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i 11111111011911111111 Processed at _ l'he Preservation & conser;ation La bomo ry 01 The Asiatic-`7.;oc,‘ielv r-,1 Bombay Dat,':f.P.f..:4-,.. Q.7,- Digitized with financial assistance from the Government of Maharashtra on 02 January, 2016 YEW g.. E A.R ft) -IE :_4 t+hl . ,51. N,i> IFI . i'r IIIIST0117... ...................,.....__ ....................._.............._. BY c. F. ii' OLNEy, 4 ',ON): AND PEER OF Fit tINDA . MBAII1:I4 OF •INF ,tag,Tirg;TF, 00.,,,T;',: r, • tit IIC,..11 gdr THE Ill-IILD.,,DPHICAT, PA.:4%TV OF PHI! .iL'VLP+416 , .• 4-a! THE AP ATfC 40r31.:1•;,7,* OF CALCUTTA, & • -'"U 43 Oar.s, nitztu. )' N'ar,Ni: E 'PP TB E A L'T£ , E1, UN r/E It Tim SUP En l',.; T a). ). v., 4.; t..0isiEL CORP.C:T, "' Le merits &tale. .traductitta est F.urout. i'itt-1 1e m:roi r 10, 7! de rnriginal." Vointy, EPLieerr,,e6, Vol. Ti. p 64 - - i IN TWO VOLUMES. •••• - VO L. II. _.........--..-- LO NDON : '17-1w7E0 .4 ND PI/Bt./SI-JED BY W. LEWIS, 21, FINCii.I.VNE, ;;Lt23,:', tiJI-g AND SOLD BY ALI. BOOKABILCINS: li, ..!',... 1819. ..,.., IP' .." -• -,... ., • . , ' \ i , N ••,1 ..-; r. 'I Cr- 1,---2- . • . -,........- . -,. i 1111ligliiiilp , 1 00029585 CONTENTS. (CONTINUATION OF PART IL) • . , nige iX. Epoeli of the War of Troy, according to the Annals of Tyro and Nineveh : Examination of the Dates given by the Gre_elm—Epochs- of Lycurgus and - Homer :. — . -. .. - I § ..%. - Examination of the Assyrian -List of Ktesias.—Result of the different Dis- , cussions - - - - 15 § XI. - Chronology of the liomerite Arabs, fa- vourable to Ilerodotut's Plan - c j CHRONOLOGY OP THE Knws OP PERSIA, MENTIONED 1 y ' " MODERN ORIENTALS UNDER THE NAME OP THE PICA !.. DAD AND gEA.N DYNASTIES. § I.- Epoch . of the . Legislator Zerdoyst . or Zoroaster - - - b § U. Parsis's Account of Zoroaster. Grecian • Accounts compared - - - 62 § Ill. Life of Zoroaster .. - V6 § W. - Of the Ancient Kings a Pc7sir, Zolalit, :..2 Fbidon, Ke Qobad,- Kfi Kafts, 8:c.—,. " -° VO 6, ,dl. a i Vi CONTENTS, Page Shocking Deceit of dirdechir, a Sasa- nide King.---Persian Colony in China 114 § V. Kean Dynasty - - - 119 VI. Pyclathld Dynasty. Profound Igno- rance of Modern Orientalists on the subject of Antiquity - - 14 Chronological Lists of the King's of Judah .. - - - 14S Chronological 1...ist of the Chaldean . , Kings of DIVIon - - - 149 CONTENTS. vii PART III. CHRONOLOGY OF THE BABYLONIANS AND EGYPTIANS. CHRONOLOGY OF THE BABYLONIANS. Chapter Page I. Foundation of Babylon - - 151 IL Ktesias's Account, Assyrian System - 157 III. Account of Berosus and Illegasthenes, Kaldean System - - - 163 IV. The respective Authorities of Berosus and Ktestas compared and appre- ciated - - - - 173 V. Herodotus's Account - - - 179 VI. Result - - - - - 1S2 VII. Dimensions of the principal Works of Babylon - - - 200 VIII. Probable History of Semiramis - 221 IX. Narrative of Conon and Romance of Esther - :-:- - - - - 232 X. Babylon since Semiramis - - 239 XI. Astronomical Kanon of Ptolomy - 250 XII. Kings of Babylon until Nebuchad- nezzar - - - - 257 XIII. Reign of Nabocolasar, called Nebu- chadnezzar - - - - 264 XIV. Siege of Tyre - - - - 274 XV. Pretended Expedition into Egypt, into Lybia, into Iberia, without proofs, and without Probability - - 281 XVI. Last Kings of Babylon until Kyrus - 287 XVII. Of the Book entitled Xenophon's Ky- a ropcedia - ..• 294 - --60 0 XVIII. Of the Book entitled Daniel - a - 300 XIX. Recapitulation - - - - 312 v ill I 11,47E41s. Pabr ( I ti Icr 111110%)101.Y OF MI-. k (11(1,11ANts. 1. 111irod114 (ion - - 315 I I. I..tpi moot of II,-r tatatot - - 3211 III. St %tom of Mato Ott, - - - 3.-i2. T I Ti xt Of It meth° to his Second 359 % Attn., - .. II. .1only,a,, of the 'I'e t vitt a by Jo- will to, - - - 369 It III. 1:1,to h of the 1:titratte, anti 1)e- 1 . min, of thu J.-no, • cording to 31 flu litim - - 391 11 . I )1 I Iris i. • 1rt olio .. - - 4(H) 'i, ni ir id M. :tt I tint, ronecro'ng the 1. bur t r i), nil , ,t, - - 443 I 1, .t It otil 'tot iv a Datet. of the ( loo- tib y II 1%101 ; illositrat, 4111111i coo- t t . I by t. ri •14 ',trials I Dittest - 455 \ to II t thr 1.