! !! ! ! !ں೼တټक़חళჱ۫ܔ๘হጲ඗ԍࢺ૴௑ ! ጒ઄ݴဆڦ༬՚๟࡛ࣜDŽࡤջ࡛Dž ሀࡪĄ஛ূ౫˄-&, ! ',,-,˅ ᅉ࿦ఱĄྼܻઊܻ˄ 4-,,#T#0)3'*˅ ౅੗ઙຯĄద෌˄'!&-* 1300 7˅

ᴀкЁⱘഄ⧚ৡ⿄੠Փ⫼ⱘᴤ᭭ϡᰃϪ⬠㞾✊ֱᡸ㘨ⲳ៪݊㓪㗙ᇍӏԩ೑ᆊⱘ⊩ᕟഄԡǃ乚ೳ៪ 䴶⿃៪ㅵ⧚ᴗ៪݊䖍⬠ⱘⳟ⊩DŽߎ⠜⠽ⱘ㾖⚍ᑊϡϔᅮҷ㸼Ϫ⬠㞾✊ֱᡸ㘨ⲳ៪݊খϢ㒘㒛DŽ  ߎ⠜㗙ᯪϪ⬠㞾✊ֱᡸ㘨ⲳᯜ⨲຿Ḑ݄ᖋ

ᴗᯪϪ⬠㞾✊੠㞾✊䌘⑤ֱᡸ㘨ⲳ⠜

ߎѢᬭ㚆Ⳃⱘ㗠ϡᰃଚϮⳂⱘৃҹߎ⠜ℸкᯜ᮴䳔ᦤࠡк䴶⬇䇋⠜ᴗ᠔᳝㗙ⱘᡍޚᯜԚ㽕⊼ᯢߎ ໘DŽϡ㒣⠜ᴗ᠔᳝㗙ⱘк䴶ᡍޚᯜ⽕ℶ䫔ଂ៪⫼ѢଚϮⳂⱘDŽ

ᓩ᭛˖˖㑺㗄Ꮭ呺䞥ݰᯜӞ≗㗤Ꮭ㓈ᇨ༢ᇨ੠ሐৃᢝᮃᏝ〚⨲㓪ݭⱘljϪ⬠㞾✊ֱᡸ㘨ⲳᇍϰफѮ╂䯈 ߚᵤNJᯜ⨲຿Ḑ݄ᖋϪ⬠㞾✊ֱᡸ㘨ⲳ⠽⾡ᄬ㓁ྨਬӮ੠㣅މ⢊ᏺᷪᙃഄ⡍߿ᰃ咘⍋ᯘ৿⏸⍋ᯙⱘ ೑ࠥḹᅮᳳ᡹ਞ᎕Ꮆ፵፻፾DŽ፧ ፧ ߎ⠜োISBN 978-2-8317-1641-1

✻⠛ᯪᠬሐ·㥿ܟᯘTony Mokᯙᦤկᇕ䴶ᯜЁ೑⽣ᓎ䳲⌺ওⒽ⍖⾡ỡⱘ⍋㤝ᯫᵄ⏽·ᅝᯘJeongAhnᯙᦤ կ㄀13义✻⠛(photo page 13), ᴼϛᖋᒋᯘJan van der Kam ᯙᦤկ㄀7义೒3ᯫ䵴ѥঢ় ᯘJu Yung Kiᯙ ᦤկ㄀18义Ḛ೒2ᯫሐܟ·㥿⨲ ᯘNick Murrayᯙᦤկ䰘ᔩ9ⱘ೒10DŽ

ᴀߎ⠜⠽ৃҹҢϪ⬠ֱᡸ㘨ⲳߎ⠜᳡ࡵ䚼䮼㦋পᯜഄഔᰃᯪ

Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland ⬉䆱ᯪ+41 22 999 0000 Ӵⳳᯪ+41 22 999 0020 ᄤֵӊᯪ[email protected]⬉ 㔥ഔ˖www.iucn.org/publications

гৃ೼ҹϟ㔥ഔ㦋ᕫ˖www.iucn.org/asiancoastalwetlands ˅ѢϪ⬠㞾✊ֱᡸ㘨ⲳ˄IUCN݇

ᮍḜDŽIUCNⱘᎹއϪ⬠㞾✊ֱᡸ㘨ⲳᯜㅔ⿄IUCNᯜᐂࡽϪ⬠ᇏᡒ䞡໻⦃๗䯂乬੠থሩᣥ៬ⱘ㾷 ⧛԰乚ඳᰃ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻǃ⇨׭ব࣪ǃ㛑⑤ǃҎ㉏⫳䅵ǃϪ⬠㓓㡆㒣⌢DŽIUCNᬃᣕ⾥ᄺⷨおǃㅵ Ϫ⬠৘ഄⱘᅲഄ乍ⳂᯜϢᬓᑰǃ䴲ᬓᑰ㒘㒛ǃ㘨ড়೑੠݀ৌ݅ৠࠊᅮᬓㄪǃ⊩ᕟ੠᳔Շᅲ䏉DŽIUCN ᰃϪ⬠Ϟग़৆᳔ᙴЙǃ㾘῵᳔໻ⱘܼ⧗⦃๗㒘㒛DŽ᳝݅1200Ͼᬓᑰǃ䴲ᬓᑰ៤ਬ੠ᴹ㞾160Ͼ ೑ᆊⱘ11000ৡᖫᜓ㗙DŽIUCN೼Ϫ⬠Ϟ᳝45Ͼࡲџ໘ᯜ1000ৡᎹ԰Ҏਬᯜ䖬ᕫࠄ޴ⱒϾӭԈǃ䴲 ᬓᑰ㒘㒛੠⾕㧹ᴎᵘⱘᬃᣕDŽ㔥ഔᰃᯪwww.iucn.org

IUCN ⱘ⠽⾡⫳ᄬྨਬӮ

⠽⾡ᄬ㓁ྨਬӮᯘSSCᯙᰃIUCN݁Ͼᖫᜓ㗙ྨਬӮЁ᳔໻ⱘϔϾᯜܼ⧗᳝݅8000ৡϧᆊ៤ਬDŽ⠽⾡ ᄬ㓁ྨਬӮ䗮䖛IUCNⱘܼ⧗⠽⾡䅵ߦᓔሩᎹ԰ᯜ৥IUCNঞ݊៤ਬህ⠽⾡ֱᡸ⾥ⷨ੠ᡔᴃ੠ᦤ ߎᓎ䆂ᯜҹֱᡸ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻⱘ᳾ᴹDŽSSC䖬ᇍ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻֱᡸⳌ݇ण䆂ᦤկᎼ໻ⱘᡩܹDŽ㔥ഔᰃᯪ http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/species/about_ssc/index.cfm

IUCN Ѯ⌆ऎඳࡲџ໘

IUCN ⱘѮ⌆䅵ߦ⬅ IUCN Ѯ⌆⾬к໘े䆒ゟ೼⋄೑᳐䈋ⱘѮ⌆ऎඳࡲџ໘ᯘㅔ⿄ AROᯙㅵ⧚DŽ 䆹 ࡲџ໘Ϣ IUCN 䆒ゟ೼⨲຿Ḑ݄ᖋⱘᘏ䚼ֱᣕᆚߛⱘড়԰੠㘨㋏DŽIUCN Ѯ⌆⾬к໘᳝ 300 ৡᎹ ԰ҎਬᯜߚᏗ೼ᄳࡴᢝǃ᷀ඨᆼǃЁ೑ǃॄᑺǃ㗕ᣱǃሐᏩᇨǃᏈ෎ᮃഺǃᮃ䞠݄वǃ⋄೑੠䍞 फDŽЎᑨᇍѮ⌆䎼⬠⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ㅵ⧚ⱘᣥ៬੠ಲᑨ৘៤ਬⱘ㽕∖ˈѮ⌆ऎඳ䇗ᭈ៤ゟϝϾ⃵ऎඳಶ ԧᯜᅗӀᰃᯪϰफѮಶԧᯘ᷀ඨᆼǃॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯǃ㗕ᣱǃᮄࡴവǃ⋄೑ǃϰᏱ≊੠䍞फᯙᯫफѮ⃵ ऎඳಶԧᯘࣙᣀफѮⱘ᠔᳝೑ᆊᯙᯜ⬅ IUCN फѮ៤ਬ೑ҷ㸼䕂⌕䋳䋷ㅵ⧚ᯫ੠ϰ࣫Ѯ⃵ऎඳಶԧᯜ ⬅Ѯ⌆ऎඳЏӏⳈ᥹ㅵ⧚ᯜᑊϢЁ೑೑ᆊҷ㸼ᆚߛড়԰˄Ё೑ǃ㩭সǃ᮹ᴀǃᳱ剰੠䶽೑˅DŽ



Ⳃᔩ

ᠻ㸠ᨬ㽕 ...... … ii

1. ᓩ㿔 ...... 5

2. ⷨおᮍ⊩ ...... 6

3. ϰѮ੠ϰफѮⱘ╂䯈ᏺ ...... 7

䋼 – ╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄⱘ䞡㽕ᗻϢӋؐ ...... 8⠽≭⊹ .4

5. 䆚߿⡍߿ⱘഄഫ੠⠽⾡ ...... 9

6. ݊Ҫ⠽⾡੠᳡ࡵⱘᑇ㸠ϟ䰡 ...... 12

7. ᇍ╂䯈ᏺⱘ࿕㚕 ...... 15

8. ╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄⱘ⍜༅ ...... 18

9. ೳഄᓔൺᓩ䍋ⱘ⠽⾡ϟ䰡Ϣᷪᙃഄϻ༅П䯈ⱘⳈ᥹㘨㋏ ...... 21

10. ⏨Ϯⱘᕅડ ...... …24

11. ᇍೳഄ੠䋶ѻⱘ࿕㚕 ...... 24

12. ⍋ኌᏺᓔൺⱘ᥼ࡼ࡯ ...... 25

ᡸ᥾ᮑϢৃ⫼Ꮉ݋ὖ䗄 ...... 28ֱ .13

14. 㒧䆎 ...... 33

㟈䇶 ...... 33

㓽⬹䇁 ...... 34

খ㗗᭛⤂ ...... 36

䰘ᔩ1.ϰѮ╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄܼ⧗▦ॅ੠䖥ॅ⾡ৡᔩ ...... 47

䰘ᔩ2.ϰѮ-▇໻߽Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟ∈右ᯜᇸ݊ᰃ吏呀㉏݇䬂ऎඳঞ݋ԧ࿕㚕߫㸼……..52

䰘ᔩ3.Џ㽕䯂乬ǃ᥼ࡼ࡯੠ޣᇥ╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄ੠⫳⠽㕸ϻ༅ⱘৃ㛑㾷އᮍḜᯘ෎Ѣ ᭛⤂ಲ乒੠ϧᆊᡩܹᯙ ...... 63

䰘ᔩ4.ϢϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓Ⳉ᥹Ⳍ݇ⱘЏ㽕೑䰙乍Ⳃ⏙ऩ……………...... 69

䰘ᔩ5.ᕅડϡৠ೑ᆊ/ഄऎⱘ䯂乬߫㸼 ...... 70

䰘ᔩ6.Ϣֱᡸऎ᳝݇ⱘゟ⊩ㅵ⧚↨䕗ಲ乒…………………………………….……..71

䰘ᔩ7.೑ᆊ/ഄऎ⦃๗ᕅડ䆘Ӌ/៬⬹⦃๗䆘ӋᯘEIA/SEAᯙゟ⊩⿟ᑣ↨䕗㸼……………72

䰘ᔩ8.খࡴ໮䖍⦃๗णᅮ੠Ⳍ݇㸠ࡼᚙމ ...... 74

䰘ᔩ9.݇䬂ऎඳⱘḜ՟ⷨお ...... 75

䰘ᔩ10. খࡴ㄀6ሞ“ϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓ӭԈ݇㋏໻Ӯ”-2012ᑈ3᳜19-22᮹ᯜ፧ ੠খࡴ㄀9⃵“࣎ఈ呀㸠ࡼӮ䆂”-ॄሐᎼ␃-3᳜23-24᮹ⱘҷ㸼ৡऩ……...... 78

䰘ᔩ11. IUCNܹ߫ᴀ᡹ਞߚᵤⷨおⱘ 388ഫ⑓ഄ ...... 83

ኴႜቌᄲ!

IUCN ⠽⾡ᄬ㓁ྨਬӮ੠IUCNѮ⌆ऎඳࡲџ໘݅ৠ㓪ݭℸ⣀ゟ᡹ਞᯜ䆘Ԅ⊓ϰѮ-▇໻߽ ⠽⫳Ϣᴵӊᯜҹ֓ᑨᇍIUCN៤ਬᇍᏆ㒣ߎ⦄ⱘމ⢊㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓ᯘEAAFᯙ╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄⱘ ໮ḋᗻϟ䰡ǃ⫳ᗕ᳡ࡵࡳ㛑ϻ༅੠⫳ᗕ♒䲒᮹Ⲟ๲ࡴⱘ݇ߛDŽ䆹᡹ਞᰃϔ⾡⢊ᗕߚᵤᯜ࡯ ∖ᡒߎϔϾഄ⚍ᬊ䲚ࠄⳌ݇ⱘ᭄᥂ᑊߚᵤᯜҢ㗠ᦤߎ᭄᳝᥂ḍ᥂ⱘϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲 䏃㒓╂䯈ᏺ⢊މⱘ⏙᱄⬏䴶DŽᴀ᡹ਞ䆩೒ϡ䞛⫼ᓎ䆂ⱘᔶᓣᯜ㗠ᰃЎ䆹ऎඳⱘ᳝ᬓㄪᕅડ ࡯៪݋᳝އㄪᴗⱘⳌ݇ᴎᵘᦤկখ㗗䌘᭭DŽ

ᴀ᡹ਞՓ⫼∈右݇䬂⾡ⱘ⢊މϢ⾡㕸䍟࢓԰Ў╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄᯘ৿⍋Ⓗǃ⊐⋑ǃⒽ⍖ǃ㑶ᷥ ᒋⱘᣛ⼎⠽DŽ䆹᡹ਞߚᵤњ⊓ϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓ⱘ໻㑺390ഫعᵫ੠⍋㤝ᑞᯙ⦃๗ ᳝∈右ⱘ⍋ኌഄഫᯜৠᯊ䅸ᅮњ16໘݇䬂ऎඳDŽ᡹ਞ䅸Ўᯜ䖭ᴵ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟ᳝ѯ╂䯈ऎඳ ⢊މ䳔䞡⚍݇⊼DŽ⏨Ϯկ㒭੠⫳ᗕ᳡ࡵ䗤⏤䗔࣪ᯜ⫳ᗕ♒䲒ϡᮁ๲ࡴᯜҎ㉏⫳䅵ফࠄᕅડDŽ 㾖ᆳࠄⱘ∈右⾡㕸᭄䞣↣ᑈϟ䰡5–9%ᯘᵕᑺ▦ॅⱘ࣎ఈ呀Eurynorhynchus pygmeusϟ䰡 26%ᯙᯜᰃഄ⧗ϞӏԩϔϾ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳᠔㔩㾕ⱘDŽ䖕亲⠽⾡೼݊ᵕഄ᳔फ㓬㐕㚆ഄⱘ៤ࡳ㐕㚆 ੠໮᭄䍞ހഄⱘᯘ࣫㐕⠽⾡ᯙᄬ⌏ᰃҸҎ⒵ᛣⱘᯜ㟇ᇥ䇈ᯢ䙷䞠ⱘ⢽⣢ᰃৃᣕ㓁ⱘDŽ✊㗠ᯜ ⊓ⴔ䖕亲䏃㒓ⱘᷪᙃഄ䕀⿏ҡᄬ೼ᯢᰒ䯂乬DŽབϡ䞛প᳝ᬜ᥾ᮑᴹᬍবℸ⾡䍟࢓ᯜ䖭ᴵ䖕 亲䏃㒓᳝ৃ㛑⍜ѵᯜ݊⫳ᗕ᳡ࡵࡳ㛑೼ⷁᯊ䯈ݙህӮ㹿⸈ണDŽ

ሑㅵᭈϾ䖕亲䏃㒓᳝৘⾡࿕㚕ᯜ咘⍋ᯘ৿⏸⍋ᯙᰃ᳔ؐᕫ݇⊼ⱘ⛺⚍ˈᴀ᡹ਞЏ㽕䩜ᇍ䆹ऎඳ 16Ͼ݇䬂ഄഫЁⱘ6ϾDŽ೼䖭ѯഄഫЁˈ䴶Јⱘ᳔㋻䖿࿕㚕ᰃ⊓⍋䰚ഄⱘᓔൺDŽ䘹ᛳ੠ഄ⧚ ᙃ㋏㒳ᯘGISᯙ ߚᵤ㸼ᯢ咘⍋ⱘ䖭6ϾഄഫҢ20Ϫ㑾80ᑈҷ䍋╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄᑇഛᤳ༅35%DŽֵ བℸ໻䞣ⱘᤳ༅ৃ㛑ህᰃᴀऎඳ╂䯈ᏺ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻ੠⫳ᗕ㋏㒳᳡ࡵϟ䰡ⱘ݇䬂᥼ࡼ࡯DŽ

ᴀ᡹ਞಲ乒њ䗴៤⦃๗䗔࣪ⱘЏ㽕᥼ࡼ࡯DŽ䗮䖛䆘Ӌ৘⾡䖛⿟থ⦄ᯜᖙ䳔ᘶ໡੠䞡ᓎᓔথ䳔 Ϣ⦃๗䳔∖П䯈ⱘᑇ㸵ᯘࣙᣀ⊩ᕟǃ㵡䌘ǃᷪᙃഄϢ⠽⾡ֱᡸᯜᛣ䆚ᬭ㚆Ϣⶹ䆚ᯙᯜⳂࠡ䖭∖ ѯᮍ䴶ᰃ㭘ᔅⱘᯜ᳝ᯊ⫮㟇ᰃ༅ᐌⱘDŽᇍ᥼ࡼ࡯ⱘಲ乒ߚᵤߚ߿ᰃҢ೑ᆊ੠݋ԧഄഫϸϾሖ 䴶䖯㸠ⱘDŽᴀ᡹ਞᔎ䇗њ೼ֱᣕ⦄⢊ᚙ᱃ϟˈᇍ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻⱘ亢䰽ˈᇍ⊓⍋⼒ऎ⫳䅵ⱘ亢䰽 ঞᇍ㒣⌢ᡩ䌘ⱘ亢䰽DŽ亢䰽ⱘ┰೼࿕㚕䕗໻ˈࣙᣀ⏨Ϯ㒣⌢ᤳ༅੠⊓ኌජᏖ੠е䬛ⱘ㒣⌢ॅ ᆇ੠ᤳ༅DŽ

ˈߎњֱᡸܼ⧗⫳⠽໮ḋᗻⱘⳂᷛᡓ䇎خḍ᥂㢹ᑆ䞡㽕ⱘ໮䖍⦃๗ण䆂ˈ⊓䖕亲䏃㒓ⱘ೑ᆊ Ԛᰃ৺ሹ㸠њᡓ䇎㽕ⳟᴀ᡹ਞᣛߎⱘ⠽⾡⾡㕸ˈᷪᙃഄ᭄䞣੠䋼䞣ϟ䰡ⱘ䍟࢓ᰃ৺ᕫࠄ䘣 ࠊDŽϔϾ೑ᆊⱘ㒣⌢੠⦃๗ৃᣕ㓁ᗻৃ㛑Ӯ㹿䚏೑㸠ࡼ᠔⸈ണDŽ⦄᳝ⱘ৘⾡⍋⋟׵䆂ᕔᕔϡ 㛑᳝ᬜ㾷އ䖭ѯ݋ԧ䯂乬DŽҎ㉏ᖿ䗳ᓔথᇍ䖕亲䏃㒓ⱘ⠽⾡ѻ⫳њ䋳䴶ᕅડˈᇍ╂䯈ᏺ⫳ᗕ 㒳Ё᳝Ӌؐⱘ⫳ᗕ᳡ࡵࡳ㛑˄ᇍҎ㉏ᰃकߚ䞡㽕ⱘ˅г᳝䋳䴶ᕅડDŽ᮴䆎ᰃफ亲៪࣫亲ⱘ㋏ 䛑䳔㽕ᷪᙃഄˈሑㅵᅗӀ߽⫼ᷪᙃഄⱘϡৠ䚼ߚDŽ᠔ҹাֱᡸ䙷ѯ᳔དⱘഄഫ᮴ࡽѢֱ⾡⠽ ߚǃ᳝ᬜ੠ᑓ⊯ഄֱᡸᭈϾᷪᙃഄ㔥㒰DŽܙᡸܼ䚼䖕亲⠽⾡ⱘᭈϾ㔥㒰ˈᖙ䳔  ᰃ䗖ᔧⱘDŽ䖕亲䏃㒓ⱘ右㉏੠ᷪخߚᵤˈ≵᳝ᦤߎᓎ䆂ˈԚ៥Ӏ䅸Ў䖭ḋމ⢊ሑㅵ䖭ҙҙᰃ ᙃഄᰃϾ೑ᆊ᳝݅ⱘ㞾✊䘫ѻDŽᖙ乏䞛প໮⾡᥾ᮑᴹ䭓Йഄֱᡸ䖭ѯ䌘⑤ˈ಴ℸ᳝ᖙ㽕ᓔ ˈሩ೑䰙ড়԰DŽ䰸䴲ֱ䆕ᴀऎඳ催䗳㒣⌢থሩϢ⦃๗ֱᡸপᕫᑇ㸵ˈ৺߭㒣⌢៤ᵰᇚᰃⷁ᱖ⱘ ⸈ണᵕ᳝Ӌؐⱘ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳᳡ࡵᇚӮ↕♁㒣⌢៤ህˈҷӋ催ᯖⱘ⫳ᗕ♒䲒ᇚӮ᮹Ⲟ乥㐕থ⫳DŽ 

1. ᆅჾ!

