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The Mehmed Turks II Were at the Entrance of Constantinople, the Symbol City of Byzantium and Its Fall Meant the Tryumph of Islam

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The Mehmed Turks II Were at the Entrance of Constantinople, the Symbol City of Byzantium and Its Fall Meant the Tryumph of Islam HISTORY SIEGE AND FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE The Mehmed Turks II were at the entrance of Constantinople, the symbol city of Byzantium and its fall meant the tryumph of Islam over the most persistent and firm defender of Christendom for about 800 years. The fall of Constantinople, after which Mehmed would be called “the Conqueror”, was possible due to the sultan strategic perception. He understood that without the control of the maritime access to the city, little could be done by his powerful troops. Thus, land and navy forces were able to subdue a courageously defended place which, for centuries, had resisted innumerable sieges and blocks. By Rubén A. Barreiro 12 VISIÓN CONJUNTA NÚMERO 8 HE SITUATION IN THE MID 15TH CENTURY On May 29, 2013, it was the 560th anniversary of the Fall The decay of Byzantine was more than evident: in the territorial of Constantinople in the hands of the Ottoman Empire. T aspect, it only had the city of with this, doors were open to the centre of Europe and the Constantinople and its adjacent territories of little extension which lie consequences of this are still seen. on the coast of the Black Sea and the The author presents the war fact that led to this process Sea of Marmara; to the interior, it had domain over a few kilometres. In the and, at the same time, a broad scope for the analysis of Peloponnese, in the south of Greece, said consequences, especially, in the aspects regarding it kept the Despotate of the Morea, which, in theory, was under Byzantine geopolitics, strategy, sociology and culture control but physically separated by a vast territory under the domain of the Ottoman Turks. Some islands In light of this, the huge flood successor. Both of them were the and small enclaves were still under of Ottoman Turks took possession protagonists of the final battle. the domain of the Empire, some in of great part of Anatolia (Asia distant places, such as the Peninsula Minor) and the Balkanic territories TO WAR of Crimea in the Black Sea. in the north, west and south of For Mehmed, the first and most For the Byzantine, the 14th century Constantinople. The city was important [of his obligations] was was a period of political failure1; this surrounded. the conquest of Constantinople3. The is why at the end of this century… In 1451, Sultan Murad II died in desire of the sultan is not surprising: Constantinople… was no more than a Edirne (Adrianapole) and his son during the long fight between the melancholic and decaying city, whose Mehmed II, 19, succeeded him2. Some Byzantine and the Muslim, the city population had significantly declined time before, in 1449, the Byzantine had been sieged several times, as from from half a million in the 12th century emperor John VIII had died and 676, by Arabs and Ottoman. All of to no more than fifty thousand. Constantine XI Palaiologos was his these attempts failed4. 1. Runciman, Steven; La caída de Constantinopla; Espasa-Calpe, Madrid; 1973; p. 12. 2. Seven years before, Murad had abdicated in favor of his 12- year son; however, and due to the discontent of ministries and the military with the new King, he had to take the throne again two years later although he had taken the control of the army before. 3. Runciman, Steve; op. cit., p. 47. During the winter 1452/53, the vizier Chalil visited Mehmed and gave him, as it was a tradition, some gold coins. The sultan rejected the present saying: “I want one thing only, give me Constantinople”. 4. The Ottoman called the Balkan “Rume-eli” or Rumelia, that is, “land of the Romans”. Both Mehmed II and his closest predecessors asked to be called Sultan-i-Rum, whose meaning could be “sovereign of the Romans” and have a connotation related to those who subjugated with the strength of guns. Muslims from the East often referred to the Ottoman as rumiyun, “Romans” (Nicolle, David et al., The Fall of Constantinople. The Ottoman Conquest of Byzantium, Osprey; Oxford; 2007; p. 174.) 