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January / February 1995 The Ecologist Vol 25 Nol January/February 1995 ^ J £3.50 (US $7) New- Diseases - Old Plagues Who's Behind the Ecolabel? Mexico - Wall Street on the Warpath Oestrogen Overdose Ozone Backlash ISSN DEbl-3131 0 1 > The Unsettling of Tibet 770261"313010 Housing Plans and Policies ONA ODERN ANET RICHARD D NORTH 'Richard D North has long been one of the best informed and most thought provoking writers on the whole nexus of environmental and develop­ ment issues. This sharp and intelligent book shows North at the top of his form, arguing convincingly that concern about the future of our globe does not require you to be a modish ecopessimist. It comes like a sunburst of rational optimism and commonsense.' CHRISTOPHER PATTEN Governor of Hong Kong and former Secretary of State for the Environment (1989-1990) The Ecologist is published by Ecosystems Ltd. Editorial Office and Back Issues: Agriculture House, Bath Road, Sturminster Newton, Dorset, DT10 1DU, UK. Tel: (01258) 473476 Fax: (01258) 473748 E-Mail [email protected] Subscriptions: RED Computing, The Outback, 58-60 Kingston Road, New Maiden, Surrey, KT3 3LZ, United Kingdom Tel: (01403) 782644 Fax: (0181) 942 9385 Books: WEC Books, Worthyvale Manor, Camelford, Cornwall, PL32 9TT, United Kingdom Tel: (01840) 212711 Fax: (01840) 212808 Annual Subscription Rates Advertising Contributions £21 (US$34) for individuals and schools; For information, rates and booking, contact: The editors welcome contributions, which Wallace Kingston, Jake Sales (Ecologist agent), should be typed, double-spaced, on one £45 (US$85) for institutions; 6 Cynthia Street, London, N1 9JF, UK side of the paper only. Two copies should Tel: (0171) 278 6399 Fax: (0171) 278 4427 be sent with original. Word processed con­ £15 (US$25) concessionary rate tributions should be on a 3.5 inch disk (MS- (subscribers in the Third World and Inserts DOS or Macintosh) in Microsoft Word or Eastern Europe; unwaged—ID required). Up to 265x185mm, not more than 10g each: text file (ASCII) format. Illustrations (B/W or £45 per thousand, full run, plus VAT; £60 per colour prints or transparencies, line draw­ Airmail £11 (US$19) extra. thousand, part run (minimum 4,000), plus VAT. ings, tables, maps, etc.) should be included Concessionary rate only available from RED Further information from the Editorial Office. where appropriate. Detailed guidelines for Computing and The MIT Press and not through contributors are available on request. other subscription agents. Classified Manuscripts should be addressed to the The Ecologist is published bi-monthly. The rates See inside back cover editors and sent to the Editorial Office. above are for six issues, including postage and While every care is taken with manuscripts annual index. submitted for publication, the editors can­ Subscriptions outside North America payable to The not guarantee to return those not accepted. Ecologist and sent to RED Computing (address Articles published in The Ecologist do not above). We welcome payment by UK£ cheque necessarily express the views of the drawn on UK bank, US$ check drawn on US bank, editors. eurocheque written in UK£, banker's draft payable The Ecologist \nternational Serial Number through a British bank, UK or international postal is: ISSN 0261-3131. order, Access, Visa or MasterCard. Printed by Penwell Ltd, Station Road, Kelly North American subscriptions payable by check Bray, Callington, Cornwall, PL17 8ER, UK. drawn on US banks in US funds to: MIT Press Tel: (01579) 383777 Journals, 55 Hayward Street, Cambridge, MA 02142,. Tel: (617)253-2889; Fax: (617) 258-6779 Copyright: The Ecologist 1995 The Ecologist is available on microfilm from University Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb St., Ann Arbor, Ml, USA The Publisher Contents EDWARD GOLDSMITH Founding Editors Ecologist Vol. 25, No. 1, January/February 1995 EDWARD GOLDSMITH PETER BUNYARD Editorial Editorial NICHOLAS HILDYARD Who Broke Mexico? 2 SARAH SEXTON Ken Silverstein and Alexander Cockburn Editorial Assistant The Ozone Backlash 5 SALLY SNOW John Passacantando and Andre Carothers Associate Editors PATRICIA ADAMS Probe International Feature Articles (Canada) TRACEY CLUNIES-ROSS Housing as Social Control in Tibet 8 (UK) MARCUS COLCHESTER Scott heckle World Rainforest Movement During Chinese rule in Tibet, large areas of Lhasa and major towns have been cleared (UK) for redevelopment, and thousands of Tibetans evicted from their homes. The housing RAYMOND DASMANN programmes have not brought improvements for the majority of Tibetans — but they University of California, Santa Cruz (USA) have brought new forms of social control. SAMUEL S. EPSTEIN University of Illinois Feature Boxes (USA) Agricultural Modernization and International Aid 11 SIMON FAIRLIE Patrick Peatfield/Hannah Pearce (UK) Tibet's subsistence rural economy is to be replaced with a market-oriented one under a new ROSS HUME HALL agricultural master plan, some components of which may be funded with international aid. (USA) SANDY IRVINE "Getting Rich is Glorious" 14 (UK) Richard Smith MICK KELLY China's market economy has increased