╂䯈ᏺᯜे⍋⋟Ϣ⎵∈੠䰚ഄ⦃๗П䯈ⱘ⣁䭓ᷪᙃഄˈ⡍⚍ᰃ਼ᳳᗻ㹿╂∈⏍≵ǃ㓧വ੠ ⎸⊹≝⿃ᯘHealyet al. 2002ᯙDŽᅗӀᦤկⱘ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳᳡ࡵ᳝ᯪ亳⠽ǃ〇ᅮ⍋ኌǃ䰆ℶ亢ᲈǃ ᡸ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻᯜᑊϨ㒣ᐌᰃ⼒Ӯ⌏ࡼЁᖗᯘljगᑈ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳䆘Ԅ2005NJᯙDŽֱ

ህܼ⧗㗠㿔ᯜҢ1980ᑈ㟇2000ᑈ໻㑺᳝35%ⱘ㑶ᷥᵫϻ༅ᯘGiriet al. 2011ᯙ˗೼䖛এⱘ100ᑈ 㑺᳝30%ⱘ⍋㤝ϻ༅ᯘGiriet al. 2011ᯙDŽ╂䯈ᏺгᰃབℸᯜফࠄҎⱘᕅડᕜ໻DŽⳂࠡ៥Ӏᇍᅗ ӀⱘߚᏗǃ⢊މ੠䍟࢓ⶹП⫮ᇥᯘHealyet al. 2002, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment2005, Keddy 2010ᯙDŽԚᰃѮ⌆╂䯈ᏺᤳ༅䗳⥛㑺ㄝѢ៪໻ѢᏆ䆄ᔩⱘ㑶ᷥᵫᯘGiri et al. 2011ᯙǃ⛁ ᏺᵫᯘAchard et al. 2002ᯙ੠⍋㤝ᯘWaycott et al. 2009ᯙ⍜༅䗳⥛DŽ՟བ䖛এⱘ50ᑈᯜЁ೑Ⓖ⍋⑓ ഄᯘࣙᣀ⊐⋑ᯙ⍜༅њ51%ᯘAn et al. 2007bᯙᯜ᮹ᴀ⍜༅њ40%ᯜ䶽೑⍜ ༅њ60%ᯜᮄࡴവ⍜༅ њ70%ҹϞᯘHilton & Manning 1995, Yeeet al. 2010ᯙDŽ

⧛⠽੠⦃๗ব࣪ⱘӬ⾔ᣛ⼎⠽DŽᅗӀⱘ⫳ᗕԡᑓ⊯ᯜՓ⫼໮⾡亳⠽੠މ⢊ᒋع右㉏ᰃ⦃๗ 䌘⑤ᯜᅗӀᇍ⦃๗ব࣪ᬣᛳDŽᮽ೼19Ϫ㑾ᯜ㺙ܹㄐЁⱘ䞥ϱ䲔⫼Ѣ䞛ⷓϮᯜৃҹᣛ⼎ߎⷓݙ ੐਌ぎ⇨䋼䞣ᰃ৺ᅝܼDŽ៥Ӏ䖬߽⫼右㕸᭄䞣ⱘ⊶ࡼথߎ⦃๗亢䰽䄺᡹ᯘRogerset al. 2006cᯙDŽӫ໮ⱘ右㉏ᄺᆊ੠ⷨおҎਬⷨお੠ⲥ⌟右㉏ᯜ㦋প䖘ҞЎℶ᳔ܼ䴶ⱘ右㉏⾡㕸ⱘ ߽⫼䞥ϱ䲔ϔḋᯜ᳔䖥᳝᡹ਞ䇈ϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟⱘ∈右ϟ䰡ᯘ䖕亲ڣᯊ䯈ব࣪DŽ 䏃㒓೒1ᯙˈ㸼ᯢ⦃๗᳝䞡໻ব࣪ᯜ䳔㽕㋻ᗹ䇗ᶹDŽ೼ϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟⱘফ࿕ 㚕ⱘ∈右⠽⾡᭄䞣催ѢϪ⬠Ϟ݊Ҫ7ᴵЏ㽕䖕亲䏃㒓ᯘKirby 2010;㾕೒2ᯙDŽ䖭ѯ⠽⾡໻䚼 ߚձ䌪╂䯈ᏺᯜ⡍߿ᰃ24⾡ܼ⧗ফ࿕㚕ⱘ៪䖥ॅⱘ吏呀㉏右ǃ∈⾑ǃ⨉呁ǃ吸㉏ǃ⍋右੠ 吜吩ᯘIUCN2011ᯙᯜ䖬᳝݊Ҫ9⾡吏呀㉏右ℷ೼ᅵ䆘Ёᯜৃ㛑ߚ㉏Ўফ࿕㚕⠽⾡៪䖥ᳳ䖥ॅ ⠽⾡DŽ

ᄬ㛑䞣⫼Ѣ䭓䎱ټ㛑䞣੠ܙℛഄᰃ䖕亲右㸹ذℛഄᯘذ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟ╂䯈ᏺⱘ⍜༅ᯜ⡍߿ᰃ ⾏亲㸠ⱘഄ⚍ᯙᯜᇍѢ吏呀㉏右⾡㕸㟇݇䞡㽕ᯘMyerset al. 1987, Goss-Custardet al. 1995, Bakeret al.2004, Buehler & Piersma 2008, Warnock 2010, Rakhimberdiev et al. 2011ᯙDŽ᭄ҹ ⱒϛ䅵ⱘ吏呀㉏右೼䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟ亲㸠ᯜѮ⌆ⱘ╂䯈ᏺᏆ㒣៤Ў䆹䏃㒓ϞⱘЏ㽕⫊乜ᯘBarter 2002, 2003, Bamfordet al. 2008, Caoetal. 2009, Rogers et al. 2010, Yang et al. 2011aᯙDŽ

╂䯈ᏺᰃ޴ⱒ⾡右ᯘ᭄䞣᳝޴ⱒϛাᯙⱘ䞡㽕ᷪᙃഄᯜгᰃ⍋啳ㄥᎶഄǃѮ⌆⍋䉍㐕Ⅺഄǃ䞡 㽕㒣⌢剐㉏ⱘ㐕Ⅺഄ੠᭄ग⾡᮴㛞Ợࡼ⠽ⱘᆊುDŽⳂࠡѮ⌆䆌໮ձ䌪╂䯈ᏺⱘ⠽⾡໘Ѣೄ ๗Ё˗՟བ᳝5⾡╂䯈ᏺ⍋㤝ᰃܼ⧗ফ࿕㚕⠽⾡ᯘShortet al. 2011ᯙᯜৄ⑒⍋ኵϰ䚼ॄ໾⋟偐 ⍋䈮ेЁढⱑ⍋䈮ᯘSousa chinensisᯙᰃᵕॅ⠽⾡ᯘRosset al. 2010ᯙDŽ

ǃ䍟࢓੠࿕㚕ⱘֵᙃᯜ⹂ᅮњ᳔໻⸈ണ亢䰽ⱘމ⢊ߚᵤ㓐ড়њᏆ᳝ⱘ݇Ѣމ⢊IUCNথ䍋ⱘ ऎඳᯜᦤߎњֱᡸ䖭ѯ䞡㽕⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘᣛᇐ㒆㽕DŽЎњᅠ៤ℸ乍㓐ড়ߚᵤᯜᇍ3乍݇䬂ᡩܹ 䖯㸠њ䆘ᅵᯪ(i)䆺ሑᅵ䯙Ꮖ㒣থ㸼੠ᇮ᳾থ㸼ⱘ᭛⤂ᯫ(ii)ߚᵤ৘⾡ᴹ⑤ⱘᏆ㒣থ㸼੠ᇮ ᳾থ㸼ⱘ᭄᥂ᯫ੠(iii)ऎඳϧᆊ੠ᔧഄϧᆊⱘᡩܹDŽ

೒ 1. A)吏呀㉏右ⱘ 8 ᴵ䖕 亲䏃㒓B)ϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ ᯘ ᯙ 䖕亲䏃㒓 EAAF DŽㆁ༈㸼⼎ 䖕亲∈右೼ܼ⧗ⱘ໮⾡䏃㒓 ᯘ Boere & Stroud 2006, Bamfordet al. 2008ᯙDŽᅲ䰙Ϟᯜ ϔ⾡右ⱘ䖕亲䏃㒓ৃҹ㽚Ⲫ䆹 䏃㒓ⱘ໻䚼ߚᯜৃҹ䖲㓁ഄ৥ फ៪৥࣫亲㸠ᯘMintonet al. ᯙ 2011, Battleyet al. 2012 DŽ৥ 㐕Ⅺഄⱘ亲㸠໻໮䲚Ё೼咘⍋ ᯘ৿⏸⍋ᯙᯜᰃ↣ᑈ 3 㟇 5 ᳜ⱘ Џ㽕ⱘࡴ⊍キ

ჺ৯ݛ݆ .2

㓐䗄

⢊މߚᵤᰃ೼ᇍ᭛⤂䌘᭭⏅ܹ㋏㒳ⱘⷨお෎⸔Ϟᑊ㵡ড়њϧᆊᛣ㾕੠ܼ⧗ⱘᡩܹDŽᑓ⊯ഄᬊ 䲚ǃᭈ⧚੠ߚᵤ∈右ǃ䗝ᅮⱘ⾡㕸ǃᷪᙃഄϻ༅੠ফ࿕㚕䖛⿟ⱘ᭄᥂ᯜҢ㗠߸ᅮҔМᰃֱᡸ ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻ᳔䞡㽕੠᳔㛚ᔅⱘऎඳDŽߚᵤⱘ䞡⚍ᰃ˖ાѯ᥼ࡼ࡯䗴៤њ╂䯈ᏺ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ঞ݊ ᦤկ᳡ࡵⱘϹ䞡ϻ༅៪ᇍ݊ᔶ៤њ࿕㚕ᯜࣙᣀϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓ᭈԧ੠⡍߿䞡㽕ⱘ ഄഫ˗䖛এǃ⦄೼੠ᇚᴹⱘ╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄೳഄᓔൺ䅵ߦᇍાϔϾഄഫ亢䰽᳔໻DŽᏆ㒣᳝޴乍 Ḝ՟ⷨおᦤկњഄഫⱘ䆺㒚ֵᙃᯜᣛᯢњ᳔ফ࿕㚕ⱘഄഫ៪ᇍ∈右䖕亲᳔䞡㽕ⱘഄഫDŽ

᭄᥂Ϣ᭄᥂ᑧ

ϧᆊⱘᓩܹ  ,8&1ᘏᑆџ৥Ϣᴀ乍ⷨお⍝ঞⱘ৘೑੠ऎඳᬓᑰঞ䴲ᬓᑰ㒘㒛ⱘⳌ݇䚼䮼থߎњ∛ᘏџᅲ ੠ᛣ㾕ⱘ䇋∖DŽᴀ乍ⷨお਌ᬊњҪӀড作ⱘᛣ㾕DŽℸ໪ˈ԰㗙ӀখࡴњϰѮ▇໻߽㽓Ѯ 䖕亲䏃㒓ӭԈ݇㋏㄀݁⃵Ӯ䆂ˈҪӀ೼䆹Ӯ䆂ϞϢϧᆊӀ੠ᬓᑰᅬਬ䖯㸠њ⏅ܹⱘⷨ䅼DŽ  右ⱘ⾡㕸

෎Ѣᬊ䲚ⱘ᭄᥂੠⠽⾡ᇍ⦃๗ব࣪ⱘᬣᛳᑺᯜ៥Ӏ䗝ᢽњ╂䯈ᏺ੠╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄ㣗ೈⱘ∈ 右ᯘࣙᣀ吏呀㉏ᯜབ呀ǃ吏੠≭䫹㉏ᯜ㾕䰘ᔩ1ⱘৡᔩᯙᯜᅗӀᰃ៥ӀߚᵤЁ᳔ᙄᔧⱘᣛ⼎⠽DŽ މ⢊ᒋعᷪᙃ೼╂䯈ᏺⱘ∈右ԡѢ亳⠽䫒ⱘ乊㑻ˈ㒭៥Ӏᦤկњ᳔ᮍ֓ǃ᳔᳝࡯ⱘ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳 ⱘᣛ⼎ᯘMalloryet al. 2006ᯙᯜৠᯊ៥Ӏ᳝䖭ѯ右㉏㡃དⱘ⠽⾡ⲥ⌟᭄᥂ᯘLiet al. 2007, 2009b, Bamfordet al. 2008ᯙDŽ᭄᥂ᑧЁ᳝ձᄬѢϰѮ╂䯈ᏺঞ݊ᷪᙃഄⱘ155⾡∈右ⱘЄᆠᑺǃߚ ㄝ䆺㒚ֵᙃDŽ೼155Ͼ⠽⾡Ё᳝24⾡ܼ⧗ফ࿕㚕ⱘ⠽⾡ ᯘབᵕॅ⠽⾡ǃ▦ॅ៪މ⢊Ꮧǃֱᡸ 㛚ᔅ⠽⾡ᯜ㾕IUCNফ࿕㚕⠽⾡㑶㡆ৡᔩwww.iucnredlist.orgᯙ៪䖥ॅ⠽⾡ᯘ㾕䰘ᔩ1ᯙ˗711⾡ 䖕ᕭ吏呀㉏右ᯜࣙᣀ⍋叹Ϣ➩叹ᯘ㾕㄀5䚼ߚᯙDŽℸ໪ᯜ៥Ӏᦤկњᴀߚᵤ䞛⫼ⱘ݇䬂ऎඳݙᶤ ѯ吏呀㉏⾡㕸ᔧࠡ䍟࢓ⱘ᭄᥂ᯜҹঞᭈԧ䖕亲䏃㒓ⱘ⢊މᯘḍ᥂ᯚ຿݄໻ᄺ੠▇໻߽㽓Ѯ ⍝⾑ⷨお㒘ᦤկⱘ᭄᥂ᯙDŽ

䞡㽕ഄഫϢ݇䬂ऎඳ

䗮䖛ᇍ䞡⚍右ऎᯘ೑䰙右ⲳ2001ᯙᯜϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓ⱘ䖕ᕭ∈右ӭԈഄഫǃ吏呀㉏ 右೑䰙䞡㽕ഄഫᯘBamfordet al. 2008ᯙᯜ⍋ኌֱᡸഄㄝֵᙃⱘᭈ⧚ᯜ䅸ᅮњ388ഫ⍋ኌഄഫ߫ ܹᴀ乍ⷨおЁᯘ䰘ᔩ11ᯙDŽҢܼ䚼ഄഫЁ⹂ᅮњϔ㒘ഄഫᯘ䰘ᔩ11ᯜ㉫ԧᯙ݋᳝໻䞣߫Ўܼ⧗ ফ࿕㚕៪䖥ॅ∈右ᯜϔᑈЁӏԩᯊ䯈䛑᳝催ᑺ໮ḋᗻ੠໻㾘῵⾡㕸ⱘ吏呀㉏右DŽ⡍߿ᰃ䖭 ϔ㒘ഄഫ಴ЎҹϟϝϾ಴㋴㗠៤ЎӋ᳔ؐ催ⱘഄഫᯪ

1. ܼ⧗ফ࿕㚕ⱘ੠䖥ॅⱘ吏呀㉏⠽⾡᭄Ⳃ੠݊Ҫ╂∤∈右ⱘ᭄Ⳃᯫ

ᔧࠡ吏呀㉏右ⱘ᭄Ⳃ催Ѣ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟⱘ⾡㕸᭄䞣ⱘ1% (ϔᑈЁⱘ᳔催᭄ؐ)ᯫ.2

3.吏呀㉏右ⱘᘏ䞣

Ўߚᵤ᳔㒜ഄഫ㒘ᯜ៥Ӏᣝ✻ഄ⧚ԡ㕂ᡞᅗӀᬒ೼݇䬂ऎඳݙDŽᕐℸ᥹䖥ⱘഄഫᯜབᵰᅗӀ ⊓ⴔ╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄⱘ䖲㓁ᓊ䭓ᮍ৥ᯜህৃҹ䅸ЎᅗӀᰃৠϔϾ݇䬂ऎඳDŽ㹿䅸ᅮⱘ݇䬂ऎ ඳ᳝݅16Ͼᯘ䰘ᔩ2㄀5䚼ߚᯙDŽ䗮䖛ᇍᏆ㒣থ㸼ⱘ੠ᇮ᳾থ㸼ⱘϡৠᴹ⑤ⱘ᭄᥂䖯㸠ᅵ䯙ᯜ 䗮䖛ϧᆊ੼䆶䖛⿟ᯜᅠ៤↣ϔϾ݇䬂ऎඳⱘߚᵤᯜҢ㗠ᕫߎ:

ᡸഄⱘ㽚Ⲫ㣗ೈᯘ䰘ᔩ2ᯙᯫֱ .1

1 ϡࣙᣀ♄༈呺叵ᯘVanellus cinereus,ᯙǃ▇ ⌆ ➩ 吏 ᯘStiltia isabellaᯙᯜ޸༈呺叵ᯘVanellus vanellusᯙ,䭓ఈࠥ 吏ᯘCharadrius placidusᯙ,ᅗӀϡՓ⫼╂䯈ᏺⒽ⍖੠/៪ᅮᷪⱘ

ᯜ᮴䆎ᰃ೑ݙ䖬ᰃ೑䰙ᯜᏆ㒣ᰃ৺ᇚܹ݊߫೑䰙䞡㽕މ⢊བৃ㛑ᯜ↣Ͼ݇䬂ऎඳⱘֱᡸ  ⑓ഄৡᔩ៪԰Ў׭䗝ᯘ೑䰙右ⲳ2005ᯙᯘ䰘ᔩ2ᯙᯫḍ᥂Ϟ䗄಴ᄤᕫߎⱘ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻ⡍⚍ᯘඍᔩ ᯙᯫ፧  3. ╂䯈ᏺ⑓ഄ೼2000ᑈҹࠡ੠ᔧࠡᯘ2010ᑈҹৢᯙⱘ䴶⿃DŽབ᳝ৃ㛑ᯜ߽⫼Ꮖ㒣থ㸼ⱘ䌘 ⑤DŽབᵰϔϾऎඳ≵᳝ৃҹՓ⫼ⱘֵᙃᯜ៥ӀৃҹՓ⫼ᇮ᳾থ㸼ⱘϰѮ╂䯈ᏺ䘹ᛳ䌘᭭ ᯘMurray et al. ᇮ᳾থ㸼ⱘ᭄᥂ᯙDŽ݇Ѣ╂∤ऎඳⱘ㣗ೈᯜৃҹ߽⫼Ꮖⶹ╂∤催ᑺⱘLandsat ऎ߿ᯜৃҹ᥂ℸ䅵ㅫϸϾᯊᳳП䯈ⱘ╂∤Ⓗ⍖ڣ䌘᭭䅵ㅫDŽ߽⫼催╂੠Ԣ╂ⱘ೒ڣि᯳೒ 䴶⿃ⱘޣᇥ䞣ᯘ䰘ᔩ2ᯙᯫ

4. ೳഄᓔൺᇍ╂䯈⑓ഄ↨՟ⱘᕅડᯘ㸼4੠䰘ᔩ2ᯙᯫ

5. ᇍ䖭ѯഄഫⱘ᥼ࡼ࡯Ϣ࿕㚕DŽ

ᴀ乍ⷨおᦤկḜ՟ⷨおᯜࣙᣀϔѯ᳔ফ࿕㚕៪ᇍ∈右᳔䞡㽕ⱘഄഫᯘ䰘ᔩ9ᯙDŽ

ᬓㄪߚᵤ

ᬓㄪߚᵤࣙᣀ⹂ᅮ⍋ኌ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳Џ㽕࿕㚕੠ᡒߎ䖭ѯ࿕㚕㚠ৢⱘЏᇐॳ಴DŽ䖬ࣙᣀᬓㄪ⊩㾘 ⼒ᅵ䆘ᯜ⦃๗ᕅડ䆘ӋᯘEIAᯙ੠៬⬹⦃๗ᕅડ䆘ӋᯘSEAᯙ䖛⿟ᯜֱᡸഄᯘPAᯙ㣗ೈᯜҹঞ䆹೑ Ӯ㒣⌢থሩ㉏ൟ੠ㅵ⧚DŽ៥Ӏ䞛⫼෎Ѣϧᆊᛣ㾕ⱘㅔऩㄝ㑻䆘ߚDŽ

݀ӫⱘᅵ䆘

㗫ᯊϾ᳜ⱘᯊ䯈䖯㸠њ݀ӫᅵ䆘ᯜ↣Ͼ೑ᆊⱘᅬਬ੠Ⳍ݇ᮍᇍ᡹ਞܼ᭛䖯㸠ᅵ䆘ᯜᦤߎҪ Ӏⱘᛣ㾕DŽ㒣䖛ᭈ⧚ᯜ䖭ѯᛣ㾕Ꮖ㒣㒇᳔ܹ㒜᡹ਞDŽ

!ټक़חڦჱࢅ۫ళჱ۫ .3

ϰѮ੠ϰफѮⱘ╂䯈ᏺҢЁ೑੠䶽೑䍋Ⳉࠄ䍞फǃ᷀ඨᆼǃ⋄೑ǃ偀ᴹ㽓Ѯञቯ⍋ኌҹঞ 㓙⬌੠ᄳࡴᢝ࣫䚼⍋ኌᯜ㓉ᓊ34,000݀䞠DŽབᵰ䅵ㅫ᮹ᴀ⦃ቯ⍋ኌҹঞϰⲳቯ೑㧆ᕟᆒǃ偀 ᴹ㽓Ѯ˄ҹϰ˅ǃॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯǃ᭛㦅ǃᮄࡴവ੠ϰᏱ≊ᯜ݊䭓ᑺ䖒12.8ϛ݀䞠DŽ

Ѯ⌆ⱘ⍋ኌҢᆦ⏽ᏺࠄ⛁ᏺᯜᦤկњ໮⾡ᷪᙃഄᯜ᮶᳝⊹Ⓗഄᯜг᳝≭Ⓗഄᯜ᳝⊐⋑੠㑶ᷥ ᵫDŽ䖭ѯᷪᙃഄ䛑ᰃ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻЄᆠഄऎᯜᇍѢ৘⾡⫳⠽ᰃकߚ䞡㽕DŽᅗӀᦤկकߚ᳝Ӌؐ ⱘ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳᳡ࡵᯜᬃᣕӫ໮Ҏ㕸ⱘ⫳䅵ᯘ㾕㄀4䚼ߚᯙDŽѮ⌆ⱘ໻⊇བ咘⊇ǃ䭓∳ǃ㑶⊇ǃ␘ ∤╂ǃӞ⋯⪺ᑩ∳ǃ㧼ᇨ⏽∳੠ᘦ⊇⊇ষ⑓ഄᇍѢ䞢⫳ࡼ⠽᳝⡍߿ⱘӋؐDŽ䖭ѯ⊇⌕ⱘ⊆݀ ⊇ষᰃܼ⧗ফ࿕㚕∈右᳔䞡㽕ⱘᷪᙃഄᯘ㾕䰘ᔩ2ᯙ፧ ፧

