LIABILITY DAMAGE PROPERTY . RISKS TRANSIT/WAR . DAMAGE w STOLEN LUGGAGE . FIRE DAMAGE . BODILY INJURY LIABILITY . BRE A/j-tfTNING WHEN YOU'REGOINGTOLIVEABROAD! James W.BarrettCompany,Inc. REED SHAWSTENHOUSEINC. A REEDSHAWSTENHOUSECOMPANY OF WASHINGTON,D.C. 1140 ConnecticutAve.,N.W. Telephone: 202-296-6440 Washington. D.C.20036 Insurance Brokers —or callifyou’reinahurry! think travel-pak. those occurrencesforwhichyoumightbecome and backagain. way—while there(includingstorageifdesired) personal possessionsyoutakewith—onthe awhile—think travel-pak. sound, economicalinsuranceprogramcovering —call uswe’llbehappytohelpyousetupa liable. coverage providingfinancialprotectionagainst your home,autoandlife. When youplantoliveabroadforawhile— Travel-pak alsoincludespersonalliability Travel-pak willcoverthehouseholdand And whenyoureturntotheWashingtonarea If, foranyreason,youplantoliveabroad Return thecouponbelowforcompletedetails SEND FORDETAILS-TODAY Address City Name Tell meaboutTRAVEL-PAK. ■ s State Zip 21A | FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL American Foreign Service Association MAY 1979: Volume 56, No. 5 Officers and Members of the Governing Board ISSN 0015-7279 LARS HYDLE, President KENNETH N. ROGERS, Vice President THOMAS O'CONNOR, Second Vice President FRANK CUMMINS, Secretary M. JAMES WILKINSON. Treasurer RONALD L. NICHOLSON, AID Representative PETER WOLCOTT, ICA Representative Communication re: JOSEPH N. MCBRIDE, BARBARA K. BODINE, Immigration Policy ROBERT H. STERN, State Representatives EUGENE M. BRADERMAN & ROBERT G. CLEVELAND, RICHARD J. HIGGINS 6 Retired Representatives From Wall Street to the Ginza J. GRAHAM PARSONS 9 Journal Editorial Board JOEL M. WOLDMAN, Chairman The Soviets, SALT and JAMES F. O'CONNOR NEIL A. BOYER HARRIET P. CULLEY MICHAEL A. G. MICHAUD the Senate WESLEY N. PEDERSEN ARNOLD P. SCHIFFERDECKER ROBERT RAND 11 Assistant Ambassador Staff GARY MAY 12 ROBERT M. BEERS, Executive Director WILBUR P. CHASE, Counselor CATHERINE WAELDER, Counselor An Innocent Abroad— CECIL B. SANNER, Membership and Circulation Well Stalked CHRISTINA MARY LANTZ, Executive Secretary GORDON K. PROUTY 18 Foreign Service Educational and Counseling Center BERNICE MUNSEY, Director/Counselor

AFSA Scholarship Programs LEE MIDTHUN Development in Foreign Policy 4 Book Essay 28 Journal The Bookshelf 30 SHIRLEY R. NEWHALL, Editor Letters to the Editor 40 MARCI NADLER, Editorial Assistant AFSA News 42 MclVER ART & PUBLICATIONS, INC., Art Direction Advertising Representatives JAMES C. SASMOR ASSOCIATES, 521 Fifth Ave . Suite 1700, New York, N Y. 10017 (212) 683-3421 ALBERT D. SHONK CO., 681 Market St., San Francisco, Calif. 94105 (415) 392-7144 JOSHUA B. POWERS, LTD., 46 Keyes House, Dolphin Sq„ Cover: Casares by Nan Ronsheim London SW1 01 -834-8023/9. International Representatives.

The FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL is the journal of professionals in annually. Retired Active Members—Dues are $35 annually for members foreign affairs, published twelve times a year by the American Foreign with incomes over $15,000; $20 annually for less than $15,000. Associate Service Association, a non-profit organization. Members—Dues are $20 annually. All dues payments include $6.50 allo¬ cation for the Journal and AFSA News, per AFSA Bylaws. Material appearing herein represents the opinions of the writers and is not intended to indicate the offical views of the Department of State, the For subscription to the JOURNAL, one year (12 issues); $7.50; two years, International Communication Agency, the Agency for International De¬ $12.00. For subscriptions going abroad, except Canada, add $1.00 annu¬ velopment or the United States Government as a whole. ally for overseas postage. While the Editorial Board of the JOURNAL is responsible for its general Microfilm copies of current as well as of back issues of the FOREIGN content, statements concerning the policy and administration of AFSA as SERVICE JOURNAL are available through the University Microfilm Library employee representative under Executive Order 11636 on the editorial Services, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 under a contract signed October 30, page and in the AFSA News, and all communications relating to these, are 1967. the responsibility of the AFSA Governing Board. 'American Foreign Service Association, 1979. The Foreign Service Jour¬ Membership in the American Foreign Service Association is open to the nal is published twelve times a year by the American Foreign Service professionals in foreign affairs overseas or in Washington, as well as to Association, 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington D C. 20037. Telephone (202) persons having an active interest in, or close association with foreign 338-4045 affairs. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. and at additional post Membership dues are: Active Members—Dues range from $39 to $65 office.

i . DEVELOPMENT IN FOREIGN POLICY

IDCA: Better Results or More Layering

On March 7, 1979, President Carter tion of bilateral assistance programs, of might be considered at a later date. The sent a letter to the Congress in which bilateral and multilateral assistance and Peace Corps could be transferred to the he stated his intention to create an In¬ of food aid and development assis¬ new development institute in IDCA, ternational Development Cooperation tance. “provided this can be done on terms Administration (IDCA) as an inde¬ 4) Development assistance and food that preserve the Peace Corps' special pendent agency within the Executive aid decisions were insufficiently insu¬ mission and identity." Branch “to ensure that the varied in¬ lated from short term political consid¬ In the foregoing NSC memo, the struments by which the US contributes erations. IDCA director (the AID administrator to the development abroad are utilized 5) The president had not used effec¬ in the interim) was made the chief ad¬ effectively and in concert, and that the tively the Development Coordination visor to the president and the secretary efforts of US bilateral programs and Committee (DCC), the instrument of state concerning development, was those of the multilateral development previously established by the Congress given a voice in all economic decisions institutions are complementary." Be¬ to deal with some of the above prob¬ having a major impact on developing cause the contents of the president's lems and concerns. countries, and was made the Executive proposal appear to be considerably less Branch's chief spokesman to the Con¬ than that in the draft IDCA legislation The Humphrey Proposal gress on development assistance. He of the late Senator Humphrey which Senator Humphrey's draft legislation was given additional coordinating re¬ was introduced in Congress in January called for the creation of a new agency sponsibilities which were to be exer¬ 1978, some have questioned whether (IDCA), the head of which would re¬ cised through a revitalized and reor¬ the results of the President's proposal port to the president and be his princi¬ ganized Development Coordination will be an improvement. pal advisor on all foreign economic de¬ Committee. The memo also outlined Given this questioning and the im¬ velopment matters. IDCA would be certain relationships between IDCA portance of the pending reorganization independent of the State Department, (AID in the interim) and State, which to both State and AID, AFSA asked but subject to general foreign policy were designed to insulate development two AFSA members to research the guidance from the secretary. The assistance decisions from short-term, IDCA developments. AFSA also co¬ IDCA head would be responsible for foreign policy issues, while insuring sponsored with the Carnegie Endow¬ all bilateral development assistance that Security Supporting Assistance ment for International Peace a dinner programs and for coordinating the US (now the Economic Support Fund) re¬ meeting/discussion on IDCA on March participation in the multilateral de¬ mained firmly under the secretary's 29th. This reports reflects both ac¬ velopment banks (MDBs) and the control. tivities. United Nations (UN) development There being no strong push from the programs. IDCA would absorb AID president or from their constituents, Why an IDCA? and incorporate the responsibility for most Congressmen had little enthu¬ The impetus for creating an IDCA US participation in the MDBs and UN siasm for tackling a major legislative and overhauling the administration of development programs. The IDCA di¬ proposal like the Humphrey bill in an foreign assistance came from the Con¬ rector would also give policy guidance election year—especially a major for¬ gress. Certain members and staffers to two semi-autonomous subsidiary un¬ eign aid bill. However, the House In¬ who believed that US foreign assis¬ its: (1) the Overseas Private Invest¬ ternational Relations Committee kept tance programs were important to the ment Corporation (OPIC) and (2) a the IDCA proposal alive by including achieving of broader foreign policy to-be-created International Develop¬ in the foreign aid authorization bill a goals wanted a more effective assis¬ ment Institute, which would include requirement that the president report to tance program, a program more insu¬ the Peace Corps and a new institute for the Congress by February 1. 1979 on lated from short term foreign policy coordinating assistance to private vol¬ the steps the president had taken re¬ considerations and a high level untary organizations. garding the Humphrey proposal and on spokesman for development. Some of any further legislation that may be The President's Response the problems perceived or concerns needed to strengthen the coordination expressed that led to the IDCA pro¬ In spite of Congressional pressure and administration of development- posal were: for an Executive Branch position on related programs and policies. 1) There was no one individual, out¬ the Humphrey Bill, the presidential de¬ In June 1978, the administrator of side of the White House, with the au¬ cisions on the Administration's posi¬ A1D started his staff working on a pro¬ thority to discuss with the Congress all tion on the issues raised in the Hum¬ posal for an IDCA structure. He sent foreign assistance issues—let alone the phrey bill were not made until late the proposal to OMB in November broader foreign economic development April. In a memo of April 28, 1978. the 1978 without obtaining comments from issues (e.g., trade, investment, tech¬ National Security Advisor informed any of the affected agencies. OMB ob¬ nology transfer, debt, environment). the concerned agencies that the presi¬ tained agency comments on the Gilli- 2) The needs/concems/attitudes of dent would support the Humphrey bill gan proposal and took over responsibil¬ the developing countries were not if the Congress wished to use it as a ity for getting a decision memo to the being focused on adequately when de¬ legislative vehicle for foreign aid reor¬ president and for the subsequent draft¬ cisions were being made on interna¬ ganization, but with certain reserva¬ ing of reorganization documentation. tional economic policy and programs, tions. The president decided against The outcome of the OMB effort was presumably because there was no transferring responsibility for US par¬ the decisions reflected in the March 7, spokesman for the developing coun¬ ticipation in the international financial 1979 letter to the Congress which was tries in the policy-making fora. institutions from Treasury to IDCA, cited at the beginning of this article. 3) There was inadequate coordina- although the NSC memo implied that it (Continued on page 44)

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COUNTRY . COMMUNICATION ffy American society which is both humane and chari¬ table—and provide opportunities to Americans to ex¬ press those traditional American qualities. A system that is based on such values would also be IMMIGRATION recognized as such by the rest of the world. It will not be confused with a system that skims off skilled workers POLICY from poor countries and randomly permits others to mi¬ grate to the United States on the basis of often tenuous family relationships. RICHARD J. HIGGINS A well-thought-through immigration system should also minimize the inevitable competition between immig¬ That the present immigration system needs overhaul¬ rants and persons already in America—a competition ing is accepted wisdom. It is not surprising. Legisla¬ which centers on jobs. Accordingly the system should tion basically enacted in 1952 is not likely to be appropri¬ not encourage the movement of trained people who block ate to the last two decades of the 20th century. the upward movement of poor Americans. Moreover, the two basic principles of the act, reunifica¬ A humane, charitable immigration system would stress tion of families and provision of needed workers, have helping those who need help most. It should help the never borne close scrutiny. Extended families have been starving family find food, not the mechanic who wants to “reunited” in a nuclear family American society. Auto trade in his bicycle for a car. Charity may not begin at mechanics, tailors and pastry cooks have been and are home in this case but it should begin with the poor, and defined as needed workers—in a country with six percent with the wretched. With refugees. unemployment. Every year, in some part of the world more refugees A rational immigration system should benefit both the appear. We can, unfortunately, count on it. We should, United States and the persons migrating to the United of course, do what we can to eliminate the causes of States. The principal benefit to the United States at this refugees but, saving that, we should do more to help the stage of our economic and social development is ideolog¬ refugees resettle in the United States if they want to. We ical. The ability and willingness of the United States to owe it to ourselves, to our own values. The inscription on attract large numbers of migrants from around the world the Statue of Liberty does not ask for brothers and sisters validates the values and the worth of the American exper¬ of US citizens or persons possessing a labor certificate, it iment. It demonstrates that we are a strong, self- asks for the poor, the tired, the wretched refuse. confident, open society. Ideally it should also show an Can we identify the poor and the wretched, the real Picasso Stayed Here.

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6 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May, 1979 refugees? Yes, we have been doing it for years—although but the basic policy remains unchanged. Refugees are an we should broaden the definition of refugee to include add-on. those seeking basic human physical needs such as food, In many years there may be more refugees than we can clothing and housing, in addition to those seeking politi¬ take. We should continue to encourage other countries to cal, racial and religious freedom. At the same time we accept refugees. We should then set our own priorities. should identify refugees strictly—we have no obligation First should come those refugees from areas where we to import political problems, or foreign intelligence may have contributed to their being refugees. At present agents. that means South East Asia. In normal times there won’t The Foreign Service provides a logical framework for be any refugees with such a claim. Other than that special selecting and processing refugees. The service has the case we should take refugees on a random basis— skills and the organization, as well as the people, to oper¬ although the present limitation of not more than 20,000 ate refugee processing points effectively. There is no persons from any one country makes sense. Our present need to create yet another overseas agency nor to try to system of selecting immigrants is, in practice, highly ar¬ run a refugee operation as an offshoot of a domestic pro¬ bitrary and capricious. We might be more honest with gram. refugees. If the number will exceed the country and How many refugees should we take? There are practi¬ world limitations, select by lottery. It worked with the cal limits to what we can absorb. It will be costly to draft and should work for refugees. transport, resettle, train, house, etc. But the price of the A refugee-oriented immigration system would not end present system in terms of social costs is surely signifi¬ all non-refugee immigration. Immediate relatives of US cant although the costs have never been counted. citizens (e.g. spouses, children and parents) should be Perhaps because they are disproportionately borne by able to emigrate to the United States. But probably not our own poor who see paths to advancement blocked. relatives of resident aliens who should be encouraged to A country like the United States, with a basically become United States citizens. The present system also strong economy and strong assimilationist traditions, treats certain classes of people coming to the United should be able to absorb as much as one-tenth of one States as immigrants when they are really only long-term percent of its population annually in refugees. About visitors. That distinction should be recognized. Well-to- 225,000 people. Present legislation puts refugees in steer¬ do foreign retirees with adequate incomes should be able age. They are the last category and are entitled to six to live in Southern California or Florida. We gain from percent of the former eastern hemisphere quota, or such people. But they are not immigrants and should be 10,200. Special legislation has been enacted for special considered differently. Similarly foreign firms should be groups on a one-time basis which expands that number able to bring reasonable numbers of staff to the United

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. May, 1979 7 States. If a Swiss bank wants a Swiss secretary for its New York branch, let her come. She can be asked to return to Zurich after a tour in New York. But it makes no sense to consider her an immigrant. In addition to the moral and charitable reasons for a refugee-centered immigration policy there are foreign policy considerations which favor it. Internationally we gain nothing from the present system. In fact we lose. I have discussed the prospects of emigrating to America with thousands of people in four countries over the last ten years. I can’t remember one person who talked of America as a country welcoming immigrants. The dis¬ cussions always turned to the problems of getting a visa, not to the 300,000 and more people who have been ob¬ taining visas annually. Our present immigration system not only produces embittered, rejected visa applicants but it hides our true values—from others and perhaps from ourselves. Moreover, a continuation of the present immigration system which is more and more skewed to Latin America would inevitably change our relationships with that part of the world. A United States with a large, educated, bilingual Hispanic-American community would be a dif¬ ficult neighbor for smaller Latin-American countries. Imagine United Fruit run by bilingual, bicultural graduates of good American business schools. “It’s very simple, Burstin . . . you wait for the high three to become We have an opportunity to reform the way in which we high one and keep your eye on the legislation regarding the bring others to our country. We can build a new system maximum retirement age while continuing your language training based on traditional American values. A charitable and in the Rhode dialect and making youself indispensable in the family humane system which truly helps the wretched refuse of guidance office. In sum, you’ve got some productive years ahead of the world while not blocking America’s own poor.-^l^- you.’’

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8 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May, 1979 FROM WALL STREET TO THE QW2A J. GRAHAM PARSONS The Yale Class of 1929 graduated—not into the instant assuredly golden future. and perpetual affluence which it heedlessly expect¬ At this point a lucky coincidence changed the whole ed—but into the stockmarket crash of the following Oc¬ course of my life. While abroad in 1930, 1 had met, in the tober. In later years we fondly referred to ourselves as same French household where 1 was studying, a young “last on, first off the payrolls." Englishman hoping to enter the British diplomatic ser¬ 1 may have been a little slower than most. After a year vice. On returning home. I had told the Reverend En- abroad, France, Germany, Italy, on parental bounty, dicott Peabody, headmaster at my old school, Groton, faced with the irksome inevitability of work, I had caught that what I really wanted was not E.H. Rollins & Sons on in Wall Street, where I least wanted to be. with E.H. but the United States Foreign Service. Rollins & Sons. For $12.50 a week I tried, unhappily, to So it was on a night in May 1 returned from New York explain to clients why the investment opportunities thrust University Business School where my goal was an MBA into their eager hands by our salesmen had depreciated in just in time to take a call from the rector at Groton. value (even as the dollar of 1978) and why. nonetheless, Ambassador Grew, about to leave Japan, had called him they should be of good cheer and hang on. to say that a nephew, who was to have gone along as the By the spring of 1932 this was getting to me just as the Ambassador's “private secretary," could not go after all, depth of the depression was getting to my employers. So and could the rector recommend a Groton boy? The rec¬ they told the only two surviving junior juniors, myself tor wanted to know if I was interested. and one other, that henceforth our stipend would be $3.75 Before dawn the next morning 1 was on the milk train a week but, if we stayed, they would reward us in an to Washington, blue suit, white shirt. Groton tie. and was on hand in Mr. Grew's office before 9 o'clock. Appar¬ Jeff Parsons writes in part, "Since 1 resigned from the SAL T delega¬ ently the interview went well because four days later I tion in June of 1972 »■? have lived here [Stockhridge. Massachusetts], rolled out of Grand Central Station on the 20th Century scarcely traveling at all, in the old family house—oar seven grandchil¬ dren being the sixth generation on the premises. I am President of the Limited en route to Japan where 1 remained for over four Library, member of the Stockhridge Historical Commission . . . Trus¬ years. tee and member of the Mass. Trustees of Reservations. " (Continued on page 35)

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. Max. 1979 9 All political decisions are taken under tary Boris Ponomarev told a dele¬ gation of US senators who were great pressure, and if a treaty serves visiting Moscow in November. its turn for ten or twenty years, the “Congress, too, as we can judge wisdom of its framers is sufficiently confirmed.—H. A. L. Fisher from discussions there, has its out¬ spoken opponents of an agreement with the Soviet Union," he added. Ponomarev called on the senators to treat so serious and important a problem as SALT with due consid¬ eration, and to help the treaty see the light of day. The Soviet relationship is clearly counting on the Carter administra¬ tion to guide the SALT agreement successfully through the Senate. In Moscow’s view, it all comes down to what is called a question of “political will." Simply put, the USSR believes that once the presi¬ The Soviets, dent has decided to conclude a SALT accord, he should be able to muster the necessary tools to dis¬ arm American critics of the treaty. Writing in Pravda last year, Geor- and gii Arbatov, the USSR's top SALT, Americanologist, argued: “No one is more authoritative than the American government [i.e., the Carter administration] to answer THE SENATE the critics of the agreement, to dis¬ pel lingering doubts, and to dis¬ tinctly and clearly paint a true pic¬ ture of things.'' To a certain extent, this veiw may represent a projection of the Soviet way of doing things onto the American political system. In the USSR, once the Politburo makes a decision, the Supreme Soviet—the ROBERT RAND nominal parliament—automatically ratifies the move. Debate, to the Once the SALT negotiations are it certainly has followed the politics degree that it exists, amounts to lit¬ concluded, a process will begin of SALT in the United States and tle more than making speeches in that may prove to be as crucial and understands what is at stake. A favor of this or that decision. arduous a task as the SALT talks Radio Moscow commentator, for Illustrative of the difference is an themselves. The upcoming debate example, speaking shortly after the incident that occurred in the Soviet in the Senate on ratifying a stra¬ November congressional elections, Union when the delegation of tegic arms limitation agreement seemed just as concerned as some American senators was there. with the Soviet Union will not only American SALT advocates about Senator Abraham Ribicoff, a co¬ determine the fate of the SALT 11 the effect that the elections might leader of the delegation, was ex¬ treaty, but will, as a result of the have on the outcome of the Senate plaining to Leningrad Party chief outcome, have a good deal of influ¬ debate. Grigorii Romanov that some Dem¬ ence on the future course of US- “People who held a sober ap¬ ocrats in the Senate might vote Soviet relations. proach toward foreign and domes¬ against a SALT treaty even if Pres¬ Although the Kremlin may not tic policies have left the Senate," ident Carter favored it. “But can't find the process of Senate ratifica¬ he said. “There is apprehension you discipline them?" Romanov tion of a SALT treaty to its liking. here that this move to the right in reportedly asked. the Senate could make the ratifica¬ Despite Romanov's fuzzy view tion of the Soviet-US SALT of Democratic party politics. Robert Rand holds his master's in Russian agreement . . . more difficult.” Kremlin leaders have received a history from Indiana University and a Rus¬ “We know perfectly well that the number of signs that would help to sian area certificate from the Russian Insti¬ strategic arms limitation issue is an explain their faith in the power of tute there, lie studied at Leningrad Univer¬ object of acute internal political the American presidency to deliver sity in 1973. He is now a foreign affairs analyst with Radio Free EnropelRadio Lib¬ wrangling in the United States," a SALT treaty. First, there is the erty. Soviet Central Committee Secre¬ success that President Carter has 10 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. May. 1979 already had in getting controversial peared before a Moscow court and yield positive results. More likely proposals through the Senate: the was put on trial for treason. Many is that the military establishment in Panama Canal treaty, the Saudi Western observers saw the action the Soviet Union would be in a po¬ arms sale, and the elimination of as a calculated demonstration of sition to argue convincingly that, the Turkish arms embargo. Sec¬ Moscow's determination to handle because the US rejected arms con¬ ond, there is Moscow’s its domestic affairs in its own way. trol, the USSR needs to continue confidence—evidently based on di¬ While the release of a prominent efforts to strengthen its nuclear ar¬ rect diplomatic contacts with the Soviet dissident would certainly be senal. This, in turn, would acceler¬ United States—in President Car¬ welcomed in the US, the impact of ate the arms race. Should strategic ter's ability to see a SALT treaty such a gesture on the Senate is un¬ arms limitation talks continue even through the Senate. Speaking on certain. It might even produce a after a rejection of SALT II by the Soviet television about his meeting Senate, Soviet negotiators would with Carter in Washington last Oc¬ probably be less willing to com¬ tober, Soviet Foreign Minister An¬ promise than they were during the drei Gromyko said: “President recent round of negotiations. Fur¬ Carter . . . expressed himself in “Since the Senate’s thermore. a failure to ratify the such a way that he was confident debate on SALT treaty while Brezhnev is still in that in the end. Congress would power would have unpredictable approve—that is, ratify—the ratification is likely to consequences on the ability of a agreement when it is signed." include a discussion of post-Brezhnev leadership in the It is possible that the Soviet USSR to continue the SALT Union may attempt to influence the the general aspects of negotiations. Minimally, delays outcome of the Senate debate by Soviet foreign policy, would seem certain, as a new coming forth with some gesture, Soviet leadership familiarized itself such as in the area of human rights, Russian activities in the with the problems of succession that would be greeted favorably in Middle East and in and as American officials measured the United States. It can be argued the impact that the change in lead¬ that Moscow has already begun to Africa may become a ership might have on Soviet do so. More Soviet Jews have been factor in the Senate’s strategic planning. permitted to leave the USSR in deliberations.” “If SALT fails,” Arbatov ob¬ 1978 (an estimated 31,000) than any served, “it shouldn’t, in principle, year since 1973, when some 34.000 prevent progress in other areas [of Jews left the country. And in a US-Soviet relations.] But it would move that may be more directly re¬ be unhealthy, and I don't know lated to influencing the SALT de¬ backlash, with some senators how long the readiness on our side bate, the USSR has already re¬ pointing out that Shcharansky, et to work for improvement of rela¬ solved at least nine of an original al., should not have been thrown in tions would last.” list of eighteen human contacts jail in the first place. If the Senate ratifies the treaty, cases that Senator Edward Ken¬ In the final analysis, history will the immediate effect will be the im¬ nedy presented to the Soviet Union remember the Senate debate provement of that intangible but when he visited there in Sep¬ neither for the force of the argu¬ diplomatically important climate of tember. Kennedy, considered a ments made in favor or against the mutual relations. The Soviet Union supporter of a strategic arms limita¬ SALT treaty, nor for any steps the has long seen SALT as the tion agreement with the USSR, Soviet Union may take to influence touchstone of detente, and as a was granted a private meeting with the outcome of the debate. What jumping off point for achieving Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev in will matter is whether or not the progress in a variety of other areas. which the two men discussed the Senate ratifies the treaty, and the Once a SALT treaty is ratified, significance of concluding a SALT impact that the Senate's decision movement is likely to come on sev¬ treaty. has on the course of US-Soviet re¬ eral diplomatic fronts, such as What is more, Moscow has the lations. negotiations on a comprehensive option of taking a dramatic step in It is more difficult to judge what nuclear test ban treaty and talks the area of human rights that would that impact might be if the Senate aimed at limiting Warsaw Pact and certainly have an impact on the rejects the treaty, largely because NATO forces stationed in Central Senate debate, namely, releasing both the US and USSR have in¬ Europe. To the extent that a SAL T Anatolii Shcharansky or other vested so much effort over the past accord generates good will between prominent dissidents and allowing six years to improving their rela¬ the two countries, progress in these them to leave the Soviet Union. tions by creating a mutually ac¬ and other areas will be easier to Whether or not this will happen ceptable strategic arms limitation achieve. only the Kremlin leadership pact. Although Leonid Brezhnev However, a SALT II treaty is knows, but it would not be the first seems firmly in control of the ruling unlikely to produce a revolutionary time that Soviet dissidents will Politburo, it is possible that his change in the status of US-Soviet have been linked to SALT. Just a political status might be weakened relations. The China factor will few days before Secretary of State if the Senate fails to ratify the continue to affect the way Wash¬ Cyrus Vance opened SALT treaty. Brezhnev would then be ington and Moscow deal with each negotiations with Gromyko in open to charges that he personally other. The Soviet Union, increas- Geneva last July, Shcharansky ap¬ supported ;m initiative that failed to (Continued on pane 39) FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. May. 1979 The gulf was growing between his love for the Chinese people and his hatred for their “reactionary” and “bankrupt government."