insecurity and environmental degradation. University of East Anglia (UK) Ecolabels: The Industrialization of Environmental Standards 16 MARTIN KHOR KOK PENG Consumers Association of Karen West Penang (Malaysia) Ecolabelling schemes are being promoted by governments and industry as substitutes SMITHU KOTHARI for environmental regulation. Without the backing of legally-binding standards, Lokayan Social Action Group (India) however, ecolabelling is little more than a marketing gimmick, providing minimal SIGMUND KVAL0Y protection for the environment or for the consumer. Under GATT, even this weak Ecopolitical Ring of Cooperation instrument could be ruled a barrier to trade. (Norway) PATRICK MCCULLY New and Resurgent Diseases: The Failure of Attempted Eradication 21 International Rivers Network (USA) The Harvard Working Group on New and Resurgent Diseases JOHN MILTON Barely 25 years ago, scientists predicted that modern medicine would eradicate (USA) infectious disease. Now old diseases are returning — and new ones emerging at JIMOH OMO-FADAKA African Environmental unprecedented rates. A narrow focus on virus evolution offers an insufficient expla­ Network (Kenya ) nation, not least because it hides the role that human activities play in creating JOHN PAPWORTH opportunities for disease. Fourth World Review (UK) ROBERT PRESCOTT-ALLEN Swimming in a Sea of Oestrogens: Chemical Hormone Disrupters 27 PADATA Sue Dibb (Canada) JOHN SEED Human exposure to chemicals which mimic oestrogens — the hormones that regulate Rainforest Information Centre many of the processes involved in sexual development and reproduction — has been (Australia) linked to reduced fertility and cancers in women and men. Recent research suggests VANDANA SHIVA that soya products may also cause hormonal disruption. Action should be taken Research Centre for Science and Ecology (India) urgently to minimize human exposure to oestrogen mimics in the environment. ROBERT WALLER Commonwealth Human Ecology Centre Books 32 (UK) Risk Society — Three Gorges — Life on the US-Mexican Border — The Gene Hunters RICHARD WILSON (UK) Letters 37 DONALD WORSTER University of Kansas Centre Pages (USA) Campaigns EDITORIAL OFFICE, Opencast Mining • Navajo and Peabody Coal »UK Land Reform • Patents on Life • EU AGRICULTURE HOUSE, BATH ROAD, Genetic Screening • Indian Fish Victory • Anti-NAFTA Move • Macuxi Dam, Brazil • STURMINSTER NEWTON, DORSET, Nigerian Trial • World Bank and Nepal's Arun Dam • Basel Waste Ban • Climate Action DT10 1DU, ENGLAND, UK. TEL +44-1258-473476 FAX +44-1258- Cover: Housing under construction in Lhasa, Tibet (© Norma Joseph FRGS LRPS/TIB). 473748 E-MAIL [email protected] The Ecologist is printed on recycled paper, whitened with hydrogen peroxide. The Ecologist, Vol. 25, No. 1, January/February 1995 1 Who Broke Mexico? The Killers and The Killing In February, the Mexican government launched a military bidding up the value of existing assets. In every case, condi­ attack in Chiapas, a province on Mexico's southern border tions demanded by overseas investors inevitably prompt with Guatemala, in an attempt to crush the 13-month old larger scarcity, upsurge and repression. And, as has hap­ peasant uprising by the Ejercito Zapatista de Liberation pened already in countries such as Turkey and Venezuela, National (EZLN) (See "Basta! Mexican Indians Say the bubble inevitably bursts. 'Enough!'", The Ecologist, May/June 1994). The eagerness of Mexico's transformation into the poster child of foreign the Mexican elites and military high command to end the investors was presided over in its most furious phase by Zapatista insurgency is quite obvious, but it was pressure Zedillo's predecessor, Carlos Salinas de Gortari. During put on the Mexican president by large US investors in the Salinas's six-year reign, Mexico became Latin America's country that was probably decisive in giving the go-ahead largest importer of Northern capital. Hundreds of state- for the attack. owned firms were privatized, and some $70 billion in foreign This is no speculative inference. The onslaught on the money poured into the country, mostly into stocks and Zapatistas (now suspended) was announced by President bonds. Ernesto Zedillo on 9 February, less than a month after the US Under such external pressures, Mexican stocks behaved Chase Bank, which has billions of dollars invested in Mexico, erratically even before the peso's crash. During the past year issued a peremptory call for the extinction of Zapatista the Bolsa de Valores — the Mexican stock exchange — rose to Subcomandante Marcos and his comrades. On January 13, an index of about 2,700 (after NAFTA was passed), fell to Chase Bank had issued a "Political Update" announcing about 1,800 in May, then climbed sharply again before drop­ bluntly: ping to the current level of about 1,970. After its privatization "While Chiapas, in our opinion, does not pose a funda­ in 1991, Telmex, the Mexican telephone monopoly, traded at mental threat to Mexican political stability, it is per­ $27.25 per share, climbed to $75 in early 1994, but then in ceived to be so by many in the investment community.
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