೒2.Ϫ⬠䖕亲䏃㒓Ёܼ⧗ ফ࿕㚕੠䖥ॅ∈右ⱘᘏ᭄ Ϣ↨՟DŽ

ᨬ㞾KirbyⱘߚᵤϢ೒㸼 ᯘ2010ᯙ፧

ܼ⧗ফ࿕㚕੠䖥ॅⱘ 䖕亲∈右⾡ⱘ↨՟

Ѯ⌆ⱘϰ⍋ኌ㒓ᰃ䆌໮⠽⾡ⱘ䖕亲䏃㒓ᯜᅗӀ೼֘㔫ᮃϰ࣫੠䰓ᢝᮃࡴㄥᎶѻॉᯜ೼Ѯ ⌆ᯜ៪೼▇໻߽㽓Ѯफッⱘ䴲㐕ⅪᳳᷪᙃDŽ䆌໮⠽⾡↣ᑈ䛑⊓ⴔ䖭ᴵ䖕亲䏃㒓ᴹᕔ亲㸠ᯜ Ң࣫ᵕࠄॄᑺሐ㽓ѮᯘབBattleyet al. 2005, Crosslandet al. 2010, Iqbalet al. 2010ᯙᯜг᳝Ң 㽓䚼ⱘᄳࡴᢝࠄफ䚼ⱘᮄ㽓݄ᯘབMelville & Battley 2006ᯙ੠▇໻߽ѮᯘབBarrettet al. 2003, Gosbell & Clemens 2006ᯙDŽ  ೼ϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟ㟇ᇥ᳝33⾡ܼ⧗ফ࿕㚕੠䖥ॅ右㉏ᯘ݊Ё᳝24⾡右催ᑺഄձ 䌪Ѣ╂䯈ᏺᯙᯜ঺໪䖬᳝9⾡吏呀㉏右ৃ㛑ेᇚ㹿߫Ўܼ⧗ফ࿕㚕៪䖥ॅⱘ⠽⾡ᯘ㾕䰘ᔩ1ᯙDŽ ೼䖭ᴵ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟⱘ∈右੠ܼ⧗ফ࿕㚕៪䖥ॅ右㉏໮ѢϪ⬠Ϟ݊ҪЏ㽕ⱘ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟⱘ 右ᯘKirby 2010ᯙᯘ೒2ᯙDŽ

ᯜԚᑨᔧ䇈ᯢᯜ࿕㚕ϡҙᄬ೼Ѣ䖕亲䏃㒓ⱘѮ⌆䚼ߚᯜ֘މሑㅵᴀ乍ⷨおϡ㛑㽚Ⲫ᠔᳝ᚙ 㔫ᮃ䖬᳝5000 – 6000݀䞠䞡㽕ⱘ⍋ኌ㒓ᯜᰃ䖭ᴵ䖕亲䏃㒓ⱘ࣫ッDŽⳂࠡ䖭ϔഄऎᇮ᳾໻䞣 ≴ࠄ㧼જᵫⱘ⊍⇨੠␃ষᓎ䆒ᯜᑊܟᓔথᯜԚ֘೑ℷࡴᖿᓔথ䗳ᑺˈᇸ݊ᰃҢヺᢝ䖾≗ᮃᠬ ᳝ᓎゟֱᡸഄDŽ     ዘᄲႠᇑॏኵڦں೼တټक़חౄ෭࿿ዊĊĊ.4

ϔⳈҹᴹˈ╂䯈ᏺ৥Ҏ㉏ᦤկњ໻䞣䋶ᆠ੠᳡ࡵDŽᮽᳳⱘҎ㉏⅟傌໮Ϣ䋱໇೼ϔ䍋㹿থ⦄ˈ 䇈ᯢ䖭Ͼऎඳⱘ䞡㽕ᗻˈᰃᤩ⣢ᬊ㦋ⱘഄᮍDŽҎ㉏ⱘ亳䈅ᠽ໻ࠄ剐ǃ右੠⠀㸠ࡼ⠽ˈ䖭ѯ ഛ೼⍋ኌ㒓Ϟথ⦄DŽ᥂ᬓᑰᦤկⱘ᭄ᄫˈऩᰃЁ೑೼  ᑈህ᳝  ϛҎҢџ⍋⋟ᤩᤲˈ 0DUWLQ˅ˈ݊Ё ᰃ೼⍋ኌᏺᅲ⦄ⱘDŽ DQVRQ+˄ܗ㦋⠽Ӌؐ  ғ㕢ᤩ  ⍋ኌ㒓ⱘϔϾࡳ㛑ᰃ㘮䲚ⷖǃ⊹ǃॉ⷇ǃ⍋䖍ỡ㹿ˈ䖭ѯ䛑䍋ࠄޣ㓧⍋⌾ⱘ԰⫼DŽ㓧വޣ䕏 ⍋⌾ˈ᳝߽Ѣᴥᑘǃ␃ষ੠ජᏖⱘᅝܼˈֱᡸ䰘䖥ⱘݰϮDŽ䖭ѯ⊹≭ㄝ≝⿃⠽᳝߽Ѣ⍋⋟ⱘ ˅⺇ᄬ⺇˄㪱ټ⏙⋕੠ֱᣕ催ⱘ⫳ѻ࡯ˈᑊ㛑⍜䰸ぎ⇨Ϣ∈Ёⱘ∵ᶧ⠽DŽ䖭ѯᷪᙃഄ㹿䅸Ў㛑 ˄'HFKR˅DŽ  ᒋⱘỡ㹿ǃ⍋㤝ᑞǃ⍋㯏ᑞ੠㑶ᷥᵫ㛑ᇍᡫৄ亢੠亢ᲈˈг㛑䰡Ԣഄ䳛乥থⱘഄऎ⍋ୌع ⱘ⸈ണ࡯˄&DOGHFRWW :LFNUHPDVLQJKH˅DŽ៥Ӏⶹ䘧  ᑈॄሐѮ唤ⳕথ⫳Ꮌ໻ ᇥњᇍᷪᙃഄⱘ⸈ണ˄&KDQJHWޣᒋⱘ⦞⨮ǃ㑶ᷥᵫ៪݊Ҫ⍋ኌỡ㹿໻໻عⱘ⍋ୌˈ䙷ѯ DO)RUEHV %URDGKHDG˅DŽ  ╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄᰃഄ⧗Ϟ⫳ѻ࡯᳔催ⱘᷪᙃഄDŽ╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄˈࣙᣀ╂∤Ⓗ⍖ǃ╂∤⊐⋑੠ 㑶ᷥᵫˈֱᡸⴔ䆌໮剐੠⬆໇㉏ࡼ⠽ⱘѻॉऎ੠㐕Ⅺऎˈ⊓⍋剐㉏催ᑺഄձ䌪Ѣ䖭ѯ╂䯈 ⨭⦞ᏺDŽ˄

Ё೑⍋ኌ⑓ഄᤳ༅њ ˄ϡܼᰃ╂䯈ᏺ˅ˈ䖭ህᰃ䇈↣ᑈᤳ༅  ғ㕢ܗDŽ䖭乍⫳ᗕ㋏㒳 ᳡ࡵⱘᤳ༅ᰃЁ೑ೈ⍋䗴⬄ᓩ䍋ⱘˈ໻㑺ᰃ  ғ㕢ܗᑈ˄&&,&('E˅DŽ %HQQHWW 5H\QROGV  ᣛߎˈ㑶ᷥᵫϡҙᦤկ໻䞣ⱘ᳡ࡵˈ㗠ϨЎ໻䞣Ҏষᦤկ⫳䅵DŽ ᔧ╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄ㹿䕀࣪ЎҪ⫼ˈ䗮䖛⍋ѻݏⅪǃ෎⸔ᓎ䆒੠݊ҪᎹ԰೎✊᳝催ᬊⲞˈԚᰃ݊ Ҫⱘ⼒Ӯ੠䋶ᬓӋؐᕫϡࠄछؐˈ㗠া㛑ᰃᤳ༅˄:DQJHWDOE˅DŽ     ੷ࢅ࿿ዖںڦ՚༬՚๎ .5

右㉏ϟ䰡

⍋ኌⱘ╂䯈ᏺᰃ⣁じⱘDŽ⍝ঞⱘ䴶⿃гᕜᇣᯜ㗠Ϩकߚ㛚ᔅᯜӮᕜᖿ⍜༅DŽᅲ䰙Ϟ᳝ѯ೑ᆊ Ꮖ㒣ϻ༅њ40%ࠄ50%ⱘ╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄᯘDavidson 2011ᯙDŽ咘⍋ᯘ৿⏸⍋ᯙᰃᷪᙃഄᤳ༅᳔໻ⱘ ഄऎᯘ䆺㾕㄀8䚼ߚᯙᯜ䙷䞠᳝䆌໮䖕亲䏃㒓ᯘBarter 2002, Heo 2000, Yi 2003, 2004ᯙDŽ

ձ䌪╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄⱘ໮ᰃ׭右ᯜ↣ᑈ䛑⊓ⴔϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓亲㸠DŽᅗӀ亲䍞໻⌆੠ ೑ᆊᯜ᠔ҹᅗӀᰃܼ⧗੠ᔧഄ᳔ߎ㡆ⱘ⦃๗ᣛ⼎⠽ᯘBattleyet al. 2008ᯙDŽ೼155⾡∈右Ё㟇 ᇥ᳝50⾡׭右ձ䌪ϰѮ╂䯈ᏺঞ݊ᷪᙃഄᯜ䖬᳝঺໪21⾡⍋叹੠➩叹催ᑺձ䌪ϰѮ-▇໻߽ 㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓ⱘ╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄᯘ㸼2ᯙDŽ15⾡ܼ⧗ফ࿕㚕ⱘ៪䖥ॅⱘ╂䯈ᏺ׭右ᯜࣙᣀ▦ॅⱘ ᇣ䴦㛮呀ᯘTringa guttiferᯙᯜᵕॅⱘ࣎ఈ呀ᯘEurynorhynchus pygmeusᯙᯜ咥ఈッ޸༈➩叹 ᯘSternabernsteiniᯙᯜᅗӀܼ⧗⾡㕸ⱘ95% (Chan et al. 2010a) ೼䖭ᴵ䖕亲䏃㒓ϞDŽ㟇ᇥ᳝ϔ Ͼ⠽⾡ᅠܼ೼䖭ᴵ䖕亲䏃㒓ϞᯜⳂࠡ߫Ў᮴ॅ⠽⾡ˈ♄ሒⓖ呀ᯘHeteroscelus brevipesᯙ䖥ᳳ᳝ ৃ㛑㹿߫Ўফ࿕㚕⠽⾡ᯘ䰘ᔩ1ᯙDŽ䖬᳝6⾡䖕亲ⱘ吏呀㉏右⦄೼߫Ў᮴ॅ⠽⾡ᯜᅗӀ⾡㕸ⱘ 95%гᅠܼ೼䖭ᴵ䖕亲䏃㒓ϞᯘᇪሒⒼ呀ᯘCalidris acuminataᯙᯜ㑶㛌Ⓖ呀ᯘC. ruficollisᯙᯜ䭓䎒 Ⓖ呀ᯘC. subminutaᯙᯜ䞥吏ᯘPloverPluvialis fulvaᯙᯜ᱂䗮➩吏ᯘGlareola maldivarumᯙ੠໻≭䫹 ᯘGallinago megalaᯙDŽ    

㸼1.ϰѮ੠ϰफѮ╂䯈ᏺⒽ⍖੠㑶ᷥᵫᦤկⱘЏ㽕⫳ᗕ㋏㒳᳡ࡵᨬ㽕ᯘRanganathan et al. 2008˅

ᦤկⱘ᳡ࡵᬜ ⊼㾷 㛚ᔅᗻ ᓩ⫼ᴹ⑤ Ⲟ

 ᦤկⱘ᳡ࡵ   

,ᣕ㓁⏨Ϯ ᴀⷨおऎݙ㑺3000ϛ⏨⇥ⱘ⫳䅵ձ䴴೼╂∤ऎݙᤩ ᓔൺǃ䖛⏨ǃ໪ᴹ⾡੠∵ Ronnback 1999ৃ ᯜ TEEB 2010 剐DŽ᳝໻䞣ⱘ䋱㉏੠⍋খৃҹᤩᤲDŽ╂䯈ᏺݙгᰃ䆌 ᶧ࿕㚕ࠄ⏨Ϯ ⦄೼⏨Ϯ

໮䞡㽕㒣⌢剐㉏㐕㚆എ᠔DŽ ℷ໘Ѣϟ䰡

ᯘ ⫳࣪ Ң⫳⠽ऎ㋏䞛䲚㥃ᴤ੠݊Ҫᴤ᭭ 剐ǃ䕃ԧࡼ⠽ǃ⦞⨮ǃ ⫳⠽ऎ㋏੠ᷪᙃഄⱘϻ༅ Constanza et al. ᯙ 1997 ⍋㳛

䘫Ӵᴤ᭭ ՟བᡫỡ⠽⮙ॳԧⱘ෎಴៪Ϣ㾖䌣⠽⾡ᴖѸ ⫳⠽ऎ㋏੠ᷪᙃഄⱘϻ༅ Wilson et al. 2005

TEEB 2010 ᬊ㦋䴲᳼ᴤⱘᵫѻક 㳖㳰ǃᷥ㛖ǃऩᅕǃ亳⫼ᑆᵰǃ⍋㯏ǃ䋱㉏ ⫳⠽ऎ㋏੠ᷪᙃഄⱘϻ༅

፶ ᯘ 㧹ᵫ ∈ѻݏⅪ ╂䯈ᏺ⫼Ѣ但ݏଚϮࡼỡ⠽⠽⾡ ⬆໇㉏ǃ剐ǃ⦡⦴ǃ∵ᶧ੠ᷪᙃഄⱘϻ༅࿕㚕 Bennett & ᯙ ᯜ Reynolds 1993, 㑶ᷥᵫǃ㯏㉏ ࠄ⫳ѻ⥛ ∈ѻݏⅪϮ䖛 ᑺᓔথ䗴៤⮒⮙⌕㸠ǃ∵ Wilson et al.

2005 ᶧ੠໪ᴹ⠽⾡ܹ։DŽ

ᐌ㾘᳡ࡵ

∈䌘⑤ⱘ㜅↦Ϣޔ࣪ ⊹≭ǃॉ⷇ǃ䕃ԧࡼ⠽ǃ⬆໇㉏ৃҹ䰸এ∈Ёⱘ∵ᶧ⠽ ༅এޔ࣪ࡳ㛑Ӯᓩথॅ䰽 Wilson et al. ᯜ 2005 ⱘ㑶╂੠㓓╂ Փ⍋ѻક ৿↦㋴

ᯜ “ ” Decho 2000 䇗㡖⇨׭⺇ⱘ਌ᬊ੠ Ⓗ⍖ᰃ䞡㽕ⱘ⺇∛ ᳝ࡽѢ䗮䖛 㪱⺇ 䇗㡖⇨׭ ᓔൺՓᕫ䞡㽕ⱘ⺇∛䕀࣪

೎ᅮ Ў⺇⑤

፶ ᯜ ᯜ & 䙁亢ᓔൺᔎ࣪њ⍋⌾ⱘ԰⫼ Caldecottܡᡸ⍋ኌ 䰆ℶ㞾✊♒ Ⓗ⍖੠⍋Ⓗߚᬷ੠⸈ണ⍋╂԰⫼ ֱᡸ⍋ኌ㒓ֱ ᆇ ♒ǃ⍋ୌǃ։㱔੠Ⲥ⏡࣪DŽ㑶ᷥᵫֱᡸ⊓⍋ᴥ䬛DŽ ᯜ Wickremasinghe ࡴ䗳⍋ኌކࠋ ๲ࡴ亢ᲈ Ϣ⋾∈ⱘॅᆇDŽ⍋ኌỡ㹿 2005, Chang et

ⱘϻ༅Փᕫ⍋ኌ㒓᳈ᯧѢ al. 2006, Forbes

& Broadhead 䙁ফ亢ᲈ੠≭ᇬⱘ㺁ߏDŽ

2007

∈ⱘ䇗㡖 ഄϟ∈ⱘᢑপϢಲ☠ Wilson et al. 2005

᭛࣪᳡ࡵ

ᬭ㚆 ℷ㾘੠䴲ℷ㾘ⱘᬭ㚆Ϣ෍䆁ᴎӮ Wilson et al. 2005

ᯜ ᯜ Wilson et al. ⍋ኌᮙ␌ ᱃㾖໮ḋ 吏呀㉏右ⱘ㕢Б੠਌ᓩҎ 右ݑ䭓䗨䖕ᕭⱘ⾥ᄺ๲ࡴњѻ ᓔൺǃ䕀࣪੠ᓔথ⍋ኌ㒓䰡 ᯜ ᯜ 1 2005, Woodley ᬃᣕ໻ᮙ␌Ϯ ↣ᑈ਌ᓩ ғ␌ᅶDŽ Ԣњ㕢ᄺӋؐDŽ右ⱘ᚞Ҏԧ ؐ ᯜ ᯜ ᗻ 亢᱃Ӌؐ ࣙᣀ 2009 ࡯ऩ৥亲㸠8000݀䞠ҹϞᯜ

㾖ᆳ׭右ǃ⍋ݑㄝDŽ

ϔ᯳ᳳϡⴵǃϡୱDŽ

કᇱ⍋剰ǃߦ㠍ǃކ ⌾

ᬃᣕ᳡ࡵ

右੠݊Ҫࡼ⠽ⱘᷪ 䆌໮䍙޵ǃ⿔᳝ⱘ䞡㽕⠽⾡ձ䌪ⴔ䖭ϾऎඳDŽᅗӀ೼⍋Ⓗ ᓔൺǃⷡӤ㑶ᷥᵫǃᓩܹ໪ Bennett & ᯜ ᯘ Reynolds 1993, Ϟᕜᆍᯧ㹿㾖ᆳࠄ Ң㗠݋᳝စФ੠ֱᡸӋؐ 㾕Ϟᮍⱘ ᴹỡ⠽⾡੠∵ᶧ䛑Ӯ⸈ണ

ᙃഄ ᯙ BirdLife ᭛࣪᳡ࡵ DŽ 䞢⫳ࡼ⠽ⱘᷪᙃഄDŽ

International 2005

& ᄬǃᕾ⦃ǃࡴᎹϢ㦋প ⍋∈࣪ᄺⱘব࣪Փᕫᕜ໮ Bennettټⱘݏᕾ⦃ 㧹ݏ㧹 ᯜ Reynolds 1993, 䞡㽕⠽⾡ϻ༅ ᓩ䍋ᑩᷪ

⫳⠽⾡㕸ⱘ䋳䴶ব࣪DŽ㔎 Constanza et al. ⇻ᤳᆇ䆌໮㒣⌢⠽⾡DŽ 1997

㧹ݏ䕧ߎ ᳝ᴎ㧹ݏ⠽䋼੠⹢ഫⱘ⍠ߎ๲ࡴњᔧഄ⏨Ϯⱘ⫳ѻ࡯ᯜՓ ⬅Ѣ∵ᶧ੠ᷪᙃഄⱘϻ༅ᯜWolanski 2007 ⍂␌⫳⠽ᕫࠄ㧹ݏDŽ ╂䯈ᏺⱘ⫳⠽⫳ѻ࡯ফࠄ ᤳ༅DŽ

ೳຸⱘᔶ៤ ≝⿃⠽੠᳝ᴎ⠽ⱘ⿃㌃ ⍋ኌކࠋⱘᤳ༅ Wilson et al. 2005



䖕亲䏃㒓Ꮖ㒣᳝䗍䈵㸼ᯢᯜ೼ⲥ⌟Ёⱘ֘㔫ᮃϰ࣫䚼࣫ᵕ㐕㚆ഄ吏呀㉏右ⱘ⾡㕸ϟ䰡њ⊓ 89%ᯘE. Syroechkovskiy, pers. comm.ᯙDŽᇍ▇໻߽Ѯ⍋Ⓗⱘⲥ⌟㸼ᯢᯜ೼䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟ᳝ѯ䍞ހ ⱘ吏呀㉏右⾡㕸೼ϟ䰡ᯘGosbell & Clemens 2006, Wilsonet al. 2011, Szaboet al. 2012ᯙDŽ೼ ℛذ1975㟇2008ᑈᳳ䯈ᇍ᮹ᴀ吏呀㉏右ⲥ⌟ⱘ᭄᥂㸼ᯢᯜ໮᭄⠽⾡ᯜ⡍߿ᰃ೼咘⍋ᯘ৿⏸⍋ᯙ ⱘ⠽⾡ߎ⦄ϟ䰡ᯘAmanoet al. 2010ᯙDŽ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟ⾡㕸᭄䞣ϟ䰡᳔ᖿⱘ䖕亲吏呀㉏右ᰃ䭓䗨 亲㸠ⱘҹঞ೼࣫ᵕ㐕㚆ⱘ׭右ᯜབ࣎ఈ呀ᯘAmanoet al. 2010ᯜZokleret al. 2010bᯙ(೒3)ᯜҹ ঞ㑶㝍Ⓖ呀ᯘCalidris canutusᯙ (Wilson et al. 2011, Garnett et al. 2011) (೒4)ˈᔧࠡϟ䰡ⱘ䗳⥛ ᰃ↣ᑈ26%DŽሑㅵⳂࠡᏆ㒣䞛পֱᡸ㸠ࡼˈ࣎ఈ呀ᕜৃ㛑೼10ᑈݙ♁㒱ᯘPainet al. 2011ᯙᯘ೒ 3ᯙDŽϢℸⳌԐᯜ೼བℸϟ䰡䗳⥛ϟᯜ1992ᑈ೼䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟ↣100া㑶㝍Ⓖ 呀ᯜࠄ፹፷፹፷ᑈᇚা᳝ ፾া⬭ᄬϟᴹᯘ೒፻ᯙDŽ  ݇䬂ऎඳⱘ䅸ᅮ

吏呀㉏右೼ϰѮ▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟ亲㸠ᯊ䳔㽕Փ⫼╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄDŽᭈϾ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟ䅸 ᅮњഫৃկ吏呀㉏右Փ⫼ⱘ೑䰙䞡㽕⑓ഄ˄䰘ᔩ˅DŽᅗӀ䲚㕸ഄߚሲѢ໘݇䬂ऎඳ ˄䰘ᔩ˅DŽ䖭໘݇䬂ऎඳЁ᳝໘೼咘⍋˄৿⏸⍋˅˄೒˅DŽⳈࠄϞϪ㑾ᑈҷˈ咘⍋˄৿ ⏸⍋˅೼右㉏ᄺϞⱘ䞡㽕ᗻᠡ䗤⏤ᯢᳫDŽ೼䖭ᴵ䖕亲䏃㒓䏃㒓Ϟৃ㛑ᄬ೼ϔѯⷨおҎਬ䲒ҹ ࠄ䖒ⱘҢ㗠ᇮ᳾থ⦄ⱘ݇䬂ऎඳˈ՟བᳱ剰⇥ЏЏНҎ⇥݅੠೑㽓⍋ኌDŽ咘⍋˄৿⏸⍋˅ҹ ໪೼फѮ੠ϰफѮ䅸ᅮњϾऎඳˈ䙷䞠ⱘ╂䯈ᏺ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻᕜЄᆠDŽफ䚼ⱘ᳝ѯऎඳϡᰃ 㐕ⅪഄˈԚᇍѢᶤѯ右㉏ˈབ࣎ఈ呀ⱘ⫳ᄬकߚ䞡㽕DŽ՟བᄳࡴᢝ೑ⱘ㋶㒇䖾Ѯቯˈҹঞ㓙 ℛ೼偀ᴹञቯDŽذℛПഄDŽজབᇣ䴦㛮呀Џ㽕ذ偀䖒⧁⑒ˈᰃ׭右೼䴲㐕Ⅺᄷ㡖⬌

咘⍋˄৿⏸⍋˅ⱘ݁໘吏呀㉏右݇䬂ऎඳᬃᣕ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟ㒱໻໮᭄䖕ᕭⱘ吏呀㉏右DŽ㟇ᇥ᳝ 36 ⾡吏呀㉏右˄Barter 2006˅ߎ⦄೼ 66 ഫ吏呀㉏右೑䰙䞡㽕⑓ഄ˄ϡࣙᣀᳱ剰⇥ЏЏНҎ ੠೑๗ݙⱘ᳾ⶹ⑓ഄ˅DŽ᳝ 22 ⾡吏呀㉏右催ᑺഄձ䌪Ѣ咘⍋˄৿⏸⍋˅˖৥࣫៪৥फ䖕݅⇥ 亲ᯊ᳝ 50-100%ⱘ右Փ⫼咘⍋੠⏸⍋˄Barter 2002, Battley et al. 2012˅˄བ೒ 6˅DŽ೼ 8 ⾡右 ⾡⠽ℛ˄Barter 2002˅DŽ᠔᳝䖭ѯذ”Ёˈ70%ⱘ⾡㕸ձ䌪咘⍋˄৿⏸⍋˅ˈᡞᅗ԰Ў“ࡴ⊍キ ⱘ⾡㕸䛑೼ϟ䰡˖᳝ϝϾ⠽⾡ᰃ䖥ॅⱘ˄໻Ⓖ呀 Calidris tenuirostrisˈ㑶㝄ᴧ呀 Numenius madagascariensis ੠ⱑ㝄ᴧ呀 Numenius arquata˅DŽ᳝ϸ⾡೼ܼ⧗ਜϟ䰡䍟࢓˄᭥ሒม呀 Limosa ˈ lapponica ੠♄᭥吏 Pluvialis squatarola˅ˈ᳝ϝ⾡೼ऎඳݙਜϟ䰡䍟࢓˄าⒼ呀 Calidris alpine ⦃乜吏 Charadrius alexandrines ੠Ёᴧ呀 Numenius phaeopus˅˄Amano et al. 2010, Battley et al.

