Le Rgyalrong Zbu, Une Langue Tibéto-Birmane De Chine Du Sud-Ouest

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Le Rgyalrong Zbu, Une Langue Tibéto-Birmane De Chine Du Sud-Ouest Le rgyalrong zbu, une langue tibéto-birmane de Chine du Sud-ouest. Une étude descriptive, typologique et comparative. Xun Gong To cite this version: Xun Gong. Le rgyalrong zbu, une langue tibéto-birmane de Chine du Sud-ouest. Une étude de- scriptive, typologique et comparative.. Linguistique. Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. Français. NNT : 2018USPCF008. tel-01894726v2 HAL Id: tel-01894726 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01894726v2 Submitted on 26 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales École doctorale n°265 Langues, littératures et sociétés du monde Centre de recherche sur les langues de l'Asie orientale, INALCO-CNRS-EHESS TH SE présentée par !un GONG soutenue le 22 juin 2018 pour obtenir le grade de #octeur de l’INALCO en Sciences du langage : linguistique et didactique des langues LE R"%ALRONG Z'( #$% L&$'#% ()*É(+,*)-.&$% /% 01)$% /# SU/,+#%S( #ne étude descrip!2e, typologique et compara!2e Th)se dirig*e +ar , -. Guillaume 0AC1(ES /irecteur de rec4erc4e, C$-S RAPPORTE(RS , -. Nathan W. HILL Ma5tre de con6érences H/-, S+&S, Uni2ersit3 of London -. Denis CREISSELS 7rofesseur émérite de linguis!"ue, #ni2ersité de L3on ME-'RES #( 0(R% , -. Denis CREISSELS 7rofesseur émérite de linguis!"ue, #ni2ersité de L3on -. Ro/ain GARNIER Ma5tre de con6érences H/-, Uni2ersité de Limoges -. Nathan W. HILL Ma5tre de con6érences H/-, S+&S, Uni2ersit3 of London -. Guillaume JAC1(ES /irecteur de rec4erc4e, C$-S -/e Christine LA-ARRE 7rofesseur des uni2ersités, I$&L0+ -. Ale4is -ICHA(# 04argé de rec4erc4e H/-, C$-S -. Laurent SA"ART /irecteur de rec4erc4e émérite, C$-S 我忽然低下头去 许多年过去了 你看 我的眼眶里充满了泪水 Le poème pour Xiǎoxìng, Yú Jiān いつの間にか 色あせ うすれてしまった 恋しかったはずの あの山々 L’errance, Yamasaki Hako Remerciements Dans A Manual of Spoken Tibetan (Chang Kun & Betty Shefts), publié en 1964, le lec- teur trouve des dialogues sur les prix, sur le char qui mène de Lhassa à Shigatsé, sur les grands festivals de Lhassa, tout comme si en 1964, ces mêmes dialogues pouvaient tou- jours être entendus dans les rues de Lhassa. Un manuel de langue est une capsule d’un quotidien. Et dans ce cas, il s’agit d’un quotidien fantôme, un souvenir qui n’est plus qu’un souvenir, suspendu entre l’existence et la non-existence. Dans la littérature chinoise, une capitale n’est décrite qu’après sa destruction. Yáng Xuánzhī a été amené à écrire sa Description des monastères de Luòyáng (洛陽伽藍記) par une visite de cette ville en 547. Cette ville, détruite en 524 dans la rébellion des Six gar- nisons, était alors emplie « de murailles écroulées, de palais en ruines, de monastères en cendres, de stūpa à l’abandon ». De même, Mèng Yuánlǎo, écrivant après le sac de Kāifēng en 1127, compare ses évocations de la vie quotidienne de cette capitale qui n’existe plus à un voyage dans le rêve 1. Quand j’errais entre les montagnes du pays de Stod·pa, je poursuivais autant une langue encore dans ses derniers jours de bonne santé que les derniers témoignages d’une vie qui n’existe plus. Je ressentais les mots de Nanaivandak, « Luòyáng n’est plus. Yè n’est plus. » Les ruines de la maison de Mbyi et les tours de garde à demi écroulées avaient pour moi autant de grandeur qu’un Luòyáng, qu’un Yè. Une com- préhension systématique et détaillée de la vie quotidienne sous l’ancien régime s’est avé- rée une entreprise trop tardive. J’éprouve néanmoins une immense gratitude d’avoir pu entrevoir le monde d’antan. Je remercie donc les habitants de Rgyaltsu et d’alentours qui m’ont gracieusement fait part de leurs témoignages au sujet de la vie avant les Réformes agraires : Lha·sgron de Mbyi, Don·grub, Tshe·dbang·thar, Skal·bzang·thar, Tshe·dbang de Ndasman, Pa·lu. Je dois une reconnaissance particulière à Mlle Mtsho·ri. C’est grâce à sa patience et son intuition linguistique que j’ai pu faire mes premiers pas dans cette langue. Cette thèse n’aurait pas pu être achevée sans Pa·skyid, qui m’a aidé pour la transcription de la majeure partie des enregistrements, et Yǒuyuán, qui a répondu à mon élicitation de manière ex- cellente. Pour l’élicitation du vocabulaire, je remercie notamment Pa·sgrol, Rgya·mtsho, 1. 