Polish Contribution to the European Union Borders Protection
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The Oder-Neisse Line As Poland's Western Border
Piotr Eberhardt Piotr Eberhardt 2015 88 1 77 http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/ GPol.0007 April 2014 September 2014 Geographia Polonica 2015, Volume 88, Issue 1, pp. 77-105 http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0007 INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES www.igipz.pan.pl www.geographiapolonica.pl THE ODER-NEISSE LINE AS POLAND’S WESTERN BORDER: AS POSTULATED AND MADE A REALITY Piotr Eberhardt Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw: Poland e-mail: [email protected] Abstract This article presents the historical and political conditioning leading to the establishment of the contemporary Polish-German border along the ‘Oder-Neisse Line’ (formed by the rivers known in Poland as the Odra and Nysa Łużycka). It is recalled how – at the moment a Polish state first came into being in the 10th century – its western border also followed a course more or less coinciding with these same two rivers. In subsequent cen- turies, the political limits of the Polish and German spheres of influence shifted markedly to the east. However, as a result of the drastic reverse suffered by Nazi Germany, the western border of Poland was re-set at the Oder-Neisse Line. Consideration is given to both the causes and consequences of this far-reaching geopolitical decision taken at the Potsdam Conference by the victorious Three Powers of the USSR, UK and USA. Key words Oder-Neisse Line • western border of Poland • Potsdam Conference • international boundaries Introduction districts – one for each successor – brought the loss, at first periodically and then irrevo- At the end of the 10th century, the Western cably, of the whole of Silesia and of Western border of Poland coincided approximately Pomerania. -
A Short History of Poland and Lithuania
A Short History of Poland and Lithuania Chapter 1. The Origin of the Polish Nation.................................3 Chapter 2. The Piast Dynasty...................................................4 Chapter 3. Lithuania until the Union with Poland.........................7 Chapter 4. The Personal Union of Poland and Lithuania under the Jagiellon Dynasty. ..................................................8 Chapter 5. The Full Union of Poland and Lithuania. ................... 11 Chapter 6. The Decline of Poland-Lithuania.............................. 13 Chapter 7. The Partitions of Poland-Lithuania : The Napoleonic Interlude............................................................. 16 Chapter 8. Divided Poland-Lithuania in the 19th Century. .......... 18 Chapter 9. The Early 20th Century : The First World War and The Revival of Poland and Lithuania. ............................. 21 Chapter 10. Independent Poland and Lithuania between the bTwo World Wars.......................................................... 25 Chapter 11. The Second World War. ......................................... 28 Appendix. Some Population Statistics..................................... 33 Map 1: Early Times ......................................................... 35 Map 2: Poland Lithuania in the 15th Century........................ 36 Map 3: The Partitions of Poland-Lithuania ........................... 38 Map 4: Modern North-east Europe ..................................... 40 1 Foreword. Poland and Lithuania have been linked together in this history because -
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Institute of National Remembrance https://ipn.gov.pl/en/digital-resources/articles/4397,Battle-of-Warsaw-1920.html 2021-10-01, 13:56 11.08.2020 Battle of Warsaw, 1920 We invite you to read an article by Mirosław Szumiło, D.Sc. on the Battle of Warsaw, 1920. The text is also available in French and Russian (see attached pdf files). The Battle of Warsaw was one of the most important moments of the Polish-Bolshevik war, one of the most decisive events in the history of Poland, Europe and the entire world. However, excluding Poland, this fact is almost completely unknown to the citizens of European countries. This phenomenon was noticed a decade after the battle had taken place by a British diplomat, Lord Edgar Vincent d’Abernon, a direct witness of the events. In his book of 1931 “The Eighteenth Decisive Battle of the World: Warsaw, 1920”, he claimed that in the contemporary history of civilisation there are, in fact, few events of greater importance than the Battle of Warsaw of 1920. There is also no other which has been more overlooked. To better understand the origin and importance of the battle of Warsaw, one needs to become acquainted with a short summary of the Polish-Bolshevik war and, first and foremost, to get to know the goals of both fighting sides. We ought to start with stating the obvious, namely, that the Bolshevik regime, led by Vladimir Lenin, was, from the very beginning, focused on expansion. Prof. Richard Pipes, a prolific American historian, stated: “the Bolsheviks took power not to change Russia, but to use it as a trampoline for world revolution”. -
Eastern Poland As the Borderland of the European Union1
