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Insurance Brokers Address w 1140 Connecticut Ave., N.W. Washington. D.C. 20036 Telephone: 202-296-6440 City State Zip A REED SHAW STENHOUSE COMPANY FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL American Foreign Service Association MAY 1979: Volume 56, No. 5 Officers and Members of the Governing Board ISSN 0015-7279 LARS HYDLE, President KENNETH N. ROGERS, Vice President THOMAS O'CONNOR, Second Vice President FRANK CUMMINS, Secretary M. JAMES WILKINSON. Treasurer RONALD L. NICHOLSON, AID Representative PETER WOLCOTT, ICA Representative Communication re: JOSEPH N. MCBRIDE, BARBARA K. BODINE, Immigration Policy ROBERT H. STERN, State Representatives EUGENE M. BRADERMAN & ROBERT G. CLEVELAND, RICHARD J. HIGGINS 6 Retired Representatives From Wall Street to the Ginza J. GRAHAM PARSONS 9 Journal Editorial Board JOEL M. WOLDMAN, Chairman The Soviets, SALT and JAMES F. O'CONNOR NEIL A. BOYER HARRIET P. CULLEY MICHAEL A. G. MICHAUD the Senate WESLEY N. PEDERSEN ARNOLD P. SCHIFFERDECKER ROBERT RAND 11 Assistant Ambassador Staff GARY MAY 12 ROBERT M. BEERS, Executive Director WILBUR P. CHASE, Counselor CATHERINE WAELDER, Counselor An Innocent Abroad— CECIL B. SANNER, Membership and Circulation Well Stalked CHRISTINA MARY LANTZ, Executive Secretary GORDON K. PROUTY 18 Foreign Service Educational and Counseling Center BERNICE MUNSEY, Director/Counselor AFSA Scholarship Programs LEE MIDTHUN Development in Foreign Policy 4 Book Essay 28 Journal The Bookshelf 30 SHIRLEY R. NEWHALL, Editor Letters to the Editor 40 MARCI NADLER, Editorial Assistant AFSA News 42 MclVER ART & PUBLICATIONS, INC., Art Direction Advertising Representatives JAMES C. SASMOR ASSOCIATES, 521 Fifth Ave . Suite 1700, New York, N Y. 10017 (212) 683-3421 ALBERT D. SHONK CO., 681 Market St., San Francisco, Calif. 94105 (415) 392-7144 JOSHUA B. POWERS, LTD., 46 Keyes House, Dolphin Sq„ Cover: Casares by Nan Ronsheim London SW1 01 -834-8023/9. International Representatives. The FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL is the journal of professionals in annually. Retired Active Members—Dues are $35 annually for members foreign affairs, published twelve times a year by the American Foreign with incomes over $15,000; $20 annually for less than $15,000. Associate Service Association, a non-profit organization. Members—Dues are $20 annually. All dues payments include $6.50 allo¬ cation for the Journal and AFSA News, per AFSA Bylaws. Material appearing herein represents the opinions of the writers and is not intended to indicate the offical views of the Department of State, the For subscription to the JOURNAL, one year (12 issues); $7.50; two years, International Communication Agency, the Agency for International De¬ $12.00. For subscriptions going abroad, except Canada, add $1.00 annu¬ velopment or the United States Government as a whole. ally for overseas postage. While the Editorial Board of the JOURNAL is responsible for its general Microfilm copies of current as well as of back issues of the FOREIGN content, statements concerning the policy and administration of AFSA as SERVICE JOURNAL are available through the University Microfilm Library employee representative under Executive Order 11636 on the editorial Services, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 under a contract signed October 30, page and in the AFSA News, and all communications relating to these, are 1967. the responsibility of the AFSA Governing Board. 'American Foreign Service Association, 1979. The Foreign Service Jour¬ Membership in the American Foreign Service Association is open to the nal is published twelve times a year by the American Foreign Service professionals in foreign affairs overseas or in Washington, as well as to Association, 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington D C. 20037. Telephone (202) persons having an active interest in, or close association with foreign 338-4045 affairs. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. and at additional post Membership dues are: Active Members—Dues range from $39 to $65 office. i . DEVELOPMENT IN FOREIGN POLICY IDCA: Better Results or More Layering On March 7, 1979, President Carter tion of bilateral assistance programs, of might be considered at a later date. The sent a letter to the Congress in which bilateral and multilateral assistance and Peace Corps could be transferred to the he stated his intention to create an In¬ of food aid and development assis¬ new development institute in IDCA, ternational Development Cooperation tance. “provided this can be done on terms Administration (IDCA) as an inde¬ 4) Development assistance and food that preserve the Peace Corps' special