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402022005.Pdf İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ PERA’DA RESİM ÜRETİM ORTAMI 1844-1916 DOKTORA TEZİ Seza SİNANLAR Anabilim Dalı: SANAT TARİHİ Programı: SANAT TARİHİ TEMMUZ 2008 İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ PERA’DA RESİM ÜRETİM ORTAMI 1844-1916 DOKTORA TEZİ Seza SİNANLAR 402022005 Tezin Enstitüye Verildiği Tarih : 30 Mayıs 2008 Tezin Savunulduğu Tarih : 17 Temmuz 2008 Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Günkut AKIN Diğer Jüri Üyeleri Prof.Dr. Ayla ÖDEKAN Prof.Dr. Semra GERMANER (MSGSÜ) Prof.Dr. Zeynep İNANKUR (MSGSÜ) Prof. Dr. Uşun TÜKEL (İÜ) TEMMUZ 2008 ÖNSÖZ Doktora programına başladığım sırada Pera’da Resim Üretim Ortamı’nın konu edildiği bir araştırma yapma fikri aklımda yoktu. Yurtdışında bulunduğum sırada (2005-2006) Paris’te tanıştığım, Frédéric HITZEL* bana dönemin gazetelerinde resimle ilgili olarak çok fazla veri bulunabileceğini, ancak Fransızca olmaları sebebiyle araştırmacıların ulaşmakta güçlük çektiğini, bu yayınlara göz atmamın fikir verebileceğini söylemişti. Bunun üzerine BNF**’e giderek, Pera’da basılmış, yabancı dildeki gazetelerden biri olan Stamboul gazetesini seçip, incelemeye başladım. Bir ay kadar sonra 1880’lerin gündemini takip eder, gazetede sıkça bahsedilen bazı kişilerin yaşamlarını izler olmuştum. Duyduğum heyecanı hemen danışmanım Prof. Dr. Günkut AKIN ile paylaştım. Durumu birlikte değerlendirdikten sonra tez konusunda değişikliğe gitmeye karar verdik. Böylece bir hayli heyecan dolu, bir o kadar da zorlu geçecek bir süreç başlamış oldu. Gazetelerden sağlanan bilgiler üstüste geldikçe, konunun hatları ortaya çıkıyordu. Ancak malzemenin içerdiği detaylar, bazen bütünü görmeye engel oluyor, konu içinde yönümü şaşırdığım durumlar oluşuyordu. Bu aşamada beni yönlendiren, detayların sınıflandırılmasında yol gösteren, konuya nereden bakmak gerektiğini birlikte irdelediğimiz değerli hocalarım Prof. Dr. Semra GERMANER, Prof. Dr. Ayla ÖDEKAN ve Prof. Dr. Günkut AKIN’ın katkılarının çok belirleyici olduğunu söylemeliyim. Jüride yer almamasına rağmen, sıkıştığım zamanlarda dost elini uzatan Frédéric Hitzel ise sürecin hep içinde kaldı. Savunma Jürisinde yer alan Prof. Dr. Zeynep İNANKUR ve Prof. Dr. Uşun TÜKEL de titiz yaklaşımları ve kritikleriyle tezin son halini almasına yardımcı oldular. Değerli hocalarıma çalışmaya olan katkıları ve gösterdikleri samimi ilgi ve sevgi için içtenlikle teşekkür ederim. Böylesine kapsamlı bir araştırmanın gerçekleşmesinde en büyük payın ise gerçekte Suna ve İnan Kıraç Vakfı’nın olduğunu söylemem gerekir. Zira tezin ana malzemesini oluşturan Stamboul gazetesine ulaşılmamış olması durumunda, çalışmanın gerçekleşmemiş olacağı düşünülürse, Vakfın sağladığı bursun ne denli önemli olduğu görülecektir. Bu nedenle Suna ve İnan Kıraç Vakfı’na, Sayın İnan Kıraç nezdinde minnetimi bildirmek isterim. TBMM Milli Saraylar Kültür Daire Başkanlığı Dolmabahçe Sarayı’nda görevli, kendisi de araştırmacı olan Gülsen Sevinç Kaya ise yardımlarını esirgemeyenlerden biriydi. Mimar Hakan Taştan da, tezin belki de en önemli sonucu olarak görülebilecek, Pera Planı’nı dijital ortamda çizerek, çalışmaya emeğiyle katkı sağladı. Dostlarımsa hep yakınımdaydılar. Çalışmayı sürdürürken ihmal ettiğim aileme