Sound Walks Mobilità, Arte, Suono, Spazio Urbano

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Sound Walks Mobilità, Arte, Suono, Spazio Urbano UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI UDINE DOTTORATO INTERNAZIONALE DI STUDI AUDIOVISIVI: CINEMA, MUSICA E COMUNICAZIONE CICLO XXIV TESI DI DOTTORATO DI RICERCA SOUND WALKS MOBILITÀ, ARTE, SUONO, SPAZIO URBANO Dottorando: Elena Biserna Tutor: Prof.ssa Cosetta G. Saba Co-tutor: Prof. Mario Lupano ANNO ACCADEMICO 2011/2012 Tesi di dottorato di Elena Biserna, discussa presso l’Università degli Studi di Udine Tesi di dottorato di Elena Biserna, discussa presso l’Università degli Studi di Udine Soggetta alle licenze Creative Commons Non Commerciale – Non opere derivate 3.0 Unported. 2 Tesi di dottorato di Elena Biserna, discussa presso l’Università degli Studi di Udine Indice Introduzione ...........................................................................................................3 CAPITOLO I Cammino e città ...................................................................................................13 1.1 Camminare nello spazio urbano: un percorso interdisciplinare.............................. 17 1.1.1 Lettura dello spazio urbano............................................................................. 18 1.1.2 Corporeità ....................................................................................................... 21 1.1.3 (Ri)scrittura dello spazio urbano .................................................................... 25 1.1.4 Temporalità ..................................................................................................... 31 1.1.5 Partecipazione: spazio pubblico e alterità urbana ......................................... 33 1.2 La dimensione estetica del camminare ................................................................... 40 1.2.1 Dalla rappresentazione all’azione: le avanguardie storiche .......................... 43 1.2.2 Camminare come riappropriazione ludica dello spazio: Situazionismo......... 48 1.2.3 “No walk, no work”. Fluxus, Performance, Land Art, Concettuale ............... 53 1.2.4 L’esplosione dell’urbano: dagli anni Novanta alle ricerche recenti ............. 60 1.3 Spazio urbano, arte, percorso: la natura processuale dell’urbano e la sfera quotidiana...................................................................................................................... 71 CAPITOLO II Passeggiate di ascolto...........................................................................................75 2.1 La città uditiva: ascolto ed esperienza urbana ........................................................ 78 2.1.1 Guardare al mondo attraverso le orecchie: sound studies ............................. 80 2.1.2 La dimensione sonora dello spazio urbano: verso un’“ecologia sensibile del mondo quotidiano”................................................................................................... 88 2.1.3 Soundscape e percorso .................................................................................... 93 2.2 Listening Walks .................................................................................................... 100 2.3 Max Neuhaus: Listen ............................................................................................ 116 2.4 Akio Suzuki: Oto-date .......................................................................................... 130 1 Tesi di dottorato di Elena Biserna, discussa presso l’Università degli Studi di Udine CAPITOLO III Passeggiate mediate ...........................................................................................141 3.1 Città mediata: tecnologie audio personali............................................................. 143 3.1.1 Tecnologie audio personali ed esperienza urbana........................................ 147 3.1.2 Audioguide..................................................................................................... 153 3.3 Mediated Walks .................................................................................................... 158 3.3 Janet Cardiff: Audio walks .................................................................................... 168 3.4 Christina Kubisch: Electromagnetic Walks .......................................................... 183 CAPITOLO IV Passeggiate networked.......................................................................................197 4.1 La città delle reti: tecnologie networked mobili ................................................... 200 4.1.1 Tecnologie networked ed esperienza urbana ................................................ 206 4.1.2 Locative media............................................................................................... 213 4.2 Networked Audio Walks....................................................................................... 