pendent agency within the Executive aid decisions were insufficiently insu¬ mission and identity." Branch “to ensure that the varied in¬ lated from short term political consid¬ In the foregoing NSC memo, the struments by which the US contributes erations. IDCA director (the AID administrator to the development abroad are utilized 5) The president had not used effec¬ in the interim) was made the chief ad¬ effectively and in concert, and that the tively the Development Coordination visor to the president and the secretary efforts of US bilateral programs and Committee (DCC), the instrument of state concerning development, was those of the multilateral development previously established by the Congress given a voice in all economic decisions institutions are complementary." Be¬ to deal with some of the above prob¬ having a major impact on developing cause the contents of the president's lems and concerns. countries, and was made the Executive proposal appear to be considerably less Branch's chief spokesman to the Con¬ than that in the draft IDCA legislation The Humphrey Proposal gress on development assistance. He of the late Senator Humphrey which Senator Humphrey's draft legislation was given additional coordinating re¬ was introduced in Congress in January called for the creation of a new agency sponsibilities which were to be exer¬ 1978, some have questioned whether (IDCA), the head of which would re¬ cised through a revitalized and reor¬ the results of the President's proposal port to the president and be his princi¬ ganized Development Coordination will be an improvement. pal advisor on all foreign economic de¬ Committee. The memo also outlined Given this questioning and the im¬ velopment matters. IDCA would be certain relationships between IDCA portance of the pending reorganization independent of the State Department, (AID in the interim) and State, which to both State and AID, AFSA asked but subject to general foreign policy were designed to insulate development two AFSA members to research the guidance from the secretary. The assistance decisions from short-term, IDCA developments. AFSA also co¬ IDCA head would be responsible for foreign policy issues, while insuring sponsored with the Carnegie Endow¬ all bilateral development assistance that Security Supporting Assistance ment for International Peace a dinner programs and for coordinating the US (now the Economic Support Fund) re¬ meeting/discussion on IDCA on March participation in the multilateral de¬ mained firmly under the secretary's 29th. This reports reflects both ac¬ velopment banks (MDBs) and the control. tivities. United Nations (UN) development There being no strong push from the programs. IDCA would absorb AID president or from their constituents, Why an IDCA? and incorporate the responsibility for most Congressmen had little enthu¬ The impetus for creating an IDCA US participation in the MDBs and UN siasm for tackling a major legislative and overhauling the administration of development programs. The IDCA di¬ proposal like the Humphrey bill in an foreign assistance came from the Con¬ rector would also give policy guidance election year—especially a major for¬ gress. Certain members and staffers to two semi-autonomous subsidiary un¬ eign aid bill. However, the House In¬ who believed that US foreign assis¬ its: (1) the Overseas Private Invest¬ ternational Relations Committee kept tance programs were important to the ment Corporation (OPIC) and (2) a the IDCA proposal alive by including achieving of broader foreign policy to-be-created International Develop¬ in the foreign aid authorization bill a goals wanted a more effective assis¬ ment Institute, which would include requirement that the president report to tance program, a program more insu¬ the Peace Corps and a new institute for the Congress by February 1. 1979 on lated from short term foreign policy coordinating assistance to private vol¬ the steps the president had taken re¬ considerations and a high level untary organizations. garding the Humphrey proposal and on spokesman for development. Some of any further legislation that may be The President's Response the problems perceived or concerns needed to strengthen the coordination expressed that led to the IDCA pro¬ In spite of Congressional pressure and administration of development- posal were: for an Executive Branch position on related programs and policies. 1) There was no one individual, out¬ the Humphrey Bill, the presidential de¬ In June 1978, the administrator of side of the White House, with the au¬ cisions on the Administration's posi¬ A1D started his staff working on a pro¬ thority to discuss with the Congress all tion on the issues raised in the Hum¬ posal for an IDCA structure.