Stereotypes and Linguistic Prejudices in Europe (EFNIL Conference 2016)

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Stereotypes and Linguistic Prejudices in Europe (EFNIL Conference 2016) European Federation of National Institutions for Language Anna Dąbrowska / Walery Pisarek / Gerhard Stickel (eds.) Stereotypes and linguistic prejudices in Europe ContributionsISBN 978-3-936656-61-9 to the EFNIL Conference 2016 in Warsaw All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of EFNIL. ISBN 978-963-9074-68-2 © 2017 EFNIL – European Federation of National Institutions for Language www.efnil.org Published by the Research Institute for Linguistics Hungarian Academy of Sciences Benczur u. 33 H-1068 Budapest Layout and typesetting: Joachim Hohwieler ISBN 978-3-936656-61-9Cover design: Norbert Volz Preface Since its foundation in 2003, EFNIL, the European Federation of National Institu- tions for Language, has discussed at its annual conference topics that have special relevance for a multilingual Europe and the linguistic situation of individual European countries. The aim of the conferences is to exchange relevant informa- tion and experiences between the members of EFNIL, as well as to stimulate and strengthen awareness of the linguistic diversity of Europe among policy makers, educators, journalists and the general public. With this goal, EFNIL holds annual conferences every year in a different country. The 2016 conference was held in Warsaw at the Polish Academy of Science and was hosted by the Council for the Polish Language. The general theme was Stereotypes and linguistic prejudices in Europe. The General Assembly of EFNIL had selected this topic because of the influence that stereotypes and prejudices have had (and are still having) on the mutual perception of the various peoples and ethnic groups in Europe. Since stereotypes have mostly been studied from a social psychology perspec- tive, experts in this field were invited to present basic concepts and findings concern- ing national and ethnic stereotypes. Speakers from member institutions of EFNIL were invited to present reports on old and new stereotypes and prejudices concern- ing other countries and their citizens and groups within their own countries. As most of the members of EFNIL are linguists or philologists, special attention was paid to the verbal expression of stereotypes and prejudices in the various languages. This publication presents the written versions of the contributions to the War- saw conference. After the welcoming addresses and general statements of the host organisation, Polish officials and representatives of the Academy and the Euro- pean Commission, there is a brief introduction to the conference theme. We then present overviews and general discussions of stereotypes and prejudices as seen from the perspectives of political geography, social psychology, comparative literature, history, socio- and ethnolinguistics. This is followed by ten reports on common stereotypes and linguistic prejudices in various European countries. The volume concludes with a report on a panel discussion with representatives of four EFNIL member institutes from the Nordic states on the stereotypes held in their countries. As in previous publications, a list of the member institutions of EFNIL is added. The working languages of the conference were English, Polish, German and French. Most contributions or their parts are presented here in English. Several articles have brief abstracts in the native tongues of the various authors; by these means, we aim to give a clear indication of the rich linguistic diversity of European languages. 6 Preface – Przedmowa – Vorwort We would like to thank Joachim Hohwieler (Mannheim), Hilary Simpson (Oxford) and our EFNIL colleague Tamás Váradi (Budapest) for their efficient help in preparing all the various texts for publication both in print and online. Przedmowa Od czasu utworzenia w 2003 r. Europejska Federacja Narodowych Instytucji Językowych EFNIL omawia na corocznych konferencjach tematy, które mają szczególne znaczenie dla wielojęzycznej Europy i sytuacji językowej w poszcze- gólnych krajach europejskich. Celem takich konferencji jest wymiana istotnych informacji i doświadczeń między członkami EFNIL-u oraz budzenie i wzmacnianie świadomości zróżnicowania językowego Europy wśród polityków, nauczycieli, dziennikarzy i ogółu społeczeństwa. W tym celu EFNIL organizuje swoje doroczne konferencje co rok w innym kraju. W roku 2016 konferencja odbyła się w Warszawie; jej gospodarzem była Rada Języka Polskiego przy Prezydium Polskiej Akademii Nauk. Głównym tematem były Stereotypy i uprzedzenia językowe w Europie. Zgromadzenie Ogólne EFNIL wybrało ten temat ze względu na wpływ, jaki stereotypy i uprzedzenia wywierały i nadal wywierają na wzajemne postrzeganie