ASSISTANT

Nothing could stem the Burma remain fallen. . . he Japanese tide as it swept wrote in his diary in early May, through East Asia: The key port of “and get on with the war. Let the Rangoon fell on March 7; Java sur¬ Chinese continue to resist as they rendered the following day; and in have . . . for the past five years— May. Burma was finally captured, and get on with the war.” Unlike sealing China off from the outside Hornbeck, allied reversals in Asia world on land and sea. The fall of did not alter his view that the real Burma shocked the Washington struggle was taking place in community as nothing had since Europe, where “the war in both its Pearl Harbor, and to the men in the positive and negative aspects is State Department it seemed only a against Germany or what Germany matter of time until China followed stands for.” too. unless the United States came His trips to the city were almost to her rescue. daily now and more purposeful. Stanley Hornbeck, ever China's His mission, as he put it, was to friend, urged the secretary of state spread his “doctrine of the three and the president to reexamine the confidences. . . : that the Russians strategy of “Europe first": “Is can hold the Germans this year and Some members of the Vincent family. there not something wrong about a defeat them next winter; confi¬ including cousin Carrie. John Carter, strategy," he asked, “. . . which in dence that the United States father Frank Vincent, and Margaret. theory or in practice would call for . . . will be more than a match for circa 1907. investing everything in several Japan next spring; and confidence scattered theaters and investing ab¬ that China will, as she has for the solutely nothing in a theater which, past five years, carry on with her if occupied by the enemy, would ‘magnificent resistance.’ ” British mean the loss of a useful ally and and Russian officials in Chungking the acquisition by the enemy of that were happy to see someone so con¬ prize which has been the major ob¬ fident of victory and they jective of political and military op¬ brightened when Vincent visited erations on his part for a period of their offices. “Oh, here's Mr. Vin¬ nearly fifty years?” cent,” the Russian ambassador Vincent did not share the fears of remarked one afternoon. “I am al¬ his Washington colleagues. “Let ways glad to see him because he looks like everything is all right.” Surprisingly, he discovered that many Chinese, on both ends of the political spectrum, were not as dis¬ This is excerpted from Chapter II oj China couraged as Hornbeck and Hamil¬ Scapegoat. The Diplomatic Ordeal of John ton believed them to be. Chou En- Carter Vincent, by Gary May, to be pub¬ lished in May by New Republic Books. The lai, the representative of the author is Assistant Professor of History at Chinese Communist Party in the University of Delaware. China Chungking, told him that while Scapegoat has been awarded the coveted “defeat in Burma would have an Nevins Prize from the Society of American adverse effect on morale ... in of¬ Historians. ficial quarters . . . [he] did not Copyright ' New Republic Books 1979. think it would be serious.” Chou

12 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May. 1979 AMBASSADOR PART II

GARY MAY

dismissed the news of reported better to lose the entire Far East impossible: To deliver a “minimum Japanese peace overtures and “ex¬ and take Berlin than to win the Far requirement” of 5,000 tons over pressed confidence that General East and lose Russia.” In the the Himalayas required 304 planes, Chiang was determined to continue Ukraine, the Russians and the 275 men to fly and service them and resistance, [as] there were not ele¬ Germans were fighting at Kharkov, thousands more to support them on ments in the government with suf¬ “one of the few places,” he noted, the ground. ficient strength and influence to ini¬ “where I should like to be—with ci As he had since January, Vin¬ tiate an appeasement policy al¬ gun. The outcome of the war cent wrote the secretary of state though there were some elements . . . may be decided right now that the likelihood of a cessation of that might be inclined to do so.” right there.” Chinese resistance was “so re¬ He heard similar views expressed But for Chiang and his ruling cir¬ mote . . . that it is hardly worth by Chou's political and ideological cle, the outcome of the war would consideration”. Internal factors, opposite, “a Chinese landlord be decided in Asia, not in Europe, not the external circumstances the businessman,” named Dr. Wang. and the continued failure of the al¬ Chiangs had described, were the “All assistance possible should be lies to recognize the importance of key to Chinese resistance. The given to Russia,” Wang also told the Asian theater led to a new generalissimo's political power and Vincent. “Nothing should be di¬ crisis. When the United States that of his associates was de¬ verted to China which can be used transferred bomber and transport pendent on continued hostility to¬ in Russia.” Surprisingly, for a aircraft from China to the British ward Japan. Chiang would con¬ Chinese businessman who was “no fighting Rommel’s forces in the tinue to fight—no matter how much lover of Russia,” Wang insisted Middle East, in June 1942, aid was delivered. that “the war is being fought in Generalissimo and Madame American policy, Vincent in¬ Russia. If Russia gives in to Ger¬ Chiang were furious. In a heated sisted, should be based on a realis¬ many there will not be [a] war any exchange with General Joseph tic assessment of Chinese cap¬ more. If China gives in [to] Japan, Stilwell they demanded to know abilities and allied necessities, and the war can still be carried on to a whether the British and the nothing else. “The embassy's view successful conclusion but if Russia Americans still “ considered has been and . . . should remain has to give in to Germany it will be [China] . . . one of the allied that China should be given all prac¬ hopeless. Therefore,” Wang con¬ theatres.” A few days later, tical assistance—practical from the cluded. "help to Russia is of pri¬ Chiang notified Washington that standpoint of ability effectively to mary importance, irrespective of unless certain conditions were utilize such assistance in China, what professional pleaders for aid satisfied he would consider the practical from the standpoint of to China may say.” “liquidation” of the China theater. transportation facilities, and prac¬ It was one of few times that Vin¬ Included in Chiang’s “Three De¬ tical from the standpoint of needs cent found himself in agreement mands” were: “(1) Three Ameri¬ in other theaters of the war.” As with a member of the Chinese land¬ can divisions to arrive in India be¬ for Chiang's attempt at blackmail, lord class. For despite the con¬ tween August and September to re¬ he was as explicit as diplomatic tinued Japanese invasion which store communication to China language permitted: “Assistance threatened both New Delhi and through Burma; (2) 500 combat air¬ should not be given because of a Chungking, his attention was still planes to operate from China be¬ fear that the failure to do so would captured by the conflict in Eastern ginning in August and to be main¬ result in the Chinese authorities Europe which was “stirring [his] tained continuously at that ceasing resistance and seeking blood and imagination as nothing strength; (3) Delivery of 5,000 tons peace with Japan.” Doubtful that else in this war has done.” The Far a month to be maintained by the his memorandum would influence Eastern theater, he wrote Betty in ATC [American Transport Com¬ the State Department or reach the early summer, “is a holding opera¬ mand] beginning in August.” To White House, and fearing the tion for the time being. It would be fulfill these demands in toto was worst, Vincent awaited Washing- FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May. 1979 1 3 ton’s response to Chiang’s “Three ernment functioned was all too tain its authority. The result was Demands.” plain to see. “In downtown “the adoption of repressive mea¬ Vincent was not encouraged by Chungking was the prison where sures to control and eradicate op¬ Roosevelt’s first reaction to the Chinese were tortured,” journalist position; to enforce party discipline new crisis in China. Instead of tell¬ Annalee Jacoby later recalled: and inculcate through educational ing the Chinese the truth, “that “We went far out of our way to and training systems loyalty to so- under the present circumstances avoid hearing the screams . . . Col¬ called party ideals. ‘Party Tutel¬ we cannot give effective aid,” lege professors talked intelligently age,’ the professed prelude to the Roosevelt informed Chiang that he about what must be done, and the institution of a democratic system, would carefully examine his re¬ next week vanished. A United [became] an end in itself rather quests; and to facilitate communi¬ Press messenger boy, a peasant, than a means toward the end of put¬ cation between the two leaders, the came to the Press Com¬ ting into effect Dr. Sun's ideal of president was again sending pound . . . with his tongue torn socially and economically demo¬ Lauchlin Currie to Chungking. out, cigarette burns festering over cratic government. Political unity, Washington's policy remained the all visible skin, and his mind held out as a prerequisite to the ac¬ same despite the embassy’s re¬ gone.” This was the regime the complishment of social reform and ports: If supplies could not be de¬ United States supported in China, the institution of democratic gov¬ livered, then a favorite emissary and it made Vincent sick. “You ernment [was] perverted into a could. The thought of Currie acting can be pro-Chinese,” he finally means of achieving a high degree of as “special pleader for aid to concluded, “without being pro- centralized bureaucratic control.’ China” was especially upsetting to Kuomintang.” The war with Japan brought a Vincent. And for the first time, if Washington seemed blissfully momentary lull in the struggle be¬ not the last, Vincent was driven to unaware of the true nature of tween the Left and the Right, but real anger over Roosevelt's ignor¬ Chiang's government, describing it by 1942 it had become apparent ance of the situation in Chungking. as “a mass movement of people led that the Kuomintang was using re¬ “I distrust—I detest this ... at¬ by a great leader [with] determina¬ sistance to Japan as yet another titude that we must keep every¬ tion, persistence and [a] broad tool to command loyalty and eradi¬ body happy: the premier of gauge outlook.” Still optimistic cate opposition. “The communists Australia, Churchill, Chiang; the that he might be able to bring the are virtually outlawed,” Vincent South Americans. It smacks too president’s views more in line with observed, “and other dissident much [of] carrying 46 out of 48 his own, Vincent prepared a long elements are suppressed through states . . . and failing to do a God memorandum in late July devoted control of the press and through the damned thing thereafter. Let's lose entirely to an analysis of the more direct method of secret ser¬ New Jersey, Ohio, Illinois, and Chinese National (Kuomintang) vice espionage and arrest. By these even the solid South but let's carry government. methods new blood, new thought, our point by winning the war. We He began with a lesson in recent and new inspiration have been dis¬ can't make everybody happy." Chinese history, charting the de¬ couraged—prevented — from com¬ Vincent's anger was something cline and fall of the Kuomintang as ing into the Party with the resultant more than a momentary loss of a progressive political movement. bureaucratic sterility that now poise: It was the reflection of emo¬ “After sweeping north to the characterizes the Kuomintang tional turmoil brought on by the dif¬ Yangtze on a revolutionary pro¬ Government.” ferences between his own view of gram [in 1927],” Vincent wrote, The “undisputed leader” of the American policy in China and that “[Chiang Kai-shek] made his peace Nationalist movement, “supreme of his government. In Mukden and in Shanghai with the bankers and in the Government, in the Army, Dairen, and later in the State De¬ landlords and took into his fold and in the Party” was, of course, partment, he had been adamant in such reactionary warlords as he Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. his support for the Chinese, while could attract to his camp. Thereaf¬ For fifteen years Chiang had domi¬ his government, eager to avoid a ter commenced the long battle to nated Kuomintang politics, defeat¬ confrontation with Japan, lagged subdue the communists and liquid¬ ing rivals, subjugating warlords, far behind. Now in the summer of ate non-cooperative military and and resisting Japanese encroach¬ 1942, positions were reversed: political elements." Even before ment. The general was no simple Vincent was continually opposing the outbreak of the war between dictator in the European sense, requests and demands for assis¬ China and Japan in 1937, the Vincent argued, but a skilled ma¬ tance. while his government was Kuomintang “was suffering from a nipulator of the “congeries of con¬ supporting China unconditionally. want of any applied idealism in its servative political cliques” that Once again, he was out of step with policies and undertakings. . . . The made up the Kuomintang. Disor¬ Washington and it disturbed him Party had become a sterile bureau¬ ganized and without principle, greatly. What had caused this cracy depending upon the monied these factions were tied together by change? Why was the man who had interests and the military for its nothing more than a “desire to once been China's warmest friend support." maintain or increase their influ¬ now her severest critic? Having failed to solve China’s ence." The answer lay in the gulf that critical economic and political What could this government con¬ was growing between his love for problems and faced with mounting tribute to the war effort? Very lit¬ the Chinese people and his hatred opposition from a variety of dissi¬ tle, was Vincent’s answer. To hope for their “reactionary" and “bank¬ dent groups, the Kuomintang chose for “the active resistance which rupt government.” How that gov- coercion instead of reform to main¬ western military critics desire and 14 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May, 1979 western eulogizers portray” was office, Roosevelt failed to recog¬ no Roosevelt stooge,” Gauss ex¬ sheer folly. Chiang would fight the nize the seriousness of China’s plained, “this is a Republican and a Japanese but in a limited, conserva¬ problems and rejected any policy sound businessman.” In Will- tive fashion and this would proba¬ designed to pressure Chiang to re¬ kie's honor. Gauss scheduled a bly be sufficient until the Ameri¬ form his regime. Reflecting this at¬ special dinner and briefing during cans closed in from the sea and air. titude, the president ignored Vin¬ his first evening in Chungking and Once again, Vincent urged that cent's recommendations and those also invited him to stay at the em¬ outside influence and pressure be of the War Department urging that bassy. Having a “sixth sense for applied to give liberal groups the the Chinese army be reformed in trouble,” Vincent stayed behind opportunity to make the Ruomin- exchange for American lend lease while the ambassador went to meet tang “a vital force for instituting assistance. Instead, the president Willkie at the airport. Vincent’s in¬ social [and] political democracy in tried to fulfill Chiang’s “Three stincts were sound: Willkie's en¬ China.” For the future well-being Demands” of the previous June. trance into the city destroyed of China “the Chens and the Tai While Roosevelt could not send the Gauss's hopes almost immediately. Lis must go, and the warlords and combat divisions that Chiang had Alighting from the airplane, the landlords must be subordinated requested, he did agree to increase Willkie “sensed” reporters and “with a scant how-do-you-do to the ambassador” invited the press to an unscheduled news conference. After a “triumphal” motorcade through the city. Willkie was driv¬ “Willkie invited Madame Chiang to visit the en to a beautiful house supplied by United States, ‘to educate us about China. the Chinese for his convenience. Willkie decided to spend the night Madame would be the perfect ambassador, we in these quarters and Gauss re¬ would listen to her as to no one else. With wit and turned to the embassy “in a tower¬ charm, a generous and understanding heart, she is ing rage.” Vincent tried to soothe the angered ambassador but failed: just what we need as a visitor.’ ” “Ideas. China affairs, world af¬ fairs, touch him little," he noted, “but his prestige, Mon Dieu[;j henceforth. Willkie can do no good—he stinks . . . with a stink to the national interest.” Then, a the number of aircraft to be used in that puts our bowels in an uproar.” new progressive government could the China theater, as well as the To be ignored by the New Dealers be created, one that did not exclude amount of aid to be delivered over was one thing—to be snubbed by a the participation of the Rungs, the the Himalayas. The president fellow Republican was Gauss's Soongs, the Political Science asked for nothing in return, al¬ final indignity. Now it was up to Clique, and the Communists. It though he did inform Chiang that John Carter to escort Willkie would be “one of the major tasks of military reform "would be of the around Chungking. the post-war period,” Vincent greatest importance in obtaining Saturday, October 3, was an concluded, “to utilize our influence our mutual objectives.” Chiang’s especially busy day for Counselor and support to the end that liberal request still carried more weight in Vincent. Willkie's tour began early elements are enabled to assume a the White House than did the em¬ in the morning with a visit to the position of leadership in the gov¬ bassy's recommendations. For the Foreign Office and discussions ernment of China.” Such a gov¬ present, a diplomatic or military with General Ho Ying-chin and H. ernment would unify China, repre¬ strategy of quid pro quo, whether H. Rung, “who staged a cabinet sent the people's interests and ful¬ suggested by General Stilwell or meeting” for the visitors. In fill Roosevelt’s and Vincent's hope Counselor Vincent, found no sup¬ Willkie’s honor. President [.in Sen that China might become “the port in the executive office. gave a luncheon that lasted over strongest Far Eastern Nation in the two hours and consisted of fifteen post-war period.” Washington’s habit of ignoring courses, including a variety of Vincent's lengthy dispatch gave the realities of Chinese poli¬ wine, “bird’s nest soup, little suck¬ Washington a perceptive analysis tics was again confirmed in Oc¬ ling pig, shark's fins, pigeon eggs, of China's government and a tober with the arrival in Chungking fish with sweet and sour sauce, strategy to reform the Kuomintang of former Republican presidential deer's tendons, and champagne.” that would promote America’s candidate, Wendell L. Willkie. The major event of the afternoon interests in the Far East. Blit Willkie had been Roosevelt's rival was Willkie’s visit with Generalis¬ Washington remained unin¬ in 1940, but now went to China as simo and Madame Chiang Rai- terested: The president’s time and the president’s emissary, in¬ shek. The Chiangs recognized that energy were consumed by events in structed to meet Chiang and his Willkie, “the titular leader of the Europe, not the present or future “good wife" for the purpose of im¬ opposition,” as Roosevelt called status of China. Choosing to be¬ proving Sino-American relations. him. might be exceedingly useful in lieve the propaganda manufactured Ambassador Gauss looked for¬ gaining increased military and eco¬ by Chiang’s apologists, as well as ward to Willkie’s visit with un¬ nomic aid and, having failed to that which emanated from his own characteristic eagerness. “This is seduce Gauss and Vincent, turned

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May, 1979 15 their charms on their Republican mintang without reservation, now guest. Willkie fell willingly under and in the days to come. the spell cast by Madame Chiang. Disgusted with officials in Wash¬ She “has taken him in com¬ ington who failed to realize the pletely,” Vincent observed. "Dur¬ seriousness of the situation in ing the call on the Generalis¬ China, and tired of the burdens of simo . . . [Willkie] was barely po¬ daily life in Chungking, Vincent lite. . . directing most of his re¬ longed for a new post where he marks ... to Madame.” Return¬ might have more influence. He had ing her affection, Willkie invited been in Chungking nearly eighteen Madame Chiang to visit the United months and was beginning to feel States, as he put it. “to educate us the strain. The cost of living con¬ about China. Madame would be tinued to skyrocket, raising the the perfect ambassador, we would cost of running the embassy to over listen to her as to no one else. With twelve thousand dollars a month: wit and charm, a generous and un¬ “ridiculous for what we get," Vin¬ derstanding heart, a gracious and cent noted, “food and service, beautiful manner and appearance, nothing more.” Now he thought and a burning conviction, she is more and more of the future and just what we need as a visitor.” home. By late autumn he had con¬ Without further encouragement, cluded that his work in Chungking Madame Chiang agreed to come to was done and that it was time to America as soon as arrangements leave. “I must resume a life with could be made. my family,” he remarked. Even after the meeting had con¬ In early December it appeared as Student days in Peking, 1928-1930; if he might soon get his wish. Fi¬ cluded, Willkie could not stop talk¬ Vincent at the Moon Gate entrance to ing about Madame Chiang. “Be¬ one of the student quarters. nally, there was Gauss’s casual stirring himself from a paunchy remark one morning that “it’s haze.” he remarked to Vincent that tough, fighting organizations of about time that they cleared us out Madame “was the one thing that men who know both w'hat they are of here: I’m considered a sourpuss lived up to and surpassed all ad¬ fighting for and how to fight for and you’re looked on as a leftist.” vance notices." “Ah me," Vincent it. . . . this is truly a people’s A few weeks later he received con¬ thought, “it's a pity he really has war." The generalissimo was “big¬ firmation from the State Depart¬ not the authority to deliver all the ger even than his legendary reputa¬ ment: He was going home, al¬ airplanes that he promises. She tion”: “scholarly” and “reflec¬ though, in typical bureaucratic knows it, but she figures that she tive" in manner, “poised,” “sin¬ fashion, the department failed to in¬ might get a few.” cere.” and “imperturbable." For form him exactly when. Willkie was not interested in Willkie. signs of totalitarianism in Bad news soon followed: His hearing the embassy’s view of the government reflected only an successor, George Atcheson. Jr., situation in China and Vincent interim period in Chinese politics, a could not arrive until May. The could do little to penetrate the fog “stage during which the people are thought of five more months in of pro-Kuomintang propaganda being educated into new habits of Chungking depressed him greatly that surrounded Willkie wherever living and thinking designed to and spoiled his Christmas holiday. he went. Wilkie's visit, he con¬ make them good citizens of a com¬ Still, he was finally assured of an cluded after a long day of meetings plete democracy ... at a later eventual homecoming and this and a night of parties, was nothing time.” And above all, China was a realization (and the work yet to be more than a “publicity tour." a re¬ valiant ally, a “warmhearted land done) helped the months pass flection of Washington’s propen¬ filled with friends of America.” swiftly. sity for believing the fictions that While Vincent's analyses of the The problems in Chinese politics passed for fact in Chungking. A Kuomintang were ignored in Wash¬ that Vincent encountered during few days later, his conceptions of ington, Americans were digesting his last five months in Chungking China unsullied by reality, Willkie Willkie’s report in massive doses: were the same as those he had ob¬ departed for home. Two hundred thousand people served since his arrival in June Had Willkie kept his views to bought One World in the first four 1941. The strength and vitality of himself, the damage would have days after publication; in eight the Kuomintang continued to de¬ been minimal: instead, he chose to weeks, over one million copies had cline and relations between the share his experiences in China with been sold. The China of Wendell Communists and the Nationalists the American people in a series of Willkie (and Franklin Roosevelt) were still “unimproved” and “un¬ articles and a book called One was now more firmly rooted in the improvable.” World, which became an overnight American consciousness than ever In May 1943. the dominance of bestseller. Willkie’s China could before. Given public opinion. Vin¬ the Kuomintang reached one of its not have been more different from cent's proposals had no impact, lowest points in recent years when Vincent’s. “Military China.” and Washington did not have the peasant rebellions erupted in Willkie wrote in One World, “is courage to change its policy: The Kansu, Kweichow, and Ningsia. united; its leaders are trained and United States would stand behind Coupled with the disastrous effects able generals; its new armies are Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuo¬ of famine and riots in Honan, these 16 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAI . May. 1979 “revolts against Central Govern¬ ground from under the Com¬ store order and harmony to an em¬ ment authority” were indicative, munists.” Discussions between the bassy that was torn by disorganiza¬ Vincent argued, not only of the in¬ Nationalists and Communists were tion and bureaucratic conflict. He fluence of pro-Japanese sym¬ at a “stalemate,” Vincent reported established close personal relations pathizers active in the area, but to the State Department in early with other American agencies and more importantly, of the “ineffi¬ May, and no future accord seemed was able to reduce the hostility that ciency and corruption of Central likely because the Kuomintang was existed among representatives of Government officials.” Taken to¬ more determined than ever to the State Department, the Trea¬ gether, these recent developments “liquidate the Communists.” sury, and the Pentagon in Chung¬ in the provinces pointed “to the While Vincent did not believe open king. possibility of increasing lack of civil war to be imminent, it was cer¬ He also served his chief with de¬ confidence in [the] Chungking tainly a future possibility: If Chiang votion and compassion, and Gauss Government.” could not eliminate the Com¬ was grateful for Vincent’s assis¬ As the Nationalists grew munists through negotiations, “an tance. In an efficiency report writ¬ weaker, the Communists grew attempt will be made when ... a ten in 1942 Gauss said: “He has a stronger. Despite the presence of propitious moment arrives to effect fine mind; he is acute and thorough the Kuomintang blockade, the it by force." With the Kuomintang in exploring sources of information and opinion; he is calmly objective in appraising situations and has a good sense of proportion ... .He also has a talent for encouraging the younger officers of the staff to “Not content merely to criticize, Vincent urged be appropriately inquiring but dis¬ Washington to use its economic and military power creet in their contacts. He is courageous and independent in his to create a progressive government that would opinions and judgments, testing represent the interests of the Chinese people, them thoroughly and frankly in his consultations with the chief of mis¬ defeat the Communists and the Japanese, and sion. At the same time he is police the Far East in the postwar period.” thoroughly loyal.” Despite his administrative duties, Vincent was also a percep¬ tive observer of Chinese politics and was the embassy's principal expert on the Kuomintang. His Communists were “solidly en¬ on the decline, and the Com¬ analyses of the Nationalist regime trenched in most of North China;" munists on the rise, there seemed were well-researched and clearly Communist forces were also poised no end to China’s political ills written, and his warnings of future to occupy positions in Suiyuan, without further bloodshed and political deterioration proved to be Jehol, and Manchuria as soon as tragedy. prophetic. Not content merely to Allied military successes forced the The pleasure of his departure in criticize, Vincent urged Washing¬ Japanese to withdraw. Even more mid-May was diminished by his ton to use its economic and military distressing to Chiang was the news continuing concern for China’s power to create a progressive gov¬ that the Communists had been able complicated political and military ernment that would represent the “to carry out some degree of popu¬ problems. The situation was bleak, interests of the Chinese people, de¬ lar mobilization” in the rural areas but he did not think it completely feat the Communists and the of northern China, making the hopeless: If the Kuomintang could Japanese, and police the Far East likelihood of future Kuomintang be persuaded to effect reform and if in the postwar period. This was the control extremely unlikely. In liberal elements could be given a major theme that ran through his short, the Communists were “far greater role to play in Chinese gov¬ reports and recommendations dur¬ stronger” in the spring of 1943 ernment, then the Communist ing his years in Chungking. “than they were when they stood threat could be eradicated, political Unlike many Americans with an off Kuomintang armies for ten unity achieved, and the Japanese interest in China, Vincent was able years in Central China.” They invasion halted and reversed. This to see the war in the Far East in a were now undisputably a force with had been his credo and his hope global context. For the present, the which the Nationalists (and the during his tour of duty in Chung¬ European theater demanded Americans) had to reckon. king and would remain such in the America’s complete attention and But to Vincent's distress, the years that followed. Vincent warned his government Nationalists were still unable to Vincent would later receive a not to squander its resources in come to terms with the Com¬ commendation from the State De¬ Asia when they were so desper¬ munists, and most importantly, partment and a grade of “excel¬ ately needed by the British and the unwilling to “adopt . . . effective lent” for his service as counselor of Russians. The protection of measures for agrarian reform, equi¬ embassy. It was an accolade that American interests remained his table taxation, and . . . promotion was well-deserved. By any stan¬ constant preoccupation in the early of home industries,” which Vin¬ dard, he had done an excellent job. 1940s as it had when he served in cent believed would “cut the As an administrator, he helped re¬ China in the 1920s and 1930s. ^4^

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. May. 1979 “The turning points of lives are not the greatest moments. The real crises are often concealed in occurrences so trivial in appearance that they pass unobserved.”—William E. Woodward