-,:, lb ot t "'Gem tattoos - 45S NEW 140:41rrebrO 1 ON ANCIENT HISTORY. —....selllia...... CHRONOLOGY OF HERODOTTJS (CONTINUED). § IX. Epoch of the war of Troy, according to the Assyrians and Phenicians. KTESIAS having in his possession the books of the Assyrians, or extracts from them, assures us that, according to their calculations, the war of Troy happened under one of the Ninevite kings, called Teutarn, 306 years before the death of Sar- danapal. This author, as being a Greek, must have bad a curiosity to know that epoch, and the Assy- rians had reasons 'of state for noting it in -their archives, since the king of Troy demanded suc- cours as vassal, and since the descendant of Niuus sent the satrap of Stisa, Memno, whom Homer ex- pressly mentions. The date furnished us by the Assyrians, has, therefore, an authority equal and even superior to' that furnished 'Ey the (reeks, since VOL.. Ir. B • !2- -NEW RESEARCHES no chronology of the latter ascends in an uninter- rupted and certain chain, even to the time of Ho- mer ; and all their chronologists display in their estimates a discordance which, as we shall presently see, demonstrates the uncertainty and even the - falsehood of their foundations. According to Eratosthenes, Apollodortis, and I falicarnassensis, Troy was taken 407 or 408 years before the first olympiad, which dates froM 776, (consequently in the year 1183 or 1184).—Accord- ing to the chronologist Eusebius, contemporary with Ptolomy-Philadelphus, this event happened 393 years before the first olympiad ; therefore in the year 1171.—According to Aretes, in the year 1190. —Acordiiig to Valleius Paterculus, in the year 1191.—According to Timeus, in 1193.—According to the Chronicle of Paros, in 1208 ; according to Dikearches, in 121.9 ; in fine, according to Hero- dotus, in U70, &c. The point of departure of all these calculations was the opening of the olympiads, in the year 776 before our era : this point is ascertained ; to go be- yond it, all these authors endeavoured to measure time until the great events known, such as the in- vasion of the Heraclicke, the foundation of the Ionian colony, a war carried on by some king of Sparta, &c. And it is because the dates of these events were not certain, that they obtained such dif- ferent results; Herodotus alone employed another means which we shall examine separately : if his ON ANCIENT HISTORY. 5 translator is to be believed, all the old Grecian nations possessed archives and genealogies fur- nishing sure foundation to authors; but if such monuments existed in certain times and places, the the perpetual wars with which that country was tormented, must have destroyed or mutilated them at an early period ; since reckoning from only the seventh century before our era, all is discordant and confused in the Greek chronologies ; so that at Sparta, for instance, one of the most permanent states, the order and series of the kings, are uncer- tain ; their reigns omitted also after, the olympiads, offer shocking improbabilities in preceding times,t and even the epoch of the celebrated legislator Ly- curgus is liable to a contestation of 108 years which, as we shall see, is far from being decided, in the sense that has been supposed. The epoch of }Tu- rner, a poet so remarkable, whose country, age and life so many authors have endeavoured to discover; this epoch is as obscure as that of Lycurgus and Troy, as is proved by two curious passages of Ta- tian and Clement of Alexandria, which deserve to be' quoted " According ' to Crates (or Cratkes), Homer came only eighty years after the taking of Troy, and * See Lareber's Chronology, article taking. of Troy and kings of Lacedwaon. -I- The reign of Agis is reduced to one year, though it was, as we are assured, the richest in great events. - B 2 4 NEW RESEARCHES (lived) about the time of the invasion of the Hera- clidze ; according to Eratosthenes, he was 100 years Liter ; 140 according to Aristarchus, who in his commentaries on Archilochus, says, that Homer was contemporary with the Ionian colony founded at that period. " Philochorus places him forty years later (ISO years after Troy). " A pollodorus pretends it was 100 ears (that is to qay 4)1.0 after Troy), under the reign of Agesi— laus, son of Doriseus, king of Sparta, which makes Homer nearly contemporary with Lycurgus, still N cry young. " Enthymenus, in his