古人有夢遊華胥之國其樂無涯者僕今追念回首悵然豈非華胥之夢覺哉目之曰夢華錄 4 5 Pa·skyid et Yǒuyuán. Tshe·yag et Bka·srung de Cim ont joué un rôle important pour m’aider à trouver des locuteurs des dialectes du zbu. Ma vie à Rgyaltsu a été grandement facilitée par la famille de Mtsho·ri, la famille de Ndelo et la famille de Mme Pa·skyid. Pour ma vie à ’Bar·khams je remercie également la famille de Yǒuyuán. J’ai encore laissé de côté beaucoup d’habitants de Rgyaltsu dans ces remerciements : je vous remercie tous. En dehors de la communauté rgyaltsuvaise, je tiens à remercier Dzam·bha·lha et sa famille à Wam·pa, et Gser·sgron et sa famille à Dza·mgo. Sans mes amis tshobdunais, no- tamment la famille de Tshe·ring Don·grub de Ri·khrod, je ne serais sûrement pas arrivé à tenir le coup lors des séjours à ’Bar·khams au fil des années. Je tiens à remercier chaleureusement Guillaume Jacques. Il me guide depuis le début de mes études en linguistique et m’a montré toute la magnificence du monde des langues et des linguistes. Cette thèse ne serait pas possible sans ses conseils et son indulgence. Cette thèse ne serait pas possible sans les études rgyalrongs modernes, une tradition qui doit l’essentiel de son développement à Jackson T.-S. Sun, Lin You-jing et Guillaume Jacques. Lai Yunfan et Zhang Shuya, ont contribué de façon importante vers la description du groupe rgyalronguique et ont ainsi allégé considérablement le fardeau écrasant que m’impliquent ces langues en voie de disparition. Je remercie tous mes professeurs et camarades du master de linguistique à l’ENS. Je compte parmi mes meilleurs souvenirs les cours de Joaquim Brandão de Carvalho. Mes remerciements vont en particulier à Benjamin Spector, qui s’est occupé de dénouer dans l’urgence des complications administratives en 2012. Je remercie Christine Lamarre, Frédéric Wang, Françoise Robin, Christine Bonnot et Jean-Michel Daube pour les occasions qu’ils m’ont fournies d’enseigner à l’INALCO, expé- rience qui a bien enrichi ma vie de linguiste. Je remercie mes professeurs et collègues linguistes à Paris et ailleurs, sans qui je n’au- rais pas pu avoir une éducation en linguistique si riche : Gilles Authier, Hélène Gérar- din, Vincent Martzloff, Barbora Machajdíková, Johnny Cheung, Agnes Korn, Nicolas Tour- nadre, Camille Simon, Christine Lamarre, Alexis Michaud, Boyd Michailovsky, Martine Mazaudon, Anne Daladier. Je remercie en particulier tous ceux de la rue de Lille pour des discussions intéressantes : Laurent Sagart, Anton Antonov, Thomas Pellard, Hilary Chap- pell, Lai Yunfan, Song Na, Sing Sing Ngai, Zhang Shuya, Lü Shanshan, Mathieu Beaudouin et bien d’autres. Je n’aurais pu poursuivre mes études philologiques sans la cabale des tangoutisants. Mes remerciements particuliers à Marc Miyake pour les interactions autour de son blog Amaravati et à Nathan Hill, for his carefully tailored words of encouragement. Parmi les 6 autres tangoutologues, je dois bien des encouragements à Tai Chung-pui, Lin Ying-chin et Arakawa Shintarō. J’attribue également un rôle primordial dans ma survie aux cours de tibétologie de Charles Ramble, qui m’ont toujours été une évasion agréable. Mes amis sur Douban ont été un grand soutien dès le début de mes études en linguis- tique. Je remercie surtout Brotlein, Ḥayāt, tous les amateurs de la phonologie historique chinoise (Srongsiang, Liángfēng, Shǎo-xué-hàn, Portus, Kǎdān, et bien d’autres) et pour la dernière partie de mon voyage, simplesimon et nebulamp. Je dois un remerciement tout particulier à Spades (Meng Chenxi), qui m’a appris beaucoup de choses, dont le moindre n’est pas la différence entre les verbes à v- et les verbes à b-. Merci à mes amis dans la vraie vie : Yuánmí, Nán Nán, Yùzhēn, Xiǎojīng, Gāo Gē, Yáng Chén, Zillia, Jí Zhé, Tashi Kyi, Barbora, Leïla, Roxane, Duōduō. Merci à mes parents, qui ont accepté un fils finalement bon à pas grand-chose. Merci à Juan. Les remerciements pour cette thèse se confondent en définitive avec des remercie- ments pour toute ma vie jusqu’ici. Ces centaines de pages sont là, un petit miracle. Je veux dire à Emily et Yùzhēn, « J’ai pu faire quelque chose. Ce n’est presque pas moi. » Pour cette alchimie qui a dépassé tous mes espoirs, je vous remercie tous : nɐtəkhéɲə jô La version finale de cette thèse a bénéficié de commentaires et de la relecture soi- gnée des membres de jury. Je remercie en particulier Alexis Michaud, Laurent Sagart et Guillaume Jacques pour leurs corrections du français de différentes versions du manuscit. Je suis seul responsable de la pléthore d’erreurs qui subsistent. Table des matières 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation . 1 1.2 Distribution géographique, dialectologie . 3 1.2.1 Zones dialectales . 3 1.2.2 Dialectologie . 8 1.2.3 Isoglosses phonologiques et l’histoire de la divergence dialectale 13 1.3 Ethnonymie et glossonymie . 18 1.4 Vitalité .
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