Well Stalked

G. K. PROUTY

Three years ago I was on as¬ do well to check in at the airport With only three months to go, my signment with the embassy in motel the night before flight, in that children were at school in America, Lagos as the regional AID Food way having the dubious assurance and my wife had departed to stay for Peace officer. With Nigeria's that at least they, if not the plane, with her mother in Berlin. At this increasing revenue from oil ex¬ will put in an appearance at the point a French friend transferred to ports, our AID program was in its proper hour. Paris and, in his elation, presented final stages in late 1976; my duties As in many other capitals of de¬ me with his club membership spot involved mostly the shipment of re¬ veloping countries, utilities are and well-used but seaworthy lief food through the ports to the regularly "off and on.” Frequent “Hornet” class boat. 1 looked for¬ Sahel regions to the north, and rainstorms knock out the light and ward to free time well spent on supervision of other programs in power systems for hours at a time. Lagos Bay. nearby Togo, Benin, and Camer¬ The telephone subscriber often On Thursday afternoon. July I, oon. finds that his repair service is liter¬ 1976 1 drove alone from my as¬ The sprawling, slum-ridden city ally half done, i.e.. that he can re¬ signed house on residential Ikoyi of Lagos is hardly a first choice for ceive or send, but not both. By pa¬ island to the yacht club on Lagos Foreign Service officers and less so tiently waiting for the next se¬ island three miles away. The intent for occasional tourists. Over¬ quence of storm and repair he may was to try out the newly acquired crowded and dirty, its inner core is come off better or still worse. boat with the French Commercial always in process of growth with The real solution for the over¬ Attache. construction hazards and detours, taxed facilities would be to move About halfway there on Oben- the center island can boast of some the capital inland, which the Nige¬ den Street, normally a faster route of the world's worst traffic jams. rians have made plans to do. But downtown, 1 encountered the An inner ring highway has im¬ this move is several years away. ever-present flash traffic jam with proved matters; but an hour spent Still, the myriad discomforts are cars backed up, in my lane only, for crossing the bridge over to the har¬ not without compensations. Lagos at least a mile. After some ten min¬ bor area of Apapa is not unusual. is on the sea and what man has left utes of crawling along bumper to The 16 mile run out to the principal untouched remains beautiful. The bumper with almost no progress, it airport at ikeja has no “usual'' beaches are superb and for week¬ was clear that the appointment was time, except that four hours is often end sailors like myself there is ex¬ out. Better to return and telephone not enough. Prudent travelers from cellent harbor sailing—or at least from the Ikoyi Hotel. the three downtown luxury hotels for a few. A small “wait-list" only Down the road just beyond the club, very British in manner, re¬ new Secretariat Building, l noticed stricts membership to “transfer ar¬ two cars had turned around by driv¬ rangements” that must include the ing up to the outside entrance of Gordon Prouty joined AID in 1962 and boat as wel|. The method doubtless Dodan Barracks, a Nigerian Army served at Rio de Janeiro, Santiago and will keep the club very “interna¬ installation, backing out and speed¬ Niamey before the assignment to Lagos de¬ tional,” and non-Nigerian, for ing by me on the empty lane. Fol¬ scribed here. His prior experience included service in the Navy in World War II and some time to come. lowing the same maneuver, I positions in insurance underwriting and in¬ Nigeria was my fifth country of reached the point and drove up to ternational hanking. assignment over a 17-year span. the open barracks gate, making cer- 18 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May. 1979 tain to stop outside of it. The gate, my car window. Barracks, we turned off on a dirt unmanned, was one of several in 1 was surprised that he knew road which led to a small wooded the installation and seemed to serve that, since embassy licenses state area beyond a field. Having passed the dependents; I could see women only “US Embassy-Lagos.” then 1 through a thick growth of pine trees and children walking around noticed that someone in General we came upon a concrete-walled within. Services had written the address on compound with a large black metal As I started to back, a black the outside envelope in pencil. gate. The three of us stood before it Mercedes bearing four Army offi¬ “Right,” I replied. “Why?” while the tough one kicked it with cers, who had obviously arrived “Just routine,” said Moleja. his boot, accompanying the loud from town on the empty lane, “Thank you, Mr. Prouty. Guard! clanging noise with a vocal squawk pulled in. With gestures and sound¬ Let him pass.” that sounded like “arrival No. 27” ing of horn, they insisted that I On the way home I pondered or something similar. clear the entrance by going in and over whether such an experience Presently the heavy lock turned pulling to the side. “Go in!” they should be reported to the embassy and the gate opened. A skivvy- shouted. security officer. 1 finally reasoned shirted, nondescript attendant Ahead fifteen yards within on the that nothing had been gained or lost peered out at us. He stepped aside left was an unpaved street which except time and dropped the idea. and Moleja advised me to follow would facilitate a turn-around in a On Saturday, about 11:00 a.m.. him. As I stepped in. Moleja matter of seconds. Without further Patrick, by trade a steward but in turned away with his driver and the debate I drove in and pulled over. fact a sort of handy man, called up¬ door clanged shut. 1 found myself This brought friendly nods of ap¬ stairs that two Nigerians wished to in a rectangular compound of per¬ preciation from the officers, who see me. Descending the stairs I an¬ haps 60 yards in diameter. In the sped by and disappeared. As I ticipated either an itinerant art center stood a one-story cement wheeled about in position to drive peddler or perhaps another candi¬ building with corrugated roof, out, an armed guard appeared and date for handy man. about a hundred feet square. The closed the gate. I blew my horn in¬ Instead 1 beheld Moleja. With yard itself was empty, reflecting dignantly. He drew his rifle from him was a tough-looking man with the high noon heat from its pave¬ his shoulder and beckoned me to sunglasses, whose physique would ment. The place seemed remote get out of the car. be well worthy of the Redskins' of¬ from the Lagos I knew, though ac¬ The guard was not interested in fensive front line. Though correct tually it was less than three miles my story or reasons for being there. and cordial, Moleja's tone was from where I lived. His was simply a holding action. A businesslike and direct. We approached the main en¬ stocky civilian-clad man of perhaps “Mr. Prouty, you are requested trance, a narrow door shaded by a 35 years who 1 was later to learn to come with me to the local police tin roof that ran along this side of bore the name of Moleja soon ap- station in lkoyi. There are a few the building. Here I was greeted by proac hed. questions remaining to be asked a sweaty, unkempt official in army Moleja smiled faintly as I told you. It shouldn't be long, a few trousers and a sport shirt. him of my experience; he offered minutes at most.” Thoroughly dismayed by the ap¬ no comment other than to demand I again reminded him that I was pearance of my hosts, I put up a my identity. “United States Em¬ with the United States embassy determined front. bassy," 1 said, presenting him my and that we were excluded from in¬ “I am an American with the US embassy driver's license and State terrogations or whatever might be embassy. I demand to see the offi¬ Department (AID) I.D. card. My forthcoming. “Your Minister of cial in charge who wishes to ques¬ inquisitor then turned on his heel External Affairs win confirm that tion me. 1 also request immediate and disappeared in the temporary to you.” I assured him. use of a telephone." building. Minutes later he was back But Moleja was insistent. “Only I received a sneering smile. full of apologies. However, he a little of your time,” he said seri¬ “There is no one here to question stated that he must check the boot ously as he stood up. His tone was you. This is a detention camp," (trunk) of the car, as I was in a se¬ clearly a command; moreover, I said the official. "No one is al¬ curity area. “It seems more to me a was in no position to challenge him. lowed to phone anybody, if some¬ mouse-trap area,” I replied, My phone, due to a recent storm, one is to question you, he will come meanwhile opening up the back and now received but did not send. Ad¬ from the outside.” revealing to him a combination of ditionally, I was alone not only in “This is a violation of immunity tennis and sailing paraphernalia. the house, but in the compound as that will be reported." 1 retorted, “And if it is a security area, where well. The occupant of the second now thoroughly alarmed. “I will was the guard to keep me out?” 1 house. John Sullivan, economic of¬ wait 30 minutes. If no one comes asked. ficer. had departed the post only a I'm going out.” Moleja again smiled but gave no week ago. There was no alternative Both jailers looked at each other inclination of pursuing this aspect but to go under protest. and smiled. “Maybe somebody of my being in the installation. In¬ Once in the car, it became clear will come, but they will have to ar¬ stead he now shared the idea of my that we were not going to the rive in the next 45 minutes, since at leaving immediately, which in¬ nearest precinct station, but were 2:00 p.m. the weekend begins. You cluded urgent commands to the headed for Lagos proper. My con¬ can sit outside here and wait. We'll gate guard. cern brought only the assurance see what happens.'7 “Your address is 40 Ruxton that we were going to another sta¬ At 2:00 p.m. the official returned Road, lkoyi?” he asked through tion close by. Just beyond Dodan with a third man, both with revol- FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May, 1979 19 vers on their hips. They ordered steps outside my window. I tried “Not at first,” countered the me to follow them within, since the my door and found it unlocked. In pacer. “I went into the ‘Tombs' weekend had “begun.” the hall outside I caught a glimpse here for 14 weeks on bread and wa¬ I was led into a narrow hallway, of my new colleagues. All Afri¬ ter, completely isolated. I only sur¬ beyond what appeared to be the cans. mostly unshaven, in brown faced to the main floor a month chief jailer’s office, to the third skivvies, chatting in twos or threes ago. Now a guard slips an occa¬ door on the right. A clean enough in the corridor. A few nodded at sional letter to her.” room, 12-feet square, with cot, me, mostly speaking Yoruba. “When might you get out?” I table, chair and an electric fan Walking out to the front I was ventured, as we rounded the com¬ awaited me. One window, no bars. stopped at the entrance by a pound for the tenth time. I was told to wait inside for “de¬ roguish-looking official clad in “No idea,” said Watson, “But velopments” and the door was Nigerian army trousers and a Em out of the ‘Tombs' and the closed. Some minutes later I heard safari-type blouse. main thing is to keep out of Ibadan someone turn the key on the door. “Track time,” he roared with a Prison. If you get a room here on Suddenly the worst had happened. grin. “Even the new ones are in¬ the main floor you have a good 1 was a prisoner. vited. Run for your life. But not chance of eventually getting out.” It was Saturday afternoon, on a over the wall!” This character had “What is this place?” I asked. holiday weekend. No one would a sense of humor, I mused. Exer¬ “Oh, didn't you know? This is miss me until Tuesday, July 5th. cise will lessen the tension of my the SP (Secret Police) Detention True, a few friends would notice plight. After all, I was a jogger and Center for political prisoners,” the my absence at the open house re¬ once ran cross-country for Colgate. pacer replied. ception at the ambassador's on the “Sixteen times around is a The run over, I sought out the Fourth. But my tickets to fly to mile,” said the "Jolly Jailer,” as he other white prisoner. I pushed Togo on the fifth had been issued was referred to. “But you only get open the designated door and found and I might have left early. 14 since they have already gone the blond inmate standing on his At least there was a small conso¬ around twice. Wait for them!” head on a small table in a rigid lation— I was not in a dungeon. And indeed in about 20 seconds pose. I started to back out, but the The room was freshly painted, the around the building they came. A form took note of me and smiled. cot was clean and the fan worked. motley crew of jailbirds running in “I'm doing a little bit of yoga," Possibly I could communicate with circles—a third of them in chain said the upside-down face. There¬ somebody here. 1 did have 20 gang style striped shirts, sup¬ upon he rolled over, stood upright' Naira ($30.00) tucked in my wallet. posedly the “steerage" section. and eyed me carefully. “Em Ar¬ Perhaps 1 could coax a guard to Two guards with rifles stood at thur Blitz from St. Louis, Mo. Who mail a letter. each end of the building. Leading are you?” I banged on the door and called the joggers was a large handsome Arthur’s story resembled ev¬ out loudly “Toilet!” A fourth at¬ mustachioed Nigerian of 35, stocky eryone else's in that it offered a tendant opened the door and and graceful in form. The “special circumstance.” Three motioned me down the hall to the pacemaker! I timed my step and years out of college, he wanted a last door on the right. Three doors took off by his side at a fairly fast job that would take him to Africa. down the rooms appeared smaller pace. He finally landed a representative's with double locks. At the far end. “You're new." said the pacer job for the Transcendental near the lavatory, the floor dropped with a smile, in an impeccable Ox¬ Meditationists and had become a by a foot and each room appeared ford accent. “And being white you dedicated “meditator” equipped to be a cell, with metal doors and must be mixed up with the Tate af¬ with brochures and visual aid an eye peek, each with an outside fair.”* equipment from the regional office. cover. A narrow stairwell went be¬ “No, I'm with the US embassy He had made good progress per¬ low. One could discern in the and here by mistake, but I'm up suading the Minister of Education semi-darkness a row of similar ac¬ against a long weekend.” to initiate a meditation course for commodations through a barred “Rather like me.” said the selected high school students. But door. “Reserved for the ‘third es¬ pacer, who gave his name as Ralph he had allowed his visa to run out tate,' " 1 thought. Watson. “I was second secretary and one day the police had gone to The stench in the toilet was to our High Commission in Lon¬ his apartment in Victoria while he overwhelming and I quickly started don. I got a cable to report back to was out, and cased his belongings, back. En route, with another Lagos on a matter relating to which included some electronic guard, came a young blond blue¬ Gowan. I was seized right in front (visual aid) gear. The Secret Police eyed man in skivvies. “Are you of my wife at the airport and arrived one morning and seized him English?” I ventured in passing. thrown in here. and his equipment on grounds of The young man whispered. “Five “Well at least she knows you're suspicion. But they had permitted o’clock shift.” and continued on. here,” I replied. “That’s more him to keep a small diplomatic brief So! Another non-Nigerian was than in my case." of meditational brochures at his here. Perhaps I can look him up confinement. He had immediately somehow. I thought, as 1 reclined become popular, for as he noted, on my cot puzzling over his odd “This is a highly literate institution *R. Tate, an American oil executive, had comment about the shift. recently been sentenced to 10 years for hav¬ and I'm the only guy with anything I was awakened shortly after ing imported “firearms" into Nigeria. In to read.” 5:00 p.m. by the sound of running this case it had involved his son's BB gun. Arthur had been in for three 20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May, 1179 weeks and conceded it was doubt¬ road. I needed to make contact descript man with a soiled shirt and ful that anyone knew where he with someone and quickly. an orange tie, bearing a file— was. He reasoned that his parents That evening while I sipped my presumably my dossier. in St. Louis would miss his letters tea, it occurred to me that my daily From a sitting position on the cot and start to trace him through dip¬ medication for mild high blood I offered two half-opened eyes, a lomatic circles. After all he said, “I pressure was not being followed; full grimace and a fairly loud moan. registered at the embassy and they the pills were at home. Why not I then hung my head between my know I'm in Nigeria. They will feign sickness? It might reward me knees and waited. eventually be looking for me." with a trip home for medication. "Mr. Prouty,” said Moleja, "But I'm with the embassy and Even if they went to pick it up, Pat¬ “We understand you're ill and nobody's looking for me," 1 coun¬ rick, my steward, might advise my need your medicine. We're taking tered. nearest American neighbor, Phil you to your house, where we can “Your being with the embassy is Radcliff. And since there was an also inspect your premises. Guard, my big break. You will be out of element of truth in the ploy, the act¬ help this man to the gate.” here in 24 hours and then you can ing would be that much easier. Soon a black sedan rode out from tell them about me!" About 8:00 p.m. the lock turned the camp along a course well Judging by appearances, TM had and a guard came in to take my known to me. Obenden Street, up to the Ikoyi Hotel, down the Kingsway. It was nearly midnight and the streets were empty. We passed the home of Harry Cahill, the economic counselor, which was “The three agents rifled the house in a systematic all lit up. A party! A pity I could manner, pulling out bedroom drawers and perusing not fox the car into Harry’s drive¬ way. But Moleja knew exactly all written material they could come upon. Soon the where I lived. house looked as though six burglars had Within the darkened compound of my house I alighted from the car converged on one job.’’ with a staggering step, turning the key with a shaking hand. Two agents began a systematic search downstairs. The orange-tied man followed me upstairs to the bath¬ a marvelous ambassador in Blitz. tray. “I’m sick,” I said. "I need room where I downed two Hygro- He was complacent and at peace medication. Bring me the jailer." ton tablets. Both of us were re¬ with the world. He had even In a moment the jailer appeared lieved to see that the medication applied free enterprise. with a critical expression. 1 rubbed resulted in an almost immediate re¬ He said with a wry grin, “ I get a my eyes and began. “I have a covery. small rental on my pamphlets chronic and rare type of hyperten¬ So restored, I was determined to which 1 use to buy apples and sion. It first affects my vision, then assert myself. “This is US prop¬ oranges from the guards. Since my speech and finally my mind. I erty," I began, “You are violating you’ll be liberating me, you’ll get have a special medication at the protocol and the Vienna Conven¬ the best treatment. Here's our embassy infirmary and at my tion covering basic immunity. You basic brochure and some fruit.” home. I'm now 24 hours overdue have no authority A gong sounded and the guards and my eyes are killing me with “You are not subject to immu¬ began to shout down the corridors pain. 1 need help.” nity, Mr. Prouty, you are not on for all prisoners to return to their The jailer studied me closely for the diplomatic list,” said Moleja, rooms for lock-up. what seemed to be a full thirty sec¬ with a trace on contempt. I slept fairly well after a meal onds. “I'll contact Mr. Moleja," We of AID are economists and which became pretty standard—a he finally said and left. technicians and bear red "Official” soft boiled egg on a thick piece of Two and a half hours passed. passports. Our forte is economic toast swimming in fat. A scoop of The time factor of course played development, not diplomacy; green peas and tea completed the heavily upon any dramatic talent I Moleja must have checked the dip¬ ration. It was just tolerable. Blitz could muster. I must become lomatic listings. On the other hand said after a week, even with drain¬ worse, but not so bad that I could the basic immunities from criminal ing the fat off, he found it intolera¬ not communicate coherently. or political arrest or harassment for ble and subsisted on fruits and tea. At about 11:45 p.m. the lock AI D/Embassy staff are supposedly I had no interest in a seven-day turned and at the door stood three well established in accordance with trial period. men with the jailer. Moleja 1 rec¬ the Vienna Convention of 1961. During the long Sunday hours, ognized. his eyes narrowed with Moleja was either ignorant or fak¬ claustrophobia and despair began curiosity. The second man, known ing. to set in. With no trace of me. the as Ali, was short and wiry looking, The three agents rifled the house embassy would be looking for me thirtyish. formally dressed and cir¬ in a systematic manner, pulling out in five countries while I sat "rot¬ cumspect; he seemed in manner to bedroom drawers and perusing all ting away” two miles down the be a superior. The third was a non¬ written material they could come

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May, 1979 21 upon. Soon the house looked as No. 3 now confiscated my car and tinued towards town. At my pro¬ though six burglars had converged drove off with it. Under protest, I test he stated that he would need to on one job. now proceeded with Ali and the get permission from a superior now Any mounting hopes that I could driver to SP Headquarters for for¬ at Central Police Station to take me remain at home after the search mal interrogation. home. Meanwhile, I was to be left were dashed by Agent Ali. Since I The headquarters was nearby off at the detention camp. was now feeling much better he ad¬ and to the left of the Ikoyi Hotel, a “What!” I blurted in disbelief. vised that I would be taken to SP large stone building, rather like a “It’s 4:00 a.m. Why there?” Headquarters for formal interroga¬ mansion set off by grounds and a And so back to the camp we tion. guarded gate. After filling out went. The great metal door was However, my original strategy numerous forms, I was taken to a sounded with appropriate kicks and encompassed this. I had prepared a large private office on the second I was let in by the surly night guard note, now in my pocket, for my floor and found Ali sitting at a to an unfriendly jailer I did not rec¬ steward Patrick, who at this hour desk. Three men with sunglasses ognize. would be asleep with his wife in the sat around the room and I found “You will have to go into quar¬ small quarters provided for domes¬ myself seated in the center with a ters,” he ruled, reaching for his tics in the rear of the house. I sim¬ light over my head. keys.’ ply stated “Advise Mr. Radcliff I Whether the radio seizure mer¬ “I’m two doors down to the am held by government agents." It ited special intensity, I can only right, main corridor,” I said with was a matter of how and where to conjecture. For nearly two hours a resignation. leave the message. This was now steady rate of questioning was car¬ “You are being reassigned.” becoming a critical maneuver. I ried out without interruption. said the jailer with a sneer. “I'm was under constant surveillance. These were, to be sure, critical taking you below.” But the break came. The agents times in Nigeria from the political Suddenly my heart pounded reached the fourth bedroom and standpoint. General Gowan was in amid flashes of fury. “The encountered the upper locked stor¬ exile, after several years as military Tombs!” I shouted. “I’m not going age cabinet. In it for safekeeping president, and was now a student at there! That’s for established crimi¬ was my Swann 450 WT Ham Radio an English university. The at¬ nals of the state. I'm an official of Transceiver, minus antenna, still in tempted coup in February 1976 had the United States government. I'm its sealed crate from a previous as¬ failed. But it resulted in the assas¬ staying right here until Mr. Ali signment in Chile. I told them the sination of General Murtala, head comes back.” steward had the key. of the military directorate, and had Now it was the jailer’s turn to “You gave the key to a ste¬ sharpened the military govern¬ emote. He did not speak, he fairly ward?” asked Moleja in disbelief. ment’s concern for new con¬ screeched. “Embassy help are bonded,” I spiracies either from Gowan or his “White man! We can beat you to lied with assurance. “If anything connections. Of particular concern a pulp right here and say you re¬ disappears. I’m taken care of.” was the importation of arms, possi¬ sisted me. Or I can shoot you right Moleja’s reaction turned from bly through the army. now and roll you over near the wall doubt to a note of belief. “OK.” he After two hours I had not been and say you were trying to get out. said to the man with the dossier, physically touched, and Ali dis¬ Get moving down the corridor.” “Take him out to get the key.” missed the other inquisitors. Two night guards, well-armed, now Patrick was a deep sleeper. For a “Mr. Prouty,” he said “You stood by, attracted by the commo¬ while, with no response to shouts have cooperated with us and tion. and kicks on his door, I began to though I’m not fully satisfied with Down the corridor and down the think he wasn’t in. but he finally your story, I’m inclined to think steep stairs. From the weak night peered out, startled by such a freak your entrance into the barracks light on the brick wall a long col¬ intrusion from his boss. was not intentional, at least last umn of steel vault-like cell doors Of course Patrick didn't have the Thursday. Meanwhile do not keep greeted me in mocking silence. At key and I was afraid he would say talking about immunity. You have the second door from the end we he was never given it. Instead he no such status.” stopped. A rattle of keys and a started with “You have it, Mas¬ “You will now take me home?” commanding “In there!" Once in¬ ter.” At this juncture I broke in I said somewhat dizzy from the side the heavy door closed. and said “Oh. of course, when you bizarre pressure of the long day. For a moment I simply stood went on holiday. Thank you. I “I think that we can leave you motionless, fighting off an impulse know where it is.” there under observation. We have to scream and shout. I fumbled for As we turned to leave, with the your passport. Now we will go." a matchbook and finally got a flic¬ agent before me, I thrust into the We drove out by the Ikoyi Hotel. kering light to look around. Ten doorway my crumpled note. Pat¬ The drums from the combo that square feet of concrete; a tom rick quickly closed the door, which plays in the patio normally heard in straw mat on the far side; a knee- seemed to assure that he under¬ the sultry night air were now silent. high wooden bench four feet long. stood. It was nearly four a.m. A few On it a crockery-type chamber pot, The agents had found no guns or ladies of the night were still on seemingly clean. But my predeces¬ coded documents, but they had a hand, however, waving at us from sor’s distress was still in evidence. radio. Since none were technicians, their chosen stations. Blended with a smell of disinfectant the absence of the antenna meant Instead of taking the Kingsway, was the stronger whiff of human little to them. Moleja and Agent which led to my home. Ali con¬ vomit. Gradually in the darkness

22 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. May. 1979 one could roam about the various rooms and, of course, take in the run. Free from the “Tombs” I ad¬ justed to the camaraderie of the men I grew to know, especially Blitz and Watson. Blitz in particu¬ lar was a source of optimism. As he saw it. things were “in the works” and I would be helping him out from the embassy offices in a mat¬ ter of hours. The next morning the door was unlocked and a jailer's assistant looked in and simply said “You're leaving, get your things, Mr. Ali is here.” So it had happened! My vital message to Patrick was paying off. I had nothing to round up other than some papers and a half-written letter on the table. On down the corridor to the office where Ali sat waiting. “ Follow me!” he countered after a slight nod in response to my “Good morning. I'm glad you’ve come.” He then turned and started out. I had anticipated my release from the camp as one of apologies replete with overtures of Nigerian-American friendship. In¬ stead the exact reverse happened. the faint light of a narrow open distant traffic. The tropical tem¬ Outside a black four-door Cortina transom window one foot by three perature soared as the sun got up, stood by with three other men. two could be discerned. The main while the bugs of the area seemed in the back. I was ordered into the gateway for mosquitoes, I thought, to converge into my shady cell. rear seat, though neither of the two and almost immediately thereafter The mosquitoes multiplied by the occupants, rather tough looking SP I began beating them off. 1 had got¬ hour. employees, made any effort to ac¬ ten my message through, but the At 5:00 p.m. the daily jogging commodate me. It was clear that I price seemed disastrous. The group got underway and 1 could see was to sit in the middle. As I stum¬ seized radio had clearly changed legs swing by the transom. The bled over to sit down each man my status. pacer's group now represented rel¬ gave forth with his elbow in my I awoke on the straw mat with ative freedom and the impulse was ribs. Since the offender on the right blue skies showing through the to contact them somehow. had used painful force, I obliged transom. My watch said 11:00 a.m. But this terrifying “rotting him with the same. There upon he Shortly after began a rhythmic away” interlude was to end within came up with his elbow next to my thump-thump in unison on both the hour. The vault door opened head with a threatening grimace. sides of me and less distinctly and an elderly man of the Nigerian “No violence!” warned Ali across. Then I remembered Wat¬ army in a major’s uniform stepped sharply and the man withdrew his son had said in jest that the in. elbow, staring straight ahead. In “Tombs” speak only with their “You are Mr. Prouty, the sullen silence we drove off to the shoes. It was chow time. Each soli¬ American?” he asked. police station in Lagos center. tary prisoner expresses himself in “Yes sir, and I am being held The tough men got out while Ali common fellowship by sitting in illegally,” I added. and I waited. Presently a smaller front of his cell door and sounding “You should not be down here. vintage Austin came up with a uni¬ off with his feet against the metal It is a mistake. You will be re¬ formed driver and we both got in door. turned upstairs immediately.” the back seat. Asked where we After ten minutes the thumping With that he left. were headed, Ali would only reply on the right lessened. The rations Within live minutes I was re¬ “You will see.” were being given out. Mine ar¬ turned to my original room with The car started on a circuitous rived; a cup of tea and a small cot, fan and no barred window. route through the poorest sections baguette, or loaf of bread. For six The egg on toast tasted better. of crowded Lagos island. At one more hours I sat on the bench hear¬ For the next two days I fell into point we were reduced to a crawl¬ ing the remote sounds of the city; a the routine of the privileges of “up¬ ing speed on a narrow one-way dirt plane overhead, a horn or two from stairs” detainees. From 5 to 6:30 street filled with pedestrians shop-

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May, 1979 23 ping at the hundreds of small curb tives at someone below who had “These may be the gun ship¬ shops so characteristic of African evidently taken her reserved park¬ ments." cities. Intermittently the mob iso¬ ing space. Turning around to greet “You know that you are under lated us from other traffic with the me her fury gave way to a compel¬ investigation and should not be driver forced to use his horn often. ling grin. leaving the country,” he said. “I'll A few goats gave color to the ani¬ Madame Obeja was charming in keep the lists and your passport. mated scene. every way. A comely woman of The other gentleman can go. You At this point Ali, who was read¬ perhaps 40, she was clearly a sym¬ may go back to your home, but re¬ ing the Lagos Times, reached over bol of Nigerian women's liberation. port to the SP office at Mahoney to my door and pulled up the snap Tea was offered as well as a Street Police Headquarters at 10:00 lock, unlocking my door. Im¬ friendly ear. Upon request she a.m. tomorrow.” mediately, and for the first time, he readily passed me her desk phone. Of course my first destination buried his head in his newspaper. I remember the joy of hearing a was to Gustafson at the consulate. The message was crystal clear: marine’s southern accent on the “Gordon, you will not be going to “Jump out and get lost.” chancery phone and advice from the police station. Rather we will I looked back. The scene resem¬ the political section that my pres¬ send Bob Frost of the political sec¬ bled an old film I had seen with ence was known and that Tom tion to pick up your passport. We Peter Lone in crowded Hong Gustafson, the American consul, will be making, of course, protests Kong. A maze of human bodies. In was on the way to meet me. to the Ministry of External Affairs. three seconds I could be out and The staff car bearing Gustafson “You are probably at risk at behind thirty people. My wind was arrived shortly and he entered an your house alone, especially at good. By the time Ali jumped out I office now rich in cordiality. night. There are several possibil¬ would have a good twenty yards, Madame Obeja offered more tea ities. but since, as you know, I'm and if Ali was consistent he would and added biscuits. She was “de¬ leaving in two months and my wife not try too hard. I got ready to lighted” to release me and termed has already departed with the kids, jump at the next stop of the car. the entire incident “regrettable and come and move in with me. Mean¬ But then a counterthought struck unnecessary.” However, I had en¬ while, we will give you an official me. Ali's dealings with me had tered the Dodan barracks unlaw¬ car with diplomatic plates and we been far from consistent and some¬ fully and this was a violation. I are arranging for a uniformed secu¬ times even treacherous. Today, he would need to appear at the third rity guard during the day at your had been unpleasant and even court of assize in 30 days and pay gate. Use it only during the day.” sinister. Why should he want me to any fines decided. Moving over to Tom Gustaf¬ escape? To shoot me in flight? Was “We don't appear in court,” said son's house began a month of clan¬ he taking me on this route as a Tom to the traffic director. “I'll destine followers and shifting about tempting ruse before turning me take this up with the judge.” And in different homes. The Ministry of over to somebody more sympa¬ with that we were off. Tom noted External Affairs couldn't get my thetic to my plight ? It had to be a that although Patrick's message passport from the Secret Police, al¬ trick. had gotten through, it had taken the though promises were made that it With mixed feelings 1 sat back, Ministry of External Affairs three would be forthcoming. Social life at the plan abandoned. It was perhaps days to locate me. "The SP,” he night had to be carefully curtailed. the wisest move I made during the understated “is a tough outfit.” With the Gustafson home being whole experience. Later I was ad¬ With my problems seemingly emptied due to his forthcoming de¬ vised that a fleeing white man in over I set forth on my professional parture from Nigeria, we moved this section would, as others on re¬ work. But almost immediately it into the home of the deputy chief of cord, have been grabbed, knocked became evident that the SP had not mission (DCM), then going on down and held. given the matter up. Arriving home home leave. Well-guarded and Presently we crossed the harbor on the following Thursday. Patrick bearing the great seal of the United bridge and pulled up at the Central confided that policemen in civilian States on an imposing gate, its Police Station for traffic violations clothes had called and interrogated sanctuary and asylum were never at Ijora. The presence of officers him at length about me. While driv¬ in question. On one night 1 was concerned with fines for speeding ing about the city 1 had the feeling tailed up and down several streets etc. struck me as a grand relief. that here and there black cars were ending with a burst of speed down This was hardly a place for quarter¬ following me. the cul-de-sac street to the great ing spies. On Friday, July 17. 1 went out to gate. The pursuer backed off and Ali brusquely left me in the pres¬ Ikeja airport with a colleague from left as the guards let me in. ence of a police captain. 1 was now Niamey (Niger) to fly over to Togo But on August 18, I returned to be turned over, for the time be¬ enroute to a Food for Peace con¬ from lunch at the embassy to team ing, to Madame Obeja. director of ference in Abidjan. As 1 completed that the police had arrived to arrest this installation. the passport formalities an agent me and that 1 should stay in the I was brought upstairs to the of¬ stepped up. confiscated my valise embassy for the rest of the day. fice of the Traffic Director with and passport. With great eagerness The political officer in charge had due courtesy and led inside. My he pounced on a shipping list, in sent the police to the consulate to first vision of this authority was of commodity code, of donated food speak to Consul Gustafson. a shapely derriere in uniform bend¬ arriving from the people of the Tom’s report by telephone at ing out of the window, while its United States for Sahelian drought four p.m. was encouraging. “ These possessor hurled menacing invec- victims. He told the customs man. men were from the third court of

24 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May, 1979 AFSA ELECTIONS COMMITTEE 1979 In publishing campaign statements, AFSA and its Standing P.O. BOX 57061, WEST END BRANCH, WASHINGTON, D.C., 20037 Committee on Elections are required by Executive Order 11636 and its implementing regulations, as interpreted by The Elections Committee announces that in accordance with the Department of Labor, to do so without making any AFSA Bylaws, and pursuant to the terms of the 1979 AFSA modification of their contents. AFSA therefore disclaims Election Call, the following members have been duly nominated any responsibility for the content of any campaign state¬ and have accepted their candidacies for the positions indicated ments made by the candidates. Content is solely the respon¬ below in the 1979 AFSA election of Officers and Constituency sibility of the candidates. Candidates were advised that, if Representatives on the AFSA Governing Board. any statement exceeded the allotted space and time did not The order in which the names appear on this list and the permit contacting the candidate, cuts would have to be candidates’ campaign statements appear in the pages which fol¬ made from the end of the statement. low were determined by the drawing of lots at a meeting of candidates on March 12, 1979. At the same meeting separate candidates’ names and campaign statements will appear on the drawings were conducted to determine the order in which the election ballot.

PRESIDENT ORGANIZATION 1. Kenneth W. Bleakley (Foreign Affairs PROs) State EA/J 2. Robert F. Pfeiffer (Unity) State EA/J 3. John D. Hemenway Retired 4. Kenneth N. Rogers (Representative) State FSI/WC VICE PRESIDENT 1. Barbara Bodine (Foreign Affairs PROs) State NEA/ARP 2. Anthea S. deRouville (Unity) State D/LOS 3. Robert H. Stern (Representative) State EA/PHL SECOND VICE PRESIDENT 1. Robert M. Maxim (Unity) State HA/HR 2. Frank Dimond (Foreign Affairs PROs) AID/PPC/DPRE 3. Ronald Witherell (Representative) AID NE/JLS SECRETARY I. Galen Fox (Foreign Affairs PROs) State S/P 3. Stanley T. Escudero (Unity) State IO/UNP TREASURER 1. Arlene Render ( Unity) State INR/OIS 2. Elton Stepherson (Representative) ICA FSI/WC 3. Dale L. Coleman (Foreign Affairs PROs) AID AAG/W STATE REPRESENTATIVES 1. Peter R. Reams (Representative) State EUR/NE 2. Marshall P. Adair (Unity) State EB/ICD 3. Eva S. Kim (Foreign Affairs PROs) State EA 4. John R. Malott (Unity) State NEA/INS 5. Joseph N. McBride (Foreign Affairs PROs) State NEA/IAI 6. Charles Hill (Foreign Affairs PROs) State NEA/IAI 7. Ralph Braibanti (Representative) State ARA/CCA 8. Robert L. Caffrey (Unity) State OC/TR 9. Patricia A. Woodring (Representative) State IO/OIC 10. John J. Harter State ICA PGM/PPO AID REPRESENTATIVES 1. James D. Singletary (Unity) LAC/DR 2. Ronald L. Nicholson (Representative) AFR/CAWA 3. Raymond C. Malley PPC/PDPR 4. Jonathan L. Sperling (Foreign Affairs PROs) NE/EI ICA REPRESENTATIVES 1. John F. Cannon (Foreign Affairs PROs) ICA State EA/PA 2. Fred M. Shaver (Representative) ICA AR 3. Marilyn McAfee (Unity) ICA NEA RETIRED REPRESENTATIVES 1. Archie Lang (Foreign Affairs PROs) 2. Charles Whitehouse (Foreign Affairs PROs) 3. Stanley Cleveland (Unity) 4. Spencer M. King (Representative) 5. Jack Lydman (Representative)

It is each AFSA member’s responsibility to see to it that his or 5:30 P.M. June 29, 1979. If you have not received your Ballot by her proper address and constituency (STATE, AID, USIA, or June 7, 1979, notify the Chairman of the AFSA Elections Com¬ RETIRED) are on record with AFSA. Ballots will be mailed on or mittee IMMEDIATELY in writing at P.O. Box 57061, West End about May 15, 1979, and marked Ballots must be returned by Branch, Washington, D.C., 20037.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. May, 1979 24A foreign affairs KEN BLEAKLEY, PRESIDENT PROS The next few years are crit¬ • Having compelled State’s ical for the Foreign Service. top management to focus on Our nation will have to live by the issue, we sent the Chair¬ our wits in an increasingly man of the AFSA State complex international envi¬ Standing Committee a series ronment no longer dominated of detailed action programs by U.S. material strength. To on: the structure of the Ser¬ meet this challenge, we must vice, retirement incentives, attract, develop and reward selection out and expanding the best women and men the scope of the Foreign Ser¬ available in a Foreign Service vice. These embody a com¬ representative of all segments prehensive approach using of American society. existing management tools But the Foreign Service is Ken Bleaklev and Ambassador (Retired) Charles without the need for com¬ under attack. We face serious Whitehouse. The PROs will draw on the accumulated power prehensive legislation. The challenges from Congress and and skills of the entire foreign affairs community. Representative Slate standard other elements of the Execu¬ bearer merely forwarded tive Branch. Management’s these without seizing the op¬ approach to restructuring of portunity for follow-up. The our personnel systems to reorganization of ICA and leadership of that slate let us down. AID, and to removal of visa policy from State is flawed • Since management’s own proposals began to emerge by lack of input from the career professionals who best late last year we have worked informally with other know our country's requirements. groups to guide the reforms affecting our futures. We If the Foreign Service digs into foxholes we will be applauded the objective of coordinated change while overrun. It is time to advance. But we need more power¬ warning of the pitfalls an approach echoed by AFSA ful weapons than "no" and “let’s wait.” We, the foreign when it finally started involving its membership in the affairs professionals, must take the lead in meeting the process. challenge. Let’s admit it—the Foreign .Service has a lot of • After concluding that the slates in the 1979 election problems to correct if it is to be a strong, high quality offered AFSA either an ineffective or counterproductive profession which leads in the conduct of foreign policy. leadership for the critical years ahead, the PROs This requires real leadership in AFSA. launched their own political organization. In two months I am proud to be heading the Foreign Affairs PROs, a we have: blasted open the State Standing Committee’s group which has already undertaken steps to resolve closed approach to reform, established a worldwide net¬ these issues and is expanding to address the full range of work of our own, reviewed and made multiple address our professional concerns. Your alternatives are the corrections on AFSA’s membership list, entered into Representative Slate candidate who has passed up re¬ dialogue with the various special interest groups and peated chances to play a constructive role as these issues began systematic contact with Congress and the media. were emerging and the Unity Slate’s candidate who We have the momentum to continue action in July seems to view reform as a threat rather than an opportu¬ upon assuming office when strong leadership will be crit¬ nity. ical. Organization Where We Are Going Our statements in the April Journal concentrated on At best AFSA will be talking with management this the role each of us would play in the PROs because we summer about reforms the PROs have been seeking believe that effective organization is the key to goal longer than any group. At worst, we will be on the Hill achievement. All the candidates seemed to agree that fighting a Hawed proposal. Should we be in the latter AFSA hasn’t had organization and needs it: but only the situation, the Unity Slate strategy of sending a petition to PROs demonstrated how to achieve it. Our international Congress attempting to block action would be useless. It representative network is swinging into action to assure you an opportunity to influence our wide-open organiza¬ would merely identify the Foreign Service as resistant to change and invite wholesale attempts to rewrite the legis¬ tion. lation on the Hill. (We understand the slate leader’s last Momentum petition along these lines collected less than 50 signatures Our efforts to shape the changes which will determine over a three month period.) whether or not our careers in the Foreign Service will Instead, we will have to employ the accumulated continue to be worth pursuing began over a year ago— power and skills of the entire Foreign Service community long before we had any thoughts of running for office in to support what we can, encourage amendments1 where AFSA. needed and block counterproductive amendments. • Ken Quinn, BARBARA BODINE, CHARLIE Committed to a Foreign Service of the best, ready to HILL, myself and others, backed with over 500 signa¬ take our chances in an equitable selection-out system to tures, brought the concerns about the future of the assure we are the best, and organized to present our case Foreign Service and impacted promotion system to Sec¬ to the American people and Congress, we are confident retary Vance’s personal attention in early 1978. we can succeed.

