Wolfgang Schneider, Kristina Jacobsen (eds.) In its more than three decades of history, the European Capital of Culture initiative has become an important instrument for cul- tural urban development. The EU cultural policy guidelines apply in all participating countries-but the design varies greatly from location to location. This volume reflects the approaches in 18 countries, inside and outside the EU, that have already hosted Paradigms and Potentials of Urban Development one or more Capitals of Culture. It conveys the assessments of Within the „European Capital of Culture“ scholars from various disciplines, and from those responsible for the programme on how art and culture deal with local and regi- onal forms of transformation. W. Schneider / K. Jacobsen Schneider / K. Jacobsen W. ISBN 978-3-487-15796-2 OLMS Transforming Cities edited by Wolfgang Schneider and Kristina Jacobsen Hildesheimer Universitätsschrifen herausgegeben von der Universitätsbibliothek Hildesheim Band 40 Transforming Cities Paradigms and Potentials of Urban Development Within the “European Capital of Culture” edited by Wolfgang Schneider and Kristina Jacobsen Universitätsverlag Hildesheim Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim Hildesheim ∙ Zürich ∙ New York 2019 Transforming Cities Paradigms and Potentials of Urban Development Within the “European Capital of Culture” edited by Wolfgang Schneider and Kristina Jacobsen Universitätsverlag Hildesheim Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim Hildesheim ∙ Zürich ∙ New York 2019 Diese Publikation entstand in Zusammenarbeit von Georg Olms Verlag und Universitätsverlag der Stifung Universität Hildesheim. Das Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig. 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ISO 9706 Gedruckt auf säurefreiem, alterungsbeständigem Papier Korrektorat: Marion Titsch Satz und Layout: Jan Jäger Umschlaggestaltung: Inga Günther, Hildesheim Herstellung: Docupoint GmbH, 39179 Barleben Printed in Germany © Georg Olms Verlag AG, Hildesheim 2019 www.olms.de © Universitätsverlag Hildesheim, Hildesheim 2019 www.uni-hildesheim.de/bibliothek/universitaetsverlag/ Alle Rechte vorbehalten ISSN 2509-9833 ISBN 978-3-487-15796-2 Table of Contents Foreword 9 Wolfgang Schneider and Kristina Jacobsen 1 ECoC Research Projects and Scholarly Accompaniment On the Way to European Capital of Culture 15 Stephanie Koch European Capital of Culture 2025 21 Julius Heinicke Universities in Europe – Europe in the Universities 25 Flora Carrijn Te Criterion of the “European Dimension” 35 Elisabeth Leitner European Capitals of Culture across state borders 41 Christian Lamour and Frédéric Durand 2 General Assessments, Using the Example of an ECoC Europe’s Urban Culture 53 Olaf Schwencke Interview with Prof. Dr. Oliver Scheytt 59 Wolfgang Schneider and Kristina Jacobsen Interview with Prof. Dr. Ulrich Fuchs 63 Wolfgang Schneider and Kristina Jacobsen 3 Bidding Processes Running for the European Capital of Culture 71 Jonas Lendl and Thomas Matthias Schmitt Hildesheim on the Way to the European Capital of Culture 2025? 79 Daniel Gad Preserving Multiculturalism 87 Vesna Humar Out into the Region? 93 Kristina Jacobsen 4 Preparaton Processes for Designated ECoCs European Capitals of Culture in Lithuania 101 Audronė Rimkutė People are the City 111 Irena Kregar-Šegota, Tanja Kalčić and Nenad Antolović Cross-Border Issues for Future European Capitals of Culture 121 Corina Turșie and Nicolae Popa Te Ugly Duckling grows up to be a Swan 133 Rolf Hugoson 5 ECoC Portraits and Programmes European Capitals of Culture 145 Kristina Jacobsen 6 The Legacy of ECoCs Lille 2004: Efects and legacy 165 Pauline Bosredon and Thomas Perrin Memories of the Major Cultural Institutions of Liverpool 2008 177 William John Chambers Physical and intangible cultural infrastructure 191 Rolf Norås Te legacy of “RUHR.2010” 197 Jürgen Mittag Istanbul 2010 lessons 209 Serhan Ada European Capitals of Culture in Finland 223 Vappu Renko, Mervi Luonila, Minna Ruusuvirta and Sakarias Sokka Regional development, culture and border 233 Fabienne Leloup and Oana Marina Panait Time and Networks 241 Katarzyna Mlynczak-Sachs Culture at the core of the city’s development 249 Georgia Doetzer Research-based evaluation: main impacts of Aarhus 2017 259 Hans-Peter Degn and Louise Ejgod Hansen Leeuwarden – Fryslân 2018 267 Oeds Westerhof 7 List of Authors List of Authors 277 Foreword Wolfgang Schneider and Kristina Jacobsen All of those who talk about the initiative “European Capital of Culture” rave about a comprehensive, proftable transformation that stimulates