ᯜ⡍߿ᰃѮ⌆ǃϰѮ፴▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟⱘ吏呀㉏右ᯘ吏ǃ呀މ⢊㸼 ፹∈右ֱᡸⱘᘏԧ ㄝᯙ፧

Ңܼ⧗㾦ᑺⳟѮ⌆੠ϰѮ፴▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟⱘ∈右⢊ މ ⠽⾡᭄䞣 ᓩ⫼ᴹ⑤

Ѯ⌆੠ϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟܼ䚼∈右⠽⾡

Ѯ⌆∈右⠽⾡ᘏ᭄ 349 Li et al. 2006 ϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟ∈右⠽⾡ᘏ᭄ 155 Li et al. 2009b ϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟܼ⧗ফ࿕㚕੠䖥ॅⱘ∈ 右 24 䰘ᔩ1 ⠽⾡ ϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟ吏呀㉏右ǃ⍋叹੠➩叹

ϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟ䖕亲ⱘ吏呀㉏⠽⾡ᘏ᭄ 54 Bamford et ᯘ呀ǃ吏ㄝᯙ al. 2008 ϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟձ䌪╂䯈ᏺⒽ⍖ⱘ䖕亲 ⍋ 21 Li et al. 叹Ϣ➩叹 2009b ϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟᯜܼ⧗ফ࿕㚕៪䖥ॅⱘ ⍋叹 14 䰘ᔩ1 ੠➩叹 ϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟᢳܹ߫IUCN㑶㡆ৡᔩ ⱘ໛ 9 䰘ᔩ1 䗝⠽⾡ ೑䰙↨䕗

ϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟܼ⧗ফ࿕㚕੠䖥ॅⱘ╂ 155 ϾЁⱘ 䯈 33 䰘ᔩ1** ᏺ⠽⾡ ᯘ21%ᯙ 202 ϾЁⱘ 㕢⌆ⱘܼ⧗ফ࿕㚕੠䖥ॅⱘ∈右⠽⾡ 18 Kirby et al. ᯘ9%ᯙ 2008 ⃻⌆ǃЁѮǃ䴲⌆੠Ёϰⱘܼ⧗ফ࿕㚕੠䖥ॅⱘ∈ 126 ϾЁⱘ 右⠽ 26 Kirby et al. ⾡ ᯘ16%ᯙ 2008 201 ϾЁⱘ Ѯ⌆ⱘܼ⧗ফ࿕㚕੠䖥ॅⱘ∈右⠽⾡ 46 Kirby et al. ᯘ23%ᯙ 2008 *⊼ᯪ䆹᭄ᄫࣙᣀ♄༈呺叵ᯘVanellus cinereus,ᯙǃ▇⌆➩吏ᯘStiltia isabellaᯙᯜ޸༈呺叵ᯘVanellus vanellusᯙ, 䭓ఈࠥ吏ᯘCharadrius placidusᯙ,ᅗӀϡՓ⫼╂䯈ᏺⒽ⍖੠/៪⬭右 **ࣙᣀᔧࠡᰃ᮴ॅ⠽⾡ԚᇚӮܹ߫䖥ॅ੠㛚ᔅ⠽⾡DŽ 

!ೝႜူইڦခޜഄ໱࿿ዖࢅ.6 ⱘމ⢊ᒋعҪ⠽⾡೼ϟ䰡䍟࢓ϞϢ右㉏ᰃᑇ㸠ⱘᯘ㸼3ᯙᯜ䖯ϔℹᣛᯢ⫳ѻ࡯੠╂䯈ᏺⱘ݊ ϡᮁ䗔࣪DŽ䆄ᔩ㸼ᯢ亳⠽䫒ਜ䰊ᓣϟ䰡ᯘWWFet al. 2006ᯙDŽ೼ϰѮ੠ϰफѮ᠔᳝ऎඳᯜ㒣 ⌢剐㉏ǃ⬆໇㉏ǃ䋱㉏੠༈䎇㉏ⱘ᭄䞣ℷ೼ዽ⑗ᯜ᭄ҹⱒϛ䅵ⱘ⏨⇥ϻ༅⫳䅵DŽ᳝ⱘ೑ᆊ ಴Ў剐ⱘᄬ䞣ዽ⑗䕀৥ᇍ右㉏ⱘ⢽⣢DŽ⍋⋟૎чࡼ⠽੠⍋啳ⱘ᭄䞣г೼ϟ䰡DŽ䆌໮⠽⾡⬅ Ѣ乥Ј♁㒱㗠៤Ўফ࿕㚕⠽⾡DŽ↦⍋㯏⟚থ乥⥛໻๲ˈ⏽ᑺǃ䝌ᑺ੠∈ԡ೼ϞछᯘNicholls & Cazenave 2010ᯙᯜ♒ᆇᗻ亢ᲈ乥⥛๲ࡴᯘ㾕೒8㄀7䚼ߚᯙᯜ产亢੠⍋ୌ䗴៤ⱘ⸈ണ᮹ⲞϹ 䞡ᯜ⡍߿ᰃ೼໽✊⍋ኌ⸈ണϹ䞡ⱘഄऎᯘCaldecott & Wickremasinghe 2005DŽ፧

೒5ϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟ16໘╂䯈ᏺ∈右⫳⠽໮ḋᗻ݇䬂ऎඳDŽ݇Ѣ݇䬂ऎඳ㽚 ҹঞ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻӋ᭄ؐ᥂ᯜ䇋㾕䰘ᔩމⲪⱘ೑䰙䞡㽕吏呀㉏⑓ഄ䆺㒚ᚙ           

 ݇䬂ऎඳ˖咘⍋˄⦃⏸⍋˅

 ݇䬂ऎඳ˖ϰफѮ੠Ё೑佭␃  䗮䖛ձ䌪╂∤Ⓗ⍖∈右⫳⠽໮ḋᗻ  䆚߿ⱘ݇䬂╂䯈ᏺऎඳDŽ೼݋໛右㉏  ᭄䞣᭄᥂ⱘ෎⸔Ϟˈ右㉏䖭⾡乊㑻㙝  亳ࡼ⠽᳒㒣㹿⫼԰╂∤Ⓗ⍖⫳⠽໮ ḋᗻⱘᮍ֓ᣛ⼎⠽ˈЎ䗝ᢽ݇䬂ऎ  ඳˈᇍ 390 ഫ右㉏ᄺϞ᳝䞡㽕ᛣНⱘ  Џ㽕╂∤Ⓗ⍖⑓ഄ䖯㸠њ䆘Ԅˈ䆘Ԅ  䞛⫼ϝϾখ᭄བϟ˖a) Փ⫼╂∤Ⓗ  ⍖ⱘܼ⧗ফ࿕㚕੠䖥ॅⱘ⍝⾑⠽⾡  ੠݊Ҫ∈右˗b) ⍝⾑ⱘᘏԧЄᆠᑺ˗  c) ݋᳝೑䰙䞡㽕ᗻⱘ⍝⾑⾡㕸᭄䞣  ˄⾡㕸᭄䞣䖒ࠄᘏ᭄ⱘ 1%˅

        ೒6. ໮⾡∈右䖕ᕭ䏃ᕘ䲚Ё೼咘⍋  ˄৿⏸⍋˅ऎඳDŽ೒Ёⱘ䔼䗍ᰃि᯳  ᷛ䆄ⱘ໮⾡䖕亲∈右೼咘⍋˄৿⏸ ⍋˅ⱘ䲚ЁऎඳDŽ೒Ёⱘ䔼䗍ᰃि᯳  ᷛ䆄ⱘ᭥ሒม呀ⱘ࣫亲䏃㒓DŽⱑ㡆/  㪱㡆䔼䗍ҷ㸼࣫吼˄menzbieri˅ˈⱑ  㡆ᰃҢ▇໻߽Ѯ㽓࣫৥咘⍋˗㪱㡆ᰃ  咘⍋੠⏸⍋৥㽓ԃ߽Ѯ㐕ⅪഄDŽ˗㑶  㡆/䞥咘㡆䔼䗍ᰃ咘⍋ऎඳˈᰃ᭥ሒ呀 baueri  ˄ ˅⾡㕸ˈ㑶㡆ᰃᮄ㽓݄৥咘 ⍋੠⏸⍋ˈ䞥咘㡆ᰃ咘⍋ऎඳ৥䰓ᢝ  ᮃࡴDŽ⊓ⴔ䔼䗍㒓ⱘᇣ೚೜ҷ㸼Argos  ᭄᥂䅵ㅫⱘԡ㕂DŽYKD: वᮃ⾥༢ྚ  ⊇ϝ㾦⌆ KS: वᮃ⾥༢ྚ⊇≭⌆DŽ  ᦤկ㗙˖Battley et al. (2012)    

㸼3.݊Ҫ⠽⾡᳝᭛ӊ䆄ᔩⱘ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻᑇ㸠ϟ䰡ᅲ՟ҹঞ᮹Ⲟ๲໮ⱘ♒ᆇ

㾖ᆳࠄⱘব࣪ 䆘Ӌ ॳ಴ ᓩ⫼⑤

⏸⍋ᇍ㱒ⱘѻ䞣⬅70ᑈҷⱘ4 Qiao 2001 䖭ᰃϔϾ䞡㽕ⱘ㒣⌢ᣛ᭄DŽЁ೑ 䖛ᑺᤩᤲ੠ᓔথǃ⮒⮙ ϛৼϟ䰡ࠄ2004ᑈⱘ1000ৼDŽ 20%ⱘ㲟ⱑ䋼ᴹ㞾⍋ѻકDŽ⦄೼ݏ ੠∵ᶧᏆ㒣Ϲ䞡ഄ⸈ 1998 ᯜ 1992 ᯜ ᑈⱘ䇗ᶹᰒ⼎ Ϣ Ⅺ⏨Ϯѻ䞣䍙䖛њ䞢⫳ᤩ㦋䞣 Ԛ ണњ⏨Ϯ䌘⑤DŽग़৆Ϟ ᯜ ᯜ ᑈⳌ↨ ⏨Ϯⱘᘏ⫳⠽䞣ޣᇥ 䖭ৃ㛑ᰃϡৃᣕ㓁ⱘ ᅗপއѢᏆ ⱘᢪ㔥԰Ϯ䗴៤њᷪ њ89%DŽ 㒣ফࠄ࿕㚕ⱘ䞢⫳剐㢫ⱘկᑨDŽ ᙃഄⱘᤳണDŽ

2009ᑈЁ೑᳝14.7ϛᑇᮍ݀ SOA 2009, 䆹䴶⿃ᰃЁ೑⍋⋟ᘏ䴶⿃ⱘ ∵ᶧ⑤㞾䰚෎੠⍋䖤 3.7%DŽ ᯜ CCICED 2010b, ⠽䞠ⱘ⍋⋟㹿ߚ㉏ЎϹ䞡ᆠ㧹 Ϯ ⡍߿ᰃݰϮ࣪ᄺ Cao & Wong ݏ࣪DŽ䖑ϰ⑒ǃ⏸⍋⑒ǃ䭓∳ 䋼ⱘᥦᬒDŽ 2007 ⊇ষǃᵁᎲ⑒੠⦴∳⊇ষᏆ㒣

Ϲ䞡ഄᙊ࣪DŽ

20 60 154 ᯜ Liu & Sun 2008 Ё೑ቅϰⳕ㛊Ꮂ⑒⍋ኌⱘ䋱 Ϫ㑾 ᑈҷ䋱㉏᳝ ⾡ ࠄњ ᣕ㓁ϡᮁⱘೳഄᓔൺ 80 33 ᯜ 17 ㉏⾡㕸Ꮖ㒣໘Ѣ♁㒱ⱘ䖍㓬DŽ ᑈҷা᳝ ⾡ ᥹ⴔজϟ䰡ࠄ ੠ජᏖ࣪㱩亳 ᯜ 14 ⾡ ৠᯊᴀೳॳѻⱘЏ㽕⾡⬅ ⾡䰡Ў1⾡DŽ

ᯜ ᯜ TEEB 2010 ᭈϾ⛁ᏺऎඳⱘ⍋偀੠݊Ҫ 剐ᰃ亳ક 剐㉝⫼ѢݏⅪϮ੠㾖䌣 ݇䬂㐕㚆ഄ⍜༅ ᯜ ᯜ Ӵ㒳㥃કDŽ 䖛ᑺᤩᤲ Փ⫼⸈ണᗻخ⫼剐㉏ᗹ࠻ϟ䰡DŽ 剐ⱘ䌌ᯧ ҹঞ ᯜ ⱘᢪ㔥੠㒚ᄨ⏨㔥 Փ

⫼ᓎ㔥ǃ⚌剐੠↦剐ᮍ

ᓣDŽ

⏸⍋᭥⍋䉍Phoca largha㐕㚆ഄހ ᯜ Smith & Yan 咘⍋ⱘ⍋⋟૎чࡼ⠽Ϲ䞡ϟ ∵ᶧ䗴៤㐕㚆ⱘ༅䋹 ᯜ ᯜ 2008, Ross et al. 䰡 ᄷ⍂ބ 㗠໣ᄷ咘⍋ቯቓӥ᝽ഄফ 剐ফࠄ伹体 ໣ᄷ⍋Ⓗ 䗴៤ᷪᙃഄϻ༅࿕㚕੠ 2010 ࠄ࿕㚕DŽ ⏨㔥Ϟⱘᛣ໪⅏ѵDŽ

ᯜ – ᯜ Zhang et al. ऎඳݙ⍋ኌỡ㹿⍜༅ ⡍߿ᰃ 䆌໮ଚ⫼ỡ⠽ϟ䰡 ᬊࡆ㡺㢛 ⬅Ѣᓔൺǃᓎ剐ฬǃⲤ ᯘ 50 ᯜ ᯜ 2005 㑶ᷥᵫⱘ⍜༅ Ң ᑈҷ䍋Ё 㥃⫼⠽⾡ 但᭭⠽⾡ ⫼Ѣ⫳ᗕ੠ ∴ҹঞ໪ᴹ⠽⾡བѦ㢅

೑ϻ༅њ73%ᯙ ೎ᅮ⍋ኌ≝⿃⠽ⱘỡ⠽DŽ ㉇㤝ܹ։䗴៤ᷪᙃഄ

ϻ༅DŽ

ᯫ WWF et al. ᭈϾऎඳ⍋㤝ᑞ㹿⸈ണ੠᭄ 䆌໮ৃՓ⫼ⱘ⍋㯏⠽⾡⍜༅њ ᇍ ⬅Ѣ⊇ষㄥറ䗴៤∵ ᯘ 2006, Short et 䞣ϟ䰡DŽ 䞢⫳ࡼ⠽कߚ䞡㽕ⱘ⍋㤝 ᭈϾ䖕 ᶧǃ৿∂∈ᑇⱘব࣪੠ 5 ᯙ ᯫ al. 2011 亲䏃㒓Ϟ᳝ ⾡ফࠄ࿕㚕 ϟ䰡њ Ⲥ⺅ ᇍ吏呀㉏右亳⠽䫒੠೎⺇कߚ䞡

㽕ⱘऩ㒚㚲⍋㯏ޣᇥњDŽ

ᯘ ᯙ ᯜ ᯜ 䖛ᑺᤩᤲњ⍋㳛ⱘ໽ Xian et al. 2005, 咘⍋ ৿⏸⍋ ⱘ⍋㳛ᗹ࠻๲ ᇍҎ᳝Ӹᆇ ᮙ␌ᬊܹⱘᤳ༅ 䯈 ࡴ ᥹ഄᕅડњ⏨Ϯ ᯜ ᯜ Kawahara et al. ᬠ ᷪᙃഄх϶ൗഒ ⍋㳛ᤩ亳ᑐ剐 2006, Titelman

& Hansson

2006, Dong et alDŽ 2010

 䖥ᑈᴹऎඳݙⱘ㓓⍋啳ᗹ࠻ϟ ᯜ ᯜ Song et al. 2002, 䰡Ⳃࠡ 䖛এЁ೑䆌໮∈ඳ䛑ߚᏗ᳝⍋啳 ⏨㔥ᤩᤝ ѻॉফᑆ Ё೑फ䚼ҙ᳝7Ͼ໽✊⍋Ⓗ᳝ 㓓⍋啳ѻॉ ᡄᯜॉ㹿Ẕᣒ៪϶ᓗᯜᷪ Wallace et al. 2011 䗮ᐌ೼Ё೑फᮍ⍋Ⓗ᳝⍋啳ѻॉDŽ ᙃഄϻ༅੠ফࠄ∵ᶧ Ⳃࠡҙҙ೼ᑓϰ␃ষ೑ᆊ㑻⍋啳㞾 ✊ֱᡸऎ᳝ѻॉⱘ⍋Ⓗ (114o2’E, 22o3’N)

䭓∳ষ⫳⠽⾡㕸㒧ᵘᬍবᯜ⬆ 䞡ᓎᘶ໡Ꮖ㒣ϻ༅ⱘᎼ໻⫳⠽䞣ᯜ 䭓∳ষᓎ䗴њ⏅∈⏴ Zhen et al. 2006. ໇ࡼ⠽বЎ䕃ԧࡼ⠽ ೼2002㟇2004ᑈᳳ䯈ᡩᬒњ15ৼ 䘧䗴៤⫳⠽䞣ϻ༅ ᑩ᳝ᷪᴎ⠽ᯜԚѻ⫳ⱘ⾡㕸ব࣪≵ ᳝໮໻Ӌؐ

Ң1990ᑈ䍋䭓∳ষ䰘䖥㔎⇻ 㔎⇻ᇐ㟈⍋⋟⫳ᗕ㋏㒳੠⏨Ϯⱘ ᓔൺᇐ㟈∵ᶧ੠╂∤ Wei et al. 2007 ὖ⥛๲ࡴњ90% ⸈ണᯜ䗴៤ϔϾ⅏ѵऎ. ޔ࣪ࡳ㛑ⱘϻ༅

,ᇥᯜ㒣⌢Ӌؐ 䖛ᑺᤩᤲǃ∵ᶧǃᷪᙃ Kim et al. 2007ޣ⏸⍋੠咘⍋ⱘ⫳⠽㒘៤থ⫳ 亳㙝ᗻⱘ໻ൟ剐㉏ ᘏԧᬍব Ԣⱘᇣ剐๲ࡴᯜ⍋㳛໮њᯜ⸙㯏ᇥ ഄϻ༅ǃ⊇⌕⌕䞣ޣ UNDP/GEF њᯜ䶁↯㉏໮њ ᇥᯜҢ㗠䰡Ԣњ⸙/∂↨ 2009, Yang et ⥛ al. 2011b

Ң90ᑈҷ䍋᳝ᆇ䌸╂ 䖭㒭Ё೑䗴៤↣ᑈ2.85ғ㕢ܗⱘ ᓔൺᇐ㟈∵ᶧ੠╂∤ Zhou et al. 2001, ࣪ࡳ㛑ⱘϻ༅ Song 2007ޔ ᒋ亢䰽عᯜᏆ㒣⍝ঞ 㒣⌢ᤳ༅ᯜℸ໪䖬䰘ᏺ᳝ס乥⥛๲ࡴњ3.4 咘⍋16,300ᑇᮍ݀䞠⍋ඳ

Ң60ᑈҷ䍋Ё೑੠䶽೑ⱘᇣ ᇣ咘剐᳒ᰃ咘⍋᳔Єᆠⱘ㒣⌢剐 䖛⏨ࡴϞ咘⍋ᗻ䋼ⱘ Zhou 2004, 咘剐 ⾡Пϔᯜऴᘏ⏨㦋䞣37%DŽ ব࣪ᯜ䗴៤㧹ݏഄⱘ剐 Tang 2006, Li et ޣᇥњ80% ⾡བ޸ሒ剐੠⥝ㄟ剐 al. 2011 ᳓ҷњ催㧹ݏⱘ剐⾡

䶽೑໻໻ޣᇥњ䕃ԧࡼ⠽ⱘ 䶽೑↣ᑈᤵᣒ50,000–90,000ৼ⹀ 㞾Ң2006ᑈᇕ䯁њ⍋ WWF et al. ᤩ㦋䞣 㲸㱠੠1000ৼܿ⟾剐ᯜЏ㽕ᰃ೼ᮄ ๭䮼ᯜᮄϛ䞥ᦤկⱘ޴ 2006 ϛ䞥⊇ষ Тܼᰃᑆ䋻

