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Short Rotation Coppice for Energy

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Short Rotation Coppice for Energy Short Rotation Coppice for Energy Production Good Practice Guidelines Photo: Forest Research Photo: British Biogen Photo: Forest Research Photo: Wright Steve Photo: The development of an economically and environmentally sustainable industry Photo: B9 Energy Photo: These guidelines were designed in partnership with the following organisations: B RITISH B IOG EN Trade Association to the UK Bio-energy Industry CYNGOR CEFN GWLAD CYMRU COUNTRYSIDE COUNCIL FOR WALES SILSOE RESEARCH INSTITUTE The guidelines were produced using a consensus building process which was designed and guided by a steering group made up of British Biogen, Friends of the Earth, ETSU and Environmental Resolve (an undertaking of the Environment Council). The process brought together the industry, environmentalists, planners and government agencies in order to address potential stakeholder concerns and support the development of the industry in a sensitive manner. Full details of the process and participants are given in Appendix 1. Funded by the Department of Trade and Industry through British Biogen First published November 1996, reprinted May 1999 Short Rotation Coppice for Energy Production Photo: B9 Energy Photo: Good Practice Guidelines The development of an economically and environmentally sustainable industry Contents Introduction 4 Harvesting and transport 22 What is SRC energy production? 4 Harvesting 23 Benefits of SRC development 4 Timing 23 Scale of SRC schemes 6 Noise 24 Using these guidelines 6 Mechanised harvesting 24 Storage 24 Consultation 8 Safety 25 Community interests 8 Transport 26 Timing 8 Traffic impact 26 Who to consult? 9 Managing traffic 27 Whose responsibility? 9 Preparing for consultation 9 Energy production 28 Consultation methods 9 Site selection 29 Issues for consultation 10 Scale of development 29 1 Technical requirements 30 Growing 11 Environmental requirements 30 Economic viability 12 Technology 31 Funding 12 Planning permission 32 Additional income 12 Box 1: What is an Environmental Assessment (EA)? 32 Site assessment and selection 13 Box 2: When is an EA required? 32 Landscape and visibility 13 Box 3: What should an environmental statement cover? 33 Soil type 13 Planning process 33 Water use 14 Grid connection 34 Vehicle access 14 Construction of plant 35 Nature conservation 14 Method statement 36 Archaeology 15 Operation of plant 37 Pests and diseases 15 Noise 37 Public access 15 Light 37 Plantation design and planting 15 Dust and smell 38 Landscape 15 Ash 38 Designing for harvesting 16 Emissions to ground and water courses 38 Public access 16 Emissions to air (including plume) 38 Water use 18 Transport 39 Pest and disease control 18 Monitoring 40 Nature conservation 19 Decommissioning 40 Site preparation and weed control 20 Choice of planting material 20 Appendices Planting and first year 20 1 Consultation on guidelines 41 Storage 21 2 Statutory and non-statutory consultees 42 3 Contacts 43 4 Glossary 44 5 Further information 45 Summary of the relationships between all aspects of developing SRC for energy production. This chart shows the close relationship between all the elements of any development of SRC for energy production. In many cases, one element will determine another: for example, the fuel specification will determine the harvesting methods, which will in turn determine the crop layout. 2 3 *There is potential for using SRC for products other than energy production. However, this document only relates to SRC used for energy production. Introduction Photo: British Biogen Photo: 4 SRC Willow, an energy crop. viability and acceptability to local communities of What is each scheme. These good practice guidelines aim to help new projects to proceed in an appropriate and sensitive SRC energy manner so that the industry as a whole can continue to expand with a responsible reputation. production? They have been developed by a whole range of organisations and individuals with extensive Short Rotation Coppice (SRC) is an energy experience as developers, environmental bodies, crop, usually willow or poplar, which is used to farmers and planners of Short Rotation Coppice produce either heat or electricity or both. It is developments for energy production. known generally as biomass and is a type of renewable energy. Benefits of SRC Renewable energy developments are generally considered to be environmentally beneficial, by development providing clean energy from resources that are The development of SRC for renewable energy continually replaced. However, as with any production is a new industry with potential for development, Short Rotation Coppice energy considerable expansion, offering benefits for production projects can have local impacts. growers, developers, consumers, local communities Therefore, it is the responsibility of developers to and the environment. It is a form of renewable consider the environmental impact, economic energy which has great potential to help meet current and future demands for energy. Carbon Cycle Any development of renewable energy must be