QUAESTIONES GEOGRAPHICAE 29(2) • 2010 EASTERN POLAND AS THE BORDERLAND OF THE EUROPEAN UNION1 TOMASZ KOMORNICKI Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland ANDRZEJ MISZCZUK Centre for European Regional and Local Studies EUROREG, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland Manuscript received May 28, 2010 Revised version June 7, 2010 KOMORNICKI T. & MISZCZUK A., Eastern Poland as the borderland of the European Union. Quaestiones Geo- graphicae 29(2), Adam Mickiewicz University Press, Poznań 2010, pp. 55-69, 3 Figs, 5 Tables. ISBN 978-83-232- 2168-5. ISSN 0137-477X. DOI 10.2478/v10117-010-0014-5. ABSTRACT. The purpose of the present paper is to characterise the socio-economic potentials of the regions situated on both sides of the Polish-Russian, Polish-Belarusian and Polish-Ukrainian boundaries (against the background of historical conditions), as well as the economic interactions taking place within these regions. The analysis, carried out in a dynamic setting, sought to identify changes that have occurred owing to the enlargement of the European Union (including those associated with the absorption of the means from the pre-accession funds and from the structural funds). The territorial reach of the analysis encompasses four Polish units of the NUTS 2 level (voivodeships, or “voivodeships”), situated directly at the present outer boundary of the European Union: Warmia-Mazuria, Podlasie, Lublin and Subcarpathia. Besides, the analysis extends to the units located just outside of the eastern border of Poland: the District of Kaliningrad of the Rus- sian Federation, the Belarusian districts of Hrodna and Brest, as well as the Ukrainian districts of Volyn, Lviv and Zakarpattya. -
Zusammenfassung VERKEHRSGEOGRAPHIE
Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geographischen Gesellschaft, 159. Jg. (Jahresband), Wien 2017, S. 151–172 DOI 10.23781/moegg159-151 VERKEHRSGEOGRAPHIE TRANSPORT GEOGRAPHY BORDER TRAFFIC AS A MEASURE OF TRANS-BORDER RELATIONS1) Tomasz KOMORNICKI and Rafał WiśnieWski, both Warsaw [Warszawa]* Erste Einreichung / initial submission: 06/2017; revidierte Fassung / revised submission: 09/2017; endgültige Annahme / final acceptance: 09/2017 with 7 figures and 1 table in the text Contents Zusammenfassung ......................................................................................................... 151 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 152 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 152 2 Research concept ..................................................................................................... 153 3 Results ..................................................................................................................... 157 4 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 168 5 References ............................................................................................................... 170 Zusammenfassung Grenzverkehr als ein Maß für grenzüberschreitende Beziehungen Intensität und Struktur des Grenzverkehrs werden durch wirtschaftliche, soziale, poli- tische, -
Title: Transborder Regions in Central Europe As a Political and Social Problem : the Example of Upper Silesia in Poland
Title: Transborder regions in Central Europe as a political and social problem : the example of Upper Silesia in Poland Author: Jacek Wódz, Kazimiera Wódz Citation style: Wódz Jacek, Wódz Kazimiera. (1999). Transborder regions in Central Europe as a political and social problem : the example of Upper Silesia in Poland. W: J. Wódz (red.), "Local power and modern community political life : sociological essays" (S. 105-118). Katowice : Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego Transborder Regions in Central Europe as a Political and Social Problem The Example of Upper Silesia in Poland Jacek Wódz, Kazimiera Wódz University of Silesia Katowice Transborder Regions — the Yalta Logic Central Europe or, more exactly, Central and Eastern Europe as we perceive it today, in the year 1997, on the political map of the continent, is the outcome of numerous political processes, the consequences of which are experienced by the nations inhabiting that part of the continent, albeit those nations hardly ever have been asked their opinion regarding their belonging to one state or another, since the beginning of the 20th century. As has been emphasized oftentimes, when analysing the identity processes in Central and Eastern Europe, the 20th century is the century of determining borders in that part of Europe as a result of implementing the great European or global politics, with no respect whatsoever for the sense of national attachment of the nations inhabiting the region (Wódz J., 1994). Hence the grave problem of national minorities that is observed there, the problem of regions divided by state borders, hence also the vision of State-Nations (Etat-Nation) implemented forcefully by the creators of the post-Versailles Europe, meant to correspond with the political experiences of Western Europe, which were never shared by Eastern Europe. -
Jesuits Architecture in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1564-1772