24 B FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. May. 1979 THE UNITY SLATE PRESIDENT: Robert F. Pfeiffer, FSI VICE-PRESIDENT: Anthea A. deRouville D/LOS 2nd VICE-PRESIDENT: Robert M. Maxim HA/HR Secretary: Stanley T. Escudero IO/UNP Treasurer: Arlene Render INR/OIS State Representatives: Marshall P. Adair EB/ICD Robert L. Caffrey OC/TR John R. Malott NEA/INS AID Representative: James D. Singletary LAC/DR ICA Representative: Marilyn McAfee ICA/NEA Retired Representative: Stanley M. Cleveland

ROBERT F. PFEIFFER, CANDIDATE FOR PRESIDENT, UNITY SLATE

Leadership is the bottom been begging for action and attention. A union might de¬ line in this election. AFSA liver. AFSA can and must deliver. So far it hasn't. doesn't have it and the We believe that AFSA can be the mechanism to effec¬ Foreign Service desperately tively represent Foreign Service personnel. But it must needs it. The vapidity of have strong leadership. And it must have the support and AFSA has been starkly dem¬ involvement of a larger and broader cross-section of its onstrated in recent weeks as membership. It cannot continue as a “company store." management pursues head¬ Join us. Vote for the Unity Slate and help us to give long its structural reform AFSA the action-oriented leadership we outlined in our scheme and AFSA is denied platform in the April issue of the Journal. In particular, even a copy of the final pro¬ we ask that you: posal until it goes to the Hill. • Sign the petition we will send to the Congress when Who is to represent our interests? Management is in¬ management introduces legislation to implement its volved in a determined effort to “cull" the ranks of the structural reform: if the petition has widespread support Foreign Service. That may be appealing to some who see it will help defeat structural reform and we can demon¬ opportunities for promotion. But the precedent for the strate to management that consultation with AFSA and Foreign Service will be devastating. It is sad to see how its employees is both wise and necessary: ineffectual AFSA has been and how totally ignored it is • Turn out for the meetings we will hold after we take by management. But AFSA is US. We are being ignored, office, so that the voice of all the membership can be not just AFSA. heard—the real enemy is apathy; The numbers of those who believe a union is the only • Join us in responding to the appeal of Congress last answer are increasing. Little wonder. The despair is pal¬ October (in PL 95-426) for a thorough review of the Ser¬ pable. And unionization may indeed be just around the vice's personnel needs and compensation system. Man¬ corner. Certainly it will be if AFSA cannot come up with agement's reply has been structural reform—surely, we strong leadership and determinedly and effectively repre¬ can do better than that; sent the needs of all those in the Foreign Service. ICA • Help us record the overtime and stand-by duty so has already gone that route. Can State or AID be far that work on reclassification of positions, staffing pat¬ behind if something as important and vital to all of us as terns and compensation can include these key statistics. structural reform can go to the Hill without AFSA in¬ In 1970 Bob Pfeiffer was a leader in foiling manage¬ volvement, without being negotiated by employee repre¬ ment's attempt to exclude the Foreign Service from an sentatives? Executive Order governing labor-management relations. It is a mark of AFSA’s ineffectualness, and our plight, He has served as Chapter President in Paris and Geneva, that the Hill must become the battleground for the struc¬ where he started an effort to coordinate overseas chap¬ tural reform proposal. What must they think of us? And ters in getting the AFSA Board to respond to overseas of the Service as professionals? Something is seriously needs and correspondence. He has served in a variety of wrong. consular, political and multi-lateral positions in Japan and And beyond the question of structure lie all the issues, Europe. This fall he will be working in ARA. He re¬ needs and interests of AFSA's membership that have ceived the superior honor award in 1977.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May, 1979 24C ELECT JOHN HEMENWAY PRESIDENT—PAST PRESIDENT OF AFSA “The Trouble With Hem- in this area because the AFSA leadership just doesn’t enway is 'We Can’t Buy Him give a damn for anything except their own promotions Off" ” said Senior F.S. In¬ and assignments. When I was President, these same peo¬ spector Amb. J. Graham Par¬ ple even wanted to sell the AFSA building to show a sons, in 1971, according to paper profit and to look good—to you, the AFSA voter, sworn testimony. In contrast, who wouldn’t know better. With a mere 200 votes they members of the current slates have changed the Bylaws to make it difficult to oust seem intent on telling you them. anything to get elected—and If elected AFSA President again, I would promote all they will do as they wish after of the things I know the Foreign Service wants—just as I election. did from 1975-1977. I would also testify against the pro¬ Hemenvvay is the only AFSA John Hemenway stood up motion of such persons as Helmut Sonnenfeldt, when he president who ever said “No” h,r you. Now 'ton Must was put up for the post of Under Secretary of Treasury to management at the risk of Stand Up for Hmu and Howard Mace, who became the first career man in great personal loss. If you were tricked into voting for the 182 year history of the Senate to confirm ministers recall by published falsehoods and lies, you should be ever to fail confirmation as an ambassador. I shall work angry. for foreign service strength, equity and reform and this I ROBERT STERN—libeled and slandered his way shall do inside or outside of AFSA, whether its President into high AFSA office. Now running for Vice President, or a member, or even if I join hundreds of others and he actually is praised by Kenneth Rogers “as the resign in disgust. (Membership, now at an all-time low, courageous person who initiated the recall of John can not be blamed on Hemenway this year.) Hemenway as AFSA president.” The treacherous ac¬ WHY IS JOHN HEMENWAY RUNNING FOR tions of Stem are described by Rogers as Stern’s PRESIDENT OF AFSA? There are some compelling “strength of purpose, devotion to duty, and steadfast¬ reasons: (1) You never learned that there was another ness.” It is Alice in Wonderland. Frankly, it sounds like side to the recall fight, because I was denied the right to Rogers is writing one of those efficiency reports which, present any defense. Since this is such an opportunity. 1 under the promotion system he helped get through, pro¬ do not want to pass it up. (If the “in set” uses such motes manipulators and dishonesty ahead of integrity tactics against the President of AFSA, would they help much more often than we would like to admit. you, when you are in trouble? Why cast your vote for KENNETH ROGERS—With such double talk, can them?) (2) Those who voted for me as AFSA President you wonder that Rogers, with the help of other weak had a right to know that they made no mistake in their persons whose “heroic” moments come only when run¬ vote, and that John Hemenway had the “guts” to face up ning in packs, was promoted to the inspection corps and to his critics and that, in any fair fight, he will win. Such a is now enjoying an assignment to the National War Col¬ victory will be a humiliation for the Foreign Service As¬ lege? Rogers understands how to use his AFSA post to sociation. if it does not repudiate the actions of Rogers/ move onward. “We are dedicated,” declares Rogers, as Stern/Lang etc. prior to that date. he articulates a number of phrases calculated to invite (3) The experience of fighting the stupidities of a top favor. Other slates are only slightly better, if you take management which lent its facilities to anti-Hemenway them as a bunch. One includes: factions while refusing them to pro-Hemenway forces ARCHIE LANG—chairman of the so-called “Interim was a very sobering lesson. Frankly, 1 never really be¬ Recall Committee” which made up rules as it went along. lieved that foreign service officers would break the laws Do you want to trust them with your future? of the United States as did Hydle, Stern, Lang and their In this election, people who do not know what they are supporters. A replay of that same script would read dif¬ about are making all kinds of claims, including “vastly ferently today, and 1 believe the AFSA should once improved security and protection of our people over¬ again have a President “They” “Can't . . . Buy Off!" seas.” Really? Like the great Blaney, the Hydle/Rogers "'A WORD OF COMMENT ON VOTING: If you rote man in charge of "Extraordinary Dangers Commmit- for any bloc in its entirety, you are wasting your rote or tee?” That one came up with the Eagleburger-approved deliberately choosing to perpetuate the mess at A FSA. It solution that microwave bombardment is good for you. is best to split your ticket among unknowns, if need be, Will they take care of matters like the Soviet collusion in avoiding any person who is known by you or your friends the killing of “Spike” Dubs? And how about Jane to have a propensity toward unscrupulous professional Dubs—what will they do for her? She was “dumped” for behavior. Ask this question: If you were in a jam, would a younger woman a few years back. On April 7, Jane you turn to this person for help—would you risk your Dubs presented a compelling, moving and pathetic spec¬ career in that person’s hands? That, dear voter, is exactly tacle on national televsion when she testified that after what you are doing, for this AFSA vote may be the last helping a “diplomat” get ahead for 30 years, she is with¬ meaningful vote you cast in AFSA before the total re¬ out any of the resources that will accrue to the “other working of the Foreign Service takes place, to the detri¬ woman." Is that not a danger of foreign service life for ment of your career. Bloc voting got us Hydle, Rogers, some? Why has AFSA not endorsed the 1977 Program of Stem, etc. etc. the Association of American Foreign Service Women on ELECT JOHN HEMENWAY FOR A NEW TERM the Concerns of Foreign Service Spouses and Families. AS AFSA PRESIDENT The Secretary—even—did so. Frankly, nothing is done (Captive of no bloc or clique—he will not sell out)

24D FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, MUX, 1979 • The leadership of the Unity slate has stated with REPRESENTATIVE candor that they will seek union affiliation. We do not believe that it is required, nor should it be a primary goal. RiCJIATE While we maintain an open mind on the matter, we be¬ lieve that other issues are more critical, and that expen¬ *•^7 KENNETH ROGERS, PRESIDENT sive union affiliation is not going to be a panacea to our problems. Most have now read the • We would not run a candidate who does not expect statements of candidates in to be in Washington for two years, (although the other the April Journal. I will slates are doing so). Our candidate for Secretary had to comment on Hemenway’s withdraw after nominations closed, due to a change in typical statement, in which he assignment. We, therefore, ask that you vote for Stan attacked me eight times, only Escudero, and not for "pro” Galen Fox. Fox should not to say that he nearly de¬ simultaneously be Chairman of the Secretary's OPEN stroyed AFSA. (Hemenway FORUM and an AFSA officer. The respected OPEN was nominated, this time, by FORUM has already been sadly misused in this election John Harter, a current State by Fox and others, in our view, as a front for the “pro” Rep. Candidate.) AFSA dealt slate in Washington. with Hemenway by removing him from office by a vote of 2,751 to 175. And our own Bob Stern launched that • Serious AFSA participation demands over 20 hours process. But let us now look to the future. of personal time each week—We do it now. We doubt that “pro” Ken Bleakley can do it. As Special Asst, to the Asst. Sec. (EA), he is eligible for a “special 18% • The Choices—During This Election: You have a allowance pay," due to his constant long hours of work wealth of choices: three slates, all of which include some (D.S. Newsletter. 3/79, pg. 29). Eva Kim whom we re¬ very good people. To operate successfully, those you spect and appreciate, is also working very long hours as elect should have sound knowledge and experience with the secretary to the same Asst. Sec. the Executive Orders, the practical aspects of personnel issues, members’ interests, useful and helpful contacts in • After reading “pro” Joe McBride’s April statement, the Congress, both with members and staff, and a bal¬ we are concerned that those over 35, below the top 10%, anced inter-service, realistic outlook. There is a clear and above class 5, would be in hazard if the “pros” win. choice—our stand on issues is there for all to see on pg. His statement stands out as one of bleak prospect for the 24B of the April Journal and in this issue. Please don't rest. As we have said to Joe many times, he is too waste your vote, in a four-way race—it could be close. Draconian for us. The “pros” have indeed built a bleak house for those who take their chances with them. We wonder how Joe can serve AFSA while he is on leave • Eight of our candidates have the needed experience. from the State Department for an indefinite period. Our AID and ICA Representative candidates (Nichol¬ son and Shaver) were chosen by their respective Stand¬ • The Representative Slate will continue to protect ing Committees, as was oucrr 1st V.P. candidate, a tradi¬ Junior Officers to be certain that they have the same tional AID spot, Ron Withered. (We believe that an AID benefits as the new Career Candidates. officer must be an AFSA officer.) All three were invited to join the other slates, but found ours the best. (We even • Whatever rank we attain as individuals, if we live discussed the election with some now on other slates, and long enough, we shall all join the Retired ranks. We must wound up. in our view, with the best combination.) Pat always be alert to their needs and concerns. In doing so. Woodring (who was endorsed by all slates in 1975), Bob we protect our own future. Stern, and I, as well as our AID candidates, have had extensive and creative success on the Hill for the inter¬ ests of all F.S. people in all agencies. • We shall monitor retirement benefits to assure that they are not eroded, but improved. We will protect 50/20 retirement, and seek retirement with 20 years service, • In contrast, the other two slates have only one can¬ regardless of age. didate each with recent meaningful experience in AFSA and labor management affairs, although many of the • We plan to enlist the talents and time of the Retired others are well-intentioned, good people. Community to assist us in Congressional contacts, and to improve understanding of family issues. • We see the “pro” slate (are the rest amateurs?) as • During my service as Chairman of the State Standing rather impractical and unrealistic. Most of their "support Committee, we have successfully negotiated Selection committee” people are going abroad this spring, and Board Precepts, skill code change procedures. Affirma¬ others have abandoned their “pro” support, or disav¬ tive Action issues, FAS program, efficiency report in¬ owed it, perhaps when it became known that “pro” structions, Career Candidate Procedures, among others, Bleakley initially embraced management’s structure and many people helped—no one person can take sole plans and massive F.S. Act overhaul, and said that “it credit on any topic. didn’t go far enough.” He may have changed his tune VOTE—THE REPRESENTATIVE SLATE—We after the reactions to the plan from the field. think the choice is clear. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May. 1979 24E foreign UNITY SLATE, THEA deROUVILLE, BARBARA BODINE, VICE PRESIDENT affairs FIRST VICE PRESIDENT PROS I am tired of the same Joe McBride words over and over— and I are two of revitalize, reinvigorate, im¬ the three State proved professionalism, Representatives uniqueness, elitism: words currently serving that obscure problems and on the AFSA masquerade as solutions. The Board. We both genteel policies followed by had to decide AFSA in the last few years whether to run haven’t worked—-why con¬ with those who tinue them for another two would continue the years? policies and pro¬ I want action, and so do the cedures of the cur¬ other members of the Unity Slate. If we are elected. rent State Standing . ^ every one of you will know that AFSA is fighting for Committee or to AFSA Experience your individual interests. Mr. Bleakley says AFSA is join a slate that offered a real alternative—the PROs. We more than a union. I submit it’s far, far less. picked the PROs because Ken Bleakley, and other mem¬ Scholarly treatises, “Diplomacy for the BO's," etc. can bers of the slate offer the strong, creative leadership and provide a base from which to make decisions and judg¬ the toughness that AFSA so acutely needs. ments. But they aren't of much use if no one in manage¬ Here are a few major concerns: Career Development: ment pays any attention to them. Nobody will unless We need standards and programs to guide the develop¬ AFSA can speak and negotiate from a position of ment of our careers to prepare us for leadership positions strength. AFSA must be perceived by management as in the staff and officer corps. Management has given us representing the Foreign Service, not only legally, but the cone system, but it has only served to arbitrarily also actually—acting with the full confidence and support categorize and divide us, rather than enhance our career of its members. development. If Management cannot give us a real career To gain this confidence and support, AFSA must have development system and competent personnel to run it, strong leadership. If you elect the Unity Slate, AFSA we must do it ourselves. will have that leadership and be your voice in Washing¬ Recognition of All Members of the Service: The PROs ton, your support in the field—asking, listening, interced¬ oppose the condescension and neglect shown staff and ing, arguing and, when necessary, demanding on your specialist members of the Foreign Service profession. behalf. There will be conflicts of interests—no one can be Management is guilty, but so are FSOs. We respect no all things to all people—but equitable compromises can position or label: ice respect only a job well clone. and must, openly, be achieved. Families: If we do not wake up and address the prob¬ How? Basically by a lot of hard work by realistic peo¬ lems of the needs of spouses and children, we will lose ple who care deeply about the Service and its people, and many of our finest people. The PROs will ask AAFSW who are willing to put a tremendous amount of time and to work closely with AFSA inside the Department and energy into getting the job done. on the Hill. I was also asked to join each of the other two slates. I Relations with Congress: This is a top priority for the am running on the Unity Slate because, again. I'm sick of PROs. We will greatly expand and better organize AF- words. The Unity Slate promises action. SA’s relations with the Hill. Upward Mobility: Stagnation will rob us of our best BA. University of New Hampshire; Katharine Gibbs people. We must restore a healthy rate of promotion. We Secretarial School; Joined Foreign Service 1957; 15 must also recognize that upflow requires outflow. This years' service abroad. Currently working in the Office of should not scare us. Most of us did not enter this profes¬ the Law of the Sea Negotiations. sion with the idea of achieving perfect security. We have to have the courage to devise an effective, fair, merit- based plan to ensure outflow and adequate promotions. Outside Hire: The PROs are going to fight hard on this issue. There is no greater threat to a career service. Role of the Foreign Service: We fear that we could find ourselves in a few years as the messengers and travel agents for policy makers from other parts of government. We are involved in an old fashioned turf battle and we cannot be too genteel to fight. We have to develop the strongest possible staff and officer corps, set our policy priorities and cut out the idiot work that wastes our time. We must send our people to work in other agencies and with the Congress and reward not penalize them for it. We must develop the specializations, the leadership skills, and the professional rewards that will make us the premier force in the conduct of foreign policy.

24F FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAI . May. 1979 REPRESENTATIVE UNITY SLATE: ROBERT MAXIM, RAVIATE ROBERT H. STERN SECOND VICE PRESIDENT ^ W These last weeks have been very difficult ones for both I believe this AFSA elec¬ Ken Rogers and myself as we tion will have a profound and have had to place our respon¬ perhaps irreversible impact sibilities as board members on the Service and the career above our obligations as cam¬ interests of all employees. paigners for office. Ken, as Either AFSA will have lead¬ chairman of the State Stand¬ ership that rejects manage¬ ing Committee and I, as ment’s restructuring propos¬ Coordinator of the Taskforce als as a fundamental threat to on Restructure have had to the Service or AFSA will steer an arduous course be¬ have leadership that will con¬ tween and among the special sider it a victory to “improve” what is outrageous to the interest groups and opposing slates to keep the restruc¬ point of becoming merely objectionable. Either AFSA ture effort from becoming an internally divisive political will continue to react or it will start to earn its mem¬ issue. I think we have succeeded not only by submerging bership’s dues by pressing proposals that address posi¬ our parochial identities but, much more importantly, by tively and imaginatively the real personnel issues that getting almost everybody to put aside factional differ¬ have been so largely overlooked for so long: inadequate ences and come together for the common good. The need salaries, stagnant promotion rates and declining respect for such broadly based effort will not go away after the for the dignity of the individual employee in all personnel election, but will be critical throughout the life of this or categories. any future AFSA board. We have demonstrated that it Only the Unity slate stands for this kind of clear-cut can be done, and if elected, we will not hestitate to seek choice in setting a new course for AFSA. Only the Unity talent for committee work from any member who seri¬ slate promises a leadership that will lead, rather than re¬ ously wants to make a contribution. act, and that recognizes the current, common threat to Contribution is an important consideration for all of us. the interests of all employees in the Foreign Service. Thirteen elected Board members can wither on the vine Bob Maxim's history of participation in AFSA ac¬ without genuine commitment from members. Unlike tivities includes presidency of the Junior Foreign Service Winston Churchill in 1940, we offer not blood, sweat and Officers Club (1970-1971) in which capacity he worked tears but heartburn, frustration and pride to all willing to for the Executive Order enabling AFSA to become the sacrifice their personal time to the enhancement of the legal employees’ representative in dealing with State's Service. The Representative Slate has demonstrated its management on personnel policies and for the improved willingness to make these sacrifices. We ask you not only grievance procedures now available to employees. He to vote for us, but to work with us as well. Ben Franklin received the AFSA Harriman Award for his efforts in said it far better than I can: “Let us all hang together, or 1971. He was head of AFSA's Paris Chapter from 1975- we shall most assuredly all hang separately.” 76.

WE SUPPORT: WE OPPOSE: 1. The positions taken by 1. The mgt. proposal to the current SSC on the re¬ split Class 3 on any basis structure proposal of man¬ into two grades, create an agement. additional FSO/R grade, 2. Legislation to restore abolition of annual, with- COLA and overtime for in-grade step increases for FSOs, and for labor- all, to pay for “incentive” management relations. pay for a select few. 3. Vastly improved secu¬ 2. Limited time for FSO-3s rity and protection of our in promotion considera¬ people overseas. tions for FSO-2. 4. Improved and cheaper 3. Neglect of the concerns health care insurance. of consular officers. 5. Equal opportunity for 4. Neglect of specialists employees/their families. Staff Corps interests, 6. More emphasis on pro¬ especially those overseas tection of the interests of not on diplomatic lists. AID employees, including 5. GS-AD (administra¬ a Humphrey-type bill for tively determined) and AID Personnel, and crea¬ other non-FS personnel in tion of a permanent policy-making decisions in Agency status for AID. AID' 7. Protection of Junior of¬ 6. Abuse of outside ap¬ ficers and career candi¬ pointments to the Service dates. to the disadvantage of the career service. Other Items appear in April Journal. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May. 1979 24G foreign REPRESENTATIVE RLC 'lATE affairs L J RONALD A. WITHERRLL PROS SECOND VICE PRESIDENT I share with my colleagues FRANK M. DIMOND, SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT on the Representative Slate a concern with Foreign Service I don’t have all the answers but 1 am a good listener. professionalism and the wide After reading the many solutions offered in the April range of employee manage¬ Journal I had the feeling others should be doing more ment issues that affect the listening too. What many people in AID, ICA and Foreign Service as a whole. A STATE are saying when you talk with them as I have primary concern is personnel about AFSA boils down to two main issues: problems that afflict AID. 1. Is AFSA Doing Enough? Therefore I am running for Everything AFSA does automatically serves two the traditional “AID Seat” in non-members for each member, since only about a third the AFSA Officer ranks. of active duty Foreign Service personnel belong to the I believe that the Representative Slate will give the organization. So AFSA is doing a lot for people who do strong support the AID Foreign Service employees will nothing for AFSA. need if we are to be successful in our endeavors to reform We must get those people who are receiving a free ride the Agency’s personnel system and to assure that it treats to join up, and this can be accomplished only through its members equitably and humanely. good communications based on strong chapters at over¬ Tom O'Connor asked me to replace him, as First Vice seas posts. President and Chairman of the AID Standing Commit¬ • In Washington, the AFSA State Standing Commit¬ tee, on which 1 have served in a variety of functions, tees should stop trying to he "everything to everybody." principally as the drafter of communications to our mem¬ The structural reform proposals have demonstrated there bers and position statements presented to management is much talent in the Service which has not been tapped. on the “Unified Personnel System”. I want to continue AFSA is our sole bargaining agent by law, but it’s a sad commentary that the State Standing Committee was for his work. You can expect my agenda to include: months unwilling to work with the Open Forum, Group • Mutual support of my State and ICA colleagues in of Concerned Officers, September 17th, and other groups endeavors that a) would impact favorably on the Foreign that had a real stake in these proposals. Service as a whole or b) would block the entry into effect • Overseas, AFSA chapters should encourage post of management interventions that would impact unfavor¬ management to sponsor community action programs in¬ ably on the Foreign Service. volving dependents, who can tender a great deal of help • A “Humphrey Bill” type Personnel System for on the range of problems particular to each post. AID; we cannot expect to get it through the so-called 2. Is AFSA Doing the Right Thing? Unified Personnel System so we will have to go to Con¬ While 1 feel that in recent years AFSA has done much gress for help. I believe that this issue should be kept good, many of those I listened to told me they feel AFSA alive until we get the system that AID needs to fulfill its has done far too much “wheel spinning.” Because mission and to treat its employees fairly. AFSA doesn’t have the full-time personnel resources that Management does, it is very easy for Management to • A Department of State commitment to the safety of overwhelm AFSA with proposals. At the same time, our employees, including during times of upheaval and AFSA must prioritize its workload better than it has anarchy. The Moscow microwave and recent events in done in the past. Key elements here would be as men¬ Nicaragua and Iran, for example, should cause us all to tioned before: have greater concern for this subject. • expanding the revenue base by increasing mem¬ bership • Constant vigilance over those in management that, • opening up input into AFSA to all interested mem¬ in the name of flexibility, would weaken and manipulate bers. the personnel system. 3. Is AFSA Tough Enough with Management? • Responding to requests for help from employees Very few seriously favor taking an obstinate approach being unfairly treated by management. to opposing all that Management proposes. Rather, what • Greater attention to the needs of the Foreign Ser¬ 1 consistently heard was the need for AFSA to: vice family, including working spouses and couples. • take the initiative. Once Management has offered a change in the personnel system, AFSA should not • Legislated employee relations; the adapting of Title merely critique, but offer alternatives which will put it in VII of the Civil Service Reform to the Foreign Service, a much stronger bargaining position. i.e. melding the best features of Title VII and Executive • hire a tough full-time negotiator who represents Order 11636. We will seek employee views before mak¬ AFSA and is not worried about the effect any action ing major decisions. he/she takes on behalf of AFSA will affect his/her career. 1 was asked to join all three slates and I picked the best: the Representative. I expect to be in Washington Remember: The 2nd Vice President slot has traditionally for the next two years. Maxim has been assigned to been filled by an AID representative. Malawi, to arrive in July ’79. 24H FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May, 1979 foreign UNITY SLATE affairs STANLEY T. ESCUDERO PROS GALEN FOX, SECRETARY CANDIDATE FOR SECRETARY As the one-year Any election is like buying elected Chairman a pig in a poke. That is proba¬ of Open Forum, I bly more true for this election have been dis¬ than most because a great turbed by the way deal needs to be done and personnel prob¬ most AFSA members know lems damage little about the people who are America’s ability running. That only increases to develop effec¬ your problem because a vote tive foreign policy. on the basis of what has al¬ When Manage¬ ready been accomplished is a ment’s restructur¬ vote for continuity in AFSA leadership—and I think the ing package came Open Forum Experience great majority of the Service rejects this alternative. out, the Forum Consider the UNITY Slate. We offer an ACTIVIST Working Group on Professional Concerns (which in¬ ALTERNATIVE. In the last issue of the Journal, we cludes me) advised Secretary Vance that most employees told you what we stand for—a unified Foreign Service would probably oppose the proposal. We then offered a communicating its interests to a committed AFSA lead¬ serious counter proposal aimed at enlarging the Depart¬ ership which does whatever is necessary to get Manage¬ ment's foreign affairs role. ment to implement programs based on employees inter¬ The PRO slate has relearned from our efforts on be¬ ests. Please re-read our action program before you cast half of reform that the Department does poorly at man¬ your vote. We are not saying that we will solve all the aging and needs help. It will be up to all of us to provide problems of the Foreign Service. We are saying that we leadership State and AID are not getting from the top. are much like you—dissatisfied, cynical, and damned As Open Forum Chairman trying to reach a thousand tired of the decline of career conditions throughout the members. 1 have learned how vital communication is. Foreign Service. With your help, and no one can do it AFSA can learn much from what Open Forum does to without you, we will work to translate your interests and contact our Washington-based people using a combina¬ those of all the Foreign Service into action. tion of notices, letters, elevator announcements, frequent It is hard for you to tell if we really mean it. Maybe all meetings, the OPEN FORUM Journal, and two-way the slates are just made up of ambitious careerists who memos. are following the well-blazed trail to personal advance¬ As AFSA Secretary, I would bring Open Forum's ment through AFSA. I can only ask you to look at what standards to the task of establishing contact with AF¬ we have done so far, and give us a chance to do more. SA's membership. To involve those of you overseas, we • Other slates talk abou building bridges between the would use telegrams much more frequently and establish various factions and interest groups in the Foreign Ser¬ AFSA 's own confidential channel. With rapid and frank vice. We have put together a slate which ensures that communication, we can all work effectively together. these groups will be represented at the very heart of As Open Forum Chairman, I have enjoyed organizing AFSA. a wider sharing of the work burden. Because we can draw • Other slates talk about improving communications upon the talent of many individuals, we have been able to with the field. We have already sent letters to AFSA expand Open Forum’s range of activities—more working Chapter Presidents asking for ideas, comments and help. groups, different working group and OPEN FORUM • Other slates talk about attenuating the worst ele¬ formats, more meetings and papers. ments of the structural reform proposal. We have com¬ The PROs highest priority is growth: an expanding mitted ourselves to a Service-wide petition to register our AFSA that will enlarge the State!AID role in foreign af¬ opposition on the Hill if Management tries to ram even an fairs. Picture AFSA under PRO leadership-teams of improved version of this monstrosity down our throats. volunteer experts hitting Management and the Hill with Please give AFSA one last chance. I urged you to vote force: successes generating more AFSA members and for the entire UNITY Slate. UNITY has a coherent activity, in turn leading to further successes. And you will program. We can best implement it, with your active be involved, knowing what we are doing and helping us support, as a unit. That is the basis of our message. One act on your concerns. united slate, leading one united AFSA, at the head of one A word about the Unity Slate. They are good people, united Foreign Service. AFSA cannot succeed in any but their approach suggests limited battle experience. other way. Why just tell Management “No!” on the structure package—-as that slate recommends—without endorsing Stan was born and educated in Florida. He is an change? Management is not ten feet tall. Unless we like FSO-5 who has served in Lahore, Niamey, Tehran, the the status quo, we should reshape Management's product Morocco Desk, and African Affairs in IO/UNP, with a into our reform. two-month TD Y assignment back in Tehran last As with my PRO colleagues, 1 have been around, with November-January. The holder of two of the Depart¬ service in developing and advanced countries on three ment's Meritorious Honor Awards, Stan was President continents in consular, economic, and political jobs. 1 of an active AFSA Chapter in Tehran. believe in AID’S mission and feel we should integrate development work directly into US foreign policy. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May, 1979 241 ARLENE RENDER, TREASURER, UNITY SLATE REPRESENTATIVE If AFSA is to survive, it J\VUTE requires not only a strong commitment but active par¬ ELTON STEPHERSON, TREASURER ticipation by all of us. Apathy must given way to a united AFGE has done precious front to demonstrate to man¬ little to improve the situation agement that the Employees at ICA, perhaps because it is must have a prominent voice civil-service oriented. in determining the shape of • Therefore, my main their own future. goal is to replace AFGE as As a Consular and Junior the representative of ICA FS officer. I am fully aware of our major concerns. 1 will join personnel. Electing me, the with the other members of the Unity Slate to encourage only ICA employee running recognition of professionals in every facet of the Foreign for an officer position, will Serviceg express our concerns regarding promotions to demonstrate AFSA's deter¬ higher levels in the Foreign Service; insist that the man¬ mination in achieving that agement aspect of the threshold program be reexamined; goal. encourage a sharp look at starting salaries of junior • AAFSW: We must build better relations with the Foreign Service officers; focus on reallocation of re¬ Association of American Foreign Service Women. By sources, particularly as it relates to increased respon¬ doing so, we can improve our understanding of family sibilities and dwindling staff in our missions, and reem¬ concerns and contribute to the development of legislation phasize to policy makers the importance of Consular Af¬ to enhance F.S. family life at home and abroad. fairs and the input of Consular and otherjunior officers in • FSECC: I believe that in cooperation with foreign policy planning. AAFSW, we can develop a better Educational and If elected treasurer, 1 not only offer my time but a Counseling Service for our children, and 1 want to con¬ willingness to do a sound and effective job. AFSA's fi¬ tribute to that. As Treasurer. 1 would be in a good posi¬ nancial condition must improve if it is to be fully respon¬ tion to do so. sive to its members and goals. We must seek and try new • Affirmative Action; During the past year. AFSA innovative ways of managing our Club and the Foreign did a solid job in making sense out of State's confused' Service Journal. and contradictory affirmative-action proposals. Experi¬ AFSA needs a leader dedicated to action on problems ence will demonstrate how well the new agreements will that affect all the people in the services. Bob Pfeiffer, I work. We will need to monitor the programs, taking into believe, is the man that will move AFSA in that direc¬ account changes in the law and real-life conditions. As a tion. minority officer. I can state that we seek no special treatment, but only fair and equal opportunity. In that regard, I was distressed at “pro” candidate Joe McBride's harsh campaign statement in the April Jour¬ nal. The current AFSA agreements which were negotiated by Ken Rogers and his team of 65 people do not provide for preferential treatment for minorities, and it is misleading to imply that they do. • As Treasurer. I would ensure that modem methods are installed to provide a better fiscal picture of our oper¬ ations; (that doesn't require a C.P.A.). 1 will see that the Club is run on a solid business footing. Good food at reasonable prices on every menu, in a cheerful atmo¬ sphere. and not subsidized by overseas members. • But the position of Treasurer is more than a fiscal caretaker. It is a policy task, and I am committed to improvement of all aspects of issues of all four con¬ stituencies. • LAST BUT NOT LEAST: The Department of State has proposed dreadful changes in the Foreign Ser¬ vice Act, not only for State, but ICA! We, in ICA, should not be dragged into the sloppy mess crafted by State's management. We should all support the AFSA position as stated on pages 44 and 45 of the April Jour¬ nal. which was prepared by REPRESENTATIVE CANDIDATES Ken Rogers and Bob Stern, with agood contribution from a Staff Corps person.

