la segunda al final de sus das a los C3 a1os. Cambridge: Harvard University, 2008, p. 14. 15 LA ALBOLAFIA : RE)ISTA DE HU,ANIDADES Y CULTURA , IRIA, /UADALU0E 0UENTE ESTRADA emperador 3. El tiempo Lue vivi Du Eei edad de siete a1os. En 1530 un reconoci- abarc tres eras del ,ing Tardo: La era do magistrado Liu Bing le recomend iaHing (1522-1577) del emperador Zhu Lue estudiara los clFsicos, tarea Lue em- Houcong, nombre pstumo ShizongU La prendi diligentemente. A pesar de sus era LongLing (157C-15C2) del emperador talentos, la infancia de Du Eei no fue Zhu Zaihou, nombre pstumo ,uzongU precisamente feliz. Hubo constantes fric- y ,en su etapa mFs productiva como pin- ciones entre ,iaoshi y los dos hermanos tor, la era de Eanli (15C3-1720) del em- mayores de Du Eei, hiHos del primer ma- perador Zhu .iHun, nombre pstumo trimonio de su padre. Cuando Du Eei Shenzong. tena 10 a1os su madre biolgica se vio Du Eei tambi3n fue conocido como obligada a abandonar la casa por proble- Du EenLing y despu3s como Du Een- mas econmicos de la familia. La separa- cin de Du Eei con su madre debi ser chang. Algunas de sus obras aparecen firmadas por sus seudnimos: el ermita-o un evento trFgico ya Lue no se volveran a ver hasta veinte a1os despu3s. Otro de del manantial celeste , el sedentario de la vi-a verde y la estampa del sello personal de las aguas los recuerdos mFs tristes fue la muerte de ,iaoshi, cuando 3l tena 14 a1os, lo Lue y la luna . Naci el segundo mes de la era Zhengde (,arzo de 1521) en Shangyin podra ser una de las primeras manifesta- (actualmente Shao:ing, en la provincia de ciones de su inestabilidad psicolgica sucedi a partir de esta tragedia. El Hoven ZheHiang). Su padre Du Cong haba al- canzado el grado de 1unren , y debido a su Du Eei azot su cabeza contra el suelo trabaHo a menudo frecuentaba la 0rovin- pidiendo morir en lugar de ella, rehusFn- cia de .unnan. Cong contraHo matrimo- dose a comer por das. A partir de enton- nio con una muHer llamada ,iaoshi, des- ces Lued al cuidado de sus hermanos pu3s se retir de su puesto debido a una mientras continuaba sus estudios. enfermedad y regres a Shao:ing. La AdemFs de los clFsicos Du Eei practicaba madre de Du Eei fue una muHer prove- las bellas artes, artes marciales, arLuera, niente de la etnia ,iao Lue serva de es- espada, cabalgata y m sica. Incluso com- ⨈ clava para la familia. Tres meses despu3s puso una pieza para el qin , un instru- del nacimiento de Du Eei su padre mo- mento antiguo de siete cuerdas de la fa- rira. A partir de entonces, aunLue su milia de la ctara. La pieza usaba como madre biolgica fue una concubina, Luien lrica el poema de Su Shi 0da del acantilado 4 realmente lo crio fue ,iaoshi, la esposa ro1o . oficial. Al referirse a su infancia en sus El gobierno imperial de ,ing estaba dos biografas, Du Eei se refera a s conformado por una estructura piramidal mismo como un ni1o genio. 0oda dividida en tres HerarLuas: la administra- aprender cientos de caracteres de un solo cin civil, la militar y la del censorado, vistazo y escribir ensayos completos a la una figura de vigilancia nica en China. 3 BOTTON, Flora: China su historia y cultura hasta 4 R.OR, Wathleen: Lright 7earls 6anging in the 800. 2a ed. corr. ,3:ico: El Colegio de ,3:ico, Marketplace5 Self-Expression and Commodification in Centro de Estudios de Asia y \frica, 1A84, 2008, the 7ainting of Xu Dei. New .ork: Thesis (0h. p.285. D.)--New .ork University, Institute of Fine Arts, 1AA8, p. 45 17 LA ALBOLAFIA : RE)ISTA DE HU,ANIDADES Y CULTURA , IRIA, /UADALU0E 0UENTE ESTRADA El cuerpo de funcionarios Lue integraba primer grado necesario Lue le permita el gobierno inclua al emperador y su seguir estudiando y presentar los e:Fme- clan, asistentes personales de la casa im- nes posteriores para ascender y conseguir perial, una clase privilegiada de nobles, una carrera burocrFtica. En la escuela burcratas del servicio civil, sus asistentes conoce a tres compa1eros Lue seran sus y un cuerpo militar de oficiales y solda- amigos de toda la vida: Zhang Tianfu, dos 5. Zhao in y Zhu Dashou. Tres a1os des- pu3s, los primeros dos conseguiran el En ,ing, la aspiracin mFs alta de as- 1unren censo en la escala social slo podra con- grado de , nivel Lue Du Eei nunca seguirse a trav3s de los e:Fmenes oficia- pudo conseguir despu3s de ocho intentos fallidosU su ltimo intento sera en 1571 les. El mFs alto grado, 1inshi 䘆຿ , era un pocos a1os antes de su crisis mental. reLuisito para ser candidato a los puestos mFs altos en la burocracia, por lo cual Su vida acad3mica no fue la nica des- resultaba muy difcil de conseguir. Antes afortunada, su vida marital tambi3n. Des- de 1inshi, primero haba Lue alcanzar el pu3s de la muerte de ,iaoshi, los herma- grado de 1uren 㟝Ҏ . La mayora consegu- nos de Du Eei despilfarraron lo Lue Lue- daba de la fortuna de su familia. Du Eei an el grado inicial shengyuan ⫳વ , Lue no no poda solventar un casamiento, ya Lue contaba con los privilegios para ocupar en su pueblo natal los regalos de com- puestos oficiales. En 1540 Du Eei logr promiso Lue el novio deba dar a la fami- obtener el grado de /husheng 䃌⫳ 7 , el lia de la futura esposa eran bastante caros. En estas circunstancias Du Eei acept un 5 HUCWER, Charles O.: The Traditional Chinese matrimonio arreglado con Si, la hiHa del State in Ming Times ( E,8- ,PP). Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona, 1A71, p.C. magistrado 0an WeHing y tuvo Lue mu- 7 El grado de /husheng 䃌⫳ es uno de los niveles darse a la casa de la familia 0an como un -୉(durante la dinasta King se ru/hui C. Sin embargo, Si muere por se س del sheng yuan conoce como era xiucai ⾔ᠡ ) Se trata de aLuellos cuelas del parto despu3s de dar a luz a su Lue han pasado el e:amen imperial a nivel de condado durante la dinasta ,ing y King. En el primer hiHo. AunLue breve, el matrimonio caso de Du Eei sera de su lugar natal Shanying. de Du con Si fue feliz. En sus memorias Los Lue alcanzaban este nivel tenan ciertos privi- legios como estar e:entos al trabaHo como mano de obra, tener acceso a las instalaciones del go- aLuellos Lue haban salido mal en los e:Fmenes bierno local y cierta inmunidad a los castigos podan considerarse como sustitutos pero no fsicos. Este dato podra ser importante para tenan derecho a ser candidatos para otros e:F- menes a menos Lue mostraran meHoras. comprender los privilegios Lue goz Du Eei C durante su tiempo en prisin, incluyendo la opor- HUAN/, ,artin E: Negotiating Masculinities in tunidad de salir para asistir al funeral de su madre.
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