!ၾྰڦټक़חܔ .7

䆌໮⸈ണᗻⱘ䖛⿟ᇍϰѮ੠ϰफѮⱘ⍋ኌ㒓੠╂䯈ᏺѻ⫳䋳䴶ᕅડᯘCheunget al.2002ᯙDŽ 䗮䖛৥䖕亲䏃㒓ӭԈⱘ⑓ഄㅵ⧚㗙থᬒ䯂ोᯜড᯴ߎњϔѯ໻ᆊ䛑݇⊼ⱘ䯂乬ᯜᦤߎњ⑓ ഄ䴶Јⱘ৘⾡࿕㚕ᯘD. Watkins, pers. comm.; Figure 7ᯙDŽԚᰃ䖭ѯ⑓ഄ໮ᰃֱᡸഄᯜᄬ೼ೳ ഄᴗሲ䯂乬DŽ䡈Ѣഄഫ㾘῵ǃϟ䰡ⱘᯊ䯈䖯ᑺǃ࿕㚕ⱘϡৃ䗚ᗻǃϢೳഄᓔൺⱘⳈ᥹㘨㋏ ੠⌟ᕫⱘ右㕸ᤳ༅ⱘ᭄䞣ᯜҹঞⳈ᥹੠䯈᥹ᕅડᯜᴀ᡹ਞ䅸Ўᯜ໻䚼ߚ࿕㚕ᰃϹ䞡੠ϡৃ䗚 ⱘᯜ╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄೳഄ㹿ᓔൺ䕀Ўݰ⫼ǃ剐ฬǃⲤ∴ǃ␃ষǃᎹϮ⫼ഄǃᮙ␌੠ᮄජᓔথDŽ ϟ䴶ⱘ⏙ऩᰃḍ᥂᭛⤂ߚᵤᑊ਌ᬊϧᆊᛣ㾕㓪ݭⱘᯜᣛߎњᇍ╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄ੠⫳⠽ऎ㋏ⱘ Џ㽕࿕㚕ᯜᣝ࿕㚕Ϲ䞡⿟ᑺᥦᑣDŽ

ᷪᙃഄⱘϻ༅Ϣ⸈⹢࣪ ḍ᥂Ё೑⑓ഄֱᡸ㸠ࡼ䅵ߦᯘ2000ᯙˈ໻㑺᳝ 119 ϛ݀之⍋ኌⒽ⍖⍜༅ᯜ• ᳝ 100 ϛ݀之⍋ኌ⑓ഄ㹿ᓔথЎජᏖ៪ⷓϮ⫼ഄˈेЁ೑ᤳ༅њ 51%ⱘ⍋ኌ⑓ഄᯘChenet al. 2005, CCICED 2010b, Biet al. 2011ᯙDŽ1950 ᑈ㑶ᷥᵫ᳝ 5 ϛ݀之Ꮊেᯜ2001 ᑈা᳝ 22,700 ݀之ᯜᤳ༅ њ 44%ᯘChenet al. 2009ᯙDŽ೼ϟϔϾकᑈ⍋ኌ⑓ഄᇚ㒻㓁ϻ༅ᑊࡴᖿ䗳ᑺDŽ໻䴶⿃ⱘ╂䯈ᏺ

Ꮖ㒣㹿㔥ㆅ੠Ⲥഎऴ᥂ˈ⡍߿ᰃ೼⏸⍋ഄऎDŽҸҎৗ᚞ⱘᰃѮ⌆∈ѻݏⅪϮऴܼ⧗ⱘ 90%ᯜ ݊ЁϝߚПѠ೼Ё೑ᯘNayloret al. 2000ᯙDŽ╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄⱘϻ༅೼៥Ӏⷨお᠔⍝ঞⱘ৘೑䛑 ᰃϔ⾡࿕㚕ᯘ㾕೒ 9ᯙᯘBird Conservation Society of Thailand 2004,Trainor et al. 2008, Ardli & Wolff 2009, Choi et al. 2010, Toril et al. 2010, Murray et al. 2011, Wen 2012ᯙDŽ᳝ϔѯ೑ᆊᇮ᳾ 䴶ЈབℸᎼ໻ⱘᷪᙃഄ⸈ണᯜ՟བ㓙⬌ᯘNaing 2007ᯙᯜԚℷ೼䅵ߦᓔথᯜࣙᣀᓔথ⏅⍋␃ᯜ᳝ ৃ㛑ᰃ⸈ണᗻⱘᯜ䰸䴲᳝ℷ⹂ⱘ߱ℹ㾘ߦϢऎߦDŽᳱ剰䖬≵᳝໻䞣ⱘ⍋ኌ㒓ᓔথᯜԚ 2010 ᑈ ᅠ៤њ 8000 ݀之໻⑾ቯⒽ⍖ᓔൺ乍Ⳃᯜᑊ䅵ߦ᳈໻ⱘᓔൺᯘKCNA 2010ᯙDŽ  ϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓⑓ഄㅵ⧚㗙᡹ਞⱘ৘⾡࿕㚕

∵ᶧ ೒ҢϰѮ▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕 ҎЎᑆᡄ 亲䏃㒓⑓ഄㅵ⧚㗙ᬊࠄⱘ݇ ⅪݏݰϮϢ∈ѻ Ѣ৘ഫ⑓ഄফࠄⱘ࿕㚕䯂ोDŽ ᳝ᆇ⠽⾡/෎಴ⱘܹ։

ᑈ᳜೼Ꮌ␃ীᓔњϰ 㞾✊㋏㒳ⱘᬍব ׭ব࣪Ϣᙊࡷ໽⇨ Ѯ▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓ӭԈ⇨ ⫳⠽䌘⑤ⱘ߽⫼ ㄀⃵Ӯ䆂ˈ ফࠄ⑓ഄ೑䰙໻ ሙԣऎϢଚϮᓔথ ⋟⌆ࡲџ໘ⱘ':DWNLQV⛁ Ѹ䗮Ϣ䘧䏃 㛑⑤⫳ѻϢ䞛ⷓ ᚙ᥹ᕙDŽ ݊Ҫ ᮴

Ꮭㄥറᴀऎඳᕜ໮໻⊇ㄥറᬍবњ≝⿃⠽ⱘᥦᬒ੠⎵∈ᥦᬒⱘᄷ㡖ᗻ੠䋼䞣ᯘChen et al. 2005, Syvitski et al. 2009, Wang et al. 2010a, Yang et al. 2011bᯙDŽ⍋⊇≝⿃⠽ᰃᥦܹ⏸⍋ⱘᯜ ݊ᥦߎ᭄䞣೼ϟ䰡ᯜ⬅Ѣㄥറ੠Ϟ␌ᢑ∈ᯜᑇഛ⊹≭䞣⬅0.75 kg/m3ޣᇥࠄ0.1kg/m3 ᯘCCICED 2010bᯙDŽЁ೑ᭈϾϰ⍋ኌⱘ⍋ኌ㒓⬅๲ࡴবЎޣᇥᯘ⊇࣫⍋ኌ↣ᑈ5㉇ᯙDŽ 䆹㒧 ᵰᕅડњ⍋ኌᓔൺᯘCCICED 2010bᯙгޣᇣњ⫳⠽⫳ѻ⥛ᯘNinget al. 2010ᯙDŽ

⿃∂ᏝݰϮ䖛ᑺՓ⫼࣪㙹ǃᴔ㰿ࠖ੠䰸㤝ࠖ䖛ᑺՓ⫼࣪㙹ǃᴔ㰿ࠖ੠䰸㤝ࠖӮᇐ㟈䖛䞣ⱘ ㌃ˈ䗴៤⍋⋟ऎඳ䌸╂࿕㚕ϡᮁ๲ࡴᯘTanget al. 2006ᯙDŽ2008ᑈ੠2009ᑈⱘ䌸╂䗴៤Ⳉ ᥹㒣⌢ᤳ༅㑺3ғ㕢ܗᯘCCICED 2010bᯙDŽ∈ѻݏⅪгӮᥦᬒᡫ⫳㋴ᯜᇍ⍋ኌ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘ ᕅડᇮϡᯢ⹂ᯘWanget al. 2008, Graslund & Bengtsson 2001ᯙDŽ

ᏝᎹϮᥦᬒ䗴៤ⱘ∵ᶧᑳ∈੠⫳⌏∵∈Ⳉ᥹៪䯈᥹ᯘLi & Daler 2004ᯙᥦܹ⍋ኌऎᯘSowana et al. 2011ᯙDŽ᱂䗮ⱘ∵ᶧ⠽᳝⻋䝌Ⲥǃ⺇⇶࣪ড়⠽ǃݰ㥃ᯘHu et al. 2009ᯙǃ᮴ᴎ∂ǃ䞡䞥 ሲ੠᳝ᴎ⠽DŽ

Ꮭ⊍∵ᶧ⊍∵ᶧ᮹Ⲟ៤Ўॅ䰽䯂乬ᯜ㗠Ϩথ⫳乥⥛催DŽҢЁ೑फ⍋ࠄ咘⍋ᰃϪ⬠᳔㐕ᖭⱘ থⱘⓣ⊍೼⏸⍋੠咘⍋᮹Ⲟ乥㐕DŽ೼䶽೑੠Ё೑⏸⍋ᯜ䞡㽕ⱘⓣ⊍џӊᏆ㒣ᕅي⍋䖤㒓DŽ ડњ䆌໮⍋ኌᷪᙃഄᯜ᳝ད޴ⱒ䍋ⓣ⊍џӊ޴Т᳾㹿᡹䘧ᯘCCICED 2010bᯙDŽ

Ꮭล᭭ൗഒ೼ܼϪ⬠᠔᳝⍋ኌഄᏺ޴Т೼⍋ⒽϞ੠⍋⋟䛑᳝໻䞣ⱘᖂ↦ൗഒDŽᅗӀᰃ䲒ҹ ⫳⠽䰡㾷ⱘล᭭ˈҢ㗠Ϲ䞡ഄ࿕㚕ⴔ⍋⋟䞢⫳ࡼ⠽DŽ೼╂䯈ᏺˈล᭭ৃ㛑㹿䞢⫳ࡼ⠽৲亳ˈ ∵ᶧ䞛亳ഄˈ៤Ў䞢⫳ࡼ⠽ⱘ䱋䰅ˈᕅડ䞢⫳ࡼ⠽䞛亳੠ᷪᙃˈล᭭㔥ৃⳈ᥹㓴㒩ԣ䞢⫳ ࡼ⠽ϾԧDŽ೼फᳱ剰ⱘ Gomso ⑒᳝ 7 া吏呀㉏右੠ϔা咘ఈⱑ呁 Egretta eulophotes㹿 ϔᓴㅔऩⱘ㔥ᤩ㦋ᯘD. Rogers, pers. comm˅፧፧

Ꮭ╂∤㛑ⱘᓔথ╂∤㛑ⱘᓔথࣙᣀᓎ䗴⍋๭੠╂∤คറᯜ䖭ḋϔᴹህⳈ᥹ޣᇥњ╂∤Ⓗ ⍖DŽℸ໪ᯜ䖬Ӯᬍব䖥ኌⱘ╂∤⌕ᯜҢ㗠ᕅડ≝⿃⠽ⱘࡼ࡯ᄺ⡍ᗻᑊᇍ䖥ኌ䗴៤ᤳᆇᯘGill 2005ᯙDŽ䶽೑೼ҕᎱᓎゟњϔᑻ໻ൟ╂∤⬉キᯘ㾕䰘ᔩ9ⱘḜ՟ⷨおᯙDŽ

Ꮭ䖛ᑺ䞛䲚੠䖛ᑺ߽⫼╂䯈䌘⑤ˈࣙᣀ剐ǃ䕃ԧࡼ⠽ǃ⍋খǃ⍋㚚੠⍋㯏DŽ䖥ᴹ䞛ᬊᮍ⊩ᅲ⦄ њᴎẄ࣪ᯜҢ㗠᮴䳔ᡩܹ໻䞣ࢇࡼ࡯ህৃҹ䞛ᬊ໻䞣ⱘ╂䯈ᏺࡼ⠽੠ỡ⠽ᯜ䖭ᇍѢ╂䯈 ᏺ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳䖛⿟ᕅડᕜ໻DŽ೼ᕜ໮ഄᮍᯜ೼╂䯈ᏺᆚ㔥ᤩ剐ᯜϡҙ䗴៤䖛ᑺᤩᤲᯜ㗠Ϩ㛑 䰏ℶ໻剐䖯ܹݏ㱒ऎඳᯘCCICED 2010bᯙDŽ

Ꮭ∈ѻݏⅪ/⍋⋟ݏⅪ೼ᶤѯഄऎ䖭⾡ݏⅪϮথሩᕜᖿᯜᇍ⍋ኌ੠╂䯈ᏺ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ᏺᴹњय़ ࡯ᯜӮᓩ䍋⍋Ⓗǃ⑓ഄǃ⍋㤝ᑞ੠⦞⨮⻕⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘᎼবDŽ⍋⋟ݏⅪⳈ᥹ᤳ↕ѻॉഄ੠⏨Ϯ 䌘⑤ⱘᷪᙃഄᯜᑊϨӮᕅડ⏨Ϯ䌘⑤ⱘ᳈ᮄ㛑࡯ᯘCCICED 2010bᯙDŽ೼ℸ⾡ᚙމϟ⍋⋟ݏ Ⅺ⫳ѻ੠䞢⫳⏨Ϯᄬ೼ዽ⑗ⱘৃ㛑ᯘ㾕㄀10䚼ߚᯙDŽ

Ꮭ⢽⣢ᭈϾ䖕亲䏃㒓ⱘ⍋Ⓗঞ݊䚏䖥ഄऎ䛑᳝䳒㔥ǃ㒚ⴐ㔥ǃ䱋䰅ǃᤵ㲟ǃ↦ᴔ੠ᵾᬃDŽ ՟བܼ⧗া᳝޴ⱒা࣎ఈ呀ᯊᯜ೼㓙⬌ⱘ䴲㐕Ⅺഄҡ೼㒻㓁⣢ᴔ䖭⾡右ᯘZockleret al. ✊ӮᤩᴔԢ╂ᯊⒽ⍖Ϟⱘ吏呀㉏右DŽي2010aᯙDŽℸ໪ᯜ⏨㔥

✊៪ᬙᛣ䖯ܹⱘ໪ᴹ⠽⾡পҷDŽيᏝ໪ᴹ⠽⾡ᇍ⍋ኌᷪᙃഄ᳝䋳䴶ᕅડᯜՓᕫᴀഄⱘ⠽⾡㹿 䱣ⴔܼ⧗䖤䕧䌌ᯧⱘথሩᯜ䖯ܹⱘ⠽⾡Ӯ๲໮ᯜ⡍߿ᰃ⍋ኌഄऎDŽ՟བѦ㢅㉇㤝೼Ё೑ⱘӴ ᪁ᯘAn et al. 2007a, Li et al. 2009aᯙᯜ᭥偀䌏䋱੠㔫䴲剐೼ᴀऎඳ໻䚼ߚ⍋ኌϢ⊇ষⱘᄬ೼ ᯘYu & Yan 2002ᯙDŽ

ᏝϢ⏨⇥ѝ亳೼䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟ吏呀㉏右੠⏨⇥ѝ亳ᯜ⏨⇥ⱘᑆᡄ੠⏨㠍ᇍ䖭ѯ吏呀㉏右ᰃϔ ⾡य़࡯DŽ

ᇥDŽ⛁ᏺ产亢੠⋾∈ᯘ೒8ᯙ᮹ޣ⇨⇻ᏝҎЎⱘ⇨׭ব࣪䗴៤⏽ᑺछ催ǃ⍋ᑇ䴶Ϟछǃ䝌࣪੠ Ⲟ乥থᯘChen 1997ᯙDŽ䖭ѯব࣪гӮՓᕜ໮⍋Ⓗ੠╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄ⍜༅ᯜࣙᣀ䆌໮᳝Ӌؐⱘݰ ⅪϮⱘ乍Ⳃǃᴥᑘ⫮㟇⊓⍋ⱘජ䬛DŽ䖭⾡⇨׭ব࣪ৃ㛑ᇐ㟈䖕亲ᯊ䯈Ϣᷪᙃഄݏ⋞Ϯ੠⍋ ѻ࡯ⱘϡᨁ䜡ᯘMacleanet al. 2007ᯙDŽབᵰ⇨׭㒻㓁ব࣪ᯜℸ⾡࿕㚕ᇚӮᰃϹ䞡ⱘDŽ፵⫳

Ꮭ亢࡯থ⬉亢࡯থ⬉䆒໛ৃҹᓎ೼䰚ഄǃ⍋ኌ䰚ഄ੠⾏ኌ∈Ёᯜ໻໮ᰃᓎ೼╂∤Ⓗ⍖DŽབ ᵰথ⬉亢䔺㋻䚏䞡㽕右㉏ⱘᷪᙃഄഫᯜӮ㒭⍋ኌ右㉏ᏺᴹ亢䰽ᯘRSPB 2009ᯙᯜ右Ӯᩲߏ亢 䔺৊⠛ᯜ⡍߿ᰃᓎ䆒ᳳ䯈䗴៤ⱘ⦃๗ᕅડDŽ՟བϰѮⱘϔᑻ᳔໻ⱘ亢࡯⬉キᓎ䆒೼བϰᯜ 2011ᑈ䆄ᔩࠄܼ⧗50%࣎ఈ呀೼䙷䞠ᷪᙃᯘLee 2011ᯙᯘ㾕䰘ᔩ9ⱘḜ՟ⷨおᯙDŽ

Ꮭഄϟ∈ⱘᢑপ䗴៤⍋ኌഄऎⱘ≝䱋䖭⾡ᚙމӮՓᷪᙃഄ⬅ѢᓔൺᯘSyvitskiet al.2009ᯙ੠ ⍋ᑇ䴶छ催ᯘHan et al. 1996ᯙ㗠ᤳ༅DŽ䖭Ӯޣᔅᇍ⍋∈ⱘ䰆ᕵ࡯ᯜᤳണ䌘ѻᯜ๲ࡴⲤ⺅ᑺDŽ ೳഄᓔൺӮՓ⍋ᑇ䴶छ催ˈ՟བᮄϛ䞥ഄऎ咘⍋⍋ᑇ䴶छ催ᯘLeeet al. 2010ᯙ

೒8.ಯ໻⌆1950–2000Џ㽕⋾♒ⱘϞछ乥⥛ ᴹ⑤ᯪ೑䰙♒ᆇ᭄᥂ᑧEM-DAT 2011 10ᑈⱘ⋾♒џӊ 

Ѯ⌆ 㕢⌆ 䴲⌆ ⃻⌆

!฿ၩڦں೼တټक़ח .8

ᡞ⌙∈ⱘ╂䯈ᏺⒽ⍖䕀࣪Ўᮄⱘೳഄᯘ֫⿄ᓔൺᯙᰃϔ⾡স㗕㗠ᑓЎՓ⫼ⱘᮍ⊩DŽᮽᳳⱘᓔ ∤╂ൺ᳒㒣ᰃ๲ؐⱘᯜᡞ䰚ഄ⍋ኌ㒓৥ࠡ᥼䖯ˈҢ㗠⍋ኌ㒓㒻㓁๲ࡴDŽ吏呀㉏右೼᳝䰤ⱘԢ Ⓗ⍖Ϟ㾙亳ᯘRogerset al. 2006b, Rosaet al. 2007ᯙDŽϝकᑈࠡᯜЎᇣ㾘῵ݰϮᓔൺњ໻㣗ೈⒽ ⍖ᯜ๲ࡴњ໻䴶⿃ݰϮ⫼ഄᯜ៤Ў∈』⬄៪⫼԰Ⲥ∴DŽ

Ԛᰃᯜ䱣ⴔᎹ⿟ᡔᴃⱘᬍ䖯੠෎⸔䆒ᮑᖿ䗳থሩᯜೳഄᓔൺՓᕫᷪᙃഄᤳ༅㾘῵ϡᮁᠽ໻ ᯘ೒9ᯙDŽᮄⱘᎹϮೈൺ㒣ᐌࣙ৿⏅∈⍋๭ⱘᓎ䆒ᯜҢϔϾ⍋ኀࠄ঺ϔϾ⍋ኀᯜᡞ᠔᳝ⱘ╂∤ Ⓗ⍖↕ᥝDŽ䖭ḋϔᴹᯜᷪᙃഄⱘϻ༅᳈ࡴᕏᑩᯜ㗠Ϩ䴲ᐌᖿ䗳ᯜ≵᳝㒭右㉏⬭ϟϔ⚍䗖ᑨᯊ 䯈DŽ᳈᳝⫮㗙ᯜᭈϾ⍋⑒㹿ᓔൺˈ⸈ണњ吏呀㉏右᳔Ў䞡㽕ⱘᷪᙃഄˈ䖭ѯ右ⱘ᭄䞣੠╂ ∤Ⓗ⍖᳔໻䴶⿃㋻ᆚⳌ݇ᯜᇸ݊ᰃ⊇ষഄऎᯘ㸼4ᯙDŽ᠔ҹ⦄ҷ࣪ⱘᓔൺᇍѢ吏呀㉏右᳈݋⸈ ണᗻᯜ↨䖛এӴ㒳ⱘ╂∤Ⓗ⍖ϻ༅᳈ࡴৃᗩDŽ

೼咘⍋ᯘ৿⏸⍋ᯙᯜҢ݁Ͼ݇䬂ऎඳᴹⳟᯜ╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄҢ80ᑈҷ߱ⱘᑇഛϻ༅䴶⿃Ў 35%ᯘ㸼4ᯫ䰘ᔩ2ᯙDŽ䖭Ͼᤳ༅ⱘ㾘῵㉏Ԑ⛁ᏺᵫᯘAchard et al. 2002ᯙǃ⍋㤝ᯘWaycott et al. 2009ᯙ ੠㑶ᷥᵫᯘGiriet al. 2011ᯙⱘᤳ༅DŽҙ೼ᮄϛ䞥ഄऎᯜ᳝40,100݀之㹿ᓔথᯜ䗴៤໻䴶⿃ⱘ╂ 䯈ᏺ㹿ϔϾ䖘Ҟ᳔໻ⱘᓔൺ乍Ⳃ⸈ണᯘBirds Korea 2010ᯙᯜᤳ༅њ28,000݀之ⱘ╂䯈ᏺⒽ⍖ ᯘMoores 2012ᯙDŽϢℸⳌԐⱘᰃ⏸⍋᳍བྷ⬌ⱘᓔൺᯜࠄ2030ᑈᇚᓔথ31,000݀之ᯘCCICED 2010bᯙᯜᰃϪ⬠᳔໻ⱘᓔൺ乍ⳂDŽ೼Ё೑ᯜ䅵ߦᓔൺⱘᘏ䴶⿃ᇮ᳾᳔ৢ⹂ᅮᯜৃ㛑Ӯ䍙䖛 57 ϛ݀之ᯜ䖭乍╂䯈ᏺⒽ⍖ⱘᓔথᇚ೼᳔䖥10ᑈ䖯㸠ᯘ㸼5ᯙDŽ ፧