24J FOREIGN SERVIC E JOURNAL. MAY. 1979 REPRESENTATIVE foreign DALE COLEMAN TREASURER affairs lAgUTE PETER REAMS, STATE REPRESENTATIVE, PROS Of the difficult issues which AFSA’s financial re¬ confront our profession to¬ sources are a crucial factor in day, two, in particular, merit determining the quality and strong attention: effectiveness with which it • We must defend the con¬ can represent the interests of cept of a separate Foreign the Foreign Service commu¬ Service—with its own risks, nity. In recent years F.S. obligations, and rewards— community support has been Dale Coleman, AID; Ken against attempts to equate us low—at present only 35% of Bleakley, Stale; Photo by with the civil service. This is those eligible for active mem¬ Craig Springer, ICA— an area where 1 feel manage¬ bership belong. More people hiking in the Andes. The ment has displayed a disturbing timidity vis-a-vis other must come to feel that they Foreign Service is a com¬ Executive branch agencies and the Congress, with alarm¬ have a stake in a Foreign Ser¬ munity of shared experi¬ ing long-term implications for retention of our own per¬ vice community that is larger ences. sonnel and retirement systems. In this vein, AFSA than themselves or their particular interest group and that should continue to oppose the sort of encroachment in¬ AFSA is their representative in fact as well as by law. herent in the proposal to transfer responsibility for visa AFSA must expand its membership based on a re¬ policy to the Justice Department. newed sense of common purpose and effective repre¬ • Management can no longer afford to neglect the cut¬ sentation. AFSA leadership must provide the impetus for ting edge of the professional service: the over 2.000- a revitalized sense of community by working with all F.S. officers, in the middle grades, who entered their careers personnel to clarify what we want our institution and with high expectations which they are now told they must community to be like in the future. lower. Management’s restructuring proposal predicates We must let shared experiences, mutual needs and retirement at class 3 for all but a few; in a service which concern for one another and the nation’s interest bind us recruits from among only the best, such a unilateral revi¬ together well, although our individual styles, values and sion of the rules of the game would amount to unaccept¬ interests may differ. able treatment of officers who have alrady made com¬ AFSA needs more than just new members to mitments of ten to twenty years’ service. strengthen its financial base, however. It also needs sound but creative fiscal management. Fiscal responsibil¬ ity is essential to meeting the organization's current obli¬ gations on a limited budget. UNITY SLATE, MARSHALL P. ADAIR, We must: STATE REPRESENTATIVE • maintain a balanced budget and seek new ways to Two aspects of the Foreign avoid cash flow problems; Service particularly im¬ press me: the principle of • audit all AFSA programs for cost effectiveness and moving people up or out, report findings and financial priorities to the membership; and the management of the Foreign Service by the • solicit members' views on the correctness of current Foreign Service. Unfortu¬ financial priorities and expenditures. nately neither is enforced In order to expand our financial resources we should: in practice. Management’s structural reform proposals • consider in consultation with AAFSW ways to make are a bad attempt to deal the F.S. Club attractive to more people and thereby in¬ with these problems, and we in the Service have had little crease the amount of overhead costs it can meet; opportunity to improve them. AFSA can and must play both roles of protecting • determine whether AFSA should continue to employee interests and providing the professional input provide limited educational counseling services pending into management which is essential in a small group of AAFSW's withdrawal from the Foreign Service Educa¬ professionals. AFSA has not pursued these roles equally tional and Counseling Center ( FSECC); and therefore has been ineffective. It is not respected by the members of the Foreign Service, much less by man¬ • review need for more specialized staff and present agement. The lack of consultation on structural reform is financial implications and options to the membership; as much AFSA’s fault as management's. 1 think Bob Pfeiffer and the Unity Slate will give AFSA the strength • review policies governing oversight and use of the to insist on and get consultation. Scholarship Fund; Marshall Adair entered the Service in 1972. He was an • work closely with the Executive Director to explore active member of the AFSA Chapter in Paris, and has new fund-raising possibilites. served in A frica. He now works in EB.

FORHIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. May, 1979 24K foreign JOHN R. MALOTT, UNITY SLATE CANDIDATE FOR affairs EVA KIM, STATE REPRESENTATIVE STATE REPRESENTATIVE Leadership is what AFSA PROS needs. And leadership is what I have had a rewarding it has not had for far too long. career in the Foreign Service We have had enough of for the past twenty years, well-meaning but ineffectual serving in Peru, Laos, Viet¬ leadership and of AFSA nam, Singapore, and now the Boards that rule as “benevo¬ Department. It has been a lent monarchs," mimicking satisfying experience, but at Management in their belief times it has been frustrating to that they—without consulting see shortcomings affecting us—know what is best for the the support personnel without Foreign Service. Nor should we succumb to the slick whom our Missions overseas Madison Avenue pronouncements of those who would could not operate. Good people have give us style but not substance, or those who would rep¬ by an unimaginative and careless system. Financial bene¬ resent only the interests of one part of the Foreign Ser¬ fits, diplomatic privileges, and other “perks" that flow vice. easily to ranking officers overseas are regularly denied Only the UNITY Slate can provide the leadership staff employees. Staff employees are the first to be de¬ AFSA desperately needs. Only UNITY has come for¬ nied language training and area studies courses which ward with a program of action that it means to imple¬ enrich one’s life overseas. Not enough is done to assist ment. And only UNITY is pledged to involve ALL of this dedicated group to achieve upward mobility through the Foreign Service—regardless of agency, rank, or career development programs. Change in these areas and function—in restoring leadership to AFSA and making it others requires imagination, sensitivity to individual the kind of organization it was meant to be. problems and concern for bureaucratic details. Looking Since entering the Foreign Service in 1968, John has outside of the foreign affairs community for answers for served in Vietnam (CORDS), as consular officer-in¬ our concerns will not solve our problems. The Foreign charge in Osaka-Kobe. and as economic/commercial of¬ Affairs PROs are pledged to effecting professional ficer in Tokyo. He saw TDY duty in North and South change in a professional manner. I have chosen to run Vietnam following hte 1973 ceasefire. John_currently_is with the PROs as the best means of assuring an effective political officer for India in NEA organization to develop viable solutions to these critical foreign Staff Corps concents. affairs foreign CHARLIE HILL, STATE REPRESENTATIVE PROs JOE MCBRIDE RUNNING FOR REELECTION If the Foreign Service is affairs AS STATE REPRESENTATIVE not an elite—if it is not dis¬ tinctive and special—then PROs what is it? Every one of us, Rededication to Merit secretaries, FSOs in every Principle—AFSA is in danger cone, communicators, all are of succumbing to security involved in a career, the life seekers. Management's re¬ and responsibilities that are wards time-servers, not per¬ unique in government ser¬ formers. All of us, officers, vice. Recently, an airline pilot specialists and staff corps whose plane went out of con¬ alike joined to be the best— trol, rolled over twice and dove 20,000 feet until he pulled not the safest. There cannot it out two seconds from a crash, said that pilots are paid be reasonable promotions well and respected for just those two or three seconds without regular retirements that happen only every four or five years. The same used —voluntary if possible, in¬ to be said about the Foreign Service, but no longer, even voluntary if need be. Even though the same is true of us—only those two or three though the other two slates would have you think we can seconds happen more often in the Foreign Service—as have it both ways, we can't—and you know it. (See my Kabul, Jonestown, and Tehran most recently demon¬ ad on page 35.) strate. The foreign affairs pros want to restore the pride, • The Zone-Merit System is long on zone and short the effectiveness, and the respect of the Foreign Service. on merit. The system needs major revision. We have two major objectives: to strengthen the quality • Assignments must be based on open competition in of our work and to ensure that our personnel are given which employees and jobs seek oiit their own levels. the tools and rewards we need to do the job. Eliminating Caste Distinctions—Staff, specialists and I belive the Foreign Affairs Pros can help turn us officers alike are plagued by a closed-minded system around. I know we will work to restore the unity of the which pays homage to labels of caste and ignores merit. Service, to strenthen it in the eyes of Congress and the • The same benefits should apply across the board to public and above all to deepen our pride in the profession officers, specialists and staff corps alike. and dedication to the country.

24L FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May, 1979 REPRESENTATIVE VATF RALPH BRAIBANTI 'm STATE REPRESENTATIVE ROBERT L. CAFFREY, *“^Anyone who has attempted STATE REPRESENTATIVE, UNITY SLATE to wade through the campaign statements of all the candi¬ Here we go again! Only this dates may have difficulty sort¬ time the reform initiative is so ing out the differences on is¬ vague, even its creators can¬ sues. We all advocate an not define it, much less de¬ AFSA imbued with “re¬ fend it. Omnibus legislation, newed sense of purpose” and possible political fodder for “greater initiative.” We all votes on campaign trails, want AFSA to be “more ac¬ could wreck -havoc with the tive on the Hill” and to en¬ basic structure of the Foreign courage “greater participation." And, we all support Service. It’s high time for vigorous AFSA working groups, particularly to critique AFSA to begin functioning as Management's proposed changes in the Foreign Service a union to preserve that structure. The Unity Slate is Act. What, then, is really at stake in this election? pledged to do so. • Ken Rogers, Bob Stern, and Pat Woodring have • WILL NEGOTIATE ON OUR TIME TABLE, worked incredibly hard over the past year to get AFSA NOT MANAGEMENT’S. back on its feet after the painful Hemenway experience. • WE WILL REPRESENT THE ENTIRE The Representative program has been clearly spelled out FOREIGN SERVICE COMMUNITY. (see April’s FSJ, p. 24B). Ken and Bob initiated the fight • WE WILL PURSUE ISSUES MANAGEMENT against wholesale revision of the F.S. Act. They deserve LABELS NON-NEGOTIABLE. our support to continue this struggle. I will help. • So please join, vote and, most importantly, PAR¬ • The principal concern of the PROs seems to be TICIPATE. clearing the Foreign Service track so that the fast horses Bob is an FSRU-6 communicator who has served in can dash to the fore. I share their concern for profes¬ Ankara, Warsaw, San Salvador and Bonn (BAX). He is sional excellence. At the same time, 1 believe that presently an instructor in OCfTR. He served on the AFSA. faced with Management's chronic ineptitude and Bonn AFSA board, 1977/78, is a board member and callousness, must fight to protect the interests of the newsletter editor of September 17 and the Staff Corps majority of its members, not just the top echelon of its representative on AFSA’s Scholarship Committee. officer corps as the PROs see themselves. JOHN J. HARTER FOR STATE REPRESENTATIVE REPRESENTATIVE AFSA needs a truly representative Governing Board, MXC^LATE PATRICIA A. WOODRING, made up of independent minded officers who will reflect VJ STATE REPRESENTATIVE the true diversity of today's Foreign Service, and speak As we enter the decade of up for the rights of all Foreign Service employees. the eighties the Foreign Ser¬ Pre-packaged slates won’t fill the bill—their loyalties vice faces unprecedented will be mainly internal, to each other, and especially to challenges—these challenges those who selected and encouraged them. can be approached with ex¬ The membership would be better served by the mixed citement and enthusiasm—as slate it chooses. an opportunity to “influence The coming months will be critical to the Foreign Ser¬ the action.” My colleagues vice. Draconian “reform" proposals now being mas¬ on the REPRESENTATIVE saged for premature presentation to Congress could in¬ SLATE have been instru¬ itiate a new Reign of Terror for senior, middle, and junior mental in influencing events, officers. and are initiators in developing desired results. As a re¬ It's past time to open the long closed pages of the sult of the recent legislation eliminating payment of over¬ Foreign Service Journal to the frustrated Foreign Service time to FSOs I negotiated in the Members Interest majority who bristle at the continuing erosion of the Committee a Special Allowance in order that at least Foreign Service, while the AFSA leadership goes to those officers who work long hours as a regular part of sleep taking pulses. The censorship that deleted a portion their job receive some compensation. I have worked fora of my April campaign statement, without even informing more equitable examination process for Mustang me, apparently on the ground that it would have embar¬ candidates—we have been successful. rassed the Elections Committee, is intolerable. 1 have We live in a constantly and rapidly changing world and requested a suitable published explanation of what was not everyone sees the same solution. We represent the dropped, and why, before ballots are cast. best interests of the majority, while protecting the con¬ Even if you lean toward one of the slates—and vote for cerns of small groups. We are able to act—not just react most of its candidates—keep its leaders honest by putting and to anticipate, to initiate. some outsiders in. Among the things I will work for is a change in the Vote only for individuals that will represent your inter¬ legislation to restore overtime payment for all FSOs; ests. equitable opportunity in career development, assign¬ ments and training for the Staff Corps; family concerns; and a Foreign Service in the eighties that is truly repre¬ sentative and forward looking. I hope you feel I can rep¬ resent your interests. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May, 1979 24M nEPRESENTAIIVE MXC'LATE JAMES D. SINGLETARY, UNITY SLATE RON NICHOLSON, AID REPRESENTATIVE AID REPRESENTATIVE I was appointed to the I am seeking the support of AFSA Board as AID Repre¬ ALL AID'S Foreign Service sentative in May 1978. I hope personnel for the NEW you will continue me in this LEADERSHIP to be capacity under the Represen¬ provided by the UNITY tative Slate headed by Ken SLATE and for an opportu¬ Rogers and Bob Stem. nity to bring my experience to There are two major areas the AFSA Board as the AID on which I intend to concen¬ Representative. trate as AID Representative: My contributions include: • New AID Personnel Sys¬ American Foreign Service tem: With the AID Standing Committee I have spent Association Keyperson, Executive Order 11636 coordi¬ hundreds of hours analyzing the Unified Personnel Sys¬ nation, Election Committee, Merit Awards Panel, TLG tem (UPS), informing the Foreign Service of its implica¬ Linkage, Women in Development—TA/EHR and tions and consulting with management on the principles LAC/DR/HR Representative, AID Equal Opportunity which should guide any new personnel system. Our Programs—Career Awareness Role Model, Ad Hoc cables and “red tops’’ on this subject have been univer¬ Group and Oversight Board, Thursday Luncheon sally well-received by AFSA members and non-members Group—Chairperson Election Committee, Chairperson alike. 1979/80 should see modifications to the Agency’s AID EEO Committee, Research Commerce Counseling personnel system which will necessitate months of inten¬ and Advisory Committee. sive management—AFSA negotiations to work out the An abbreviated Curriculum Vitae includes: B.S. State implementing regulations. I believe that our experience University College, Buffalo, New York. A.M. and in that area warrants your confidence and your vote. Ph.D. University of Chicago, Master of International • The Foreign Service Family: I am deeply concerned Public Policy, SAIS: Program Direction and Develop¬ about the problems of working couples and spouses and ment in Afghanistan and AID/W-TA/EHR, Program raising children abroad. (Note: C.V. contained in FS Operation and Management in Afghanistan, Vietnam and Journal of July '78.) AID/W—LAC/DR/HR. The Unity Slate believes that ALL AID Employees want: (1) to be regarded as competent professionals, (2) foreign job satisfaction, (3) adequate compensation and (4) op¬ portunity for advancement. 1 join the Unity Slate in sol¬ affairs iciting your support. We need your vote now and your active participation after the election. PROS JONATHAN SPERLING, AID REPRESENTATIVE Further elaborating on the R. C. MALLEY—AID REPRESENTATIVE priorities I voiced in my 1 seek support from AID'S statement in last months’s Foreign Service personnel to Journal if elected I plan to represent their interests on pursue the following objec¬ the AFSA Board. 1 believe tives. that my credentials to do so • Expanded Crossover op¬ are substantial. I joined the portunities for FSS per¬ Agency from private business sonnel—Some of our best at its inception in 1961, and new FSRs are coming from since then have held a wide staff ranks; these programs variety of operational and pol¬ need expansion. icy assignments in several dif¬ • I DC A—Whatever form this new development entity ferent geographic regions and Bureaus. My overseas takes, its most important component will be the foreign posts include Pakistan, Zaire, and the US Mission to service people. The PROs will work to assure that the OECD in Paris. My contacts within the Agency are new structure will allow us to be more professionally widespread at all levels. responsive than ever before. My family and I have experienced the problems and • Unified Personnel System—This will have to serve pains, as well as the gratifications, of work and life with the needs of the officers, as well as the Agency. Obtain¬ this unique Agency both abroad and in Washington. I ing management response to these needs will be a major want to improve the role and stature of our Foreign Ser¬ task of the PROs. vice professionals. I am beholden to no election slate or • Increased Long-term Mid-Career Training—Far individuals, but only to the total AID Foreign Service more programs in this area are needed. constituency. If you feel I can effectively represent you, • More communication between the AID Standing 1 ask for your vote. Committee and the membership. The PROs have a rec¬ ord of successful communication, and we will reach you. Our slate has three AID people standing for election. This indicates a powerful commitment to action on behalf of AFSA’s AID constituents.

24N FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May. 1979 REPRESENTATIVE foreign IXVLATE kD FRED M. SHAVER, ICA REPRESENTATIVE affairs The ICA representative on the AFSA Board occupies a PROS position of special responsi¬ bility and delicacy. Fre¬ JOHN F. CANNON, ICA REPRESENTATIVE quently denied access to the ICA constituency through I returned to my home normal channels, there is the town some years ago and on need to spend long hours meeting an old acquaintance working with those activists remarked that I was now in willing to assist in conducting the Foreign Service. “Oh,” AFSA affairs with ICA per¬ he inquired, “What branch?” sonnel. Those activists are few—and do not include the I know that many of us have “PRO” and “Unity” ICA representative candidates. had similar experiences over (The Representative Slate is the only one with an ICA the years meeting the glazed employee running for an officer position: Elton eyes of our countrymen when Stepherson—continuing a long AFSA tradition.) we in the Foreign Service at¬ • The person elected to represent ICA must have tempt to explain what we do. The image of our vital shown an expertise in AFSA issues. My service on the profession is—in the United States—not indistinct. It is Members' Interests Committee, membership drive for invisible. Only when the peril of life in the Foreign Ser¬ JOTs, and polling the membership all speak for mine. vice is revealed by some shocking headline or television • The State Department’s proposal to restructure the film do Americans momentarily reflect on their indebted¬ Foreign Service personnel system was devised without ness to this relatively small group of men and women early ICA consultation. Any final legislation will never¬ contributing to US diplomatic interests overseas. In a theless affect all ICA personnel, and AFSA will play the country of increasingly competitive interests, the Ameri¬ dominant role in addressing that legislation in our best can Foreign Service Association must have professional interests. AFSA will be required to protect us and assure spokesmen and women who can inspire public affairs proper implementation. To protect your rights, your job campaigns, capitalize on TV, radio and newspaper op¬ and your future, look at all candidates. Determine who portunities, and, in the best sense, promote for the has and who will continue to do so. American Foreign Service the constituency it must have in order to survive. The Foreign Service PROs bring this election vitally needed leadership in a time of drift. As a foreign ARCHIE LANG public affairs professional, 1 intend to provide the voice ambAMB. (RET.) CHARLES WHITEHOUSE for that leadership. affairs «RETIRED' REPRESENTATIVES MARILYN McAFEE, ICA REPRESENTATIVE, UNITY SLATE PROS Since most of us have lived Another year. More plat¬ through several “critical forms. More promises. And crossroads” in the Foreign the same old AFSA. Will any Service personnel system, of the slates REALLY make our reactions to the current a difference? Can any of them problems facing the Service breathe life into a moribund (which are detailed in the pre¬ AFSA and make it count? ceding pages) are less ex¬ The Unity Slate can make a treme than those of many of difference. It will count. our younger active foreign What matters, after all, is not service colleagues. What the promises and the slick concerns us, however, about the recent proposed revi¬ verbiage. What matters is strong leadership—capable, sions is that we risk getting further away from the effec¬ determined, responsible people, truly representative of tive organization we spent our lives and energy building. the varied interests that comprise AFSA membership, Our competition would agree that the Foreign Service who have the ability to speak out forcefully and make definitely needs a shot in the arm. Where we. as members AFSA’s voice heard and respected. If Management can of the Foreign Affairs PROs slate, differ from the other continue to operate in a vacuum, then AFSA has no candidates is on tactics. We noticed in the April issue of point or meaning, and we have no representation. Give the Foreign Service Journal that one slate is already the Unity Slate your vote. Help us turn things around. pushing for a massive public confrontation—an approach An FSIO since 1968, Marilyn has served in with which all of us—active and retired—would be los¬ Guatemala, Nicaragua and Iran. A Meritorious Award ers. We associated ourselves with the PROs because winner. Member of WAO, and AFSA Chapter Vice Pres¬ they have not been content simply to reject all Manage¬ ident in Tehran, Marilyn is currently NEA Country Af¬ ment proposals, but have put in many long hours of work fairs Officer for Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan and over the last 18 months (well before the thoughts of an Bangladesh. election) generating innovative counterproposals for

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May. 1979 240 This statement has been prepared jointly with Charles STANLEY M. CLEVELAND Whitehouse. Its continuation is carried in his allotted space. RETIRED REPRESENTATIVE, UNITY SLATE AFSA and Management’s consideration. In addition to restoring Once the Foreign Service was proud, distinct and un¬ vigor and espirit de corps in ified. Management and employees stood together, united the Service that we re¬ in a spirit of camaraderie and a desire to advance our member, we as your repre¬ country’s interests. The Foreign Affairs Community was sentatives, would also speak not an empty phrase—there was high morale and strong up for a constituency which managerial concern for the welfare of the members of has too long not been loud that community. enough proportionate to our But we have become demoralized. Our judgments are numbers. Three out of every called into question. Our input is less regarded and less ten AFSA members are re¬ often sought. In a time of instant communications there tired. We’re scattered in are those who see diplomats as anachronistic. And our nearly every state and several dozen countries around the despair deepens as our interests and benefits are increas¬ world. We Have concerns which AFSA should address. ingly subverted and disregarded. The structural reform They range from issues common to those of us living on a suggests the heart of the problem—management has be¬ fixed income to interest in greater recognition for our come an adversary. It is no longer leading the Service, it long years of government service. For instance, there’s is manipulating it, using it. Little wonder that cynicism, no reason we shouldn’t be allowed to retain our diploma¬ apathy and a preoccupation with one’s own needs now tic (or at least official) passports or have access to De¬ take precedence over the job. Our sense of community partment facilities in Washington and overseas. and professionalism has waned. As Ken Bleakley pointed out, we ask for your vote, not There can be no healthy and productive Foreign Ser¬ because we are willing to make more promises than our vice under these circumstances. Those of us who are competition, but because we believe our careers in the retired see the Service we knew, which shaped our lives, Foreign Service have demonstrated we never took on a in decline. Unless the Service is able to regain control of job that we didn’t feel we could accomplish in a first-rate its destiny, we cannot assert leadership in the foreign fashion. Ambassador to two Southeast Asian countries affairs community. during the turbulent 60’s and 70’s (Whitehouse) and If we are to put our house in order, we must have Chairman of the AFSA Committee overseeing the recall invigorated AFSA leadership. The interests of both ac¬ of John Hemenway (Lang) indicate that we have taken on tive and retired members must be vigorously represented some of the tougher assignments in the Service over the to restore the pride and dedication of the Service. last decade. I believe the Unity Slate can offer this kind of leader¬ ship. I pledge to join them in giving you our very best REPRESENTATIVE efforts. HQJLATE SPENCER KING REPRESENTATIVE O RETIRED REPRESENTATIVE This may be the first time I\OL4TE JACK LYDMAN that Retired Representative VJ RETIRED REPRESENTATIVE candidates have been associ¬ I gladly associate myself ated with slates. All five of with the statement of Spence the retired candidates know King in this issue of the Jour¬ each other and are friends. nal. I too believe that the All would no doubt serve REPRESENTATIVE AFSA with sincere and faith¬ SLATE offers the best com¬ ful devotion. bination of proven strength But, in the view of Jack and expertise from among the Lydman and myself, our three slates. REPRESENTATIVE SLATE, led by Ken Rogers and The retired community Bob Stern, who launched the recall of Hemenway, is the should be drawn upon to best. If you don’t remember, you can see why we ap¬ provide assistance, guidance and advice concerning AF- preciate that, after reading Hemenway’s shocking state¬ SA's legislative and other programs. We have a great ment in the April Journal. Ken and Bob have the in-depth reservoir in DACOR of talents and experience. We can knowledge and experience needed. Together with Pat also make a solid contribution to matters of family con¬ Woodring and AID representative Ron Nicholson and cern both in the US and abroad. ICA representative Fred Shaver candidates, and the With all the problems facing the Foreign Service in the bright new faces on our Slate, we form a mighty Team. future, we must stick together and forge a solid bond with This is no time for well-meaning amateurs. Too much the active duty AFSA Board to contribute to their pro¬ is at stake in 1979 and 1980, with the major management grams and ours. Foreign Service Act change proposals, to hand over our The Retired Community cares what is done to the future and that of our families to those who lack the ex¬ Foreign Service Act and the Service itself, and I rely on perience, time and knowledge to function effectively. the previous experience of Ken Rogers, Bob Stem, Pat Our Slate recognizes that all current employees will Woodring and their AID and ICA colleagues to protect someday join the ranks of the Retired Community. (It that legislation. seems that if the “pro" Slate has its way, everyone will Other candidates, however well-intentioned, will be be soon retired, but their own super group.) We are de¬ caught off-guard and, lacking knowledge and experience, voted to the concerns of the retired and their protection. make sad errors in this critical period. Having served our nation with faithful devotion, they I have read Hemenway’s statement in the April Jour¬ must not be neglected. nal. Thank you, Bob Stern, for removing him from office. assize since you had not shown up ure. Arthur Blitz was out and full of him!” I cried. “As you can see on the traffic violation. I've re¬ gratitude. from the embassy car I am in any viewed the entire matter with two “I got out a few days after you," case immune from the Nigerian higher officers pointing out our he cried, “And I owe it to you. The courts and have no intention of fol¬ basic policy of sending no one of police have even apologized and lowing you.” our staff to a local court. They one captain had a meeting for me to “I have my orders to bring you seemed to understand, and I don't discuss TM as a therapy for mid¬ to court,” said the courier, oblivi¬ think there will be any more prob¬ term prisoners. Em certainly the ous of my anger, “And since you lems.” best expert on that,” he quipped. refuse, I shall have to get the One facet came to light a few How ironic, I thought, that he police." With that he taxied out of days before Mr. Crosby, the should now be working with my an¬ the gate. DCM, left for home leave. At a last tagonists. Once again no phone, no col¬ social evening at his home I was The anxiety of my family con¬ league at the Lidjoining house, but I invited specifically to meet the tinued. Some mail had been inter¬ had the car with the diplomatic Chief of Protocol of the Nigerian cepted. The alternative, the em- plates. Within three minutes I Ministry of External Affairs. Am¬ dressed, had my briefcase and was bassador Bolawa. Sitting on the opening the door of the car. But sofa away from the main stream of now in the gate came the courier on guests, this kindly gentleman lis¬ foot accompanied by a Nigerian tened attentively and concernedly “I had never relished policeman. regarding my regaining my The latter, a local foot patrolman passport, among other things. the thought of cringing Lipparently on duty in the neighbor- When he learned mine was a red over the toilet at the hood.cut a memorable figure. Slight “official passport” he indicated in build and with a face not unlike surprise and said. "Oh. this won't right of the door to that of Laurel of the famous com¬ carry much weight, since we have avoid probe shots, with edy team, he wore a uniform sev¬ literally hundreds of Nigerians in eral sizes too large. Although sym¬ the government with so-called 'of¬ the prospect of pathetic to my position, he was ficial passports.' If you were on the ricocheting bullets off adamant; I was not to drive out. He official (diplomatic) list your case the tub and tiles. With spoke in almost mournful tones. would be much simpler." “I know that this is embassy Now I became troubled over the the horde below, it property, Mr. Prouty, and I believe possibility of being stopped in an made no sense at all.’’ you have certain rights, but this is a official car without corresponding summons from my country and it documents. I took this up with must have a basis. Besides, you Harry Cahill, economic counselor, wouldn't be able to leave here. a friend, and. in the absence of his There are soldiers outside.” two superiors, the charge d'affaires bassy pouch, was time-consuming. “Just a moment, I want to speak of the Embassy. His response was Finally it was agreed that my wife to my wife,” I said nervously and positive. Helga could come down to visit stepped inside where Helga stood “You’re right. Gordon, you me. wLitchingthe scene. “Please go out need an ad hoc document as secu¬ For five days of her visit things the side door of the compound rity. We'll make you up one.” appeared very normal. Domestic fence to the Radcliff house. If no¬ And so 1 received a statement and social life sparkled with a body's home get to the consulate. I with an official seal stating that round of parties. Some vestiges of may stall them off.” “Gordon K. Prouty of the United security remained; the guard re¬ As she disappeared out of the far States Embassy is an official mained outside my compound gate side of the compound the front member of the staff and subject to and I kept the official car. The gates swung open and in came a all of the immunities of the dip¬ black cars following me at night Nigerian jeep with four soldiers, lomatic staff which are to be ac¬ had vanished. two with machine guns. I tied up corded accordingly.” At breakfast on September 11, a the stairs. By early September things man was allowed through the gate The possibility of SP intruders seemed much better. Gustafson's on a motorcycle with a document in visiting me again had been dis¬ contacts assured him that the hand. A bit annoyed that the guard cussed following my release from passport would be returned “very would let him come up to my very the detention camp. Gustafson soon” despite some reluctance of doorstep on wheels, I answered his recommended I take refuge in the the SP. Although I could not carry knock at the door. bathroom, lock the door and wait. out my regional duties in West Af¬ “I have a summons for you from In fact an extra lock had been put rica, there were numerous tasks to the judge at the third court of as¬ on, above the first. “It is very fulfill, including extensive ship¬ size, Mr. Prouty. Please sign ac¬ doubtful they will actually shoot ments of food aid coming into ceptance of the summons and fol¬ the lock off,” he had reasoned, Apapa, the then vastly over¬ low me to the court.” “but if they do, the door still won't crowded port of Lagos. “This matter was long ago set¬ open and much time will be lost try¬ One day while stopped at tin in¬ tled with Mr. Gustafson Lit the con¬ ing to find out why.” tersection. 1 was accosted from the sulate here in Okoyi at lkotieiboh 1 had never relished the thought next car by a smiling, familiar fig¬ Street. He will confirm. Go to of cringing over the toilet at the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May, 1979 25 right of the door to avoid probe grim, his form motionless. Palpita¬ counter comment. “I’ll be glad to shots, with the prospect of rico¬ tions and a sense of sickening introduce myself if you can tell me cheting bullets off the tub and tiles. faintness combined. He’s going to what you are doing on United With the horde below, it made no shoot. States embassy property!” sense at all. Instead 1 locked my¬ Although I had been a young The sergeant in charge showed a self in my bedroom which faced the gunner with the Navy on convoys grudging respect to Mr. Easum, but front of the house. Here, through during World War II, those trying nevertheless would not release me the large picture window and to destroy me were remote and im¬ to him, a point that was quickly French door leading to a balcony, I personal. I had never encountered conveyed to the chancery from his could observe my besiegers below. at close range a man with a bead car radio. The entourage of soldiers, bailiff drawn on me. “It looks like you will have to go and foot patrolman had now been But the silent gunner did not with them. Gordon, but not for reinforced by three mounted po¬ shoot. He just knelt with the gun long. We'll be following this right lice. 1 had often seen them in the drawn and said nothing. In a quav¬ up. Don't worry." area exercising their horses in the ering voice that only suggested my “Very well. I'll go,” I said to mornings. Today they had proba¬ inner panic, 1 meekly called out grinning nods from the entire bly stopped out of curiosity. But “I'm going back, don't shoot!" posse. they were now part of the attack Still no response. Like a cornered With this, an astonishing exodus force. One of them took position cat seeking higher ground 1 backed took place. The sergeant waved outside of the right front wall. I was away along the branch looking al¬ goodbye, jumped in the jeep with surrounded. ways at the soldier. One, two, his soldiers and sped out of the But was I? To the left of the bal¬ three steps and up. I was on the gate. In rapid sequence followed cony a large flame tree grew close balcony and out of his sight. the ambassador, the bailiff with to the house. This area was un¬ Outside 1 could observe the roaring motorcycle, thereafter the guarded. From the balcony's left same group, save one, clustered two mounted police joined by a railing I could step over to a large together. So long as the rear sen¬ third outside. There remained only horizontal branch running to the tinel did not reveal my escapade on the foot patrolman and myself. rear of the house, with good cover¬ the tree. 1 had another five min¬ Completely confused, the guard age from the foliage. A drop to the utes. closed the gate. ground, a mere ten feet, would With three minutes to go, the “Could we go in your car, Mr. place me in the far rear of the house embassy's assigned guard, who Prouty?" asked the cop in innocenf and with luck I could clear the seemed to welcome anybody at any Laurel tones. steward's rear gate and be at the time, swung open the gates. Like “Absolutely not! I'm not driving Radcliff house where a telephone cavalry in a Western, the ambas¬ to my own funeral." was in operation. Two large bath sador's black “LTD" with the US “Then we will have to find a towels hung on the balcony rail flag on its fender entered. In the taxi. Let's go.” which would cover my crawling to rear seat sat Ambassador Donald In an absurd anticlimax, the foot the balcony take-off point. How Easum and my wife. With un¬ patrolman and I walked a full mile long would the men remain below bounded relief I ran down the stairs down residential Kingsway, side by in a cluster to permit this? and out the front door to meet side, discussing the affairs of the The foot patrolman knocked at them. day. Since he was unarmed, we my door. “Good morning, Mr. Ambas¬ must have appeared the best of “Mr. Prouty, the soldiers tell me sador," 1 offered, trying to keep pals. Near the lkoyi Hotel a dilapi¬ that you are to come out now or my cool while greeting my wife dated taxi pulled up. The cabby they will come and get you. Please with a hug. demanded payment in advance, avoid this, Mr. Prouty. What shall "Good morning, Gordon, 1 see and again Laurel looked my way. 1 tell them?" you have some company," said the “Not on your life. Absolutely “Tell them 1 need ten minutes," ambassador, rivaling the under¬ not!” was my reply. I said, now realizing that the men statement of Stanley to “It will be six months before 1 would come in in an ugly mood. Livingstone. get this back," groaned the cop, “I'll be down in ten minutes." 1 had known Donald Easum drawing out of his pocket some I slid open the French door to when he was our ambassador to well-worn Naira. “But I see your the balcony and had no problem Upper Volta. More recently I had point." reaching the rail by the branch. Up grown to known him better playing My arrival at Lyons Street was and over the rail was simple. The doubles at his residence tennis anticipated. Behind the receiving branch offered excellent camou¬ court which he generously made counter of the police station was a flage. Soon I was on the side of the available for the staff and other blackboard with a list of current house beyond the posse's vision. Americans. A man of formidable cases. 1 noticed my name near the Two steps more and 1 could jump professional talents and thoroughly end of the list marked "G. K. down. popular with his staff. I shall al¬ Prouty, N.A. Suspect Resist Now from below, at the rear of ways think of him as “my man of SC-IP 204." I was brought to a the house, came a clicking sound, the moment." seat behind the counter. Finally a like the belt action of a rifle. Not But the military pursuers saw man I vaguely remembered at the twenty-five feet away with rifle him as an untimely intruder and in detention camp came up and smiled aimed at me from a kneeling posi¬ absurd fashion demanded his iden¬ broadly. tion was a soldier. His face was tity. 1 remember his forthright “Hah, hah! So we've got you

