Musiques De Louisiane Vers Un Deuxième Renouveau Francophone ?

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Musiques De Louisiane Vers Un Deuxième Renouveau Francophone ? Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès Institut Pluridisciplinaire pour les Études sur les Amériques à Toulouse (IPEAT) Master mention Civilisations, Cultures et Sociétés Parcours Espaces, sociétés, cultures dans les Amériques Musiques de Louisiane Vers un deuxième renouveau francophone ? Mémoire de 2ème année présenté par : Bastien DURAND-TOULOUSE Sous la direction de : Nathalie DESSENS Année Universitaire 2017-2018 Déclaration sur l’honneur de non-plagiat Je soussigné·e, Nom, Prénom : Durand-Toulouse, Bastien Régulièrement inscrit à l’Université de Toulouse – Jean Jaurès - Campus du Mirail N° étudiant : 0210021600126 Année universitaire : 2017-2018 Certifie que le document joint à la présente déclaration est un travail original, que je n’ai ni recopié ni utilisé des idées ou des formulations tirées d’un ouvrage, article ou mémoire, en version imprimée ou électronique, sans mentionner précisément leur origine et que les citations intégrales sont signalées entre guillemets. Conformément à la charte des examens de l’Université de Toulouse – Jean Jaurès Campus du Mirail, le non-respect de ces dispositions me rend passible de poursuites devant la commission disciplinaire. Fait à : Toulouse Le : 19/09/2018 Signature : Bastien Durand-Toulouse 2 Table des matières Déclaration sur l’honneur de non-plagiat ................................................................................... 2 Table des matières ...................................................................................................................... 3 Remerciements ........................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 6 I. Historique du français en Louisiane...................................................................................... 12 A. Francophones en Amérique ....................................................................................... 13 1. Naissance de la Louisiane, les planteurs créoles.................................................... 14 2. L’Acadie, le Grand Dérangement et les Cadiens. .................................................. 15 3. La Révolution haïtienne, une immigration massive vers La Nouvelle Orléans..... 18 B. La Louisiane Francophone ........................................................................................ 21 1. La francophonie après la vente de la Louisiane ..................................................... 21 2. La guerre de Sécession et la fin de l’usage du français dans les institutions ......... 23 3. Le XXe siècle. ........................................................................................................ 25 4. Premier renouveau culturel francophone ............................................................... 27 C. Les théories de l’Ethnologue ..................................................................................... 29 1. Le cadre anthropologique de la recherche ............................................................. 29 2. Les cultures cadienne et créole .............................................................................. 30 3. Quelles identités ? .................................................................................................. 32 II. Musiques et identités ........................................................................................................... 34 A. La French Music de Louisiane .................................................................................. 35 1. Les musiques traditionnelles du sud louisianais. ................................................... 36 2. Musique cadienne et Zydeco.................................................................................. 37 B. La musique comme facteur d’identification culturelle .............................................. 39 1. La question raciale ................................................................................................. 39 2. Le Civil Rights Act et le repli communautaire ...................................................... 42 3 3. Dépasser la question raciale ................................................................................... 45 C. Réorientation de la recherche .......................................................................................... 46 III. Un deuxième renouveau du français en Louisiane ............................................................. 50 A. La francité dans la musique actuelle louisianaise ...................................................... 52 1. Feufollet ................................................................................................................. 52 2. Lost Bayou Ramblers ............................................................................................. 54 3. Sweet Crude ........................................................................................................... 57 B. Une nouvelle génération de militants ........................................................................ 59 1. Militantisme et institutions .................................................................................... 60 2. Militantisme et réseau sociaux ............................................................................... 63 C. Pourquoi parler de renouveau ? ....................................................................................... 66 1. Quel français en Louisiane ? .................................................................................. 66 2. Un nouvel essor de l’utilisation de la langue ? ...................................................... 70 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 72 Bibliographie ............................................................................................................................ 76 Annexes .................................................................................................................................... 81 4 Remerciements Ce travail n’aurait pas été possible sans les participations de personnes qui, par leurs soutiens sous toutes leurs formes, m’ont permis de l’écrire. Toute ma reconnaissance à Madame Nathalie Dessens pour avoir accepté de m’encadrer et de me guider durant ces deux années de Master à l’IPEAT. Je remercie aussi les professeurs Mark DeWitt et Garth Alper de l’Université de Lafayette pour le temps qu’ils m’ont accordé et pour leurs précieuses explications. Un immense merci à Ron et Charly qui, alors qu’ils me connaissaient à peine, m’ont accueilli chez eux et sont devenus des amis très chers. Je n’oublierai jamais nos soirées à regarder les bateaux passer sur le puissant Mississippi. Merci à Patrick Reed pour nos discussions, en français s’il vous plaît ! Merci à Roselyn et Charles pour leurs enseignements œnologiques étasuniens. Merci à la bande du Drive Dock Café à Algiers Point qui m’a fait me sentir comme chez moi à La Nouvelle-Orléans. Merci à Brian Clary pour les soirées au Blue Moon et les rencontres avec les militants. Merci aux Louisianais pour leur incroyable gentillesse. Merci à la Louisiane pour ses richesses. Merci à Johann qui, par sa présence, a su me réconforter dans la solitude du travail de terrain. Merci à mon père pour le goût de la musique. Merci à Batiste pour ses bons plans et sa relecture. Et surtout je remercie Léna pour ses conseils, ses nombreuses relectures, sa patience et surtout son soutien. Ce mémoire est un peu le sien. 5 Introduction Photographie 1: affiche du CODOFIL, source: Bastien Durand-Toulouse « Bienvenue en Louisiane française ». C’est avec ce slogan que vous accueillent certaines boutiques dans le sud de la Louisiane. Bien sûr, il ne s’agit pas là de revendiquer un quelconque rattachement de la Louisiane à la France, mais plutôt de signaler au visiteur que, dans cette partie des États-Unis, la culture n’est pas uniquement anglo-saxonne. J’étais bien évidement au courant de cette particularité lorsque je m’y suis rendu ; pour préparer ce terrain de recherche, j’avais lu de nombreux ouvrages concernant les populations francophones de Louisiane. Toutefois, toutes ces études m’avaient conduit à penser que la francophonie était sur une pente descendante, voire relativement proche de l’extinction. Ma surprise a donc été d’autant plus forte lorsque, au lendemain de mon arrivée, j’ai rencontré une personne parlant français et se définissant comme « Cajun »1. Par la suite, j’ai découvert la ville de La Nouvelle- Orléans et même s’il est certain que l’utilisation du français y a, avant tout, un but commercial, cette langue y est omniprésente. Aussi, tout au long de ma découverte de la Louisiane, je suis allé de surprise en surprise et je me suis rendu compte que, quand bien même le français évolue, il n’a pas disparu. C’est lors de ma première année de master à l’Institut Pluridisciplinaire pour les Etudes sur les Amériques à Toulouse (IPEAT) que j’ai commencé à travailler sur la Louisiane. Il m’avait paru intéressant de me pencher sur cet État à l’histoire complexe qui a vu se développer 1 Le terme « Cajun » est, utilisé pour définir les individus descendant des immigrants acadiens venus s’installer en Louisiane ; il est plutôt péjoratif et je lui préfèrerai, dans ce mémoire, celui de « Cadien » - je reviendrai plus loin sur le sujet. 6 diverses communautés francophones. En outre, au fil de mes recherches,
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