13 HISTORY BLACK SEA EDIRNE CONSTANTINOPLE DESPOTATE OF THE MOREA Mehmet II MEDITERRANEAN SEA To the end of January, 1453, Mehmed gathered his ministers and persuaded them to authorize the war BIZANTIUM in order to conquer the city: OTTOMANS …He declared that the Turkish Empire would never be safe until Source: Author they could take possession of Constantinople. The Byzantine could be weak, but despite having city would only be successful if it coordination with the one existing showed how well they could manage included a naval component in their on the coast of Anatolia (Anadolu the enemies of the Turks and, due to forces6. The sultan foresaw that his Hisari)8, would serve two purposes: their weakness, they could put the navy would have the main goal of ensuring a free path from one side of city in the hands of allies that would preventing aid from getting to the the strait to the other and controlling not be so inefficient. Constantinople people sieged and avoiding a fight the ships coming from Venetian and was unassailable. The first sieges against the Venetian war galleys that Genovese colonies of the Black Sea. failed due to external reasons5. were prowling in the area7. Moreover, during the siege of the city, Mehmed II, “who was an outstanding At the beginning of the year the fortress would be an impassable strategist”, carefully planned his 1451, Mehmed had decided to build bastion so that aid could come from future assault against Constantinople. a fortress on the European coast the east and the fleet would have to He warned that the siege of the of the Bosphorus. This fortress, in serve as those in the western accesses. 5. Runciman, Steve; op. cit.; p. 57. persuade Mehmed not to continue with it, but the sultan replied without leaving any doubt: 6. Philippides, Marios y Hanak, Walter A.; The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. Historiography, He would do what he wanted to do in a region that was under his control and concluded: I Topography, and Military Studies; Ashgate; Farham; 2011; p. 429. will skin anyone who dares to talk about this issue in the future. The Byzantine weakness 7. As we will see, the crew of Turk vessels (most of which were Greek) was of lower quality than could be seen: in the construction, they used columns from a Christian temple and killed the the potential enemies. This situation was understood by Mehmed and he knew they had to inhabitants who tried to prevent that. Only Italians (Genoese, Venetian) could successfully be avoid those encounters. involved but they were not interested in the Levante issues and their indifference encouraged 8. In this area, the Bosphorus is around 800 meters wide. Sultan’s imperialist plans (Philippides, Marios; op. cit.; pp. 403/404.) 9. The inhabitants of the city were alarmed with this construction. Emperor Constantine tried to 10. Runciman, Steve; op. cit.; p. 15. 14 VISIÓN CONJUNTA NÚMERO 8 To the end of August, 1452 and after four months and half work, the The Turk Army was trained in Thrace, in the west fortress of Rumeli Hisar (“Rumelian of Constantinople. Different authors disagree on the castle”) was built (the Greeks called it Laemocopia, or murderer’s castle or, number of troops of this army. According to Runciman, more precisely, executioner’s castle9). the most reliable figure is 80,000 regular force men, Any vessel passing in front of it on the Bosphorus had to stop to be inspected apart from 20,000 bashi-bazouks and some thousands and had to pay a contribution; two of assistants. One of the best known eyewitnesses, Venetian vessels eluded the rule, but a third vessel got sunk due to the shots the Venetian surgeon Niccolo Barbaro says that Mahomet of three huge fortress cannons and its went to Constantinople with 160,000 men. Fuller says captain was impaled and left by the wayside. there were 50,000 men. Meanwhile, Emperor Constantine was still looking for support from the West, as his predecessor did. The with the Turks by dominating Constantinople with 160,000 men14. question was, essentially, to try to unite Constantinople. Fuller speaks of 50,00015. both Christian churches: Roman and It was made up of three types Orthodox. This, in other words, meant OTTOMAN FORCES of troops: the Janissary (“new for Byzantium to abide by the Roman In light of this situation, Mehmed troops or “new soldiers”), the bashi- Church. But in Constantinople, started a campaign against the city bazouk and the men recruited from only politicians and intellectual men of Constantinople. He had gathered a different provinces. The first of them, defended the union 10 11. For John VIII, powerful fleet with almost 130 vessels considered by Fuller as the most Constantine’s older brother, only the of all types as he knew that having fantastic fighters of the 15th century, western aid would save the Empire… domain over the sea would contribute were between 12,000 and 15,000, a Only the western Church could make the to victory. relatively small number and this may West agree on the release of the East12. The Turk army was preparing in be why they did not have a decisive However, the events showed that Thrace, in western Constantinople. influence on the war16. In general, they the West was not interested in saving There are very different figures were dismounted archers, who were Byzantium. The different kings regarding its number of troops: highly disciplined, militarly trained entertained themselves at home13.
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