26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. May, 1979 again.” was his toothless overture. quipped. agents wearing the inevitable “Pity you're not headed back to My departure was scheduled for sunglasses. Through a small win¬ your old friends.” 12:06 a.m. on the Sabena flight to dow I could look out on the nearly “What does IP 204 mean,” 1 Frankfurt. empty departure lounge. 1 had asked looking at the board. Justice Holmes once noted that nearly enticed an older white “Ibadan Prison—too bad for no episode in life ends abruptly. passenger to come over where 1 you." There is always, as in a horse race, hoped to show him a note I had But help this time was not long in a certain canter of the horses after scribbled when I was removed to a coming. Tom Gustafson’s staff car the finishing line. I was to have one smaller office. In it sat Ali at a pulled up, and he was startled to more canter. desk. He eyed me with contempt see me sitting behind the counter, Following a round of best and his voice reinforced the at¬ indicating 1 was under arrest. The wishes, I proceeded to Ikeja air¬ titude. ranking officer explained that they port in the evening accompanied by “Once again you are trying to had indeed received a call to hold Bob Frost of the consular section leave the country when you are me there until further advised. as escort. The barriers of Nigerian under investigation. We can no Gustafson sprang behind the officialdom at this hopelessly over¬ longer permit this. We are going to counter and made a forceful ora¬ crowded point are formidable: one remove you from the Lagos area." tion. My protests about recent events, “This man is not under arrest. immunities and clearance made He is with the United States em¬ him progressively uglier. “You bassy staff. 1 am taking him around “As a further have no immunities or any evi¬ the counter. If you touch us you dence of it, Mr. Prouty, you will will be facing severe consequences. guarantee, I was driven therefore shut up!” Gordon, take my arm.” to the plane’s ramp. “But I do!” 1 cried, suddenly Like two mechanical men we Once in my seat I remembering and pulling out from strode forward, slowly, arm in arm. my wallet my little “certificate” On either side muscular young offi¬ noticed through the given to me by Harry Cahill. “You cers crouched for the word to window to the right of will note that it bears the seal of the intervene. For several seconds the embassy and copy to your Foreign atmosphere was noticeably tense. the visitors’ area a Office.” All attention centered on the rank¬ familiar black car with Ali studied the paper. He could ing police captain, an older man have read it four times before he who studied our defiance with a two men whose faces I final-ly asked. “How long have you scowl. But then he relented. With a could not distinguish.” had this?" warm toothy grin he waved to the “The date is on the top. But it officers to let us pass. only verifies that which existed be¬ “OK, they aren’t leaving. It’s fore." true the prisoner’s status is not yet moves in clockwise fashion: ticket "A moment, Mr. Prouty,” said known,” he called. “Let him sit and health clearances, followed by Ali and he left. outside the counter. We'll see.” two passport check points; then He returned in 15 minutes with a The “sit” required nearly two baggage inspection. From there grudging smile. “Very well, Mr. hours more. But when action came one gains the main departure Prouty. you may go home and you it was unequivocal. It came in the lounge, out beyond is a “frisking” may take your baggage. But your form of a telephone message from a room for hand baggage and person, passport and ticket will remain with very high level. and finally a small waiting room for me. You may return at 10 a.m. and It was now clear to all that 1 the 3(X) yard bus ride to the plane. we will discuss your future." should leave Nigeria post haste. A 45-minute obstacle course. His words were like the supreme My annual working visa required I cleared everything smoothly. reprieve. 1 would never return to renewal and to process it would As 1 reached the final waiting room him the next day. The main thing almost certainly involve further in¬ 1 bade goodbye to Bob whose black was that I would be free to seek terception by the SP. I had become diplomatic passport had permitted help. The little improvised state¬ counter-productive to the Embassy him to accompany me to the bus ment. designed mainly to help me and a source of embarrassment to door. with traffic cops regarding the use the Nigerian Ministry of External He should have stayed with me of a vehicle with diplomatic plates, Affairs. two minutes longer. On the bus an had paid off. It had in fact saved me There was still, however, the official stood up and demanded all from a midnight ride to another and matter of regaining my passport foreign passports. The first two he more distant “Tombs.” A small which had long been requested but received from those nearest me he piece of paper with a brief ad hoc was seemingly beyond the ability of hardly glanced at, returning them message translated clearly into the the Ministry of External Affairs to with thanks. With mine he scanned word “liberty.” obtain. On October 10, the chief of only the inside cover for a second There was a briefing until three the political section came by and and said. “You will not be travel¬ a.m. with the deputy chief of mis¬ handed me the controversial offi¬ ing. Stay in the bus.” sion, at whose house I spent the cial passport. The passengers dismounted at night. The ambassador and the “At last you can leave without planeside and 1 was returned to a political section made strong pro- our having to smuggle you out.” he small room in the custody of two (Continued on page 38)

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May. 1979 27 policy by the Vietnamese Com¬ Clark who had testified, allegedly poj BGDK ESSAY munists. on the basis of first-hand observa¬ The book has not been undis¬ tion in Hanoi, that our prisoners puted. The New York Review dis¬ were well treated. The details Outrageous cussed it under the heading “Viet¬ about the torture of prisoners are AMERICA IN VIETNAM, by Guenter nam Whitewash." Where Lewy not for the squeamish. Lewy. Oxford University Press. 451 pp. takes the position that the Viet There was ample reason to sus¬ plus Appendices. $19.95 Cong were responsible for the de¬ pect Hanoi’s assurances that THE LOST PEACE, by Allan E. Good¬ struction of hamlets which they had American prisoners received man. Stanford University Hoover In¬ transformed into fortified posi¬ humane treatment, as Lewy dem¬ stitution Press, 180 pp. plus Appen¬ tions, Kevin Buckley argues that onstrates. Yet “diehard Hanoi dices. $22.50. this is “nonsense" because the sympathizers continue to disbe¬ Anew kind of revisionism is rear¬ Viet Cong “were fighting in the vil¬ lieve the accounts of torture, ing its ugly head, and it has the lages because that was where their grimly monotonous in their repeti¬ temerity of trying to disprove some homes were.” That this was tion of crucial details. A journalist of our most dearly held beliefs against the laws of war is appar¬ seeking to break the silence that about the Vietnam war. It is not the ently not disputed, however. has engulfed this subject met young revisionism of “left historians" Michael Walzer (the author of people who were convinced that who set out to prove that the “Just and Unjust Wars") wrote in the fractures, bruises and other United States was responsible for the New Republic that in situations signs of mistreatment exhibited by the Cold War, but revisionism of a where guerrillas provoke military the prisoners had actually been much more sinister kind: Guenter counter-actions which involve in¬ caused by American doctors after Lewy’s book, America in Vietnam nocent civilians, “the anti-guerrilla their return.” tries to demonstrate that the forces should go home"—in other And he continues: United States, far from engaging in words, that by definition an anti¬ When I inquired of the State De¬ indiscriminate butchery, was actu¬ guerrilla war is unwinnable and, partment why no official White Paper ally operating under tighter re¬ because of the sufferings inflicted similar to those put out by Allied gov¬ straints than had been placed upon upon innocent people, inherently ernments after the Korean War had any other war fought by our coun¬ immoral. This ignores a minor de¬ been issued on these atrocities, I was try. tail: whether the people want to informed by a high official: "Part of the And what is worse, he succeeds have the guerrillas as their masters. reluctance to produce such a document stems. I suspect, from a general feeling in proving his point. What he at¬ Foreign Affairs, on the other in our country and government that it is tacks is the self-flagellation in hand, called Guenter Lewy's book time to put the Indochina conflict, with which Americans indulged, and "sophisticated and profound: on all its problems, behind us.” One is left their credulity in the face of Com¬ the basis of extensive research, he wondering whether putting the war be¬ munist propaganda, credulity to the argues that many of the accusations hind us must also mean ignoring un¬ point of ignoring or disbelieving concerning the US conduct of the pleasant truths and their lessons. proofs of its falsity when they were war and the alleged atrocities were The book also treats extensively available. Although his opinions false; yet so were the underlying the charges that were heard during are modestly stated, Lewy’s book strategic assumptions." the war about the indiscriminate is a scholarly blockbuster. Lewy discusses not only the nature of the bombing of North What makes the argumentation legal aspects of American tactics Vietnam. While he believes the ef¬ especially effective is that the au¬ but specifically the truth or falsity fort to have been basically cost- thor is not by any means uncritical of charges leveled against Ameri¬ ineffective, he disproves the about the way the war was con¬ can defoliation and crop destruc¬ charges of such propagandists as ducted. Basing his work on primary tion, the use of riot-control gas, the Russell “War Crimes Tri¬ sources which became available cluster bomb units (CBUs), the bunal” of deliberate and large-scale under the Freedom of Information Phoenix program, emergency de¬ bombardment of civilian targets in¬ Act, he finds ample reasons to de¬ tention: he analyzes the charges of cluding civilian populations, dwel¬ nounce certain American military “genocide,” what he calls the lings, villages, dams, dikes, medi¬ tactics on the ground that they “War Crimes Industry"—and the cal establishments, leper colonies, were ineffective: but he proves that role of the media. schools, churches, pagodas, histor¬ they were neither illegal nor as de¬ A good example of his analytic ical and cultural monuments. The structive as the tactics employed in technique is the chapter on the tribunal persuaded Daniel Berri- less unpopular wars, for instance in treatment of American prisoners gan. among others, that the United World War II and the Korean war. by the Vietnamese Communists. States was waging “a monstrous Here we have a detailed exami¬ He follows up the various claims and intentionally genocidal war” nation of the rules of engagement in made by gullible Americans that against the North. Vietnam (which were ignored at they “knew” that the Communists More damaging, writes Lewy, My Lai and insufficiently under¬ accorded good treatment to their was the reporting of Harrison stood by some commands), with an captives; cites the evidence then Salisbury, assistant managing analysis of atrocities committed by available that this was not so; re¬ editor of the New York Times, who both sides—and the strangely blind lates the shock and disbelief among visited North Vietnam and re¬ eye turned by the American press anti-war activists when the prison¬ ported what he was told there by and by anti-war activists to the ers returned in 1973 and gave the lie the Communists as if he had ver¬ cruelty displayed as a matter of to such politicians as Ramsey ified it by first-hand observation. 28 FORI IGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May. 1979 Only after the articles had appeared lowed up and the US displayed, if the Lewy book: “In moral terms,” and received extensive attention all anything, an excessive belief in the he writes, “The United States bent over the world did a small number of susceptibility of the confilct to any over backward, in its application of persons learn that Salisbury, in effect, peace by compromise. military power, in order to enforce had given the authority of his byline to Far from being unwilling to re¬ unverified communist propaganda and the most scrupulous controls ever that the New York Times had printed spond to “peace feelers,” as was fashioned in the rules of warfare. this information as though Salisbury often charged by the opposition, Despite such occurrences as My had established it himself with his own the United States government Lai, no soldiers in the history of on-the-scene reporting. Two days after chased these wills-of-the-wisp with warfare have ever fought under the first dispatch from Hanoi, two painstaking assiduity, coming only such tight guidance (guidance de¬ little-noticed sentences casually belatedly to the conclusion that the signed to ‘civilize’ the conduct of pointed out: “It should be noted, inci¬ North Vietnamese were using first fighting men, especially with re¬ dentally, that all casualty estimates and the prospect of negotiations, and spect to the civilian population) as statistics in these dispatches are those then the negotiations themselves, have the American forces in Viet¬ of North Vietnamese officials. How¬ only to project their propaganda, nam. The Lao Dong, on the other ever descriptions of bomb damage are based wholly on visual inspection.” divide their enemies, and improve hand, made the terrorization of ci¬ the chances of attaining their objec¬ vilians and the brutalization of mili¬ At no time, says Lewy, did either tive of subjugating South Vietnam. tary conduct a key element of its Salisbury or the New York Times The list of 18 major negotiation ini¬ arsenal of belligerency.” acknowledge that the dispatches tiatives is impressive. As for the “signals” that Wash¬ dealing with the bombing of the city What makes this book, too, ington tried to send Hanoi, Sullivan of Nam Dinh had borrowed exten¬ come under the heading of “out¬ writes: sively from a North Vietnamese rageous” publications is that it of¬ In retrospect, therefore, we can see propaganda pamphlet, Report on fers no support for the belief that that all the elaborate negotiating signals US War Crimes in Nam-Dinh City, the conflict could have been termi¬ arranged by all the various men of good which had appeared in October nated earlier by a greater US will who were called to Washington 1966. “Failure to name this source willingness to “negotiate,” at least during this period were wasted on is said to have cost Salisbury the if by negotiation is meant a search Hanoi. In most instances, it is probable that the signals were never even Pulitzer Prize for which the Times for common ground with the had nominated him.” Visiting Nam noticed, and many that were noticed enemy. However, many American were probably misinterpreted while Dinh, Salisbury gave the impres¬ advocates of “negotiation” were those that were interpreted correctly sion that its main importance was really advocates of a face-saving were doubtless resented. They were as a textile town. That it was a way to give up, essentially not very resented because they were based on major transshipment center for different from those who advocated the presumption that the Lao Dong supplies and soldiers heading for “declaring victory and getting out” lacked conviction, or fortitude, or con¬ South Vietnam was not mentioned. unilaterally. fidence in its goals. At the same time, The book abounds with similar, The Lost Peace is a far more because these signals were so ambigu¬ well-researched examples of one¬ scholarly work than what has been ous and reflected such ambiguous ob¬ sidedness not only on the part of previously available on the subject, jectives, they could only generate con¬ dedicated anti-war activists but tempt and the conclusion that they re¬ such as Chester Cooper's The Lost flected an attitude of weakness. also, especially, of elements of the Crusade and Kraslow and Loory’s The Lost Peace has the view¬ American media and especially of sensationalist The Secret Search point of neither hawk or dove. It is American television. Anyone who for Peace in Vietnam. But because the work of a skeptical scholar who has wondered about the authentic¬ of its scholarly approach, some examines the various contacts to ity of the testimony of the author of quite sensational revelations may determine if any opportunities for the book Soldier (Lt.Col. Anthony not be sufficiently noted, for in¬ peace were lost. He has some very B. Herbert, billed as “the most stance about the disunity in Kis¬ critical words about the American decorated soldier in the Korean singer's delegation during the final negotiators not because they war”), the uproar over “tiger stage of the negotiations in 1972; negotiated badly but because, as he cages,” the expertise of Professor Hanoi’s interpretation of the 1973 proves convincingly, they harbored Richard A. Falk, the credentials of agreement (“. . . North Viet¬ illusions about what could be ac¬ the Committee of Concerned Asian namese premier Pham Van Dong complished through negotiations Scholars, and similar matters, will suggested [to Kissinger] that most with an enemy who was not in¬ find astonishing information in of the DRV’s Politburo saw the terested in compromise. The peace Lewy’s book. Paris Agreement as little more than wasn't lost—it was never “at The Lost Peace by Allan E. a face-saving instrument that per¬ hand.” What was lost were Goodman is the first thoroughly re¬ mitted US withdrawal”); and illusions and self-deceptions. searched analysis of the various at¬ “Kissinger's expectation” that Whether hawk or dove, the tempts to negotiate an end to the after the 1973 agreement “the level reader will probably agree with Vietnam war, from the contacts ini¬ of military assistance reaching Goodman’s concluding sentence: tiated already under President North Vietnam [from the USSR “Thus are the lives of men and Kennedy to the Kissinger-Le Due and China) would decline." women and the spirit of great na¬ Tho talks in Paris. The book is In his introduction to The Lost tions wasted in adventures that ul¬ scholarly, detailed, objective and Peace. Ambassador William Sulli¬ timately bring neither the peace in¬ critical. If Goodman has a thesis it van makes an observation that is tended nor honor.” is simply that every lead was fol¬ reminiscent of the central thesis of —M. F. H.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May. 1979 29 King of England—thus becoming a academics. “I don't belong to the pgj BODKSHELF titled nobleman in both countries. academic world at all," she says, He later died while fighting the “I never took a Ph.D. It's what Turks in the last crusade of saved me, I think. If I had taken a medieval Christiandom. doctorate degree, it would have Of Castles and Calamities Mrs. Tuchman’s monumental stifled any writing capacity." A DISTANT MIRROR, the Calamitous research effort took seven years to As a writer, and a historian, Mrs. 14tli Century, by Barbara Turkman. complete. She says she started with Tuchman would perhaps enjoy a Alfred A. Knopf, $15.95. the idea of trying “to find out what further footnote, to the story of Coucy-le-Chateau. In the early The brooding remnants of were the effects on society of the Coucy-le-Chateau gaze out from a most lethal disaster of recorded 1900s—well before the start of the history—that is to say, of the Black first World War—a prominent hilltop in Picardy less than a American attorney, with an inter¬ hundred miles to the northwest of Death of 1348-50, which killed an Paris—on the old route to Belgium. estimated one third of the popula¬ national practice based in Paris, re¬ tion living between India and Ice¬ ceived permission from the French Built in the 13th century, the castle government to restore part of the and its walled village stood for land." “Given," she adds, “the pos¬ castle as a country residence. He more than 700 years as one of the and his young bride used to journey finest examples of French medieval sibilities of our own time, the rea¬ son for my interest is obvious." out to Coucy on the train, spending architecture. But its ancient fortifi¬ weekends at the chateau. Horses cations were never designed to But in the process of tracking withstand the explosive force of down the impact of the plague, she would be brought down from the 20th century warfare. got involved in the several other castle to meet them at the village The castle was occupied by the crises of the period, not the least of railway station. Photographs taken German Army in the early days of which was the Hundred Years' at the time show Coucy with a fire War. In the end, she says: “Al¬ in its great hearth, and two people the first World War. The 13th cen¬ very much at home there. tury tower—with its commanding though my initial question has es- view for twenty miles in any '.trnCJILM t A\ .V AT \ RtL direction—became a very effective v Hi ——— — i MY military observation post. In fact, when the tide of battle turned against the Germans, they could not bear to leave the old fortress intact—knowing that it would cer¬ tainly be used against them. So they packed Coucy-le- Chateau with nearly thirty tons of dynamite. And blew it to pieces. A Coucy-le-Chateau (from Adrouet Du Cereatt, Les Plus excellents bailments de contemporary newspaper account Prance. 1648). An illustration from A DISTANT MIRROR: The Calamitous 14th describes the scene: Century, by Barbara W. Tuchman, published by Knopf. The castle, on a commanding emi¬ nence. was one day seen by the advanc¬ caped an answer, the interest of the They were Edmond and Edith ing French to spring into the air, and period itself—a violent, tormented, Kelly—my grandparents. then, after the sound of a tremendous bewildered, suffering and disinteg¬ —SEAN KELLY explosion, to settle back into clouds of rating age. a time, as many thought, dust. The French found in its place a of Satan triumphant—was compel¬ shapeless heap of stones. ling and, as it seemed to me, con¬ Explaining East to West There have since been modest soling in a period of similar disar¬ government attempts at restora¬ ray.” THE JAPANESE, A Cultural Portrait, by tion. mostly to preserve the huge A Distant Mirror has been on the Robert S. Ozaki. Tuttle. $15.00. stone turrets and battlements that best seller lists for months. Its Why did the Japanese attack survived the German blast. A small popular appeal is extraordinary for Pearl Harbor? Because the Japa¬ museum has been created inside a book with eighteen pages of bib¬ nese had felt threatened and one of the turrets, and visitors can liography, and thirty-four pages of humiliated by the Western poers learn something of Coney's footnotes. As for Mrs. Tuchman, throughout their modern history, history—and see how it looked be¬ at 67, she has twice won the and finally ran out of patience. fore the Germans came. Pulitzer Prize, and has just been When the war ended, why did yes¬ Barbara Tuchman’s new book is elected president of the prestigious terday's ferocious enemies become about Coucy, and the family who Academy of Arts and Letters—the friendly and cooperative? Because built it and lived there. She views first woman to hold that position in in Japan arrogance and dogmatic the 14th century through the eyes the honor society's eighty years of nationalism may swiftly change to of Enguerrand de Coucy VII—one existence. servile self-denial and worship of of the more remarkable men of his In a recent New York Times things foreign. Why did the Japa¬ period. He survived the Black interview, she admitted to being nese resent the "Nixon shocks" in Death to fight the English in the something of a loner in the disci¬ 1971? Because Japan had accepted Hundred Years’ War and ulti¬ pline of history—a field which she a position of subservience and de¬ mately to marry the daughter of the thinks has been taken over by pendence on the US and felt that 30 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May, 1979 the US leader had betrayed and institution. The book is filled with it some of the attention it receives disgraced them. lively and colorful reporting on from most other groups of state- Stated this nakedly, Mr. Ozaki’s UNESCO events and projects and s. ... By ‘states’ I mean in this in¬ propositions may seem pretty ques¬ portraits of the people concerned, stance more than governments and tionable, but he has written a including acute observations about their civil services; I mean also the thoughtful and highly readable the feelings and thoughts which National Commissions of those book on Japanese social and politi¬ move them. Hoggart has a style countries and their intellectuals, cal traits, preceded by a fascinating which makes events seem close at scientists, artists, writers, jour¬ account of Japan’s historical con¬ hand, yet larger than life and posing nalists, broadcasters.” tacts with the West. A professor of questions (on which Hoggart usu¬ For Hoggart’s final word is: economics at the University of ally has a judgment to offer to place “Some parts of our common California who was born and those questions in perspective). life. . . are a little better than they brought up in Japan and educated The exposes of weakness and would have been if UNESCO had in the United States, Mr. Ozaki has failure are many; the criticism is not existed. In spite of all its fantas¬ good credentials for explaining often harsh. But he has identified tic, baroque, bewildering failings, East to West. key issues for all those who ought UNESCO remains one of the more His quotation from Phil Trezise, to be concerned—in government, hopeful institutions created in this one of the Foreign Service’s more in international non-governmental ambiguous century.” knowledgeable officers on things organizations, in the national in¬ —JOHN E. FOBES, FSO-ret. Japanese, is a useful reminder: “Of tellectual communities and in the course, Japan is different. But not international secretariat—and ac¬ OSS in Germany tluit different.” companies his treatment of those THE PIERCING OF THE REICH, by —RICHARD B. FINN issues with many ideas and chal¬ Joseph E. Persico Viking Press, lenges for the future. $14.95. Should UNESCO Survive? This reviewer has a number of The story of OSS’s efforts to in¬ points of disagreement with his AN IDEA AND ITS SERVANTS: filtrate Germany during the last UN¬ former colleague and considers that ESCO from Within, by Richard Hog- months of World War II is a dis¬ gart. chapter 7, “The Sixth Estate: turbing one. Readers of Piercing London, Chatto and Windus, available Daily Life in the Secretariat,” is the Reich will be alternately per¬ from Oxford University Press. not entirely fair, leaving too nega¬ turbed at the dilettantism revealed tive an impression. But chapters 3, The United Nations Educa¬ in some of these recently released 4 and 5—respectively, “Two Fine documents and reassured by the tional, Scientific and Cultural Or¬ Fictions”; “The First Constitu¬ US government's capacity to learn ganization appears on the reading ency: Governments”; and “The alert lists of the foreign policy, in¬ from experience. They can only be Second Constituency: The In¬ impressed by the courage of those tellectual and professional com¬ tellectual Communities”—are bril¬ who tackled the Nazi heartland, munities only when resolutions liant contributions to the study of condemning Israel are passed or but will still, in the comfort of international institutions. Chapter hindsight, ask themselves whether the freedom of the press appears 8, concerning “The Director-Gen¬ threatened by a UNESCO declara¬ it was really worth the cost. eral,” is fascinating and essentially Infiltration of German-occupied tion. Then it is discovered how lim¬ sound. ited is the available material on that Europe has been relatively simple organization (and how specialized 1 believe that Hoggart’s style and in comparison with penetrating the or simply expressive of old myths). the dramas he describes will hold wartime Reich. Agents had at least Richard Hoggart’s book makes the attention of the reader through¬ been able to count on widespread the institution and the actors on its out the entire book. In any event, local support in France or Yugo¬ many “stages” come alive with all however, everyone who has had slavia. They found very little inside their strengths and weaknesses. In any contact with the United Na¬ Germany, and a far more efficient the past, he has demonstrated per¬ tions or one of its agencies will and ruthless security system. The ception and sensitivity about social want to read the final chapter, result was few spectaculars and institutions and cultural change in “Should UNESCO Survive?” many disasters. Britain and has reported on them in After he left UNESCO, Hoggart When all is said and done, it ap¬ a captivating style on the BBC and attended a meeting of Western pears that OSS's most valuable in books such as Speaking to Each European civil servants, business German operations, at least those Other and The Uses of Literacy. men and diplomats whom he found with real strategic potential, were Now, after five years of service as insensitive to global issues. “At actually the volunteered contribu¬ UNESCO Assistant Director- that moment,” he says, “I felt an tions of well-placed German or General for Culture and Social Sci¬ almost filial gratitude to UN¬ Austrian anti-Nazis who found ences (1970-1975), he reports on ESCO, poor, battered UNESCO, their way on their own to Allen the world’s attempt cooperatively which is nevertheless in a more real Dulles's apartment in Bern. The to apply the principles of the world than that distinguished agents OSS itself recruited from UNESCO Constitution in the Western European gathering.” His PW camps or from among the ref¬ drafting of which America, Britain prescription: “A paramount need ugees were generally a less suc¬ and France were the leaders. today is for the developed Western cessful lot. Only a few managed to No other comparable essay/ democracies to revise their own at¬ operate long after infiltrating the memoir exists for a United Nations titudes towards UNESCO and give Reich, and those who did were able FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. May. 1979 3 1 to provide mostly marginal tactical cape the conclusion that bureaucra¬ dent of the Dominican Republic in information of the unglamorous tic infighting within OSS and the December, 1962, only to be over¬ variety—train schedules, bombing military over that decision was re¬ thrown by the military forces in targets, lists of possible anti-Nazis. sponsible for much of the bungling September of the following year. In Admittedly, such data helped save and disastrous use of assets which 1965 a portion of the Dominican Allied lives and simplified certain resulted. In any event, realization military, the “constitutionalists,” military operations. But its greatest that the “Redoubt" never existed attempted a counter-coup to return value seems to have been in came only after the war was al¬ Bosch to the presidency. The at¬ facilitating the Allied takeover as ready won and many an agent sac¬ tempt provoked a civil war and the the armies advanced, not in short¬ rificed. United States intervened militarily. ening the war or affecting its The author couples his tribute to The Dominican Crisis has to do course. the courage of those who “pene¬ with those developments. It makes The “Redoubt" myth is perhaps trated the Reich" with a carefully only passing reference to the OAS the most fascinating part of the qualified judgment as to the value collective action, in which the OSS story, however. Persico’s re¬ of their efforts. All things consid¬ United States forces participated, search indicated the whole idea of ered. he concluded, the costs were that restored peace to the country. an alpine fortress actually stemmed small for the experience gained, A scholarly work written for from “worst case” speculations of and OSS thereby did mature into a scholars, the volume has 97 pages Allied intelligence, but the idea professional service far more of footnotes, in fine print. During took on a life of its own when quickly than did any other nation's the first hundred or so pages the Goebbels saw its propaganda intelligence establishment. Consid¬ story is lost in detail, but it then value. It was then that Goebbels- ering how many lives were lost on gains momentum and ends in a promoted the specter of a do-or-die the battlefield in other dubious un¬ burst of passion, most of it directed resistance center in the Alps which dertakings, perhaps that is a fair as¬ against the United States which is led Eisenhower to bypass Berlin, in sessment. charged with having frustrated the order to prevent a Nazi retreat to¬ —KARL F. MAUTNER Frustrating Rebellion counter-coup as well as with having ward Bavaria. And the need to committed sins of commission and THE DOMINICAN CRISIS: The 1965 search it out was what finally per¬ Constitutionalist Revolt and American omission in other countries of Fatin suaded SHAEF to agree to send Intervention by Piero Gleijeses. Johns America. OSS teams into Germany. From Hopkins University Press, $22.50. Bosch is portrayed as a pure Persico's account, it is hard to es¬ Juan Bosch was elected presi¬ democrat (although it is doubtful