೒ᎀ፵ೳഄᓔൺᓩ䍋ⱘ╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄᤳ༅ⱘⳌ݇ᗻᯘᣝ೑ᆊ፶ऎඳ2ᯙ⫼买㡆㸼⼎ ᷪᙃഄᤳ༅ⱘ䲚㕸ⱒߚ⥛ᯘ㾕೒՟ᯙDŽ݇Ѣ᭄᥂੠ᓩ᭛ᴹ⑤ᯜ䇋খ䯙䰘ᔩ፽

ᓔൺᓩ䍋ⱘ╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄᤳ༅ⱘ Ⳍ݇ᗻ

╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄᤳ༅ⱒߚ⥛

2 Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕⱘ᭄᥂঺໪߫ߎᯜ಴Ў╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄᤳ༅ⱘⱒߚ⥛᳝Ꮒᓖ

!฿໦ڦ༆ཱټक़ח࡛ࣜDŽࡤջ࡛Džࢅ࡛ࣜ࠲॰൶ᇘ

೒咘⍋˄৿⏸⍋˅ 咘⍋╂䯈ᏺⒽ⍖ᘏ䴶⿃ ╂䯈ᏺⒽ⍖ⱘᤳ༅ᰃ 䗮 䖛 /DQGVDW ि ⠛ 0XUUD\HWDO

⌟᭄੠ᑈҷ䯈໪᥼ࠄ ᑈDŽ 㸼4೑ᆊ⍋ኌᏺ⑓ഄᯘࣙᣀ⊐⋑ᯙⱘᤳ༅੠ᇍ∈右⫳⠽໮ḋᗻⱘ    ݇䬂ऎඳ╂䯈ᏺⒽ⍖ⱘᤳ༅ᯘԡ㕂㾕೒5ᯙᯘᣝᄫ↡乎ᑣᥦ߫ᯙDŽ⹂ᅮⱘ݇䬂ऎඳᰃᄳࡴᢝ ᯘ1ᯙᯜॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯᯘ1ᯙᯜ偀ᴹ㽓Ѯᯘ2ᯙᯜ㓙⬌˄፸˅ˈ䍞 फ˄ ፹˅ˈԚᰃ≵᳝ᓔൺⱘ䞣᭄࣪᥂ᯘ䰘 њ乘⌟DŽخᔩ2ᯙDŽḍ᥂݀ᓔⱘᴹ⑤ᇍᓔൺⱘ⍋ኌ⑓ഄ↨՟  ፸ᎀ፿፷ ᯘ ፹ ፼ᯙ ፸፷ ೑ᆊ ⍋ኌ⑓ഄ ᑈҹ ݇䬂ऎඳ 㾕䰘ᔩ ੠೒ ݇䬂ऎඳݙ 䖛এ ᑈ ᎪᎨ፵፸ᎀ፿፷ ᴹᓔൺⱘ ᤳ༅ⱘ╂䯈 ݇䬂ऎඳ ᎪᎨ፵፹፷፸፷ ⑓ഄ↨՟ ᏺⒽ⍖໻㑺 ݙᤳ༅ⱘ ᯘ ᯜ ᯘ ᯘ ᯙ ೑ᆊⱘ ೑ᆊ 䴶⿃ ݀之 ╂䯈ᏺⒽ ᯙ ᯙ ݀之 ⱘ ⍖䴶⿃↨

՟ ⏸⍋⑒–⏸⍋㽓࣫ 53,100 59%

100,000 60% 咘⍋ⱘ∳㢣੠Ϟ⍋ⱘ⍋ኌ ∳㢣 15% Ϟ⍋ ᯘ Ё೑ ৿ 䳋Ꮂ⑒–⏸⍋फ 23,000 53% 佭␃⡍߿

ᯙᯜ 51%* 㸠ᬓऎ 䖑ϰ⑒–⏸⍋ϰ࣫ 13,000 31%

ᳱ剰 ᯘ ᯙ 190 6% ㉇ඨ੠ݙৢ⍋⑒ ៪⏅ഇ⑒

10,000 11% 吁㓓∳⊇ষ੠ᳱ剰⊇ষ

52,000 34% 咘⍋ϰ⍋ኌ

咘⍋ϰ⍋ኌ–ᮄϛ䞥 28,000*** 97%

䶽೑

312,000*

60%**

⋯ϰ∳⊇ষ–᮹ᴀ⍋ 300 20%

248,940*

⋄೑ ፴ 0 0% ೑ݙ⑒⋄

ᮄࡴവ ϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟ೑䰙䞡 - - 70% ᯜ >2 㽕⑓ഄ Ԛ≵᳝ ϛা吏呀㉏右ⱘ݇ 䬂ऎඳ

* An et al. 2007b, Hilton & Manning 1995, Moores 2012, ໻䶽⇥೑ೳഄ䖤䕧੠⍋⋟џࡵ䚼 (MLTM) 2008, Yee et al. 2010. ** 䶽೑ᓔൺⱘ╂䯈ᏺⒽ⍖ᘏ䴶⿃Ў60,800݀之(໻䶽⇥೑ೳഄ䖤䕧੠⍋⋟џࡵ䚼(MLTM) 2008),ऴ⑓ഄᘏ䴶⿃ⱘ22% *** 乍Ⳃࣙᣀܼ䚼⑓ഄ40,100݀之(Birds Korea 2010). † ᭄᥂ᴹ⑤㾕䰘ᔩ2.

㸼5.Ё೑੠䶽೑⊓⍋ⳕᏖᏆ㒣ᡍޚᑊℷ೼䖯㸠ⱘ໻㾘῵ᓔൺ䅵ߦᯘᴹ⑤ᯪCCICED 2010b, Ko et al. 2011ᯙ)DŽ޴Т≵᳝ᳱ剰⇥ЏЏНҎ⇥݅੠೑ⱘ݀ᓔ䌘᭭ᯜԚ8800݀之ⱘ໻⑾ቯ╂∤ ᓔൺ乍ⳂᏆѢ2010ᑈᅠ៤ᯜḍ᥂ᳱ剰ᮄ䯏᳡ࡵሔᯘKCNA 2010ᯙ⍜ᙃ੠䈋℠ഄ೒ᯜᏆ㒣ⳟࠄ ⍋๭੠໻䚼ߚⱘ⍋ኌ㒓

⊓⍋ⳕϢ ᯊ䯈䎼ᑺ Ϣ╂䯈ᏺⒽ⍖Ⳍ ⳂⱘϢ᭄᥂ᴹ⑤ ජ䬛 ݇ⱘᓔൺ䅵ߦⱘ 㾘῵ᯘ݀之ᯙ ⊇࣫ ~2020 45,200 ⾺ⱛቯ␃ᘏԧ䅵ߦᯫ૤ቅ␃ᘏԧ䅵ߦᯫ咘偙␃ ᘏԧ䅵ߦᯫ᳍བྷ⬌ᎹϮುᘏԧ䅵ߦ

໽⋹ ~2020 21,500 ໽⋹⍋ኌӥ䯆ᮙ␌ऎᘏԧ䅵ߦᯫ໽⋹␃ᎹϮऎ

ᘏԧ䅵ߦ ቅϰ 2009 – 2020 42,000 ቅϰञቯ㪱㡆㒣⌢ऎ䲚Ё䲚㑺⫼⍋⡍߿㾘ߦ ᯘ2009-2020ᯙ ∳㢣 2009 – 2020 180,000 ∳㢣⊓⍋ᓔথ㾘ߦᯘ2009-2020ᯙ Ϟ⍋ 2011 – 2020 40,000 Ϟ⍋ᏖⒽ⍖䌘⑤ᓔথ߽⫼㾘ߦׂ㓪 ⌭∳ 2005 – 2020 174,670 ⌭∳ⳕⒽ⍖ೈൺᘏԧ㾘ᯘ2005-2020ᯙ ⽣ᓎ 2005 – 2020 55,100 ⽣ᓎⳕⒽ⍖ೈൺᘏԧ㾘ߦᯘ2001-2020ᯙ ⍋फ - unknown ᑓ㽓 2008~2025 4,980 ᑓ㽓࣫⍋Ꮦᘏԧ䅵ߦᯘ2008-2025ᯙ ᑓϰ 2005~2010 14,610 ᑓϰⳕ⍋⋟ࡳ㛑ऎߦ Ё೑ড়䅵 2005> 578,060

∳ढቯᯘ㽓 2012> 7,940 ∳ढቯ╂∤⬉キᯘBirds Korea 2010, Koet al. 䚼ᯙ 2011ᯙ ҕᎱ⑒ 2012> 15,700 – 19,600 ҕᎱ╂∤⬉キᯘMOMAF 2006, KHNP & Ecoeye 2010, Cho et al. 2011ᯙ ᵒቯ╂䯈 2009> >1,000 ҕᎱ㞾⬅㒣⌢ऎᯘIFEZᯙᯘBirds Korea 2010, ᏺⒽ⍖ Incheon Free Economic Zone 2011ᯙ ࡴ⋯ᵫ⑒* 2012> 9,000 ╂∤থ⬉ॖᯘChoet al. 2011ᯙ 䶽೑ড়䅵 2009> >33,640

ℶᯘS. Millington, pers. comm.ᯙ፧ذࡴ⋯ᵫ⑒ⱘᓔথᏆ *

኱থ૴ဣڦෟ฿ኮक़ں࿿ዖူইᇑ೼တڦਸ੟ᆅഐںཱི .9  Ⳃࠡ䴲ᐌᗹ䳔ⷨおѮ⌆∈右Ϣᷪᙃഄϻ༅ҹঞ⾡㕸䍟࢓П䯈ⱘ㘨㋏DŽ✊㗠ˈᚙ࢓ⱘ㋻䖿 ᗻᏆ㒣कߚᯢᰒDŽ᳝㢹ᑆⷨおᏆ㒣ᣛᯢˈ೼ᷪᙃഄϻ༅Ϣ右ⱘϟ䰡П䯈᳝ⴔ⏙᱄ⱘ㘨㋏

˄᭛ᴀḚ˅ˈϔᮺᷪᙃഄϻ༅ህⳈ᥹ᰒ⼎ϟ䰡˄5RJHUVHWDO˅ˈ៪ձ䌪咘⍋ ৿⏸⍋˅ⱘ׭右ߎ⦄ϟ䰡ˈԚϡࣙᣀ⬭右⾡㕸˄$PDQRHWDO:LOVRQHWDO˄ ˅DŽೳഄㅵ⧚㗙੠ᬓᑰ䗮ᐌ䅸Ўˈা㽕╂∤ᷪᙃഄ⸈ണˈ右㕸Ӯ⿏ࡼࠄ݊ҪഄᮍDŽ DŽ㑶㝍Ⓖ呀㹿य़㓽ࠄ᮹Ⲟމℛⱘ⏸⍋ϡᰃ䖭⾡ᚙذℛⱘᮄϛ䞥੠㑶㝍Ⓖ呀ذԚᰃ໻Ⓖ呀 㓽ᇣⱘⒽ⍖Ϟ˄+DVVHOOHWDO˅Ꮖ㒣㾖ᆳࠄϟ䰡DŽℸ໪ˈᓔൺᏆ㒣ᇍ݊Ҫ䖕亲 䏃㒓Ϟ吏呀㉏右⾡㕸ѻ⫳ϡ߽ᕅડ˄%XUWRQ%XUWRQHWDO˅DŽ

!րЉۨࡁ҆ڧҘ௫य़৩ङثעङЖ֪ێ㯐ش᭛ᴀḚ1.!ݭஔ୍੽ङࠐ׿͹ОэТ  ⡍ℛഄDŽ᳝ѯ⠽⾡䴲ᐌذϡᰃ᠔᳝ⱘ׭右䛑㊒⹂ഄՓ⫼ৠϔᴵ䖕亲䏃㒓੠ৠϔഫ ℛഄ˄3LHUVPD˅ˈ䖭ḋҪӀᠡ㛑㸹ذᅗӀাՓ⫼᳝⡍⅞䌘⑤ⱘഄഫ៪ˈ⅞ ܙ䎇໳䭓䗨亲㸠ⱘԧ㛑˄:DUQRFN˅DŽϡৠⱘ⠽⾡ⱘ୭া䗖ᑨϡৠ㉏ൟ⊹≭এ 㾙亳DŽ৥࣫䖕亲ⱘ䏃㒓ᕔᕔϡৠѢ৥फ䖕亲ⱘ䏃㒓˄1HZWRQ*LOOHWDO 0LQWRQHWDO/LQGVWURPHHWDO˅ˈ՟བˈϡৠⱘᄷ㡖᳝ϡৠⱘ亳 DQJHWDOD˅DŽϡৠ⾡ⱘ׭右⏋ড়䖕亲гӮফࠄ⡍⅞㽕∖੠ᴵӊⱘᬃ>˄⠽ 䜡˄3LHUVPD%XHKOHU 3LHUVPD%DWED\DUHWDO˅䖭ḋህӮ Փᕫ㑶㝍Ⓖ呀ϔϾ⾡㕸ⱘা㛑Փ⫼Ё೑⏸⍋⑒⍋ኌ㒓݀䞠˄

㛑๲ᔎԧ㛑ⱘഄഫϻ༅៪䗔࣪ӮՓᕫ݊Ҫഄഫ៤Ў䖕亲ⱘ⫊乜˄9HUNXLOHWDO ˅DŽ໽⋹⍋ኌⒽ⍖ⱘᓔൺ䖿Փ໻䞣ⱘ右㕸亲ᕔ⏸⍋૤ቅ⬭ϟᴹⱘ╂䯈ᏺⒽ⍖ ˄

೼䶽೑ˈᮄϛ䞥ঞ਼݊䖍⑓ഄ㋏㒳ⱘ䇗ᶹ˄᭛ᴀḚ˅Ꮖ㒣㒧ᴳˈ䆘Ԅњ右㕸ᰃ৺᳝㛑 ࡯亲ᕔ঺ϔ໘Ⓗ⍖ˈҹҷ᳓ॳᴹᏆ㹿ᓔথⱘᮄϛ䞥㾙亳ഄ˄㸼˅DŽᔧ⍋๭ড়ᢶৢ೼ᮄ ϛ䞥䆄ᔩࠄ࠻⚜ⱘϟ䰡ˈ೼䚏䖥ⱘ঺໪ϸ໘⊇ষ˄*HXP੠*RPVR˅फ੠࣫䆄ᔩࠄϞछ ˄0RRUHVHWDO˅DŽ✊㗠݊Ҫ޴Ͼഄഫ䆄ᔩࠄⱘ吏呀㉏右๲ࡴ᭄䖰ԢѢᮄϛ䞥ޣ ᇥⱘ᭄ᄫDŽܼ䚼䆄ᔩ᭄ᄫ㸼ᯢ䖭Ͼഄऎⱘ吏呀㉏右᳝ᕜ໻ⱘϟ䰡˄೒˅

吏呀㉏ ೒ᮄϛ䞥ঞ݊↫䚏ⱘ╂䯈ᏺऎඳ 吏呀㉏右⾡㕸໻ᇣ೼ᮄϛ䞥⍋๭Ѣ  ᑈড়ᢶৢⱘব࣪˄'5RJHUV10RRUHV 右᭄ 3%DWWOH\&+DVVHOO .*RVEHOO˅ ╂䯈ᏺⒽ⍖ᓔൺϢϰѮ▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕 䞣 亲䏃㒓Ϟ䗮䖛ᮄϛ䞥吏呀㉏右ޣᇥⲥ⌟ 䅵ߦ˄66030RRUHVHWDO˅੠ ೼▇໻߽Ѯᇍ咘⍋䖕ᕭ⠽⾡ⲥ⌟˄0<60$ 5RJHUVHWDO˅

 ▇໻߽Ѯ䴲㐕Ⅺഄⱘⲥ⌟㸼ᯢˈ⬅Ѣᮄϛ䞥ⱘᓔൺˈ吏呀㉏右᭄䞣ϟ䰡ˈ䇈ᯢ䖭ѯᡒϡ 0RRUHV'5RJHUVSHUVℛഄⱘ右㕸໻䚼ߚ⅏ѵњ˄5RJHUVHWDOذࠄ FRPP˅DŽ՟བ೼▇໻߽Ѯ㽓࣫䚼ⱘܿकઽⒽⱘϔഫ⑓ഄˈৃҹᬃᣕ໻䞣ⱘ䖕亲ⱘ䴲㐕 Ⅺⱘ吏呀㉏右DŽ೼䖛এⱘकᑈˈ䆌໮⾡䖕亲ⱘ吏呀右ϟ䰡њˈ㗠吏呀⬭右ֱᣕ〇ᅮ៪๲ ࡴ˄㸼˅DŽ▇໻߽Ѯ݊Ҫഄᮍⲥ⌟ࠄⱘ右㕸гਜ⦄ϟ䰡DŽሑㅵ೼ܿकઽⒽ右㉏᳝ϟ䰡ˈ Ԛϡ㛑ऩ㒃ᔦ੢Ѣᮄϛ䞥ⱘϻ༅DŽ᳝޴乍ⷨおᣛߎˈ࿕㚕থ⫳೼݇䬂ⱘ䖕亲ഄˈ㗠ϡᰃ 䴲㐕㚆ഄ˄$PDQRHWDO:LOVRQHWDO6]DERHWDO˅DŽ  ᳔䖥ˈ䗮䖛೼೑ᆊሎᑺϞ᥼㸠,8&1ⱘ㑶㡆ৡᔩߚ㉏੠ᷛޚˈᣛߎњ೼▇໻߽Ѯ吏呀㉏右 ᰃϟ䰡᳔ᖿⱘ右⾡˄6]DERHWDO˅DŽ԰㗙䅸Ў吏呀㉏右ϟ䰡ᰃ▇໻߽Ѯ๗໪಴ ℛᷪᙃഄ಴ᓔথ㗠ϻ༅DŽᅲ䰙Ϟˈ೼▇໻߽Ѯफ䚼੠ϰ䚼㢹ᑆ䴲ذ㋴䗴៤ⱘˈे╂䯈ᏺ 㐕㚆ᷪᙃഄ䆄ᔩࠄ䖕亲ⱘ吏呀㉏右᳝ϟ䰡DŽᘏഄ䇈ᴹˈᔧࠡⱘϟ䰡থ⫳೼ϔѯ⣀ゟⱘ䴲 㐕㚆ഄ˄*RVEHOO &OHPHQV*DUQHWWHWDO˅DŽᯚ຿݄䆄ᔩࠄ䖯ϔℹⱘ ϟ䰡ˈ㥿䞠乓⑒Ϟᔧഄ䆌໮׭右᳝ϟ䰡DŽ᠔থ⦄ⱘܼ䚼䖕亲⠽⾡ϟ䰡䛑Ϣ咘⍋˄৿⏸ ⍋˅᳝݇ˈ᠔ҹ䆹ഄऎᷪᙃഄⱘϻ༅ᰃϟ䰡ⱘЏ㽕᥼ࡼ࡯DŽ೼▇໻߽Ѯ݁Ͼߚᬷ㗠⣀ゟ ⱘഄഫⲥ⌟ࠄᔃఈⒼ呀˄&DOLGULVIHUUXJLQHD˅г೼ҹⳌԐ䗳⥛ϟ䰡˄'5RJHUVSHUV ℛഄˈ᳔໻ৃ㛑ᰃذFRPP˅DŽ䖭ѯഄഫ䛑ᰃᕫࠄ㡃དֱᡸⱘˈ᠔ҹ䆕ᯢњ䯂乬থ⫳೼ ⏸⍋䗴៤ⱘϟ䰡DŽ೼࣫ᵕ㐕㚆ഄᇍ޴Ͼ⠽⾡ⱘⲥ⌟ᣛߎˈϟ䰡ⱘॳ಴ᕜৃ㛑ᰃ䭓䗨䖕亲 䗴៤ⱘ˄6\URHFKNRYVNL\˅ˈ㗠ϡᰃ೼㐕㚆ഄ䗴៤ⱘᤳ༅  Table 6. ᮄϛ䞥吏呀㉏右ⲥ⌟䅵ߦᯘSSMPᯙⱘ㒧ᵰᯜࣙᣀᮄϛ䞥ᓔൺ䴶⿃ঞ݊↫䚏ⱘ⑓ഄ ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳೼⍋๭ᇕ䯁ࠡৢⱘ䇗ᶹᯘMooreset al. 2008, Rogerset al.2009ᯙ፧ ፧ ᮄϛ䞥吏呀㉏右ⲥ⌟䅵ߦ 2006 – 2008吏呀㉏右ϟ䰡᭄ 2006 – 2008吏呀㉏右๲ࡴ᭄ ᯘSSMPᯙⱘϝഫ⑓ഄ

ᮄϛ䞥 19 5

Geum⊇ষ 9 15

Gomso ⑒ 0 12

ऎඳⲥ⌟䅵ߦড়䅵 15 9



 ᭛ᴀḚ2.໻䶽⇥೑ᮄϛ䞥(Scott 1989, Mooreset al.2001, 2008, Moores 2012)

ℛഄᯘ䰘ᔩذᮄϛ䞥Ⓗ⍖ԡѢ⍋ኌϰ⋹∳੠ϛ之∳⊇ষᯜᰃϪ⬠Ϟ吏呀㉏右᳔䞡㽕ⱘ 2ᯙDŽϞϪ㑾80ᑈҷϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟ᳝20໮ϛা吏呀㉏右ᯜࣙᣀᇣ䴦㛮呀੠ ℛ੠㾙亳ᯜᭈϾ⊇ষ㹿33݀䞠ⱘᮄϛ䞥⍋๭ᇕ䯁DŽሑㅵ䖭Ͼ乍Ⳃফذ࣎ఈ呀೼ᮄϛ䞥 ࠄ⦃๗ֱᡸҎ຿ⱘ໮⃵ᡍ䆘ᯜ䖬ᰃ೼2006ᑈ4᳜ড়ᢶᯜᑊѢ2010ᑈℷᓣᅷᏗᅠ៤ᯘᎹ⿟ ᰃ೼1991ᑈᓔྟⱘᯙDŽ⍋๭ݙ㒻㓁ᓔൺᯜᓔൺⱘೳഄ⫼ѢݰϮǃ៪ᎹϮᓔথᯘ䇋ⳟҹϟ䆒 ℛذ䅵ᵘᗱᯙDŽ⊇ষᇕ䯁ৢ䰏ᣵњ╂∤ⱘᕅડᯜ᭄ҹⱒϛ䅵ⱘ䕃ԧࡼ⠽⅏ѵᯜձᄬѢ⊇ষ ഄⱘ右㉏᭄䞣໻ᐙϟ䰡DŽ᳝ⱘᏆ㒣⍜༅њDŽֱᡸЏН㗙ҡ✊䅸Ў᳝ϔ䚼ߚഄഫৃҹֱ⬭ 䖯㸠ֱᡸᗻㅵ⧚੠䞛পℷ⹂ⱘ㸠ࡼDŽ᳔䖥ᯜ2011ᑈ9᳜ᯜ⅟⬭ⱘᵕᇥ䞣ⱘᮄϛ䞥╂∤Ⓗ⍖ Ϟ䖬᳝ᕜᇥ䞣ⱘ吏呀㉏右ᯜࣙᣀᵕॅⱘ࣎ఈ呀DŽ !Ԟૌڦ഻࡛ࢅࢇୋࢫຶྨڦቷೌ၂๖ยऺࠓາĂྜׯ 