Originalveröffentlichung in: Álvaro Zamora, María Isabel; Ibáñez Fernández, Javier; Criado Mainar, Jesús (Hrsgg.): La arquitectura jesuítica. Actas del Simposio Internacional, Zaragoza, 9, 10 y 11 de diciembre de 2010, Zaragoza 2012, S. 277-303 JESUITS ARCHITECTURE IN POLISH-LITHUANIAN COMMONWEALTH IN 1564-1772 ANDRZEJ BETLEJ I JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY IN CRACOW, INSTITUTE OF ART HISTORY THE HISTORY OF RESEARCHES It hard to present a comprehensive, consistent body of research upon Jesuit architecture in Poland. Although art historians do have at disposal a fairly large number of publications upon single Jesuits’ churches, an overall, all-encompassing perspective is lacking. We should mention an imposing elaboration on the Order’s history, published in the beginning of the 20th century: the work by 1 Stanislaw⁄ Zaleski,⁄/ entitled «Jesuits in Poland». The work is of great importance, as it employs archival materials, most of which were since lost and destroyed during the first and second World War. The research before World War II was only just started by another Jesuit, Stanislaw⁄ Bednarski, but his work was cut short by World War II. After 1945, due to the new geo-political situation, the research could only continue in a very limited scope. Scientists have to realize that about 70% of Polish artistic heritage, is located in the east, outside the pre- sent borders of Poland. These lands effectively became totally «off limits» to Polish researchers, closed off by the new border, which served as the inner «iron curtain» within the eastern bloc. Any research conducted by Soviet researchers did not tackle the «alien, western cultural heritage», and if they did, they were flawed by ideological and doctrinal correctness, while, at the same time, often methodologically naive. -
Of Silesia Vol
Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of Silesia vol. 5 eds Lucyna Harc, Przemysław Wiszewski, Rościsław Żerelik Online access: http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/publication/78119 Joanna Nowosielska-Sobel, Grzegorz Strauchold, Przemysław Wiszewski Permanent Change. The New Region(s) of Silesia (1945-2015) ed. Przemysław Wiszewski Wrocław 2015 The book was published with funds of the program Cuius regio. Analiza sił spajających i destrukcyjnych w obrębie regionu określających przynależność osób (grup społecznych) oraz spójność społeczną jako zjawisko historyczne / Cuius regio. An analysis of the cohesive and disruptive forces destining the attachment of (groups of) persons to and the cohesion within regions as a historical phenomenon, decision of the Polish Minister of Science and Higher Education No. 832/N-ESF-CORECODE/2010/0. Peer review: Małgorzata Ruchniewicz Translated by: Matthew La Fontaine, Paweł Ausir Dembowski, Anna Lidia Błaszczyk, Piotr Szutt Language proofreading: Matthew La Fontaine, Judson Hamilton © Copyright by Authors and Uniwersytet Wrocławski Cover design: Marcin Fajfruk Typesetting: Aleksandra Kumaszka, Tomasz Kalota ISBN 978-83-942651-2-0 Publishing House eBooki.com.pl ul. Obornicka 37/2 51-113 Wrocław tel.: +48 602 606 508 email: [email protected] WWW: http://www.ebooki.com.pl Table of Contents Przemysław Wiszewski A time of transformation. New Silesia under construction (1945-2015) ............ 9 Joanna Nowosielska-Sobel Administrative changes.................................................................................... -
Between Germany, Poland and Szlonzokian Nationalism
EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE, FLORENCE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION EUI Working Paper HEC No. 2003/1 The Szlonzoks and their Language: Between Germany, Poland and Szlonzokian Nationalism TOMASZ KAMUSELLA BADIA FIESOLANA, SAN DOMENICO (FI) All rights reserved. No part of this paper may be reproduced in any form without permission of the author(s). © 2003 Tomasz Kamusella Printed in Italy in December 2003 European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50016 San Domenico (FI) Italy ________Tomasz Kamusella________ The Szlonzoks1 and Their Language: Between Germany, Poland and Szlonzokian Nationalism Tomasz Kamusella Jean Monnet Fellow, Department of History and Civilization, European University Institute, Florence, Italy & Opole University, Opole, Poland Please send any comments at my home address: Pikna 3/2 47-220 Kdzierzyn-Koïle Poland [email protected] 1 This word is spelt in accordance with the rules of the Polish orthography and, thus, should be pronounced as /shlohnzohks/. 1 ________Tomasz Kamusella________ Abstract This article analyzes the emergence of the Szlonzokian ethnic group or proto- nation in the context of the use of language as an instrument of nationalism in Central Europe. When language was legislated into the statistical measure of nationality in the second half of the nineteenth century, Berlin pressured the Slavophone Catholic peasant-cum-worker population of Upper Silesia to become ‘proper Germans’, this is, German-speaking and Protestant. To the German ennationalizing2 pressure the Polish equivalent was added after the division of Upper Silesia between Poland and Germany in 1922. The borders and ennationalizing policies changed in 1939 when the entire region was reincorporated into wartime Germany, and, again, in 1945 following the incorporation of Upper Silesia into postwar Poland. -