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32 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May, 1979 that he had the qualities needed for would have returned to the republic in London by the later Balaguer re¬ the presidency, Bosch had been overnight. But neither can that be gime, Caamano made his way to democratically elected and was in¬ proved, although Gleijeses takes it Cuba in 1967 and remained there deed more democratic than most of for granted. He says, “Without the until 1973 when he invaded the those who opposed him), while the American intervention, Juan Bosch Dominican Republic with nine fol¬ United States is depicted as bumb¬ would have returned to complete lowers in an effort to establish a ling, and its embassy in Santo his term as president of the new “focus of insurrection” in the Domingo as “divorced from re¬ Dominician Republic, and the Che Guevara style. Dominican ality,” and guilty of “Miscalcula¬ great aim of the constitutionalist soldiers killed him. Gleijeses re¬ tions” and “gross misjudgments.” movement would finally have been ports these significant facts in a These are one man’s views, of achieved.” footnote. course, but they are shared by Gleijeses gives little importance The conclusion that the United many others. The book relies heav¬ to the communist role in Domini¬ States, by intervening, prevented ily on earlier studies as well as on can events, although the Castro- the return of democracy to the interviews with many persons di¬ oriented 14th of July movement, Dominican Republic in 1965, is a rectly involved in the Dominican the Moscow-oriented Popular So¬ plausible one, but since Gleijeses crisis. cialist Party, and a Peking-oriented speaks confidently of “what would The United States will continue communist group joined the con¬ have happened if,” let us speculate to be charged by some with having stitutionalists in the civil war. Col¬ concerning a situation that has frustrated a democratic rebellion in onel Francisco Caamano Deiio, some parallels to the Dominican the Dominican Republic, and one of Gleijeses’s heroes, assumed situation. Let us suppose that the perhaps it did frustrate one. The leadership of the rebellion and was Cuban military, following Batista’s charge cannot be refuted because named minister of interior and, flight in 1959, had prevented Fidel no one knows what would have shortly afterward, president in the Castro, the darling of most Cubans happened if the United States had shadow constitutionalist govern¬ and of many Americans, from tak¬ not taken the action it did. Critics ment. If the revolt had succeeded, ing control of the island, as they tend to assume that if the United and the traditional pattern of probably could have done if they States had not intervened, democ¬ Dominican politics had persisted, had not become as corrupted as racy, which the Dominicans, in Caamano might well have emerged Batista himself. One can well pic¬ their long history, had practiced as the republic’s dominant political ture the number of scholarly books only briefly and never successfully, figure. Appointed military attache that would prove that the military

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May, 1979 33 '&RRRRRRRRRRRR& had frustrated the attempt of Cu¬ interventions are no more immune 9$ S3 ba’s freedom fighters to restore from fault and error than those who 94 NOW FROM true democracy to their country. It write about them thirteen years QS COLUMBIA PLAZA S3 is at least doubtful that Caamano later. —WILLARD L. BEAULAC 94 PHARMACY S3 wished for a democratic Domini¬ can Republic any more than his Note: Ambassador Beaulac had a role in 516 23rd St., N.W. the preparation of an earlier study of the friend and supporter, Fidel Castro, Washington, D.C. 20037 1965 action I Dominican Action—1965; In¬ 94 wished for a democratic Cuba. tervention or Cooperation. The Center for 9i Sensational Sj The truth is, of course, that his¬ Strategic Studies, Georgetown University, 1966). S3 tory does not reveal its alterna¬

0$ SPECIAL-BY-MAIL S3 tives, and some possible alterna¬ 94. SALE S3 tives to intervention in the Domini¬ LITTLE-KNOWN 94 S3 can Republic might have been infi¬ WORD DEPARTMENT 94 Order Any Time and S3 nitely worse. After all, Antonio But one black youth in a rutilant combat 94 Guzman, whom Gleijeses himself SAVE 20% S3 jacket saw drug-induced empires within— 94 describes as a pure democrat, is on All Merchandise S3 under the pax alucinatoria the rhomboid and 94 S3 now president of the country as a spiral became one. (page 86, The Clockwork 9* Surprise Bonus Gift result of free elections. Only a Testament or Enderby's End, by Anthony Burgess) 94 handful of other Latin American with every order S3 The black tea and Sara Lee were worrying 94 S3 countries can boast of a similar ac¬ the heart combat troops: why was not the complishment today. But such a 94 S3 rutilant enemy scared? (same page, same happy development is not con¬ paragraph) S3 Send No Money templated in Gleijeses’s volume. The young toughs in control wore uniform Pay only after blazers, rutilant with a monogram SL, and 94 *> Perhaps we made an error in in¬ they would not at first let him in by the stage 94 receipt of your order tervening in the Dominican Repub¬ door; you line up with the rest, buster, (page The only drug store 94 lic. We were certainly tardy in try¬ 92) your family will ever need ing to draw the OAS into the pic¬ Enderby, sweating hard under the lights DEPEND ON US! ture. And we probably made errors and the awareness of his unpopularity, 94 ?3 Fast Service! during the intervention. Rebellions looked at this hard woman who exhibited £3 great sternly supported breasts to the very Telephone: 331-5800 are messy affairs, and so are inter¬ 94 C*3 periphery of the areola and was dressed in a, ^RRRRRRRRRRRR^ ventions. People who engage in kind of succulent rutilant taffeta, (page 105)

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34 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May, 1979 FROM WALL STREET TO THE GINZA On the Coolidge, a day out, the ambassadress—as from page 9 formidable as she was charming and, betimes, mischiev¬ I was Mr. Grew's employee, not the government's, ous, had directed me to go to the ship's shop with the even though the Moses-Linthicum Act (I never knew improbable object of buying her a bathing suit. In those who this Congressional Rosencrantz and Guildenstern days I would have been embarrassed to buy a lady a team was) authorized private secretaries to ambassadors handkerchief but off I went on my miserable errand and at $3000 a year—more than new Foreign Service officers returned, fearfully, with a garment which Mrs. Grew, no received. As the Congress appropriated nothing to im¬ longer mischievous but concerned, pronounced too large plement this law, the emoluments of office, money wise, but acceptable. It became a serious matter for me after were zero but the benefits were enormous—a small the birthday party when, as Mrs. Grew was floating apartment in the Embassy, diplomatic (hence duty free) through the Waikiki surf in an outrigger canoe, the boat status but, beyond price, also congenial, was the training capsized and the garment proved indeed outsized. Fortu¬ under a master of the profession. nately inexperience in such matters was not held against Dimly appreciating, as I faced Mr. Grew, the magni¬ me although I never had. nor sought, a second chance in tude of my good fortune, I had agreed to go for no pay at this department. all, thus perfecting my record of ever less remunerative My duties at the embassy, initially handling only per¬ employment. However, on the S.S. President Coolidge, sonal affairs, checkwriting, routine letters, acceptances, seventeen days from the Golden Gate to Yokohama, the regrets, visitor greeting and a miscellany of other chores, ambassador, who had already started me typing by the rapidly expanded. Soon I was drafting speeches, serious touch system, as he did. told me he just couldn’t have letters, despatches to the Honorable the Secretary of somebody working for nothing. So on arrival on June State—still Colonel Henry Stimson—and generally be¬ sixth, 1 began earning $50 a month—soon raised to $100 having under Mr. Grew’s tutelage as though I were a where it remained until October 1936. junior officer of the embassy. Also, he came to ask me for reactions to ideas or draft messages he was not yet pre¬ It truly was an unusual privilege to work for the pared to try out on others whose relations with him were Grews. They accepted me as though I were family from professional, not personal. the beginning and right away I was taken along for Mr. He used to say in answer to my protests of ignorance Grew's 52nd birthday celebration in Honolulu with his or inexperience that two minds were always better than Harvard classmate, Walter Dillingham. I remember this one, a practice I often remembered in later years, espe¬ occasion because it involved a near crisis in my employ¬ cially when one of those minds was my own. It was a ment. heady relationship for a 24-year-old and not calculated

ADVERTISEMENT • I am committed to achieving Full Administrative Equal¬ ity for all employees regardless of pay plan. • 1 headed the AFSA negotiating team which fought man¬ agement’s discriminatory assignment policy for secretaries all the way to the Employee-Management Relations Commission. • The Cone System, set up to reward necessary specializa¬ tion. has been distorted to restrict competition and hobble ex¬ cellence. It needs ventilation. • As a current State Rep. I have led four months of negotia¬ tions to finally revise the Skill Code Conversion procedures. This will more than double the number of conversions, espe¬ cially for staff corps and consular officers stuck in dead-end careers. Congressional Contacts—This fall when I start a year's leave to work as a Congressional Staffer, 1 intend to cultivate new contacts for AFSA. Affirmative Action—Discrimination in all forms must be eradicated inside the Foreign Service. • I endorse the Board of Foreign Service’s unanimous—but disregarded—recommendation to the Secretary that lateral in¬ take of EEO candidates should be limited to ensure that rele¬ vant promotion opportunities are reduced by no more than KXT per year. • Regardless of how we enter the Service, once in we must all stand or fall on our own merits. Many of my friends in EEO categories put it this way: "We don't want special treatment; we can make it on our own.” Fair Representation—Retired members have no place in vot¬ ing issues affecting the working conditions of active employees. The By-Laws must be modified to restrict Retired Representa¬ tives to voting on non-union issues. Joe McBride is a midcareer political officer with service in Viet¬ nam, Thailand, PM and NEA including two Meritorious Honor Awards. Past President of JFSOC and member of the State Standing Committee for three years, he is running for re- election to a second term as your State Rep on the AFSA Gov¬ erning Board. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May. 1979 35 necessarily to endear me to ambitious colleagues, espe¬ 1936 and so I began, the summer before, a program to cially as 1 was often asked to sit in on the ambassador’s which I held steadily, rising at 5 a.m. and studying until talks with key Japanese or other ambassadors and then the office opened at 8:45. write the memo of conversation. Mr. Grew happened to In those days the written examinations were a formid¬ suffer from just about the same degree of deafness as did able initial hurdle of three full days’ duration with a high my own father (and from the same cause, childhood scar¬ proportion of sophisticated academic delving into one’s let fever) with the result that my facility in speaking at the knowledge of English, history, government and elemen¬ right pitch and cuing him in on what he had not heard, tary maritime, commercial and general law. Additionally was a convenience to him. there was a language examination (I offered French) plus All of this was, without my realizing it too acutely, the some new-fangled general knowledge, yes-no, choice- best possible on the job training. Job apart, there was lots of-altematives, and arithmetical agility examinations. of play too—golf, for instance, to which Mr. Grew, an Being seven years out of college, studying again was incurably high handicap player, was addicted. I had a quite a jolt but I read and briefed into notebooks high fairly low handicap at that time, so was quite regularly his school or elementary texts, especially on law. a field partner, two or three times a week round the year. For a which I had never studied before, and then proceeded to while this was cut into because Mrs. Grew was equally read as much advanced and critical material as 1 could. addicted to bridge and 1 would be called many after¬ Came the appointed day in May when, along with noons, inwardly protesting, to make a fourth along with about 1100 other hopefuls, 1 was to start, but the exami¬ the wife of the Romanian charge d'affaires, Mme. nation papers had not arrived in Tokyo—a somewhat Stoicescu, Mrs. Hagiwara—whomever. Eventually Mr. devastating anticlimax as it had been stressed that in no Grew solved this problem by decreeing that I was his case could applicants write the exams later than the dates employee and needed on the golf course. set. Happily a frantic exchange of telegrams with Wash¬ So the years went on, fascinating years, with many ington set this straight, provided 1 was isolated from any trips to China as well as around Japan with the Grews. I possible contamination by those privy to the examination was, of course, long since determined to try for the papers already opened some 10.000 miles away. Foreign Service but. during the Great Depression, no This Mr. Grew guaranteed, and so, a week later when entrance examinations were given. In fact those who had the diplomatic pouch arrived—it took three weeks from qualified in September 1932 were not taken in until Oc¬ Washington—I was set down in the ambassador’s office, tober 1935 while those already in took cuts of 15 percent, vacated by him, as the quietest place available and, with plus a month without pay, and nearly all allowances a monitor assuring noncontamination, sweated it out for abolished. Eventually exams were proclaimed for May the three days.

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36 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May. 1979 That summer, a rather quiet one, I spent much of the the Navy recruiting advertisement “I want to see the time in Kariuzawa, a mountain resort three or four hours world at government expense.” from the Tokyo heat, sharing a cottage with the Ambas¬ Whatever I said, again wearing blue suit, white shirt, sador. working and golfing. There it was that word came conservative tie—I avoided the plight of the candidate I had passed, even my modicum of self-taught law, and who, asked about Chilean nitrates, replied that he didn't with grades that made my prospects in the oral exams the know much about them except that they were cheaper coming October as promising as one could hope. than day rates. Or the plight of the one, age 21, who, Accordingly, late in August I left Japan with the answering the one standard question, replied that he Grews, they for home leave and I for another event wanted to join the Foreign Service because it had such a which made 1936 unforgettable for me—marriage to good pension system. At any rate, right after the ordeal, I Peggy Boulton, niece of the Canadian minister in Tokyo. was asked to stay for a physical examination—a sure This took place in Toronto on September 25. the choice indicator in those days that you had made it. of date before the oral exams reflecting in part my belief So it was that in November, with ten others of the that even if 1 could not be sure of having a job in the original eleven hundred (about 35 more were taken the Foreign Service, it would be best at least to make sure following May), 1 received my commissions, all signed by that I had the girl. So it happened, with Mr. Grew as my FDR, as a Foreign Service officer. Unclassified C, as a best man at the wedding. Vice Consul of Career, as a Secretary in the diplomatic The oral examinations came along swiftly October 13, Service and as Vice Consul in and for the city and consu¬ my mind having been otherwise occupied for the weeks lar district of Havana, Cuba. before. Actually there was very little one could do to It was quite a day when we sailed forth on the Ward prepare for facing the panel of senior department offi¬ Line, a sister ship of the ill-fated Mono Castle, towards a cials, except for two things. One was to read the New long and happy time in the service. In our excitement we York Times and the Washington Post thoroughly the day hardly gave thought, Fm sure, to the magnificent enter¬ of the exam on the theory that the examiners would also ing salary, $2500, which reversed my record of ever- have done so and discovered some good foreign affairs decreasing financial success in Wall Street, or to the fact nut to crack on the applicant's head. The other was to that 1 had not got my master's degree, the MBA from decide just how to answer the one assured question New York University. I still don't have it. Instead 1 had “Why do you want to join the Foreign Service?” This had the best possible education and preparation from the required thought as to the best calculated proportion of greatest career officer of his time, Joseph C. Grew, and patriotic sanctimony (“1 want to devote my life to my we were starting out under truly bright auspices, grateful country!”) and youthful adventurism, not expressed as in for the coincidence that had brought it all about,

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May. 1979 37 AN INNOCENT ABROAD- Western Cable office, I was star¬ Nigeria is a country to which the WELL STALKED tled to see Moleja approaching the US has contributed large amounts from page 27 entrance. The mass of Europeans of economic and Food for Peace waiting seemingly endlessly to aid over a fifteen-year period. In place overseas calls made it easy return, an American might expect tests at the highest places. The for me to avoid him as he passed some courtesy, if not gratitude, for passport was returned the next af¬ through. His straight course to the assistance given. ternoon by the Chief of Protocol counter convinced me his visit was One might assume that the police (Nigerian Ministry of External Af¬ coincidental. Only twenty hours were looking for a scapegoat to fairs) with apologies and assur¬ now to safety, I mused, and walked embarrass the United States. ances that no further obstacles back to the nearby consulate. Perhaps they also wanted a chance awaited me. I was therefore At the appointed hour the escort to flaunt their political clout over scheduled at noon at the next day took me to the airport and through the Ministry of External Affairs, on SAS flight 240 for Dusseldorf the formalities once again. As a which often appeared powerless to and Copenhagen. further guarantee, I was driven to contain them. Along with so many Late that afternoon I pondered the plane's ramp. Once in my seat I developing countries, Nigeria is over the resourceful tactics of the noticed through the window to the ruled by men who fear that rival SP and wondered what eleventh right of the visitors' area a familiar groups will attempt to take over hour maneuver they might spring. black car with two men whose their positions, if not their lives. If As a protective hedge. I went to faces 1 could not distinguish. Min¬ ever again I hear of Moleja, it may the Western Cable office at Ikoyi utes later we took off. be that he himself will be a prisoner to advise my wife on the new arri¬ Looking back on my experience, in the “Tombs.” val time. Phone calls involve a I must pay grudging respect to my The organization was not lacking long, tedious wait from Nigeria, so adversaries, the Nigerian SP. Al¬ in guile or finesse. Moleja had not I decided to cable since this service though in a “third world’" setting, really ignored me at the cable of¬ had been very reliable. I cabled they were adept in many of the fice. After an uneventful flight to that in the event I did not contact techniques of their counterparts in Dusseldorf, I called my wife in her within five hours after arriving more sophisticated secret agencies Berlin and told her to discount the in Dusseldorf to contact a mutual abroad. At the same time it is dif¬ cablegram. “What cablegram?” friend in the embassy at Bonn. ficult for me to account for the ap¬ she asked in surprise. “I never re¬ As I was about to leave the parent vindictiveness of the SP. ceived any.”

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38 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May. 1979 THE SOVIETS, SALT, AND follow the ratification of a SALT Finally, ideological and diploma¬ THE SENATE treaty, because trade is governed tic competition between Moscow from page 11 less by a friendly climate of mutual and Washington will doubtless con¬ relations than by other factors. tinue with or without a SALT ingly wary of facing what is seen as American businessmen will not treaty. For the USSR, detente has a Sino-American alliance that dramatically invest more time and never superseded the ideological seeks to limit Soviet power, will money into trading with the USSR struggle, nor has it prevented the closely monitor US-Chinese rela¬ until the Soviet Union is more Kremlin from promoting Soviet in¬ tions to see if the Carter adminis¬ forthcoming in such areas as fluence in the world when oppor¬ tration carries out its policy of deal¬ guaranteeing access to end-users tunities arise, such as in Angola, ing with Peking and Moscow in an and regularly supplying reliable and Ethiopia, and most recently, in evenhanded fashion. The USSR timely statistical information. Con¬ Iran. Since the Senate’s debate on underscored the seriousness with versely, the USSR is apt to hold SALT ratification is likely to in¬ which it views the normalization of back in these areas until the United clude a discussion of the general relations between Peking and Mos¬ States lifts restrictions on granting aspects of Soviet foreign policy, cow late last year, when the con¬ the Soviet Union most-favored na¬ Russian activities in the Middle clusion of the SALT negotiations tion status and commercial credits. East and in Africa may become a was delayed because Soviet nego¬ And these issues are connected factor in the Senate’s deliberations. tiators unexpectedly created some with the level of Soviet Jewish “We will continue to have very last-minute obstacles. It is widely emigration from the USSR. different views of a desirable world believed that the Soviet Union Asked about the possibility of a order and of a domestic system purposefully snagged the SALT sharp jump in bilateral trade as a which promotes the well-being of talks—thereby delaying a US- result of a SALT agreement, its citizens,” said Paul Warnke, the Soviet summit that was tentatively Dzherman Gvishiani, deputy former chief American SALT planned for mid-January—in order minister of the Soviet State Com¬ negotiator. to see what effect Chinese leader mittee for Science and Technology “Ours is an adversary relation¬ Teng Hsiao-ping's visit to the US and a key figure in Soviet- ship,” commented US Ambas¬ in late January would have on American trade, said: “I don’t sador to Moscow Malcolm Toon. American foreign policy. think it's possible. It takes more “And we will always have prob¬ Drastic increases in US-Soviet than goodwill. A lot of hard work lems, friction, and unpleasant- trade are not likely to immediately has to be done.” Calvert School The school that conies to your child REAL ESTATE Complete home-study course for elementary-level students. Kindergarten through 8th grade. An American education anywhere in the world. Ideal for Specialists in enrichment. Home is the classroom, you are the teacher with Calvert's approved instruction guide. Start any time, transfer to other schools. Used by over 300,000 students. Non-profit. Write for catalog Admits students of any race, color, na¬ tional or ethnic origin. TOWN HOUSES 301-243-6030 Established 1897 CAPITOL HILL • GEORGETOWN FOGGY BOTTOM • MT. PLEASANT Calvert School 202-546-2676 Box FS5-9 Tuscany Rd. Baltimore, Md. 21210 Parent's name f Address RHEA RADIN. Inc. City State Zip SIALTOK Child's Age Grade 220 SEVENTH ST., S.E.

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. May, 1979 39 speare’s words in Hamlet: tions of human rights in black Af¬ LETTERS TO pX^| The very substance of the ambitious is rica where “tribal rights” are used merely the shadow of a dream. as an excuse for these violations. Should the Olympians feign inat¬ Simpson further stated that “an tention. hurl Juvenal’s bolt upward objective of victory presupposes The Importance of Consuls in the ancient tongue: that a tactic of delay is related to a Tenet insanabile nuiltos scribendi As a consular officer who positive strategy which the tactic cacoethes et aegro in corde senecit.* will serve—but so far there is no has worked both sides of the fence With that even the vice-consul’s and even across the road a couple such US or Western Strategy.” clearance will become sought-after! This seems to be the operational of times over the last fifteen years, RICHARD H. MILTON I was moved to write a few words premise of American action in Af¬ Visiting Associate Professor/FS O rica. The US belief that Africans in response to Richard Boucher’s New London, Conn. ietter in the March issue of the are coming to realize that Russians Journal. are just “gun-swingers" is false *An inveterate itch of writing, now and is something the Africans and 1 am pleased to see an intelligent incurable, clings to many, and the Soviets, too. have no trouble and constructive exchange of views grows old in their distempered seeing. This leaves giant gaping on problems encountered in consu¬ body. lar careers, but repetitions of the holes in what should be a tightly- knit, cohesive, and dynamic for¬ old whining appeals to “substan¬ eign policy for the Soviets, who are tive” officers that they let us play masters of the rebound, to move in their game simply turn me off. 1 Tribes and Tribulations and set up camp. suppose if one is simply misplaced Another excellent point Simpson in consular work, he might beg that Smith Simpson’s article in makes is about the “badness" of the workload in the “service cen¬ the December 1978 issue of the certain regimes. South Africa in ter” be lifted so that he/she might Foreign Service Journal, “Tribes particular. It might be of interest to generate observations to be foot¬ and Tribulations in Africa." was a note that Accuracy in Media, a noted into the reports of ECON real stepping stone in an attempt to Washington-based “watchdog" of and POL. Such officers plead, explain the complexities that are “Let me read your endless reams the media did an assessment of mounting daily in the situation in human rights coverage in the US of brilliance, permit me to sit in the southern Africa. It was a welcome, back of the room in your meetings, media in 1977. The results were thoughtful departure from the con¬ shocking. The report discovered please!" This attitude of humble stant rhetorical explanations for supplication reinforces the wide¬ that there were more stories in the US action—or inaction—in Africa. Washington Post and the New spread anti-humanist bureaucratic Many Western critics say that belief that papers are more impor¬ York Times in 1977 on human South Africa must come to install rights violations in South Africa tant than people. majority rule, but their lack of un¬ Consular work is already of first than in all other countries in the derstanding that South Africa has world combined, with the excep¬ importance in a number of our em¬ no real “majority,” but. in con¬ bassies, of great sensitivity in many tion of the Soviet Union. This tells trast, is a nation of many minorities us something. The American peo¬ others, and the number of ambas¬ divided because of tribal, ethnic, sadors who appreciate these facts ple. who are inordinately de¬ and religious beliefs and practices, pendent upon their news media as grows every day. We in the base¬ is an example of the malady which ments and annexes can help the the major source of information, hinders the effectiveness of US are being led to believe that South lofty ones, but the time has come policymakers. Simpson's point for us to exhibit pride and self- Africa is a uniquely oppressive about the destruction of one minor¬ regime—hardly the case given the respect first and foremost. Let the ity by another so that eventually ambassadors send the so-called Idi Amins and Pol Pots in this that minority can become a major¬ world. It also raises the question of “substantive” officers to us to help ity through force, is a characteristic when needed, let them analyze whether the American people can of the drive to form a state or na¬ develop any sense of proportion in trends in political and economic tion in Africa and can be noted as development as they impact on us, international affairs. such in several historical instances. Thank you for printing Smith and let us all pull together as teams The statement. “Whatever the when consular crises require a total Simpson's article, it is a definite re¬ UN Charter or UN Declaration flection on the quality of journalism embassy effort. and treaties may say about human encouraged by the FSJ. Our colleagues in the “upper rights, tribal standards hold among reaches” should not share Thomas REBECCA L. BENNETT Africans, tribal rights and interests Note: / UYI.V a former intern with the State Hardy's perspective: take precedence.” is an excellent Department in 1977 in Port Louis, The point of view then sinks down¬ point in assessing the fact that the Mauritius. wards through space, and draws near to black African’s own system of the surface of the perturbed countries, w'here the peoples, distressed by events “human rights” is their tribal sys¬ which they did not cause, are seen wri¬ tem based on their perceived or The JOURNAL welcomes the expression of its readers' opinions in the font] of letters to thing. crawling, heaving, and vibrat¬ real tribal rights; yet US the editor. All letters are subject to conden¬ ing . . . policymakers, who freely criticize sation if necessary. Send to: Letters to the Should the “substantive” per¬ human rights violations in white Editor. Foreign Service JOURNAI . 2101 E sist. remind them gently of Shake- Africa, do not criticize the viola¬ Street. N.W., Washington. D.C. 20037. 40 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May, 1979 For Better Maintenance and its ilk do not depend upon the the problem exposed in that article. State Department’s Biographic The ambiguity and confusion Every so often the Journal Register and Foreign Sendee List comes from the lack of a firm rule carries a guest commentary upon as sources of information. They and I personally believe the de¬ the retirement advantages of have their own sources. I, for one, partment should sponsor a smoking foreign living. Tropical paradises, have no doubt that the KGB is one policy similar to the one recently colorful Mediterranean villages and of them. Some of us, more sophis¬ put out by HEW. A firm clear varied external urban and rural ticated and clear-headed than those statement of rules would be help- spots may be pictured as just what in the Department responsible for the doctor ordered for a retired JOSEPH M. KEMPER the decision to restrict circulation couple. At the risk of seeming pa¬ of the Register and abandon the Abidjan rochial to those in such happy situ¬ List completely, have maintained Restructure ations, I submit they may not be this all along. The Journal’s poll on what the doctor ordered. As a cur¬ the subject shows that this view is We trained hard—but it rent assistant secretary once de¬ shared overwhelmingly by the Ser¬ seemed that every time we scribed the human condition, “af¬ vice. When is the Department were beginning to form up into ter age forty it’s simply a mainte¬ going to come to its senses on this teams, we would be reor¬ nance job.” And it is here that the matter? ganized. I was to learn that fly gets in the vino. FSO—RETIRED later in life we tend to meet any All of us well know the charita¬ new situation by reorganizing, bly termed “gaps” in foreign medi¬ Thank You for Not Smoking and a wonderful method it can cal and dental care and each has Thank you for the article be for creating the illusion of some horror tales at hand. Then, by Lucien Agniel on ‘May I Light progress while producing con¬ too, we all privately hope to hit a fusion, inefficiency, and de¬ spry ninety, despite sporadic health Up?” in the February Journal. As the administrative officer here in moralization. Petronius Arbi¬ surprises. To up the chances it Abidjan I am especially sensitive to ter, 66 AD seems horse sense to live where there is the best medical and dental Life and Lfve in the Foreign Service care in the world. Visit abroad, yes, but to quote a local bumper sticker, “I’d rather be in Chapel Hill.” ROY M. MELBOURNE Chapel Hill. N.C. Help Wanted May we ask your assis¬ tance by the publication of the fol¬ lowing letter: The US Mission in Geneva has received an inquiry from an indi¬ vidual seeking to locate an old friend, Mr. Robert Merrau (possi¬ ble alternate spelling Merrow, Merrau, etc.). His wife’s name is Dragomira Yanovna Kriva- Merrau. Mr. Merrau is believed to have been a Foreign Service employee who served in Warsaw in 1947 and was transferred to Geneva in 1948. Any information concerning the Merraus would be appreciated. Please address replies to the attention of the Humanita¬ rian Section. DOUGLAS R. HUNTER Geneva Who Spies for Counter-Spy? The February 19 issue of Time reports that Counter-Spy magazine has named nine Ameri¬ cans in Iran as CIA agents. In ad¬ dition to placing those nine Ameri¬ cans in deadly peril, this thoroughly reprehensible action makes it clear that Counter-Spy “Don't give me that ‘1 just make policy’ jazz! / need a horse!” FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May, 1979 41 ArSA MAY, 1979