różnych narodów i grup etnicznych w Europie. Ze względu na to, że stereotypy badano przede wszystkim jako zjawiska z zakresu psychologii społecznej, eksperci z tej dziedziny zostali zaproszeni do przedstawienia podstawowych pojęć i ustaleń odnoszących się do stereotypów narodowych i etnicznych. Z kolei referentów z członkowskich instytucji EFNIL-u poproszono o omówienie starych i nowych stereotypów i uprzedzeń dotyczących innych krajów i ich obywateli oraz grup mieszkańców własnego kraju. Ponieważ zaś większość członków EFNIL-u stanowią językoznawcy i filolodzy, ze szcze- gólną uwagą potraktowano słowne wyrażanie stereotypów i uprzedzeń w różnych językach. Niniejsza publikacja zawiera pisemne wersje wystąpień z warszawskiej konfe- rencji EFNIL-u. Po wypowiedziach powitalnych i ogólnych deklaracjach gospo- darzy, przedstawicieli władz polskich, Polskiej Akademii Nauk i Komisji Euro- pejskiej oraz krótkim wprowadzeniu do tematyki konferencji, zaprezentowane zostały przeglądy i ogólne omówienia stereotypów i uprzedzeń, oglądanych z perspektywy geografii politycznej, psychologii społecznej, literaturoznawstwa porównawczego, historii oraz socjo- i etnolingwistyki. Po nich następuje dziesięć referatów o pospolitych stereotypach i uprzedzeniach językowych w różnych kra- jach europejskich. Książkę zamyka sprawozdanie z debaty panelowej z udziałem przedstawicieli czterech, będących członkami EFNIL-u, instytucji z krajów nor- dyckich. Debata poświęcona była utrzymującym się wzajemnym stereotypom. Preface – Przedmowa – Vorwort 7 Jak w poprzednich tomach pokonferencyjnych, tak i w tym znalazła się na końcu lista instytucji członkowskich EFNIL-u. Roboczymi językami konferencji były: angielski, polski, niemiecki i francuski. Większość tekstów lub ich części w tym tomie drukujemy w języku angielskim. Niektórym artykułom towarzyszą krótkie streszczenia w ojczystym języku auto- rów. W ten sposób chcemy także wywołać wizualne wrażenie bogatej rozmaitości języków europejskich. Dziękujemy p. Joachimowi Hohwielerowi (Mannheim), p. Hilary Simpson (Oksford) i naszemu koledze z EFNIL-u Tamásowi Váradiemu (Budapeszt) za cenną pomoc w przygotowaniu wszystkich tekstów zarówno do publikacji trady- cyjnej, jak i w wersji online. Vorwort Seit ihrer Gründung 2003 behandelt EFNIL, die Europäische Föderation nationa- ler Sprachinstitutionen, bei ihren Jahrestagungen Themen von besonderer Bedeu- tung für das vielsprachige Europa und die sprachliche Situation der einzelnen europäischen Länder. Ziel dieser Tagungen ist es, relevante Informationen und Erfahrungen unter den Mitgliedern von EFNIL auszutauschen wie auch bei Politi- kern, Pädagogen, Journalisten und der Allgemeinheit das Bewusstsein für die die sprachliche Vielfalt in Europa anzuregen und zu verstärken. Mit diesem Ziel wer- den die Tagungen jedes Jahr in einem anderen Land abgehalten. Die Tagung 2017 fand in Warschau bei der Polnischen Akademie der Wissen- schaften statt. Gastgeber war der Rat für die polnische Sprache. Das Thema war Stereotypes and linguistic prejudices in Europe / Stereotype und sprachliche Vor- urteile in Europa. Die Hauptversammlung von EFNIL hatte dieses Thema gewählt, weil Stereotype und Vorurteile die wechselseitige Wahrnehmung der verschie- denen Völker und ethnischen Gruppen in Europa schon seit langem beeinflussen. Weil Stereotype vor allem als sozialpsychologische Phänomene erforscht wor- den sind, wurden Fachleute aus diesem Gebiet neben anderen Experten einge- laden, ihre wichtigsten Konzepte und Ergebnisse zu Stereotypen und Vorurteilen vorzustellen. Vertreter der Mitgliedsinstitute von EFNIL wurden eingeladen, über alte und neue Stereotype und Vorurteile gegenüber anderen Ländern, deren Be- wohner und zu Gruppen im eigenen Land zu berichten. Da die meisten Mitglieder von EFNIL Linguisten und Philologen sind, wurde besondere Aufmerksamkeit den sprachlichen Ausdrücken für Stereotype und Vorurteile in den verschiedenen Sprachen gewidmet. Die vorliegende Veröffentlichung bietet die schriftlichen Fassungen der Bei- träge zu der Warschauer Tagung. Nach den Grußadressen und allgemeinen Aus- führungen von Gastgebern, polnischen Offiziellen, Vertretern der Akademie und 8 Preface – Przedmowa – Vorwort der Europäischen Kommission und einer kurzen Einführung in das Tagungsthema folgen Überblicksdarstellungen und generelle Erörterungen von Stereotypen und Vorurteilen aus den Perspektiven von politischer Geographie, Sozialpsychologie, vergleichender Literaturwissenschaft, Geschichtswissenschaft und Sozio- und Ethnolinguistik. Zehn Berichte über verbreitete Stereotype und Vorurteile in ver- schiedenen europäischen Ländern schließen sich an. Den Abschluss bildet der Bericht über eine Podiumsdiskussion der Vertreterinnen von EFNIL-Instituten aus vier
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