Issues of Land Reform and Poland's Post-War Borders in The
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej ■ LI-SI(2) Adrian Karolak MBP Łódź-Widzew Issues of land reform and Poland’s post-war borders in the broadcasts of Tadeusz Kościuszko Radio Station Outline of contents: Between 1941 and 1942, one general radio station, and 16 secret for- eign-language (national) stations operated from Soviet territory; among them was the Polish- -language Tadeusz Kościuszko Radio Station, which began operations in August 1941, and functioned until 22 August 1944. According to the broadcasters, the land reform should consist in expropriating the owners of large landholdings, and distributing their possessions among peasants and farm labourers. As regards the Poland’s future borders, the broadcasters presented the position of their political superiors, according to whom the eastern voivodeships of the Polish Republic should be transferred to the Ukrainian, Belarusian and Lithuanian Soviet Republics. Keywords: Tadeusz Kościuszko Radio Station, Communist International (Comintern), Polish communists, Polish post-war borders, land reform During its three-year existence, the Tadeusz Kościuszko Radio Station addressed many subjects relevant to Polish citizens who found themselves under German occupation. Among the key issues discussed, two merit special attention: the land reform and Poland’s post-war borders. The main idea behind the planned socio-economic changes was, according to the Polish left, the need to cut ties with a bygone reality, strange to the “simple” man (peasants and workers). This can be concluded from the station’s broadcasts. Their authors claimed that the relations of property prevailing in the Polish countryside in the interwar period were incompatible with the needs of the peasants. -
The Fighting Republic of Poland 1939–1945
The Fighting MACIEJ KORKUĆ Republic of Poland 1939–1945 The Fighting MACIEJ KORKUĆ Republic of Poland Reviewers Prof. dr hab. Marek Wierzbicki Dr hab. Zdzisław Zblewski Translated by IURIDICO Legal & Financial Translations Sp. z o.o. (employer Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Proofreading and typesetting Publishing House of the IPN Cover Elżbieta Waga-Krajewska Graphic design Sylwia Szafrańska Printed by Pasaż Sp. z o.o. ul. Rydlówka 24, 30-363 Kraków ISBN 978-83-8098-769-2 © Instytut Pamięci Narodowej – Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, 2019 SPIS TREŚCI Foreword ......................................... 5 I. The Versailles Order ................................. 7 II. 1939: A war fought alone instead of Allied pincers .......... 13 III. A state resisting the occupations ....................... 33 I V. The terror of occupation and genocide ................... 47 V. The Polish Underground State ......................... 81 VI. A sinister “ally” ..................................... 93 VII. Freedom: not for Poles ............................... 105 FOREWORD World War II changed the course of history. Started by the Germans with the complic- ity of the Soviet Union, it led to unimaginable destruction and millions of deaths. Later, it brought many nations under Soviet domination for almost fifty years and left the world divided in the Cold War. Poland fell victim to the aggression of both totalitarian systems, German national socialism and Soviet communism. The Ribbentrop-Molotov pact entered into by the Third Reich and Soviet Union on 23 August 1939 was the prelude to a global conflict, started on 1 September 1939 when Hitler invaded Poland, the first country to demonstrate ac- tual armed resistance against the aggressor, ending the string of Berlin’s peaceful con- quests. -
Poland's Wild East: Imagined Landscapes and Everyday
POLAND’S WILD EAST: IMAGINED LANDSCAPES AND EVERYDAY LIFE IN THE VOLHYNIAN BORDERLANDS, 1918-1939 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND THE COMMITTEE ON GRADUATE STUDIES OF STANFORD UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Kathryn Clare Ciancia August 2011 © 2011 by Kathryn Clare Ciancia. All Rights Reserved. Re-distributed by Stanford University under license with the author. This dissertation is online at: http://purl.stanford.edu/sz204nw1638 ii I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Norman Naimark, Primary Adviser I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Katherine Jolluck I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. James Sheehan I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Amir Weiner Approved for the Stanford University Committee on Graduate Studies. Patricia J. Gumport, Vice Provost Graduate Education This signature page was generated electronically upon submission of this dissertation in electronic format. An original signed hard copy of the signature page is on file in University Archives. iii ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the Polish state’s attempts to integrate, Polonize, and “civilize” the multiethnic eastern province of Volhynia between 1918 and 1939.