gelince, en büyük hediyeyi onlar hak ediyorlar. (Büyüdüğünü göremediğim sevgili yeğenim Sezer, başta sen olmak üzere bu çalışmayı annem, babam ve ağabeyime hediye ediyorum beni her şartta desteklediğiniz için.) Son olarak, Lise geleneğinden gelen yakınlıktan çok daha derin bir bağ ile beni kollayan, yaptığım her işe benim kadar inanan, sadece araştırmamı değil, hayatımı ilgiyle takip eden, sevgili ablalarım Candan Erçetin ve İpet Altınay’a teşekkür etmek isterim. (Size teşekkür ederek hakkınızı ödemem mümkün değil, biliyorum ve susuyorum.) Seza SİNANLAR Mayıs 2008 * CNRS-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Ulusal Bilimsel Araştırma Merkezi- Paris) ** BNF- Bibliothèque Nationale de France (Fransız Ulusal Kütüphanesi) ii İÇİNDEKİLER KISALTMALAR v TABLO LİSTESİ vi ŞEKİL LİSTESİ vii ÖZET viii SUMMARY ix 1. GİRİŞ 1 2. TANZİMAT’IN PERA’YA YANSIMALARI 8 2.1. Tanzimat Fermanı ve kapsamı 8 2.2. Tanzimat’ın Pera yaşamına etkileri 11 3. PERA’DA RESİM ÜRETİM ORTAMI (1844-1916) 25 3.1. Atölyeler 25 3.2. Okullar 33 3.2.1. Darüşşafaka Okulu 35 3.2.2. Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi 38 3.3. Sergiler 47 3.3.1. Kronolojik Dizinde İstanbul Sergileri (1844 - 1916) 48 3.3.2. Sergilerin incelenmesi 53 3.3.2.1. 1840 – 1870 Arası Hazırlık Dönemi 53 3.3.2.2. 1870 – 1900 yılları arası Çoğalma Dönemi 57 3.3.2.3. 1900’ler ve Sonrası 80 3.4. Sanatçılar 106 3.4.1. Resim Ortamının gelişimine katkı sağlamış ressamlar 107 3.4.2. Pera Resim Ortamında yetişen ressamlar 111 3.4.3. Sanatçı cemiyetleri 116 4. RESİM ELEŞTİRİSİ 120 4.1. Resmin içeriği 121 4.2. Eleştirmenler 124 4.1.1. Abdullah Kamil 124 4.1.2. Le Comte Prétextat 135 4.1.3. Régis Delbeuf 139 4.1.4. Adolphe Thalasso 147 4.3. Eleştirmenlerin gözünden Osmanlı Resmi ve Osmanlı’da Resim 157 5. SONUÇ 164 iii EKLER 184 EK A: Pera planı 185 EK B1: Pera’da sergi mekânları 186 EK B2: Pera’da sanatçı atölye ve evleri 188 EK B3: Pera’da resim araç ve gereçlerinin satıldığı dükkanlar 190 EK C: Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi’nde diploma-madalya ve sergi ödül törenleri 191 EK D1: Ressamlar Fihristi (1844-1916) 194 EK D2: Ressamlar Fihristi Kaynakça Dökümü 225 EK E: Dolmabahçe Sarayı Koleksiyonunda resimleri bulunan Pera Ressamları 243 EK F: Resimlerin içerik tasnifi 244 EK G1: Régis Delbeuf’ün I. Pera Salon Sergisi yazıları 246 EK G2: Régis Delbeuf’ün II. Pera Salon Sergisi yazıları 252 EK H1: İstanbul’da kısa süre bulunmuş ressamlar 263 EK I: Şekiller 267 ÖZGEÇMİŞ 277 iv KISALTMALAR BOA : Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi JC : Journal de Constantinople JCEO : Journal de Constantinople Echo de l’Orient DBİA : Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi MSDSRK : Milli Saraylar Dolmabahçe Sarayı Resim Koleksiyonu v TABLO LİSTESİ Sayfa no Tablo 3.1. 1840-1860 yılları arasında Pera’da görülen Atölyeler 27 Tablo 3.2. 1870-1880 yılları arasında Pera’da görülen Atölyeler 28 Tablo 3.3. 1880-1890 yılları arasında Pera’da görülen Atölyeler 31 Tablo 3.4. 