annals, says he was born in the isle of Chios, 200 years after the taking of Trov ; Archemacus, in his third book of the Eu- bon s, is of the same opinion. " Euphorion, in his work of the Aliacku, says he lived in the time of Gyges, who began to reign in the eighteenth olympiad (the year 708). " Sosihius of Lacedarnon, in his Description of the Times, places Homer in the eighth year of king Charilas, son of Polydectes. Charilas reigned sixty- tbur years ; his son, Nicander, reigned thirty-nine : in the thirty-fourth year of that prince, says he, the first olympiad was established ; so that Homer is placed ninety years before this first olympiad. Dieuchidas, in his fourth book of the Megarics, says that Lvcurgus flourished nearly 290 years after the t.tking cf Troy. ON A$CIENT , IIISTORY. 0 Eratosthenes thus divides the time, " from the taking of Troy until the invasion of the Hera- elide: - - - .
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    CM CMO in z:?,2i ^i5 THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOUKDED BY JAMES LOEB, LL.D. EDITED BY fT. E. PAGE, C.H., LITT.D. tE. CAPPS, PH.D., LL.D. tW. H. D. ROUSE, litt.d. L. A. POST, l.h.d. E. H. WARMIXGTON. m.a., f.r.hist.soc. PLINY NATURAL HISTORY IX LIBRI XXXIIl-XXXV PLINY NATURAL HISTORY WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION IN TEN VOLUMES VOLUME IX LlBRi XXXIII-XXXV BY H. RACKHAM, M.A. FELLOW OF CHR1ST'S COLLEGE, CAMBKIDQE CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HAllVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD First print..-d 1952 Rpprintcd 1961 Printed in Great Britain CONTENTS PAQE INTKODUCTION vii nOOK XXXIII 1 BOOK XXX IV 125 BOOK XXXV 259 INDEX OF ARTISTS 413 MUSEOGRArUlC INDEX 417 INt>EX OF MINERALS ^IJ INTRODUCTION BooKS XXXIII, XXXIV, and XXXV of Pliny's Natural History contain interesting accounts of minerals and mining and of the history of art. Mr. H. Rackham left when he died a translation in typescript vvith a few footnotes. The Latin text has been prepared by Prof. E. H. Warmington, who has also added the critical notes on this text, many footnotes on the translation, and marginal helps, Some parts of the translation were completely re-written by him. The sections on Greek art were read and criticised by Prof. T. B. L. Webster, to whom thanks are now duly rendered. The codices cited in the critical notes on the Latin text are as follows : B = Bambergensis ; cd. Leid. Voss. = V ; cd. Leid. Lips. = F ; cd. Chiffl{eiianus) = f ; cd.
  • The Use of Egyptian Blue in Funerary Paintings from Roman Egypt

    The Use of Egyptian Blue in Funerary Paintings from Roman Egypt

    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Theses, Dissertations, and Student Creative Activity, School of Art, Art History and Design Art, Art History and Design, School of Spring 4-2021 The Use of Egyptian Blue in Funerary Paintings from Roman Egypt Margaret Sather University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/artstudents Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, Classical Archaeology and Art History Commons, Fine Arts Commons, and the Other History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Sather, Margaret, "The Use of Egyptian Blue in Funerary Paintings from Roman Egypt" (2021). Theses, Dissertations, and Student Creative Activity, School of Art, Art History and Design. 156. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/artstudents/156 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Art, Art History and Design, School of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations, and Student Creative Activity, School of Art, Art History and Design by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. THE USE OF EGYPTIAN BLUE IN FUNERARY PAINTINGS FROM ROMAN EGYPT By Margaret C. Sather A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts Major: Art History Under the Supervision of Professor Michael Hoff Lincoln, Nebraska April, 2021 THE USE OF EGYPTIAN BLUE IN FUNERARY PAINTINGS FROM ROMAN EGYPT Margaret C. Sather, M.A. University of Nebraska, 2021 Advisor: Michael Hoff This paper explores the use of the synthesized pigment Egyptian blue in the encaustic and tempera funerary portraits of Graeco-Roman ruled Egypt in the 1st-3rd centuries CE.