This portion of the JOURNAL is the re¬ sponsibility of the Governing Board of AFSA and is intended to report on employee-management issues, condi¬ tions of employment and the policy and AID NEWS administration of AFSA, including its Board, Committees, and Chapters. FOREIGN SERVICE LOUNGE FACILITIES Members wishing to send letters on employment, working conditions or example, is currently restricted to State A FSA affairs should get them to A FSA In response to recent field inquiries, Foreign Service employees and, in any by the 10th of the month preceding de¬ here are some details of facilities of¬ case, is intended for official business sired publication. AFSA News Commit¬ fered by the Foreign Service Lounge to only. All that seems to be needed is an tee, Room 3644, N.S. AID Foreign Service employees. equitable telephone cost-sharing for¬ The Lounge comes under the juris¬ mula for AID and State to apply. The diction of the State Department's restricted lending of post reports also Bureau of Administration (Office of seems capable of speedy resolution. Operations), and constitutes part of the Currently, AID personnel may read Employee Services Center. Conse¬ the Lounge's post reports but, unlike quently a number of services provided their State colleagues, cannot borrow by the Lounge Center's nine to ten staff them. The rationale cited for restricting members are quasi-personnel in loans is the high rate of loss and the STATE STANDING COMMITTEE character and are specifically geared to cost of obtaining replacements. AID the State system. Included in this cate¬ personnel are consequently directed to On March I9 a general meeting of the gory are orientation/counseling ser¬ Room B-656 in the northeastern corner Washington-based community was vices. maintenance of next-of-kin card of the basement. This turns out to be held by the AFSA State Standing index, and assistance in arranging AID'S over-the-counter Emergency Committee to discuss again the pro¬ emergency visitation travel. All of Department Distribution Service, posed restructure of the Foreign Ser¬ these services are available to AID which is open during working days only vice and management's plans to change personnel from the Office of Personnel between the hours of 1000 to 1100 and the Foreign Service Act. Management. 1500 to 1600. If the report is in stock, The SSC Chairman summarized the The following Lounge facilities are the inquirer will be given a copy; events thus far and called on the com¬ open to AID as well as State FS per¬ otherwise, he is directed to State's Dis¬ mittee's Coordinator of AFSA reac¬ sonnel: use of the meeting rooms, tribution Unit (Room B-872) which is tions to the proposals to summarize the typewriters, stationery, phones (for open during regular office hours and responses to our first reaction (re¬ local calls), TV set. and machines for which will also provide a free copy if it printed on page 44 of the April Journal) playing the Lounge's collection of lan¬ is in stock. The present system—or from our people, especially those over¬ guage and practice dictation tapes. In situation—would seem to argue in seas. The Coordinator announced the the adjacent reception room, all favor of a much higher post report attri¬ formation of a reaction working group Foreign Service employees are entitled tion rate than if loans could be made to examine all aspects of the proposals, to access to the filing cabinets contain¬ from the Lounge. develop analyses and. where useful, al¬ ing insurance company brochures and While these may seem to be trivial ternate ideas. All interested Foreign the cabinets containing post reports. examples of the kinds of facilities with¬ Service persons were welcomed to par¬ (The two signs purporting to restrict held from AID FS employees, they ticipate. post report access to “State Depart¬ nevertheless cause unnecessary incon¬ The State Standing Committee has ment Personnel Only" date from the venience to them and their dependents. now organized six general groups to early '60s and do not accurately repre¬ It is difficult to conceive of problems carry out the SSC work. Over 80 peo¬ sent the present situation.) The Lounge more amenable to common sense reso¬ ple volunteered to assist and, as with also offers notary services to which lution, and it will be interesting to see our Affirmative Action Reaction Work¬ AID employees are entitled for official what progress can be made now that ing Group of last year, all volunteers business purposes. Nearby services some of the issues have been defined. were included. They are to take the which are open to both State and AID The negotiations between State and reactions from the field as their basic employees are the Housing Informa¬ AID reported in the January 1979 issue guidance. Two of the groups have al¬ tion Office (staffed by AAFSW volun¬ of FSJ (page 29) appear to be in ready prepared reports at this writing, teers) next door to the Lounge, and the abeyance. AID management feel that which we will use in our talks with children's waiting room (room 2258) their own direct arrangements for mak¬ management and with the Congress. near the Office of Medical Services. ing mail and telephone reception and On Capitol Hill, the SSC Chairman Services within the Lounge which locator services available to AID staff and the Committee Coordinator have are not currently available to AID FS in a room within close proximity to the spent many hours briefing key staffers, employees include mail and message Lounge would provide the speediest and Committee Staffs as well. Our reception and forwarding, access to the and most economical solution. Plan¬ pre-briefing on the Hill will hopefully sign-in register, use of the Lounge's ning is underway to rearrange the re¬ deter the worst aspects of management FTS phone, and overnight loan of post ception area of AID Travel and Trans¬ proposals. Up to publication time, we reports. The latter two could easily be portation Services and to provide addi¬ still have no text of management's ac¬ extended to AID personnel without tional staffing, in the hope that these tual plan, just general themes. That is appearing to entail serious manpower facilities will be available by late sum¬ because management has not written a or budgetary implications for the mer. FSJ readers will be advised of text. Lounge. Access to the FTS phone, for further developments. 42 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May. 1979 WHY THE SHARP INCREASES IN PREMIUMS FOR FOREIGN SERVICE BENEFIT HEALTH PLANS?

AFSA has received widespread pro¬ the Foreign Service Act) and was also personnel to the extent that such bene¬ tests against the recent substantial in¬ paying 50% of the FSBP premiums.1 fits are covered by the FSBP. The crease in premiums charged for family (That contribution has subsequently same procedure has been used for health insurance coverage by the increased over the years and is now years by Aetna and the Blues, although Foreign Service Benefit Plan (FSBP). slightly over 60%. By statute the gov¬ a much smaller proportion of their in¬ That plan is managed by the American ernment now contributes not less than sured personnel are located overseas. Foreign Service Protective Associa¬ 60 and not more than 75%.) in this connection, it is worthy of tion, which is a completely separate The GAO report led to an arrange¬ note that AFSA objected to the original organization from AFSA. In order to ment whereby the carrier paid to the scheme developed in 1969 by the De¬ help protect the interests of AFSA's Treasury each year an amount calcu¬ partment and the Protective Associa¬ members who use FSBP health insur¬ lated to offset the government's con¬ tion to correct the problem of double ance, the AFSA Insurance Committee, tribution to the Foreign Service plan on contributions, and it was through AF¬ headed by Hugh Wolff, has completed behalf of employees assigned overseas. SA's efforts that the premium reim¬ the following preliminary report of the However, the amount paid to the Trea¬ bursement plan was adopted. Indeed, factors which led to the FSBP premium sury had to be an estimate because the original plan, which would have re¬ increase. The Committee is continuing neither State, the CSC. nor Mutual of quired Mutual of Omaha, rather than its efforts and will report further. Omaha was able or willing at that time State, to assume responsibility for The sudden sharp increase in pre¬ to provide the number of insured em¬ payment of overseas medical expenses, miums for family coverage under the ployees who were overseas. Further¬ had already been announced along with Foreign Service Benefit Plan has been more. no one knew the extent to which a commensurate increase in premiums. a cause of puzzlement and concern to overseas employees were arranging to AFSA's initiative led to a revision of those affected and to AFSA. Between have medical care for themselves or the interagency agreement permitting 1978 and 1979 the overall cost of such their dependents in the United States. the premium reimbursement instead. coverage increased by 25.7%, but the The latter problem led to an arrange¬ At the time, this change resulted in a cost to employees went up by 72%, an ment whereby the payment to Treasury marked reduction in the rates for 1970. unprecedented and highly disturbing has been derived for the last several There are two other aspects of the increase. What is the explanation? Why years by taking the total government problem that should be mentioned. Ac¬ should family rates under the Foreign contribution on behalf of employees as¬ cording to the OPM. the sharp increase Service plan be almost twice as high as signed overseas and subtracting from it in premiums this year was due in large those under the Aetna and AFGE 41.79% of the sum of (I) the benefits part to the fact that the government's plans? paid by the carrier to employees as¬ contribution to this insurance is calcu¬ In the absence of specific data on signed overseas and their dependents lated not on the experience of each in¬ premium and loss experience (which and (2) a pro rata share of the carrier's dividual plan but on the average ex¬ were requested from Mutual of Omaha total administrative expenses allocable perience of the six largest plans, which in February and are now due any day), to such overseas claims. The remainder include Aetna, the Blues, the American we are forced to rely on information ob¬ was the amount payable to the Trea¬ Postal Workers' Union, etc.—all much tained through interviews with officers sury. This formula appears to be based larger than the FSBP. Last year these of the Protective Association, Mutual on the assumption that roughly 60% of others had generally good experience of Omaha, and the Office of Personnel the benefits and related expenses paid whereas the FSBP did not. Thus, the Management (OPM). by the carrier to employees assigned overall average costs were up only OPM actuaries attribute virtually all overseas reflect medical costs incurred slightly, and the government contribu¬ of the 25.7% increase for 1979 to higher in the United States. tion remained at about the same level costs resulting from a combination of Under this arrangement, as the total as before. This meant that employees inflation and adverse loss experience in amount of government contributions insured under the FSBP had to bear a 1977-78. They point out that, while the has gone up year by year-—whether due disproportionate share of the increase Consumer Price Index for medical care to higher costs or simply to more peo¬ in the cost of that plan for 1979. The was increasing by 17.6% during 1977 ple joining the FSBP—the amount paid result was that a 25.7% overall increase and 1978. the premium rate for em¬ each year to the Treasury has also gone became a 72% increase for employees. ployees went down from $14.86 per pay up, and the increase has been relatively The OPM also states that the 1979 period to $12.99. When this situation greater when losses were low. Whereas premium increase was agreed upon be¬ had to be corrected this year, the major the amount paid back to the Treasury fore the President's anti-inflation guide¬ portion of the increase, unfortunately, when this procedure was first instituted lines were promulgated. However. was borne by employees for reasons in 1970 was about $200,000. by 1978 the OPM is very much concerned about described later in this report. payment had risen to $1.8 million. (To¬ rising health costs and is drawing up its Officers of the Protective Associa¬ tal premiums, however, exceeded $8 own guidelines for implementing the tion and Mutual of Omaha believe that million). Both Mutual of Omaha and President's more recent directive ad¬ there has been an additional factor con¬ the Protective Association have been dressed specifically to that area. tributing in an important way to the in¬ unhappy with this arrangement, and Until more detailed information can crease. They cite an agreement entered since 1975 they have been trying to get be obtained, the Insurance Committee into ten years ago following an investi¬ it changed. is not in a position to judge whether the gation of the FSBP by the General Ac¬ Under the new arrangement, which newly negotiated arrangement is likely counting Office (GAO). In a report to took effect March 1, 1979, the annual to lead to an early reduction in pre¬ Congress dated May 23. 1968, the reimbursement procedure has been miums. Both the Protective Associa¬ GAO criticized the State Department discontinued, and State (and Treasury) tion and Mutual of Omaha are hopeful and the Civil Service Commission on are to be reimbursed on a per claim that it will do so. The Committee will grounds that the government was mak¬ basis for medical payments to overseas continue its inquiry into the program ing a double contribution to the cost of and will report further. the program in that it was paying the 'GAO Report No. B-I62639, “Opportunity to Reduce the Federal Government’s Cost major part of the medical expenses for of Medical Benefits Furnished Foreign Ser¬ Hugh W. Wolff, Chairman overseas personnel (per Section 941 of vice Employees Overseas” Insurance Committee

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May, 1979 43 I DC A, from page 4 Tentative Conclusions sional concerns mentioned earlier in We offer tentative conclusions be¬ this article. The IDCA director will be cause final documentation is not avail¬ in a position to insure that developing These decisions are elaborated below. able and because there are some rela¬ countries’ needs/concerns/attitudes are The I DC A director would report to tionships that are not clear and proba¬ factored into the US government both the president and the secretary of bly will not be until the IDCA organi¬ decision-making process, e.g., he will state, and would serve as their principal zation is created and personal working be a member of the National Advisory Council for International Monetary international development advisor. The relationships are established. For secretary would provide foreign policy example, two important relationships and Financial Policies (NAC) and the guidance. The 1DCA director would to be worked out are those between the inter-agency Trade Policy Committee. submit his budget to OMB after con¬ IDCA director and the secretary of The way has been paved for at least sulting with the secretary. state and between the IDCA director some improvement in the coordination The I DC A director would establish and the secretary of treasury and the of bilateral and multilateral assistance. and control the budgets and policies of US executive directors of the MDBs. There have already been some im¬ I DC A's component agencies and make Although IDCA is to be an inde¬ provements in the working of the De¬ recommendations to the president con¬ pendent agency, not a semi- velopment Coordination Committee, cerning the appointment and removal autonomous agency within State as particularly in the decision-making on of each agency's senior officials. The AID has been, the IDCA director will food aid. component agencies would be: report to the secretary of state as well The current limited IDCA proposal 1) AID, roughly as it is now; as to the president. Yet, the IDCA di¬ is worth implementing, and the Con¬ 2) OPIC, with the IDCA director rector will send his budget to OMB gress probably will go along with the replacing the AID administrator as after “consulting” with the secretary of president’s plan. However, the results chairman of OPIC’s Board of Direc¬ state; he was required to send it of the reorganization will depend heav¬ tors; “through” the secretary in the April ily on the new IDCA director's rela¬ 3) the new Institute for Technologi¬ 1978 memo. tionships with the White House and the cal Cooperation (1FTC), assuming the The secretary of treasury will “con¬ secretary of state, on the role he de¬ enabling legislation now before the sult” with the IDCA director on US cides to play and on the quality (and to Congress is approved. executive director candidates to the some extent, quantity) of personnel IDCA has some additional respon¬ MDBs. Presumably this means that a that he recruits for the small IDCA sibilities and authorities: disagreement will go to the president for staff (the numbers bandied about range • IDCA will be given lead respon¬ decision, but this is yet to be spelled from 30 to 70). Although the formal sibility for policy and budget for US out. Although the IDCA director will State-IDCA role is fuzzy, it seems voluntary contributions to the follow¬ “advise" the US executive directors clear that good working relations be¬ ing international organizations: UN on MDB projects and program propos¬ tween the leadership and staffs of Development Program; UNICEF; als, formal “instructions” presumably IDCA, AID and State are in the inter¬ OAS Technical Assistance Funds; UN will continue to come from the secre¬ est of all three organizations. Assuming Capital Development Fund; UN Edu¬ tary of treasury. Since Treasury has their leadership recognizes this, major cational and Training Program for been known in the past to ignore advice changes in working relationships be¬ Southern Africa; UN/FAO World from State and AID, it is not clear what tween AID and State or in the field are Food Program; FAO Post Harvest is meant by the current wording nor unlikely. Losses Fund; and UN Disaster Relief what procedures or changes are envis¬ There is, however, one potential Organization. aged. source of contention between State and • The secretary of the treasury “will Given the foregoing fuzziness in rela¬ IDCA/AID. It appears clear that the consult with the IDCA director in the tionships, the uncertainty about the in¬ president has accepted the Congres¬ selection of candidates for the US clusion in IDCA of the Peace Corps sional request that development assis¬ executive director and deputy execu¬ (and possibly the IFTC—depending on tance decisions be insulated from tive director positions in the Multilat¬ Congressional action), the limited in¬ short-term foreign policy consid¬ eral Development Banks (MDBs), and fluence that an IDCA director would erations. We suggest some brain¬ the IDCA director will advise US have over OPIC with its own govern¬ storming on the part of both State and executive directors on MDB projects ing board or directors, and the fact that AID. AFSA will welcome ideas on this and program proposals." the AID administrator already has from the field that could be passed on • The IDCA director “would take some of the IDCA authorities, some to the new IDCA director and to the part in executive branch decision¬ officials have questioned the need for secretary. For field reaction, we sug¬ making concerning such matters affect¬ establishing IDCA. However, this gest consideration be given to ways of ing international development as trade would likely cause the AID adminis¬ de-politicizing the image of our AID and monetary issues: he would speak to trator to short-change both his AID programs and missions. Also, could the relative priority of development and administration role and the inter¬ we, for example, develop major proj¬ other US objectives in respect to these agency coordination and development ects for some countries every two years and other issues." He will become the spokesman roles. He would probably instead of annually? Would this permit chairman of the DCC. have less influence in inter-agency State and AID to divert host country The President has also directed councils, particularly as chairman of officials’ attention to the substance and OMB to review alternative organiza¬ the DCC, because he would be seen quality of our assistance rather than tional arrangements respecting all AC¬ primarily as a spokesman for bilateral annual levels? TION programs, and will consider the aid. Finally, having an IDCA Regarding the advice to the US possible relation of Peace Corps to framework in place permits additional Executive Directors on MDB projects IDCA in light of the conclusions of that coordinating functions to be added later and programs, it appears clear that his review. In the meantime, an amend¬ when it is clear that the organization can be done effectively only if field ment to the foreign assistance authoriz¬ can handle them. missions (both AID and State) give ing legislation has been introduced Although IDCA will be weaker than higher priority to following the mul¬ which would move Peace Corps to envisaged by Senator Humphrey, the tilateral programs. Since the MDB IDCA (regardless of the outcome of net result could be a substantial im¬ programs run around $10 billion com¬ the OMB study). provement in terms of the congres¬ pared to our $2 billion bilateral de- 44 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May, 1979 velopment assistance program, a higher AID—UNIFIED PERSONNEL SYSTEM (UPS) priority is justified. Field comments are welcome on how the executive direc¬ The UPS has seen its ups and down signments for the new-hire FS would tors could do a better job, what IDCA during the last month. For a time man¬ be eliminated. This is an obvious could do to help them do a good job, agement appeared to have been boxed mechanism. what the field can do to improve the in by the House Foreign Affairs Com¬ • The Senior Foreign Service and information flow, and what the field mittee (HFAC) and a proposal that new pay schedule proposals were would like Washington to do to help it truly would give AID, over the term, a scrapped pending State decision on its do a better support job in this area. Foreign Service (FS) dominated per¬ proposed new system. AFSA welcomes comments on this sonnel system both overseas and in The Agency has obtained OPM ap¬ article, on the idea of a regular Journal Washington would be sent to the Hill. proval for a 119 position SES, and ap¬ feature on Development in Foreign Management proposed that all posi¬ parently will offer SES appointments to Policy, on suggested topics (e.g., tions in A1D/W be classified—using those career GS and AD employees follow-up on the IDCA approval pro¬ objective criteria satisfactory to now holding super-grade positions. cess and organization, description of AFSA—FS. GS or other, and that Temporary SES appointments may be the new IFTC, the program of the non-FS encumbents of FS positions offered to non-career AD employees DCC). would have three years to convert to (we may have won one on this point as ROBERT M. BEERS FS or vacate their positions. Appar¬ management had planned to give non¬ NEW EXEC. DIRECTOR ently, even as management was brief¬ career AD supergrades career SES ap¬ ing AFSA on this, management had pointments until AFSA alerted the plans afoot to scuttle the proposal. HFAC). Obviously this would cause a What finally went forward to the Hill number of GS/AD positions which we in early April, must be considered less believe should be FS, to end up in the than half a loaf. In fact, it would ac¬ SES, at least temporarily. AFSA has complish nothing that could not be heard that AID'S SES may be delayed done under already existing authorities. until the proposed IDCA comes into The following are the main points of the being (or is scrapped) at which time an proposal: IDCA-wide SES would be created for • An undetermined number of all constituent organizations. AIDAV positions, but significantly The fate of this so-called UPSon the more than presently encumbered by the Hill is uncertain, but since Congress FS, will be reclassified as FS and filled can only accept or reject without mod¬ as they become vacant by FS employ¬ ification we are not sanguine AFSA ees. However, once the number of can influence any substantive change. non-FS employees in FS positions falls However, we are investigating what below 10 percent, non-FS can be modification could be made by parallel placed in those positions. legislative initiatives. AFSA has been The Governing Board of the Ameri¬ • GS employees in FS jobs will be asked by the Post Office and Civil Ser¬ can Foreign Service Association has encouraged to join the FS but if unwill¬ vice Committee to present AFSA's po¬ appointed Robert M. Beers as the As¬ ing, will be permitted to remain where sition on the proposed UPS. sociation’s Executive Director. they are indefinitely. FS employees INFORMATION ON AFSA Mr. Beers's government career en¬ may continue to be placed in GS posi¬ 1979 ELECTION compassed assignments in the Office of tions (in addition to FS positions). the Secretary of Defense, the Bureau • The two year limit on AID/W as- The AFSA Elections Committee of the Budget, the Department of State wishes to alert AFSA members in the and the United States Information BIOREGISTER Washington Metropolitan Area to the Agency, now the International Com¬ On March 1 suit was instituted in the arrangements which have been made munication Agency. US District Court for the District of for campaign meetings. These meet¬ Following retirement from USIA’s Columbia under the Freedom of In¬ ings, designed to provide AFSA mem¬ foreign service. Beers served as Vice formation Act, requesting access to bers an opportunity to meet and ques¬ President of the National Association and the right to copy the State Depart¬ tion candidates, are scheduled as fol¬ of Retired Federal Employees prior to ment’s Biographic Registers for 1975- lows; accepting appointment as AFSA's 77. The plaintiffs were three individuals Candidates for President, Vice Pres¬ Executive Director. and two organizations—Waldo H. ident, Second Vice President, Secre¬ HUMAN RIGHTS & Heinrichs, Jr., professor of diplomatic tary and Treasurer: Monday, May I4, 1979 at 12:00 noon in the East Au¬ PUBLIC POLICY history at Temple University; Smith Simpson; Samuel Wells, Jr., secretary ditorium. Room 2925 NS. A workshop for teachers, scholars of the International Security Program Candidates for ICA Constituency and practitioners interested in the field of the Woodrow Wilson Center of Representative: Tuesday, May 15, of human rights and public policy will Scholars; the Society for Historians of 1979 at 12:00 noon, in the East Au¬ be held on the campus of St. John's American Foreign Policy and the ditorium, Room 2925 NS. College. June 17-23. The workshop will Committee for the Study of Diplo¬ Candidates for State Constituency be sponsored by the University of macy. Representative: Tuesday, May 15, Maryland's Center for Philosophy and The suit was the outcome of an un¬ 1979, at 12:30 P.M. in the East Au¬ Public Policy and by the Institute for successful effort by the plaintiffs to ob¬ ditorium, Room 2925 NS. Society, Ethics and the Life Sciences. tain the Department’s permission to Candidates for AID Constituency Further information and application use the Biographic Register for re¬ Representative: Tuesday, May 15, forms may be obtained from: Peter G. search purposes. 1979, at 1:30 P.M. in the East Au¬ Brown. Director, Center for The plaintiffs hope to use the suit as ditorium. Room 2925 NS. Philosophy and Public Policy, Univer¬ a second-stage effort to persuade the Candidates for Retired Constituency sity of Maryland. College Park, MD Department to resume publication of Representative: No meeting scheduled 20742, (301) 454-4103. the Register as a public document. by agreement among the candidates. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May, 1979 45 survived by his wife, Beryl M., of 4898 SPECIAL r-o I Londonberry Dr., Santa Rosa, PQJ SERVICES California 95401, two daughters, Edith In order to be of maximum assistance to Sue Howse and Jan Adrienne Jackett, AFSA members and Journal readers we are Deaths and five grandchildren. accepting these listings until the 15th of Bartley. Oler Ammon Bartley, Jr., each month for publication in the issue Opila. Thomas F. Opila, FSO, died on FSO-retired, died on April 3, in Wash¬ April I at the American Embassy in Is¬ dated the following month. The rate is 400 ington. Mr. Bartley joined the Foreign per word, less 2% for payment in advance, lamabad, of an apparent heart attack. Service in 1956 and served at Penang, Mr. Opilajoined the Foreign Service in minimum 10 words. Mail copy for adver¬ Kuala Lumpur, Surabaya, Ban Me 1975 and had served at Sana before his tisement and check to: Classified Ads, Thuot and Nha Trang. His last assign¬ Foreign Service Journal, 2101 E Street, assignment to Islamabad. He is sur¬ ment was in Rangoon before retirement vived by his wife. Barbara Ellen, two N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. for illness in February. He is survived children, Christopher F., and Cath¬ by his wife, Mary Carmen, a daughter, REAL ESTATE erine Anne, of the homes in Islamabad Lisa F., two sons Ammon Hurst and and Arlington, his mother, two TORREMOLINOS, MALAGA, SPAIN. Newly fur¬ Charles Mareen, of 1709 Pittsfield brothers and two sisters. Memorial nished 2-BR, IV2 bath apartment includes lin¬ Lane, Bowie, Maryland 20715, his par¬ contributions may be made to the ens, cutlery, etc. (never occupied) in town's envi¬ ents, the Rev. Dr. and Mrs. O. A. rons. Metro station nearby. Unbelievable value at American Foreign Service Association Bartley and a sister, Frances Cleaver. under $35,000 with nominal monthly con¬ Scholarship Fund. dominium fee. Paul A. Chadwell, 1211 Potomac The family suggests that memorial con¬ St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20007. (202) 338- tributions may be made to the Ameri¬ Sanger. Richard H. Sanger, FSO- 1111. can Cancer Society or the American retired. died on March 20, in Solana Foreign Service Association Schol¬ Beach. California. Mr. Sanger entered ADVANCED TRAVEL PLANNING arship Fund. on duty with the Department in 1944 and joined the Foreign Service in 1946, MAKE THE MOST of home leave, R&R, consulta¬ Bridgett. W. Charles Bridgett, FSO- tion. Let us help plan yourtrip in advance. We can serving at Beirut and Amman. He retired, died on April 1, in Asheville, buy train or plane tickets, reserve rental cars, served as public affairs adviser in the North Carolina. Mr. Bridgett joined charter houseboats, find campers, make hotel/ Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, as of¬ the Foreign Service in 1942 and served motel reservations, find some of Washington's ficer in charge of Arabian Peninsula at Guatemala, Lima, La Paz and better new restaurants. Write: Phoenix Enter¬ Affairs and as director of intelligence Caracas, before his retirement in 1963. prises, P.O. Box 406, Vienna, Virginia 22180 for and research for the Near East and Af¬ details. He is survived by his wife. Carolina, of rica before retiring in 1965. He lectured 173 E. Chestnut St., Asheville, N.C. at FS1 and also taught courses on coun¬ CONSIGNMENT 28801, two daughters, Mrs. Fred C. terinsurgency and Middle East topics. CONSIGN VOUR superfluous antiques, porcelain, Quamstrom of Seattle, Washington, He was the author of Where the Jordan silver, bibelots at the Grapevine, 7806 Old and Margaret Bridgett of Brookline, Flows, Insurgent Era and The Arabian Georgetown Rd., Bethesda, MD 20014, 652- Massachusetts and three grandchil¬ Peninsula. The Journal for June and 8830. dren. July of 1971 carried his account of his and his wife’s year in Russia in 1931. HOME LEAVE Byrd. Daria M. Byrd, widow of FSO He is survived by his wife, Marion, VACATION TIME! Exchange or rent thru GLOBAL Richard Walke Byrd, died on March 5316 Abingdon Road, N.W., Washing¬ CONDOMINUM EXCHANGE, P.O. Box 886-FS, Mon¬ 19. in Washington. Mrs. Byrd, the ton, D.C. 20016, a son, Richard H., trose, Ca. 91020. former Countess Daria Nieroth and a Jr., of Winston Salem. N.C., two member of the Cantacuzene family, daughters. Patience Bender of Damas¬ was born in St. Petersburg and she and ANSWER TO your home leave/hot summer prob¬ cus and Cary Breining of O'Fallon, lem. 3-br. mountain home on Deep Creek Lake in her family were evacuated from Russia Mo., a sister and five grandchildren. Western Maryland. Private dock. Monthly/weekly on an English warship in the course of Memorial contributions may be made summer rentals. Write Ramsay, 1705 Cedar Park the Bolshevik Revolution. She is sur¬ to the Parkinson's Disease Association Road, Annapolis, Md. 21401. (301) 267-8735. vived by a nephew and niece living in in New York or the Arthritis Fund. Paris and several cousins in this coun¬ try. Memorial contributions may be White. Rollie H. White, Jr.. FSO- made to the Russian Orthodox Church retired, died on March 29, in Salisbury, VACATION RENTALS of Saint Nicholas in Washington. Maryland. Mr. White joined the ADIRONDACK LODGES on Upper Saranac Lake. Foreign Service in 1942 and served at Available for two weeks or a month, July through Crawford. John E. Crawford, FSO- Mombasa, Kabul, Pretoria, Praha, September. Everything provided for comfortable retired, died on March 7, in North Cairo, Moscow, Frankfurt, Vienna and living in the quiet woods. Please write Bartlett Palm Beach. He joined the Foreign Helsinki before his retirement in 1974. Carry Club, RD 1, Tupper Lake, NY 12986. Service in 1946 and served at Moscow, He also served with the Army Rio de Janeiro. Helsinki, Bern, Lagos, Counter-Intelligence Corps in the CBI and again in Rio de Janeiro before his theater in World War II. After retire¬ SEASHORE RENTALS retirement in 1970. He is survived by a ment he was executive director of the sister, Mrs. Ray Penne, of St. Paul, Salisbury Area Chamber of Com¬ BETHANY BEACH, DEL. 3-bedroom, 2-bath, CAC, Minnesota, seven nephews and one merce, a member of the board of the attractively furnished, pools, tennis, $275 niece. Peninsula General Hospital and taught weekly. Penthouse 9, 18304 Gulf Blvd., Red- ington Shores, FL 33708. (813) 391-6349. foreign affairs at Salisbury State Col¬ Himmel. Lyle C. Himmel, FSS-retired, lege. He is survived by his wife, Doris died on March 14, in Santa Rosa, Jean, of Rte. 1. Box 55, Sharps Point, California. Mr. Himmel entered the Salisbury, Maryland 21801, and four BOOKS Foreign Service in 1930 and served at sons, Rollie H., III, of Laurel, Thomas IF YOU ARE LOOKING for an out-of-print book, Cali. Buenaventura, Rangoon, Sydney, F., Campbell C., and Wesley S., of the perhaps I can find it. Dean Chamberlin, FSIO- Perth. Tehran, Hong Kong, Bangkok home and a sister, Ann Lanigan of retired, Book Cellar, Freeport, Maine 04032. and Bonn before his retirement. He is Washington.

46 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May, 1979 Overseas insurance ■ either replaces your household effects

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