positive efects—be it during the application phase for the coveted title itself, or afer the presentation of the award, of a city that is allowed to design the label for one year. Te European Capital of Culture (hereinafer referred to as ECoC) has meanwhile become an engine for culturally infuenced urban develop- ment. Tis is shown by the instrument’s success story of EU cultural pro- motion, which began in 1985. While the initiative originally had more of a festival character, a programme of practice has emerged over the years. One in which the participating cities have succeeded in repositioning themselves with their individual challenges through a cultural-political and interdisci- plinary strategy. In fact, the ECoC initiative even exceeds the expectations of the European Commission, which recognises that the initiative has evolved further than was previously thought possible, even without its involvement. In recent years, more and more publications have been published on the transformational potential of cultural policy. The reflections are based on an understanding of a transformation that brings about comprehensive changes and new alignments of structures. Generally speaking, most cities have faced various and far-reaching challenges in recent years that require a transformational cultural policy. These include general societal changes such as digitisation, globalisation and demographic change, as well as the diversity and pluralisation of society (which is partly connected with it). With regard to culture, we are dealing with a changed communication and participation behaviour of culture recipients on the one hand, and new, of- ten invisible cultural key players on the other. In this way, parallel offers with similar content are created, sometimes even to an oversupply. This is also due to a lack of network structures in the cultural sector, i.e. due to deficient governance structures. The term “governance”, used in the ECoC context (Cultural Governance, Regional Governance, Urban Governance or Multilevel Governance), refers to the cooperation between the various players from civil society, the public sector and the private sector—not only in the execution of the Capital of Culture, but throughout the entire pro- cess, from initial planning to final evaluation. The far-reaching transforma- tion of a city would never have a chance if it were to be attempted only by cultural institutions alone. 9 Wolfgang Schneider and Kristina Jacobsen Since the ECoC initiative became so ambitious in the 21st century, many cities have been embarking on a year-long application process to receive the title. A large number of the respective municipal fields of action (culture, economy, social affairs, education, tourism, etc.) are approached with great ambition. Questions about the need for transformation are at the forefront here; they must be answered, when an application is prepared. With the exception of the city of Donostia-San Sebastián (ECoC 2016), whose entire Capital of Culture programme was focused on the theme of peace, the other cities opted primarily for the programme to initiate a general upswing that would reach far beyond that, which was previously intended to be improved with “cultural funding”. Already in the preliminary considerations for the application for ECoC, the participating cities have to deal with the central questions of a controlled transformation process: What should be changed for what? Why is change necessary and who will shape it? These questions are inescapable, not only to legitimise the undertaking, vis-à-vis the relevant political decision-ma- kers and citizens; they are also part of the questionnaire in the application. The examination of these questions touches on the self-image and identity of the participating cities in Europe. Thus, for the “European dimension” in a city—an important criterion in the application requirements for ECoCs— it is not enough to involve various European artists in the ECOC program- me. Rather, references must be made to the history—current and future situations of the city—which do not stop at national borders. Although the EU’s legal basis of the ECoC initiative applies equally to all participating cities, the design of the ECoC programme is not uniform because the diversity of its locations—geographical position, population, social structure, financial strength, etc.—make them very unique. This vo- lume presents numerous examples of ECoCs from 18 countries inside and outside the EU. How are the different actors brought together within the ECoC? How can synergies between politics, administration,