1890-1916 yılları arasında Pera’da görülen Atölyeler 32 Tablo 3.5. Tebrotzacer Sergisi’ne katılanlar ve resim bağışında 64 bulunanlar Tablo B.1. Pera’da sergi mekânları 186-187 Tablo B.2. Pera’da sanatçı atölye ve evleri 188-189 Tablo B.3. Pera’da resim araç ve gereçlerinin satıldığı dükkanlar 190 Tablo D.1. Ressamlar Fihristi (1844-1916) 194-224 Tablo D.2. Ressamlar Fihristi Kaynakça Dökümü 225-242 Tablo E. Dolmabahçe Sarayı Resim Koleksiyonu’nda resimleri 243 bulunan Pera Ressamları Tablo F. Resimlerin içerik tasnifi 244-245 vi ŞEKİL LİSTESİ Sayfa no Şekil 1.1. Bellini, Fatih portresi, 15.yy. 267 Şekil 1.2. Nigâri, Barbaros portresi, 16.yy. 267 Şekil 2.1 Edmondo de Amicis kitabından bir figür 268 Şekil 3.1 A. Kaufmann, İstanbul Limanı, MSDSRK 268 Şekil 3.2 Şişli Metamorfozis Kilisesi -Genel 269 Şekil 3.3 Şişli Metamorfozis Kilisesi Mozaik Pano 1 Pere Eternel 269 Şekil 3.4 Şişli Metamorfozis Kilisesi Mozaik Pano 2 Azize Eleni 270 Şekil 3.5 Şişli Metamorfozis Kilisesi Mozaik Pano 3 Aziz Pavlos 270 Şekil 3.6 Şişli Metamorfozis Kilisesi Mozaik Pano 4 Aziz Petros 271 Şekil 3.7 Şişli Metamorfozis Kilisesi Mozaik Pano 5 Aziz Georgios 271 Şekil 3.8 Şişli Metamorfozis Kilisesi Mozaik Pano 6 Aziz Stefanos 272 Şekil 3.9 Şişli Metamorfozis Kilisesi Mozaik Pano 7 Aziz Konstantinos 272 Şekil 3.10 Şişli Metamorfozis Kilisesi Mozaik Pano 8 Aziz Dimitri 273 Şekil 3.11 Şişli Metamorfozis Kilisesi Mozaik Pano 9 Aziz İoannes 273 Şekil 3.12 L. de Mango, İstanbul’da bir sokak, 1901 274 Şekil 3.13 Zonaro, Özgürlük tablosu eskiz, pastel 274 Şekil 3.14 Zonaro, II. Pera Salon Sergisi Afişi 275 Şekil 4.1 Osman Hamdi Bey, İki Müzisyen Kız 275 Şekil 4.2 Osman Hamdi Bey, Tavla oynayan zeybekler 276 Şekil 4.3 Ömer Adil Bey, Venedik’ten görünüm 276 vii ÖZET Bu tez 1844-1916 yılları arasında Pera merkezinde gelişen Resim Üretimini araştırmak üzere yapılmış bir çalışmadır. Araştırma kapsamında dönemin günlük gazetelerinden yararlanılmış, elde edilen yeni veriler ışığında belirtilen tarihler arasında sanatçılara, atölyelerine ürettikleri eserlere dair pek çok detaylı bilgi edinilmiştir. Bu sayede İstanbul genelinde ve de Pera’da yapılmış sergileri gösterir yeni bir sergi listesi çıkarılmış, sanatçı atölyelerini, sergi mekânlarını ve de resim araç gereçlerinin satıldığı dükkanları gösterir bir yerleşme planı oluşturulmuş, son olarak da dönemin sanatçılarını tanıtan bir sanatçı fihristi düzenlenmiştir. Böylece Pera’daki ortamın bileşenleri ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında ele alınan bir diğer konu ise dönemin basına yansıyan resim eleştirilerinin incelenmesi olmuştur. A. Kamil, R. Delbeuf, L.C. Prétextat ve A. Thalasso’nun kaleme aldığı resim konulu yazılardan resmin içeriğine, taşıması gereken özelliklere, dönem içinde nasıl bir resim beğenisi olduğuna dair fikir edinilmiştir. Yazarların farkında olarak ya da olmadan zaman zaman konu ettikleri, “Osmanlı Resmi” ve “Osmanlı’da Resim”, “Osmanlı Sanatçıları” ya da “Osmanlı olmayan Sanatçılar” şeklindeki tanımlamaları tez içinde tartışmaya açılmış, Pera’daki çok kültürlü yaşama paralel olarak, çok kimlikli Osmanlı yapısının gelişmekte olan Resim Sanatını ve de resim ortamını etkilediği görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, 70 yıllık bir dönem içinde adından bahsedilen 200’den fazla sanatçının 100’e yakın sergi için ürettikleri yüzlerce resimle somuta inen bir ortamın analizi yapılmış, Pera ortamının, levanten ya da yerli, müslim veya gayrimüslim fark etmeksizin o yıllarda İstanbul’da bulunmuş, resim yapan, resim dersi veren
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