seen Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important greenhouse gas contributing to global warming. One of the principal sources of man-made carbon emissions is fossil fuel combustion. As a renewable energy resource, SRC may in the context of UK and EU policy on sustainable offer significant opportunities to reduce carbon emissions from fossil fuel combustion and thereby reduce the development: that is, development which meets the risk of future climate change. Plants constitute a living reservoir of stored carbon. There is a natural carbon cycle: when plants are burned needs of the present without compromising the or decompose, the carbon is released to the atmosphere. If energy crops are managed sustainably, the fuel ability of future generations to meet their own cycle contributes little or no net carbon to the earth’s atmosphere: ie it is carbon neutral. needs. Energy production is a vital element of such a The net carbon benefits of a particular biomass energy system will depend on the carbon emissions associated with the energy system it replaces, the efficiency of biomass conversion techniques, and the future. Pollution problems, current rates of energy balance associated with growing and transporting the fuel prior to combustion. consumption of fossil fuels (such as coal and oil), and dependence on imported fuels associated with conventional methods of energy production are Introduction generally seen as unsustainable. Energy crops offer one of the greatest potential sources of renewable energy for electricity, heat, and combined heat and power generation. If energy Atmospheric carbon dioxide, water and sunlight crops such as SRC are included in the general mix of agricultural crops in a considered and informed way, there could be significant environmental and ecological benefits alongside the development of a 5 fully sustainable energy resource. The benefits from a well-run SRC energy Carbon released Converted into new plant material back into the atmosphere through photosynthesis production industry include: Environmental benefits: G SRC can produce energy with no net increase in atmospheric carbon. G Fuel can be used close to the area of its Which is harvested and burnt production, which reduces the need for long Derived from: Principles and distance haulage. Guidelines for the Development of Biomass Energy Systems. US G Local power generation reduces transmission Economic benefits: National Biofuels Round Table. losses and can strengthen the electricity grid G SRC can contribute to farm diversification and by providing additional and alternative may attract various grants and other payments. sources. G It can utilise under-used agricultural land. G As a rotation crop, SRC is harvested at specific G It can provide employment both for intervals, to provide a regular and constantly agricultural workers (especially in winter, renewable supply of fuel. when harvesting is done and other G SRC plantations, usually of willow or poplar, agricultural work is scarce), and at the power can provide landscape variety, and a habitat for production plant for both skilled and many species of plants, birds and other unskilled workers. wildlife. Blocks are planted over a two to five G It is a robust and durable crop, making it year period (usually three), and then harvested especially suitable for urban fringe and similar in rotation, so fields within the growing area areas; sporting and recreational facilities (such will always represent all age classes. as walking or bird-watching) can be provided G Converting existing arable land to SRC will in SRC crop areas. Both the plantations and the reduce the amount of agricultural chemicals power plants may also be promoted as visitor required as SRC is a low-input crop: once attractions, to provide educational established it requires a very much lower input opportunities as well as additional income and of chemicals than conventional arable crops. grant aid. Scale of SRC schemes Currently, the emerging SRC energy production Using these industry is developing in two ways: G Schemes are being developed at a very local guidelines level, supplying heat and/or electricity to buildings such as hospitals and schools. These guidelines are designed to cover all the Alternatively, farmers may be developing a heat issues which may affect projects of any scale. only scheme to heat farm buildings enabling However, given the wide variety in the scale them to reduce energy bills and use spare land of SRC energy production developments, Introduction on the farm to grow the SRC. These on-farm readers should be aware that not all the schemes may also use forestry residues from issues raised will be equally relevant to all woodland on the farm as a source of fuel, to schemes. While most of the principles of supplement specially grown SRC. good practice will need to be considered G Larger scale schemes are being developed to even by the developer of a small on-farm produce electricity for the national grid, using scheme, some of the issues which are raised, SRC in purpose-built power generating plants, and actions recommended, will only be usually producing between 5 and 10MW.
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