215 4.2 Atau Tanaka e Petra Gemeinboeck: Net_Dérive .................................................. 232 4.4 Mark Shepard: Tactical Sound Garden [TSG] ..................................................... 242 CAPITOLO V Sound Walks: dispositivo, contesto, partecipazione, quotidiano ..................251 5.1 Artista mobile vs fruitore mobile .......................................................................... 253 5.2 Fra i dispositivi: installazione, performance, locative e mobile media art ........... 257 5.3 Contesto: dal sito alla situazione........................................................................... 265 5.4 Partecipazione: dalla percezione alla collaborazione ........................................... 270 5.5 Spazio urbano e sfera quotidiana .......................................................................... 277 5.6 Verso delle linee d’azione: rivelazioni, sovrascrizioni, sonorizzazioni................ 283 Bibliografia.........................................................................................................303 Emerografia........................................................................................................327 Sitografia.............................................................................................................337 2 Tesi di dottorato di Elena Biserna, discussa presso l’Università degli Studi di Udine Introduzione If movement is itself a potentially transformative activity, then moving to sound is doubly so Michael Bull1 Nel 1966, l’artista e percussionista Max Neuhaus accompagna il pubblico accorso per un suo concerto in una passeggiata nelle strade di Manhattan stampando sulle mani degli ignari intervenuti un timbro con un’indicazione molto semplice: Listen. Con questa azione, Neuhaus si ritrova, con un grado rilevante di inconsapevolezza, a inaugurare una lunga serie di esperienze artistiche accomunate dalla creazione di percorsi di ascolto nello spazio urbano. In queste due azioni ordinarie e banali – camminare e ascoltare – troviamo il minimo comune denominatore delle ricerche che saranno poi chiamate sound walks, “passeggiate sonore”. Nei decenni successivi emergeranno, infatti, pratiche artistiche eterogenee dal punto di vista delle modalità operative, delle strategie e delle piattaforme tecnologiche – dall’ascolto non mediato, all’uso di tecnologie audio personali fino ai locative media – ma accomunate dalla creazione di occasioni di esplorazione urbana che rimodellano l’antico topos artistico del camminare nella sfera uditiva e in una dimensione partecipativa. Attualizzando cammino e ascolto nel milieu urbano, queste ricerche sembrerebbero rappresentare un punto di convergenza e un asse di interazione fra arte, sonorità, movimento e città, una possibilità di cristallizzazione in prassi delle molteplici linee di forza che si irradiano da queste parole e una soglia di accesso 1 Michael Bull, Sound Moves: iPod Culture and Urban Experience, Routledge, London-New York 2007, p. 47. 3 Tesi di dottorato di Elena Biserna, discussa presso l’Università degli Studi di Udine privilegiato alle dinamiche reciproche che si instaurano all’interno di questo quadrilatero concettuale, ponendosi all’interno di una più ampia costellazione: spazio urbano e mobilità sono divenuti, nell’ultimo secolo, termini chiave nella ricerca estetica, polo di attrazione per una molteplicità di pratiche creative, centro magnetico di riflessione e intervento. Occorre però, innanzi tutto, fare un passo indietro: quali sono le origini del termine sound walk e come si è evoluto? La risposta, in realtà, non è così immediata. Non si tratta di una delle numerose categorie o etichette che continuano ad affacciarsi sulla scena del sistema artistico recente. Il termine sound walk ha una storia lunga quasi quarant’anni, anche se molte delle sue manifestazioni attuali sembrerebbero scollarsi (o per lo meno allontanarsi enormemente) da questa storia. Allo stesso tempo, le prime pratiche estetiche riconducibili a questo ambito precedono (come spesso accade) la definizione stessa. Si tratta, in altre parole, di uno dei tanti casi in cui le pratiche sembrano eccedere le definizioni, sia dal punto di vista qualitativo sia dal punto di vista storico, e in cui il termine, anche se ampiamente utilizzato, rimane tuttavia sfuggente o per lo meno ambiguo. L’espressione “passeggiata sonora” sembra infatti legata a doppio filo a due territori di ricerca: quello dell’ecologia acustica e dei soundscape studies e quello della sound art. È all’interno del gruppo di ricerca canadese guidato da Raymond Murray Schafer che, a metà degli anni Settanta, compare per la prima volta il termine soundwalking, per indicare pratiche di ascolto del soundscape sospese fra intento educativo, di ricerca e vocazione estetica. Una prima e ampia definizione
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