The Reference Librarian, 2004, Vol. 42, No. 87 & 88, pp.163-178. DOI: 10.1300/J120v42n87_06 http://www.taylorandfrancis.com/ http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t792306953~db=all http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=article&issn=0276-3877&volume=42&issue=87&spage=163 © 2004 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved. Reading African Women’s Writing: The Role of Librarians in Expanding the Canon Miriam Conteh-Morgan Miriam Conteh-Morgan is Assistant Professor, Bibliographer for Linguistics, African Studies and French, Information Services Department, The Ohio State University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, Columbus, OH SUMMARY. This paper will briefly review the canon debate in African literature, situating it within a wider context of debates on other non-Western, non-central or emerging disciplines. It will then examine ways in which reference services can respond to the challenge of canon expansion, and how librarians can impact the study of African women writers in universities and colleges. I will approach these topics from two perspectives. The first involves reference librarians in their traditional role as information mediators. Using the works of female writers as examples in instruction sessions and reference guides are ways in which traditional methods can be given a new twist. In so doing, reference librarians will be combining intercultural literacy with information literacy. A bibliography of selected works will also be given that will help general reference librarians strengthen their collections and educate themselves on the subject. The second will be on ways in which librarians can add a layer to traditional mediating by becoming academic activists. In other words, instead of passively waiting for courses to be created and then supporting them, librarians can market to faculty ideas for possible uses of the Africana collection and thus provide impetus for new course development. Suggested initiatives include developing theme-related guides or readers‟ advisory based on African women‟s texts, and distributing them to other Area Studies faculty-an obvious way to encourage comparative, interdisciplinary research and teaching. Librarians can also hold workshops to demonstrate how works such as Aidoo‟s Changes or Dangaremgba‟s Nervous Conditions that examine the many faces of modern Africa can be discussed in social history, politics or education courses; or Alifa Rifaat‟s works dealing with women in Islamic communities in a religion or comparative law course. Additionally, libraries need to go beyond in-house, library- only lectures to organizing, for example, campus-wide author lecture series. To effectively implement these initiatives, reference librarians should collaborate more closely with Africana and Area Studies bibliographers. As librarians in the 21st century, we should be more proactive in our academic communities. We can generate impetus for breaking the literary canon and broadening literary research, foster greater understanding of African culture, while still playing our time-honored roles of guide, mediator, culture-keeper, and agents of change. INTRODUCTION Library literature‟s attention to African Studies in general has focused almost exclusively on collection development and cataloging issues (for example, Malanchuk, 1991; Aderibigbe and Udoh, 1990). The few works that specifically discuss African literature also approach it from the acquisitions and cataloguing angle (Amaeshi, 1985; Wolcke-Renk, 1984). To date, only one article in the electronic database Library Literature deals with African women‟s writing, and that, too, has a collection development bias (Richey, 1995). Similarly, works suggesting ways in which librarians can expand literary canons tend to approach the topic from a collection development standpoint (Doherty 1998; Krazert and Richey, 1998; Quinn, 1995), and only a few deal specifically with literary reference (Benefiel, Miller and Ramirez, 1997; Adams and Benefiel, 2000). Going beyond collection development, and thinking about reference and outreach services that could help open up the canon is what this article will discuss. Indeed, it has been acknowledged that librarians “can . force the canon to evolve and become more inclusive” (Doherty, 1998, p. 405). I will examine, from two perspectives, ways in which reference librarians can help create an enabling environment for the study of African women writers in U.S. universities and colleges, thus helping to expand the African literary canon. The first discusses how reference librarians can use some traditional methods in their role as information mediators to make African women‟s writing more visible. The other perspective examines ways in which librarians can add a layer to traditional mediating by taking a more proactive approach. In other words, instead of passively waiting for courses to be created and then supporting them, librarians can market to their campus community new approaches and ideas for possible uses of African women writers‟ works that could serve as an impetus for course development or enhancement. This philosophy is undergirded by the belief that “librarians know that their libraries hold far more useful material than their audiences–or their potential audiences– generally recognize” (Cullen, 1988, p. 76). It is hoped that these strategies would stimulate the opening of the literary canons, African and world. While the suggestions given can be applied to other areas or disciplines, examples and strategies will focus on the use the works of African women writers within the contexts of library outreach, and interdisciplinary and intercultural teaching and research. BACKGROUND The study of Africa was introduced into the curriculum of institutions of higher learning in the United States as a result of parallel and interconnected developments of the 1960s: the Black Consciousness movement in the U.S., the Cold War, and the decolonization movements in Africa which created the need for the systematic study of other regions of the world. One can say that African literature came of age when, two decades later, in 1986, Nigeria‟s Wole Soyinka won the Nobel Literature Prize, and was quickly followed by Egypt‟s Naguib Mafouz and South Africa‟s Nadine Gordimer. However, it is a literature still relatively unknown to many non- Africans and little explored on many U.S. campuses primarily because the study of African writers has remained largely within Black/Africana Studies programs, and has not made re- ally significant inroads into the central curriculum of many institutions. Arguably, writers like Wole Soyinka, Chinua Achebe, Ngugi wa Thiongo, the “presiding triumvirate” of Anglophone African literature (Lindfors, 1995, p. 59), and the Senegalese (francophone) Leopold Senghor are better known outside of Africana Studies departments as they are read in literature courses in English, Comparative Studies, or French departments, and have more critical works devoted to their writing. Female writers have not been similarly privileged in curricula or other canon-conferring sources as anthologies. When Lindfors applied the Famous Authors‟ Reputation Test he devised to examine the frequency with which Anglophone writers were discussed in African literature journals and books published between 1936 and 1986, of the thirty-seven authors identified, six are female; none, however, appears in the first fifteen spots. The same test was applied to two African literature journals, Research in African Literatures and African Literature Today, and to conference presentations of the African Literature Association (ALA) and African Studies Association (ASA) for the period 1975 to 1997, to determine which women writers, Anglophone and francophone, were the subject of critical analyses (Conteh-Morgan, 1999). It was revealed that women writers have not had much representation in these venues either: only fifty out of the combined eight hundred conference papers identified were on women writers, and not all of them are African. Another similarity between both studies is that Bessie Head came out on top of the list of women writers. African women writers do not fare much better in the commonly used research databases, subject searches on specific authors conducted in the MLA International Bibliography (Jan. 29, 2003) show. The authors searched were: Nadine Gordimer, Bessie Head, Mariama Ba, Buchi Emecheta, Tsitsi Dangarembga, Assia Djebar, and Ama Ata Aidoo, all of whom appear on the Lindfors list and/or Africa‟s 100 Best Books of the 20th century. The top three hits are Gordimer (313), Head (168), and Djebar (121). They are followed, in descending order, by Emecheta, Aidoo, Ba, and Dangarembga. In Literature Online, 51 of the 229 African authors included in the database are female (Jan. 18, 2003). Ama Ata Aidoo, the 1992 Commonwealth Prize winner for her book Changes, speaks of the collective pain of women writers: “It is especially pathetic to keep on writing without having any consistent, active, critical intelligence that is interested in you as an artist” (Aidoo, 1988). This observation is all the more glaring when one compares the representation of two Nobel Prize winners in the MLA: Gordimer‟s 313 hits as against Soyinka‟s 588, despite the fact that the former is considered part of two literary traditions, African and British. With women‟s voices seemingly lost amid the “humming and bustling” of their male counterparts (James, 1990), more of their works needs to break through the hegemonic control of the canon-conferring