 㸼 7. ▇໻߽Ѯ㽓࣫䚼࣫䚼ܿकઽⒽ吏呀㉏右೼䴲㐕Ⅺᳳⱘ⾡㕸ব࣪DŽ▇໻߽Ѯ⍝⾑ⷨ  お㒘ⱘ᭄ߚᵤ㸼ᯢ  Ͼ吏呀㉏右᳔Єᆠⱘ⠽⾡⾡㕸ব࣪˄'5RJHUVSHUVFRPP˅  ܿकઽⒽ䴲㐕㚆䅵᭄ ᯘ㪱㡆ǃ⬭右ᯫ咥㡆ᯜ׭ 右ᯫ 2008 ᑈ 12 ᳜ 1999 ᑈ੠ 2001 ᑈ ㉫ԧᯜ䴲ᐌձ䌪╂ 䯈ᏺⒽ⍖ᯙ  䇗ᶹⱘ%    䪕ఈ≭吏 22,885 35.4%    ᔃఈⒼ呀 3,292 41.0%    ᭥ሒม呀 51,719 46.9%    ♄ሒⓖ呀 7,95 54.3%    ໻ᴧ呀 423 59.7% 㗏⷇呀 2,433 69.9%   

♄᭥吏 1,146 72.3% ໻Ⓖ呀 128.653 76.1% 㑶㝍Ⓖ呀 23,123 77.9%

䴦㛮呀 2,534 104.0%

ϝ䎒呀 3,605 12.0%

▇⌆᭥㱱呀 809 116.0%

!ᆖၚڦᇌᄽ .10

剐੠䋱㉏ᰃ䞢⫳ࡼ⠽ⱘЏ㽕亳⠽ᴹ⑤ᯜᅗгᰃϰѮ੠ϰफѮ⍋ኌᏺऎඳҎ⇥㲟ⱑ䋼ⱘЏ 㽕ᴹ⑤DŽℸ໪ᯜଚϮᤩ剐੠᠟Ꮉᤩ剐ѻϮᰃ⊓⍋⼒ऎⱘЏ㽕⫳䅵DŽ✊㗠ᭈϾഄऎⱘ⏨Ϯ⬅ Ѣ໮⾡ॳ಴ℷ೼㹄䋹ᯪ

• 䖛⏨ᯪЁ೑ⱘᴎࡼ⏨㠍Ꮖ㒣Ң60ᑈҷ᳿ᳳⱘ1ϛ㠬๲ࡴࠄ90ᑈҷЁᳳⱘ20ϛ㠬ᯜ㗠Ϩ⏨ 㠍䍞ᴹ䍞໻ᯜࡳ⥛䍞ᴹ䍞ᔎᯜ᳈ࡴ⦄ҷ࣪ᯘЁ೑⏨Ϯᑈ䡈1998ᯙDŽҢ1989ᑈ䍋Ё೑Ꮖ㒣៤ ЎϪ⬠Ϟ剐⫳ѻ䞣᳔໻ⱘ೑ᆊᯘЁ೑⏨Ϯᑈ䡈2009ᯙᯜԚऩԡ⏨㦋䞣䗤⏤ϟ䰡ᯜ໻ൟᑩሖ催 ⾡ⅪϮⱘ但᭭DŽ䞡㽕剐ݏӋؐԢⱘ剐᳓ҷDŽ⦄೼ⱘ⏨㦋䞣໻໮԰ЎݏӋؐⱘ剐㹿ᇣൟǃ㧹 ⱘᄬ䞣བ໻咘剐ᯘPseudosciaena croceaᯙℷ೼㗫チᯘTang 1993ᯙᯜ䆌໮⾡剐䖒ϡࠄ៤❳ᯘLiet al.2011ᯙᯜ䋱㉏ᰃ䞡㽕ⱘ∈ѻકᯜԚг㹿䖛ᑺᤩᤲ

• Փ⫼ϡৃᣕ㓁ⱘᤩ剐ᮍ⊩੠䞛䲚ᮍ⊩ᯪ

ेՓϡՓ⫼ᴎẄˈ䋱㉏г㹿᠟Ꮉ䖛ᑺ䞛ᬊᯘPedersen & Thang 1996ᯙᯜ䋱㉏ѻϮᎹϮ࣪ৢᚙ މ᳈㊳DŽ೼⦞⨮⻕ऎඳ䍞ᴹ䍞໮ഄՓ⫼⟚⚌੠↦剐ⱘᮍ⊩Փᕫ⠽⾡⾡㕸䙁ফৃᗩⱘᭈԧ ᗻ⸈ണDŽ䖬᳝ϔѯϡৃᣕ㓁ⱘᮍ⊩ᯜ՟བՓ⫼ᇣ㔥ⴐ੠⸈ണᗻⱘᢪ㔥ᤩ㦋⿔᳝ⱘ㾖䌣剐ǃ 䕃ԧࡼ⠽੠԰Ўᮙ␌㑾ᗉકⱘ⦞⨮ᯜ⫮㟇ᣪᥬᭈϾ⦞⨮⻕⚻⷇♄੠⫼԰≭⷇DŽ

• 剐ѻ䞣ϟ䰡ᯜ⬆໇㉏੠䋱㉏⾡㕸ѳᕙᘶ໡ᯪᄬ䞣ϟ䰡ᯜᗹᕙᘶ໡ᯜ಴Ў䞡㽕ⱘѻॉഄ㹿 ᓔൺᯜ៪㹿ⱘ⍋⋟ކߏᯘᓔൺ㓽ⷁњ⍋ኌ㒓ᯙDŽ৘⾡ᤩ剐Ꮉ݋៪䱰⹡⠽ᯘ䱨㔥ᯙՓᕫ៤剐ϡ 㛑ࠄ䖒ѻॉഄDŽᘶ໡䙁䘛ೄ䲒ᯘϡ⫳ѻ៤剐ᯙᯜ䞢⫳剐㢫㹿ᤩᤝկݏⅪ⫼DŽ

• ∵ᶧᯪ⬅Ѣ∵ᶧᯜ剐੠䋱㉏⅏ѵᯜ亳⫼ϡᅝܼᯘLiuet al. 2007ᯙDŽ∵ᶧ⠽᳝䞡䞥ሲǃ䲒䰡 㾷ⱘ∵ᶧ⠽ǃ᳝↦ⱘ㯏㉏੠⍂␌⫳⠽DŽ⍋ኌ≝⿃⠽ᯜ։㱔ⱘ๲ࡴᯜՓᕫ䖛এҢ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳⿏ 䰸ⱘ䆌໮ᑩሖ⊹⌚∵ᶧ⠽জ䞞ᬒಲ亳⠽䫒ЁDŽ⬅Ѣᓔൺǃ∵ᶧ੠䖛⏨䗴៤⍋⋟⏨Ϯϟ⒥ᯜ Փᕫ⏨⇥Ӏᇏᡒᮄⱘ⫳䅵ᯜএথሩ⍋⋟ݏⅪᯘ㾕ϟᯙDŽ

• ⍋⋟ݏⅪ๲ࡴᯪᔧ⍋⋟կᑨϟ⒥ᯊᯜЎњ⒵䎇ᇍ⍋ѻકⱘ䳔∖ᯜҢ㗠ࠎ▔њ⍋⋟ݏⅪⱘ থሩᯜ᮶᳝䞣ⱘ๲ࡴᯜজ᳝ᡔᴃⱘ䖯ℹDŽҢ1988ᑈ䍋ᯜЁ೑⍋⋟ݏⅪѻ䞣䍙䖛њ䞢⫳ᤩ㦋 䞣DŽҞ໽᳝፽፷፬ⱘଚϮ⍋ѻકᴹ㞾⍋⋟ݏⅪᯜ㗠ϡᰃ䖥⍋⏨ϮDŽ✊㗠⍋⋟ݏⅪⱘᑳᓗ⠽੠ᥦ ⊘⠽๲ࡴњ∂⻋੠᳝ᴎ⠽ⱘ∵ᶧాCuiet al. 2005ిూҢ㗠䖯ϔℹഄ䰡Ԣњ䞢⫳⏨Ϯⱘ䋼䞣DŽ ⍋⋟ݏⅪᇐ㟈⮒⮙ⱘӴ᪁ᯜ䗴៤⏨ϮѻϮ䘫Ӵ䌘⑤෎⸔ⱘܼ䴶ϻ༅DŽ䘫Ӵবᓖⱘᤳ༅䰡Ԣ њᇍ⇨׭ব࣪੠ᮄ⮒⮙ⱘ䗖ᑨ㛑࡯DŽ

!ၾྰڦࢅ֎ׂںཱིܔ .11

ᣕ㓁ϡᮁⱘᓔൺՓᕫᭈϾ⍋Ⓖ໘Ѣ㛚ᔅ⢊ᗕˈ䲒ҹᡫᢦ։㱔ǃೳഄϟ≝ǃⲤ⏡࣪ǃ⋾∈ǃ产 ᇥњ⊹≭ⱘᥦᬒˈҹঞ⍋ᑇ䴶Ϟछǃ⇨׭ব࣪ᓩ䍋ⱘ乥㐕ޣ⊆亢੠⍋ୌㄝ㞾✊♒ᆇDŽ໻∳໻ ᵕッ໽⇨џӊᬒ໻њ䖭ѯॅ䰽DŽ⊓⍋᠔᳝ⱘԢ⌐ೳഄ੠⊓⍋ජᏖ䛑໘Ѣॅ䰽ПЁDŽ

៾ℶࠄ2006ᑈˈ೼䗮৥ϰ䚼⍋⋟ⱘ8ᴵ⊇⌕Ϟׂᓎњ90,048ᑻ໻റˈ݊Ё᳝4697ᴵ໻റ催ᑺ 䍙䖛30㉇˄CCICED 2010b˅DŽ䖭ѯ໻റ䖲ৠޣᇥⱘ⌕䞣੠ᢺ៾ⱘ∈⌕ҹঞᣪ䍄ⱘᓎㄥ⫼≭ ⷇ˈ໻໻ഄޣᇥњ⌕ܹ⍋⋟ⱘ⊹≭DŽЁ೑࣫ᮍⱘ䖑⊇ǃ⍋⊇ǃ咘⊇Ϣ⏂⊇ߚ߿ޣᇥњ99%ǃ

99%ǃ87%੠66%ⱘ⊹≭䞣DŽЁ೑फ䚼ⱘ䭓∳ǃ䪅ฬ∳ǃ䯑∳੠⦴∳ޣᇥⱘ⊹≭䞣ߚ߿Ў67%ǃ 42%ǃ 41% ੠ 65%˄CCICED 2010b˅DŽ

ೳഄᓔൺ੠⍋๭ⱘᵘㄥ᳝ᬜഄ㓽ⷁњ⍋⑒Ϣ⊇ষⱘ⍋ኌ㒓ˈҢ㗠ࡴ࠻њ⍋⌾ⱘކࠋDŽ՟བᮄ ϛ䞥⍋๭乍ⳂՓॳᴹⱘ⍋ኌ㒓㓽ⷁњϝߚПϔˈ㒧ᵰࡴ࠻њ⍋ⱘ䖲㓁ކࠋˈ⍋ⱘ≝⿃㹿䗚䕀 њDŽ ⍋⌾⿏䰸њ⊹≭ˈᡞ໻ഫⱘ⷇༈⬭ϟᴹDŽ⦄೼Ё೑70%ⱘ⍋ኌ㹿։㱔˄Wang 2010˅DŽ ։㱔䗳⥛⬅0.5㉇/ᑈ๲ࡴࠄ14㉇/ᑈˈ䖬᳝᳈Ϲ䞡ⱘ䖑⊇ϢⒺ⊇⊇ষˈ։㱔䗳⥛ߚ߿䖒ࠄ2.5–5 ㉇/ᑈ੠15–300 ㉇/ᑈˈ⍋फⱘ⍋ষЎ5㉇/ᑈ˄CCICED 2010b˅DŽ

⊓⍋ⱘ䆌໮ජᏖབ໽⋹ǃॺ䮼੠Ϟ⍋䛑থ⫳ഄ䴶ϟ≝DŽ⊓⍋ഄऎϟ≝ˈ⍋ᑇ䴶Ϟछˈ产亢乥 ⥛๲໻ˈೳഄⱘϻ༅੠Ⲥ∈ⱘܹ։г䛑ࡴᖿњ˄Nicholls & Cazenave 2010˅ˈᇐ㟈ϻ༅њ㞾 ✊ᢉᕵ亢ᲈᤳᆇ੠⍋ୌⱘ㛑࡯˄Syvitski et al. 2009˅DŽ

૰ۯླྀڦਸ੟ټ࡛ӂ .12

ᓔথ╂∤Ⓗ⍖ⱘ᥼ࡼ࡯᳝໮⾡ᯘ೒12ᯙDŽ䰘 ᔩ 3߫ߎ㾖ᆳࠄⱘ࿕㚕ᯜᦤߎњ᥼ࡼ࡯੠ৃ㛑ⱘ㾷 ໮ḋᗻֱᡸ੠⍋ኌ㒓ֱᡸⱘ᥼ࡼ࡯ᯜҹ߽Ѣ⠽⫳އᮍḜDŽ໻䚼ߚᰃ߽⫼䋶ᬓ᠟↉࡯೒㾷އ ᦤկ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳᳡ࡵDŽ䕗໮ⱘথ䖒೑ᆊᓔൺೳഄᰃЎњජᏖথሩ੠෎⸔䆒ᮑᓎ䆒DŽ䖭ѯ乍Ⳃ ໻໮᭄ᰃЁ༂ᬓᑰ੠ⳕ㑻Џᣕ䅵ߦᓔথⱘDŽ⃴থ䖒೑ᆊ䴶ᇍⱘᔧഄ᥼ࡼ࡯ᰃᇣ㾘῵ᓔൺೳ Ⅺ䯂乬ᯜ᠔䳔៤ᴀ䕗ԢDŽ⛁ᏺ೑ᆊ䴶Јⱘय़࡯ᰃ⏙⧚╂䯈ᏺ㑶ᷥᵫᯜݏݰϮ੠∈ѻއഄ㾷 ᅗӀᕔᕔᓩ䍋䰘䖥⦞⨮ⱘᤳണ੠⎸⿃DŽ࿕㚕ⱘ๲䭓䗳ᑺ೼ࡴᖿDŽҹϟⱘϔ↉᭛ᄫὖ䗄њ᠔ ⍝ঞⱘЏ㽕᥼ࡼ࡯DŽ

Ҏষ

Ϫ⬠Ϟ޴Т᳝ϝߚПϔⱘҎষሙԣ೼ϰѮ੠ϰफѮⱘ⊓⍋ഄᏺDŽѮ⌆⍋ኌ㒓ᰃࢇࡼ࡯䳔∖ ⱘҎষЁᖗˈ಴ℸ䖭Ͼ᭄ᄫ䖬೼᚞ҎഄϞछDŽᓔথ੠ᎹϮⱘᠽ໻य़࡯᮴↨Ꮌ໻ᯜ೼Ҟৢϝक ⇥⿏ᑈ䗳ᑺᇚ᳈ᖿDŽЁ೑೼⊓⍋ᓎゟϧሲ㒣⌢ऎᓩ䍋೑ݙ੠೑䰙ⱘ໻㾘῵⿏⇥DŽЁ೑⊓⍋ 乘䅵䍙䖛3000ϛDŽ Ё೑ᘏ݅5.54ғҎሙԣ೼⊓⍋ഄᏺᯜࠄ2020ᑈᇚ䖒ࠄ7ғҎᯜ2030ᑈᇚ䖒ࠄ8.4ғҎᯘJianget al.2006ᯙDŽ䶽೑гҹᵕ催ⱘ䗳ᑺᓔথ⍋ኌᏺᯜҎষᇚӮ৥⊓⍋ජᏖ⿏ࡼˈҎষᆚᑺ޴Тᰃ DŽϢЁ೑ϰ䚼⊓⍋ഄऎⳌԐDŽॄሐ੠ᄳࡴᢝҎষय़࡯гᕜ໻DŽסЁ೑ⱘ 4

Ԣ៤ᴀⱘೳഄᓔথ

Linham et al. (2010) থ⦄ᯜϰѮ╂∤Ⓗ⍖ᓔথⱘ៤ᴀЎ↣ゟᮍ㉇ᴤ᭭3-5㕢ܗᯘ㸼6ᯙDŽYim (1995) থ⦄ᯜ佭␃␃ষೳഄᓔথ៤ᴀЎ↣ᑇᮍ㉇3.9㕢ܗᯜབᵰՓ⫼䰚෎฿ܙᴤ᭭ᯜ߭Ў6.4 㕢ܗDŽབᵰࣙ৿ৢ㓁ⱘᮑᎹᯜ៤ᴀৃ㛑Ӯᕜ催ᯜ䖭পއѢ䳔㽕ҔМḋⱘ෎⸔䆒ᮑDŽሑㅵᓔൺ ⱘ៤ᴀ䖬೼ϡᮁϞछᯜᓔথ៤ᴀ↨໻໮᭄೑ᆊජᏖ㣗ೈݙೳഄ䞛䌁੠⾳⫼៤ᴀԢᕜ໮DŽϟ㸼 ᦤկњ䖥ᳳḜ՟DŽ ᓔൺ៤ᴀԢⱘॳ಴Пϔᰃ乍ⳂᬜⲞ䆘ӋЁᗑ⬹њ᠔᳝ⱘ⦃๗៤ᴀᯘབᤳ༅ⱘ⏨Ϯ੠݊Ҫⱘ⦃ ๗᳡ࡵᯜҹঞ໪䚼಴㋴ᯙ(TEEB 2010)DŽབᵰ䖯㸠ᅠܼⱘ៤ᴀᬜⲞߚᵤᯜೳഄᓔൺ乍Ⳃৃ㛑ᰃ ܙ฿ᯜᓔൺⱘᎹ⿟ᓊ㓁њ22ᑈDŽℸ໪ᯜՓ⫼ⱘסϡৃ㸠ⱘDŽ՟བᮄϛ䞥ⱘ៤ᴀᏆ㒣䍙䖛ད޴ ᴤ᭭៤ᴀϡᮁϞछᯘ㞾Ң2003ᑈॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ⽕ℶ৥ᮄࡴവߎষ≭ᄤᯜ݊៤ᴀ⬅↣ৼ4㕢ܗϞ ⍼ࠄ30-40㕢ܗᯙDŽ

೒፸፹፵৘೑੠ऎඳ╂䯈ᏺϻ༅ⱘ᥼ࡼ࡯ὖ䗄ᯜᣛᯢᏆ㒣䅸ᅮⱘ᥼ࡼ࡯᭄Ⳃᯘ⫼೚೜᭄Ⳃ੠໻ᇣ㸼⼎ᯙᯜҹঞ ϡৠ᥼ࡼ࡯ⱘⱘ↨՟ᯘ㾕佐೒ᯙDŽ᭄᥂੠ᓩ᭛ᴹ⑤㾕䰘ᔩ፼

ᣝऎඳ੠㉏ൟߦߚⱘ⸈ണᗻ᥼ࡼ࡯ Ё೑໻䰚10

⸈ണᗻ᥼ࡼ࡯ⱘⳌᇍ乥⥛

᥼ࡼ࡯ᘏ᭄ ජᏖ/␃ ষᓔথ ݰϮᓔথ ∈ѻݏⅪ /Ⲥഎ ⍋ ኌֱᡸᎹ ⿟Ⓖ⍋ᮙ ␌ Ҏষ य़࡯

  㒣⌢

2001੠2009ᑈЁ೑⊓⍋11৘ⳕǃᏖⱘ೑ݙ⫳ѻᘏؐ˄GDP˅↣ ᑈ ҹ 10%䗳ᑺ๲ࡴˈ䖒ࠄ2.8 DŽܗ䖒ࠄ6.7ϛғ㕢ˈסᰃܼ೑ⱘGDPⱘ57%DŽ䖭Ͼ᭄ᄫࠄ2020ᑈ䖬Ӯ๲䭓2.5ˈܗϛғ㕢 ⷕ༈໻࡯থሩҹ⒵䎇ټ䆌 ໮䞡ᎹϮˈབ䩶䪕ǃ≑䔺ǃ⷇⊍ᓔྟ⿏৥⊓⍋ഄऎˈ␃ষ੠ᄬ 䖯ߎষ 䚼䮼ⱘ䳔㽕DŽϪ⬠Ϟ8Ͼ᳔໻䲚㺙ㆅ␃ষ੠ܼ⧗20Ͼ໻␃ⱘ13Ͼ䛑೼ᴀ乍ⷨおऎ ඳݙDŽЁ೑␃ষ᠔ऴ⫼ⱘ⍋ኌ㒓⬅600݀䞠থሩࠄ1000݀䞠DŽ䱣ⴔ݊Ҫ⊓⍋ѻϮ੠ජᏖ ⱘথሩᯜࠄ2020ᑈᇚӮ᳝঺໪ⱘ5000ᑇᮍ݀䞠⍋๭㹿ᓔൺᯘCCICED 2010bᯙDŽ

Ё೑⍋⋟ѻϮᯘ⍋䖤ǃ⏨Ϯǃ䞛ⷓǃᮙ␌ǃ⍋Ⲥ⫳ѻϢᓔথǃ⊍⇨ϮᯙⱘGDPҹ↣ᑈ15% ⱘ催䗳ᑺ๲䭓DŽᮄⱘѻϮབ⍋⋟㛑⑤ǃ⍋⋟Ꮉ⿟ǃ⫳⠽ࠊ㥃੠⍋⋟⾥ᄺг催䗳ഄ᥼ࡼ៤ 䭓DŽ

2010ᑈ䶽೑㠍㠊੠⍋⋟䆒໛ߎষ䞣↨ᕔᑈ๲ࡴњ10%ᯜ䖒ࠄ498ғ㕢ܗᯜᰃ᳔໻ⱘ㒽ᬜDŽ䶽 ೑⍋⋟䆒໛ⱘ⫳ѻ䖯ܹ໻ൟѻϮ乚ඳᯜⳈ᥹䗮৥໻⋟DŽབℸᑲ໻ⱘѻϮ乚ඳᇍ⍋⋟⦃๗᳝ 䋳䴶ᕅડᯜᅗⱘᠽᓴ㒻㓁࿕㚕⍋ኌ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳DŽ

㸼፿፵ϰѮ╂䯈ᏺᓔথ៤ᴀᯘLinhamet al.2010ᯙ፧ ᓔൺ䴶⿃ ᘏ៤ᴀ ऩԡ៤ᴀ ೑ᆊ፶ऎඳ ԡ㕂 ᯘ݀之ᯙ ᯘ㕢ܗᯙ 㕢ܗ፶݀之

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ 催䲘␃ 422.5 30 ғ 7.1 million

Ё೑▇䮼⡍߿㸠 ⦴⍋▇䮼␃ҎᎹቯ 208 ғ 1.7 million - ᬓऎ

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ॺ䮼 3,933 34ғ 882,400*

໻䶽⇥೑ ᮄϛ䞥ᯘ໪⍋๭ᯙ 28,300 21ғ 74,204

ᄳࡴᢝ ṙܟ㒇 60,000 1800ϛ 300

* Peng et al. (2005)

⼒Ӯᬓ⊏

ᔎ࡯ⱘ⼒Ӯᬓ⊏಴㋴᥼ࡼЁ೑⍋ኌᓔথˈЁ೑⦃๗Ϣথሩ೑䰙ড়԰ྨਬӮ˄2010b˅ᇚℸ 䆄ᔩ೼ ḜDŽ⍋⋟䌘⑤ᓔথᰃЁ೑कѨǃकϔѨ੠कѠѨ䅵ߦ˄2001, 2006, 2011˅ⱘ⡍߿ ໄ⿄䖭ᰃϔ乍དⱘ㒣⌢থሩ˖ᓎゟϧሲ㒣⌢ऎǃˈޚ䞡⚍DŽ䖭ህֱ䆕њ⍋ኌᏺᓎ䆒ᖿ䗳ᡍ ᮄජऎǃ ␃ষᓔথǃ䞛⊍ǃ㊒⚐䆒ᮑǃ⍋ኌ䘧䏃੠╂∤Ⓗ⍖ᓔൺDŽᅲᮑ⍋⋟ᓔথ੠⍋⋟ ㄀क݁ሞ˄2002˅੠㄀कϗሞ˄2007˅ҷ㸼໻Ӯ᡹ਞܮѻϮᓔথᏆ㒣ߚ߿ݭܹЁ೑݅ѻ Ё(CCICED 2010b)DŽ 2008ᑈЁ೑೑ࡵ䰶݀Ꮧњlj೑ᆊ⍋⋟џϮথሩ㾘ߦ㒆㽕NJˈ೼ᬓ⊏ Ϟᔎ䇗њ⊓⍋⍋ኌऎ㒣⌢ থሩˈ䯈᥹ഄࡴ䞡њᇍ╂∤ᷪᙃഄ੠⫳⠽ऎ㋏ⱘ࿕㚕DŽ䶽೑г ᳝㉏ԐⱘᚙމDŽ80ᑈҷˈᬓᑰ 䗝ᅮњϔϾᓔথऎඳˈ䗤⏤㋏㒳ഄᓔথˈᑊᡞᓔথ԰Ўゲ 䗝ⱘ᮫Ᏸ(Moores 2006)DŽᴀऎඳⱘ݊Ҫ೑ᆊг᳝㉏Ԑⱘ⼒Ӯᬓ⊏ᬓㄪDŽ

᭛࣪Ϣᅫᬭ

咘⍋˄৿⏸⍋˅੠Ё೑फ⍋⊓ኌ᳝䆌໮ᑭᅛ੠᭛࣪ЁᖗDŽ䖭ѯ䆒ᮑ㹿ᓔথЎᮙ␌ഄˈҢ 㗠ᔶ៤ᇍ⍋ኌ㒓ⱘय़࡯DŽ೼থሩᮙ␌ᯊᅫᬭ⌏ࡼг໻䞣๲໮ˈᇍ⍋Ⓗᰃϔ⾡ᑆᡄˈᇍ⍋ 剰ⱘ䳔∖г๲ࡴњDŽ᳝ѯഄഫϔᑈ᥹ᕙ޴ⱒϛ␌ᅶ˄བ⍋फⱘϝѮϛҎˈ⋄೑ⱘ᱂ ঢ়ቯϛҎˈᏈ६ⱘᑧศϛҎ˅ˈЁ೑佭␃⡍߿㸠ᬓऎ䖾ᮃሐФುᓔথњᑇᮍ݀ 䞠⍋ඳDŽ

⾥ᄺϢᡔᴃ

ᇥ⍋⋟䌘⑤ⱘ⌾䌍ˈᑊৃҹᦤ催ֱᡸᬜ⥛DŽ✊ޣ೼⧚䆎Ϟ䆆ˈ⾥ᄺᡔᴃⱘ䖯ℹᑨ䆹ৃҹ Ⅺⱘݏ⋞㗠ˈϔ㠀ᴹ䇈ˈᡔᴃⱘ䖯ℹӮ᥼ࡼ䌘⑤ⱘ߽⫼∈ᑇᑊᤳᆇ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳DŽݰϮ੠⍋ 䖯ℹ䗴៤њᇍ㞾✊⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘय़࡯DŽ⏨Ϯᡔᴃⱘ䖯ℹᵕ໻ഄ⍜㗫њ⍋⋟剐ⱘᄬ䞣DŽ݊Ҫ 乚ඳⱘ䖯ℹ᥼ࡼњ⊍⇨੠݊Ҫ⍋⋟ⷓ⠽ⱘᓔ䞛ˈࡴᖿњ⍋⋟㛑⑤ⱘᓔথˈᓔᢧњᮄⱘ⍋ ѻ亳કˈথሩњ乱໪ⱘ⍋⋟ݏⅪ㋏㒳ˈ೼⫳⠽ࠊ㥃ϮЁ߽⫼њᮄⱘ⠽⾡DŽ  ޣˈ䖯ⱘⷨお੠њ㾷⇨׭ব࣪ᓩ䍋ⱘ⍋ᑇ䴶छ催ǃ亢ᲈ੠产亢ˈৃҹ䅽ҎӀᦤ催ᛣ䆚ܜ ᇥᇍফ࿕㚕ഄऎⱘᡩ䌘ˈԚ᳈ৃ㛑ⱘᰃ䅽ҎӀ᳈ࡴձ䌪⍋䰆Ꮉ⿟ⱘᓎ䆒DŽ      

!แᇑ੗ᆩ߾ਏ߁ຎٯԍࢺ .13 ! ᡸ╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄⱘ᥼ࡼ࡯䕗ᔅֱ

ϰѮ▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓䴶ЈⴔᎼ໻ⱘֱᡸᣥ៬DŽᔧࠡˈ⍋ኌऎֱᡸⱘ࡯ᑺᕜᇣDŽሑㅵ ᅷᏗњऎඳⱘֱᡸᬓㄪˈ᳝њ㢹ᑆ೑䰙ण䆂ˈ᳝䴲ℷᓣⱘ䖕亲䏃㒓೑䰙ӭԈ੠ϔѯֱᡸ ݙ᳝݋ԧⱘᡩ䌘ˈԚ䖭ѯ᥼ࡼ࡯ᇮϡ䎇ҹᅝֱܼᡸ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟⱘ╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄDŽ䰘ᔩ Ḝ՟ⷨおDŽ

ᛣ䆚

ߎњᎼ໻ⱘࡾ࡯ˈԚᰃᬓᑰǃၦԧǃ݀ӫ੠᳝خሑㅵ৘⾡೑䰙੠೑ݙ䅵ߦ੠䴲ᬓᑰ㒘㒛 ⏨Ϯ⼒ऎⱘֱᡸ㞾✊⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ࡳ㛑ⱘᛣ䆚䖬ᕜԢ˄(&%3˅DŽᬓᑰᬓㄪ᭛ӊЁᏆ㒣݇ ໄ⿄㽕ֱᣕ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ϢҎП䯈ⱘᑇ㸵Ϣ੠䇤ˈԚै≵᳝㾕ࠄᬜᵰDŽ

ᇍ⠽⾡ⱘᛣ䆚ˈ៪ᇍᷪᙃഄⱘ݇⊼ˈ៪ᇍֱᡸӋؐⱘ੐৕ˈ䛑ϡ㛑䰏ℶᬓᑰ੠ᓔথ㗙ⱘ ᓔথ੠ህϮDŽ↣ϔϾ೑ᆊ䛑ᇍᑈ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻ݀㑺ⱘ៬⬹䅵ߦঞ݊䗮䖛ⱘϾ“⠅ⶹⳂ ᷛ”೑䰙ᡓ䇎㔎Уᛣ䆚DŽ᳝޴Ͼ⠅ⶹⳂᷛህᰃ䩜ᇍ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟ╂䯈ᏺ⑓ഄⱘˈ⡍߿ᰃ˖ ፧ ణՔ!1ᯪ᳔䖳ࠄᑈˈҎӀ䅸䆚ࠄ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻⱘӋؐҹঞҪӀ㛑໳䞛পાѯ᥾ᮑֱᡸ੠ৃ ᣕ㓁߽⫼⫳⠽໮ḋᗻDŽ

ణՔ!2:ࠄᑈˈՓ᠔᳝㞾✊ᷪᙃഄ ࣙᣀỂᵫ ⱘϻ༅䗳ᑺ㟇ᇥ䰡Ԣϔञˈᑊ೼ৃ㸠ᚙ މϟ䰡Ԣࠄ᥹䖥䳊ˈৠᯊ໻ᐙᑺޣᇥᷪᙃഄ䗔࣪੠⸈⹢࣪⿟ᑺDŽ

ణՔ!3:ࠄᑈˈ᠔᳝剐㕸੠᮴㛞Ợࡼ⠽⾡㕸ঞ∈⫳ỡ⠽䛑ҹৃᣕ㓁੠ড়⊩ⱘᮍᓣ䖯㸠 ㅵ⧚੠ᤩᤲˈᑊ䞛⫼෎Ѣ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘᮍᓣˈҹ䙓ܡ䖛ᑺᤩᤲˈৠᯊᇍ᠔᳝ᶃチ⠽⾡ࠊᅮᘶ ໡䅵ߦ੠᥾ᮑˈՓ⏨Ϯᇍফ࿕㚕剐㕸੠㛚ᔅ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ϡѻ⫳᳝ᆇᕅડˈᇚ⏨Ϯᇍ⾡㕸ǃ⠽ ੠⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘᕅડ᥻ࠊ೼ᅝܼⱘ⫳ᗕ䯜ؐ㣗ೈݙDŽ⾡

ᇥ⬅⇨׭ব࣪៪⍋⋟䝌࣪ᇍ⦞⨮⻕੠݊Ҫ㛚ᔅ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘ໮ޣణՔ!4:ࠄ2015ᑈᯜሑৃ㛑 䞡ҎЎय़࡯ᯜ㓈ᡸᅗӀⱘᅠᭈᗻ੠ࡳ㛑DŽ

ణՔ!5:ࠄᑈˈ㟇ᇥ᳝ⱘ䰚ഄ੠ݙ䰚∈ඳҹঞⱘ⍋ኌ੠⍋⋟ऎඳˈᇸ݊ᰃᇍѢ ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻ੠⫳ᗕ㋏㒳᳡ࡵ݋᳝⡍⅞䞡㽕ᗻⱘऎඳˈ䗮䖛ᓎゟ᳝ᬜ㗠݀ᑇㅵ⧚ⱘǃ⫳ᗕϞ ᳝ҷ㸼ᗻ੠䖲䗮ᗻདⱘֱᡸഄ㋏㒳੠݊Ҫ෎Ѣऎඳⱘ᳝ᬜֱᡸ᥾ᮑ㗠ᕫࠄֱᡸˈᑊ㹿㒇ܹ ᳈ᑓ⊯ⱘ䰚ഄ᱃㾖੠⍋⋟᱃㾖DŽ

ᇥ᳔Ϲ䞡ޣᇸ݊ᰃ݊Ё މ⢊ణՔ!6:ࠄᑈˈ䰆ℶᏆⶹফ࿕㚕⠽⾡䙁ফ♁㒱ˈϨֱ݊ᡸ ᕫࠄᬍ୘੠㓈ᣕDŽ މ⢊ⱘ⠽⾡ⱘֱᡸ

ᒋǃ⫳䅵੠⽣⼝ⱘ⫳ᗕعణՔ!7:ࠄ2020ᑈᯜᦤկ䞡㽕᳡ࡵ፯ࣙᣀϢ∈Ⳍ݇ⱘ᳡ࡵ፰ᯜՓ᳝ࡽѢ 㒳ᕫࠄᘶ໡੠ֱ䱰ᯜৠᯊ乒ঞཛཇǃॳԣ⇥੠ഄᮍ⼒ऎҹঞ䋿か੠ᔅ࢓㕸ԧⱘ䳔㽕DŽ㋏

Ўњᅲ⦄䖭ѯⳂᷛᯜᰒ✊ϡ㛑㒻㓁⊓ⴔ䖕亲䏃㒓䖯㸠╂䯈ᏺᓔൺDŽ 㔎ᇥᛣ䆚ϡሔ䰤Ѣ৘೑԰ߎⱘᡓ䇎DŽҎӀ䖬ϡњ㾷ᯜ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳᳡ࡵⱘϻ༅Ӯ๲ࡴᇍ⫳⌏ǃ ᒋ੠䋶ѻⱘ࿕㚕ᯘJanekarnkij 2010ᯙDŽỂᵫ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳᳡ࡵⱘ㒣⌢䆘ӋՓᕫЁ೑⽕ℶ໻䚼ߚع 䞛ӤᯜԚ䖭ᰃ1997ᑈথ⫳♒䲒ᗻ∈♒ҹৢⱘއᅮᯘCCICED 2010cᯙDŽЁ೑݊Ҫ乚ඳⱘ⦃๗ᬓ ㄪᕫ߽Ѣ೑䰙ড়԰Ϣᅵ䆘ᯜ⡍߿ᰃЁ೑⦃๗Ϣথሩ೑䰙ড়԰ྨਬӮᯜ㣅᭛ㅔ⿄CCICED ᯘHanson & Martin 2006ᯙDŽ೑ݙ໪ৡҎⱘ݇⊼ᯜϡㅵҪӀᰃⱛᅸǃ䖤ࡼਬǃӕϮᆊ៪㡎ᴃᆊᯜ 䛑㛑ᐂࡽᦤ催⦃๗䯂乬ⱘ䞡㽕ᗻᑊ᳝߽Ѣ䕀ব݀ӫ㟚䆎DŽ

೼ܼ⧗ሖ䴶Ϟⱘ䞡㽕ⷨおˈ՟བ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳੠⫳⠽໮ḋᗻⱘ㒣⌢ᄺ˄TEEB˅ⱘ᡹ਞˈ៪೑ᆊ ሖ䴶Ϟⱘ䞡㽕ⷨお՟བ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳᳡ࡵ⡍߿ϧ乬㒘ᇍЁ೑⦃๗Ϣথሩ೑䰙ড়԰ྨਬӮⱘ᡹ ਞˈ䛑㛑݀ᓔথ㸼ˈԚᰃℸ⾡ᛣ䆚⌏ࡼ䲒ҹᣕ㓁ˈᬓᑰ㽕Ӭܜᑨᇍ݊Ҫᮄᣥ៬DŽ⬅Ѣ≵᳝

䎇໳ⱘᯊ䯈䅽ၦԧǃᬭ㚆ᆊ੠䴲ᬓᑰ㒘㒛ᐂࡽ݀ӫ੠ᔧഄ⼒ऎ⍜࣪䖭ѯᛣ䆚ˈ䖭ѯ݀ӫ੠ ⼒ऎ䗮ᐌϡ݋᳝ᕅડথሩ䅵ߦⱘᴗ࡯ˈϔ㠀ᰃⳈ᥹ᖿ䗳ഄ৥ᔧഄ⼒ऎӴ䗕䖭ѯᛣ䆚˄᭛ᴀ Ḛ˅DŽ  ᙃⱘ㦋পֵ

ֵ⾡㽕㦋ᕫ݇Ѣ⑓ഄ⫳ᗕ៪∈右ⱘৃֵֵᙃˈϡϔᅮᣛᳯ䴲ᬓᑰ㒘㒛៪ᬓᑰ᮴ٓᦤկDŽ䖭 ᙃⱘᬊ䲚䳔㽕⾥ᄺⱘ෎⸔䆒ᮑǃᣕ㓁ⱘ䌘䞥ҹঞᑈ䕏ⷨおҎਬⱘ༝⤂DŽ᳝ѯ㽓ᮍ೑ᆊˈ՟ བ㣅೑ǃ㥋݄੠㕢೑೼䖛এⱘᑈˈᓎゟњ䭓ᳳⱘ⑓ഄ੠∈右ᄺᴃⷨおЁᖗDŽϪ⬠৘ഄⱘ Ꮉ԰䛑Ϣ䖭ѯЁᖗ᳝㘨㋏ˈВ՟ᴹ䇈ˈ䍋⑤Ѣ㥋݄੠ࡴᣓ໻ⱘܼ⧗䖕亲㔥㒰㒘㒛ˈ䲛Էњ 䆌໮⾥ᄺᎹ԰㗙೼▇໻߽Ѯҹঞ䖕亲䏃㒓ϞᎹ԰ˈ݊Ё᳝࣫ҀᏜ㣗໻ᄺˈҪӀ䆄ᔩ੠ⷨお Ⓗ⍖ব࣪Ϣ⏸⍋⑒吏呀㉏右П䯈ⱘ಴ᵰ݇㋏˄Rogers et al. 2010, Yang et al. 2011a, Battley et al. 2012˅DŽህϰѮ▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓ᴹ䇈ˈ⾥ⷨЁᖗⱘথሩ੠㵡䌘ᑨᕫࠄܙߚ䞡㾚DŽ  ⹂ⱘৃֵֵᙃˈህ䲒ҹ৥ᓔথ㗙ⱘ䅵ߦᦤ䯂ˈབᵰ≵᳝ℷޚ㔎ᇥ᱂䗮੠⡍ᅮഄഫⱘᯢ᱄੠ ⹂ⱘ⦃๗⸈ണ៤ᴀ᭄᥂ህϡ㛑䰏ℶᔧഄᬓᑰᡍޚ䆹䅵ߦDŽВ՟ᴹ䇈ˈḍ᥂Ё೑⍋⋟ሔⱘ㒳 䅵ˈᑈᡍޚњᑇᮍ݀䞠ⱘ⍋ኌᓔথˈԚᰃᑈ೑ᆊࡼᗕⲥ⌟ㅵ⧚㋏㒳ᬊ䲚ࠄⱘ ᓔথ㒧ᵰᰃᑇᮍ݀䞠˄Fu et al. 2010˅DŽབᵰᓔথ㗙˄㒣ᐌ᳝ᬓᑰᬃᣕ˅㛑໳ᣛᅮ䆘 Ԅ㗙੠ᅵ䆘ྨਬӮˈህӮᕜᆍᯧഄ㒩ᓔ⦃๗ᕅડ䆘Ӌⱘ㾘ᅮˈ䖭ḋϔᴹˈ⦃๗ᕅડ䆘Ӌ᡹ ᏂˈᇚӮ᳝أ⫳ਞህ㔎Уᖙ乏᳝ⱘ݀ℷᗻ੠Ϲ㙗ᗻDŽ៬⬹㾘ߦ੠⦃๗ᕅડ䆘Ӌ⿟ᑣህӮথ ߽Ѣᓔথˈҹ⡎⡆⦃๗ЎҷӋˈ⡍߿ᰃᅲ䰙ⱘ⦃๗៤ᴀ᳾ܹ߫៤ᴀᬜⲞߚᵤDŽ᳝ᯊ׭Ꮖ㒣 ᄬ೼ℷ⹂ⱘֵᙃˈԚै᮴⊩㦋পˈॳ಴ᰃ≵᳝㦋পⱘ䗨ᕘˈ⾥ᄺᎹ԰㗙ϡ㛑থᏗ㒧ᵰᯜ䰸 ⿟ᑣᯙDŽ঺໪䖬ᄬ೼ֵᙃ϶༅ᯜህᰃ䴲ϧϮҎ຿ޚ䴲⾥ᄺᴖᖫϞᏆ㒣থ㸼ᯘ᳝ϔ༫㓧᜶ⱘᡍ བ䅵ߦ㓪ࠊҎਬǃၦԧⳟϡពᡔᴃ⫼䇁DŽ༹⡍㦅ᮃⳈ䫔ᑫⱘljⳟϡ㾕ⱘ㘨㋏NJᯘBattleyet ⦃al. 2008ᯙ੠lj咥ሒม呀ᯪ䭓䖰ⱘݴݯNJᯘWoodley 2009ᯙㄝкৃҹᐂࡽ䇏ពֵᙃᯜᡞ㛚ᔅⱘ 䈵ҹ㕢Бⱘ೒⬏㸼䖒DŽ

བᵰ᭄᥂᡹ਞ㹿ᡁ᳆Ӯ䗴៤♒䲒ᗻⱘㅵ⧚ৢᵰDŽWatson & Pauly (2001) 䇈ˈЁ೑᡹ਞЁⱘ ᤩ㦋䞣㹿༌໻˄ᕜৃ㛑ᰃ᡹ਞ๲ѻˈ䖭ᇍѢᔧഄᅬਬ䆘Ԅᬓ㒽ᰃकߚ䞡㽕ⱘ˅ˈ㒭Ҏҹ䫭 ᒋ㡃དˈ᮴䳔䞛প㸠ࡼᴹֱᡸℷ೼ϟ䰡ⱘ剐ᄬ䞣DŽعމ⢊㾝ˈҹЎϪ⬠⏨Ϯ  !૩ํڦԍࢺۯݛม൶ླྀں.᭛ᴀḚ3 㧆ᕟᆒ䰓⊶ቯ ᅝঢ়ᇨg䰓ᇨवᢝम຿䇈᳡ᔧഄ䰓⊶ቯⱘ⏨⇥ᓎゟ⍋⋟⽕⏨ऎˈҹ䰆ℶ䆹ऎඳ䖛⏨ˈ Ң㗠↕ണ⻕⷇㋏㒳DŽҢℸ䰓⊶ቯ៤Ў⼒ऎ᥼ࡼ⽕⏨ऎ㣗՟DŽЎℸ㢅њϝᑈⱘᯊ䯈≳䗮DŽ 䰓ᇨवᢝम຿೼㽓߽᳐໻ᄺ⍋⋟ᅲ偠ᅸᐂࡽϟ⬅ᴥ䭓˄ཇ˅ᏺ乚Ѣᑈ೼⍋Ϟᓎゟ [㉇ⱘ⽕⏨ऎDŽ೼䖭Ͼ῵ᓣᏺࡼϟ㧆ᕟᆒᓎゟњ޴ⱒϾ⼒ऎ᥼ࡼⱘ⽕⏨ऎˈᑊ 㹿䆕ᯢ䖭⾡ᮍᓣথ᣹њᕅડDŽሑㅵབℸˈ䖬䳔㽕ᯊ䯈㾖ᆳ䖭⾡ᕅડDŽ⽕⏨ऎᓎゟৢⱘ޴ कᑈˈ਼݊䖍ⱘ⏨㦋䞣㒻㓁๲䭓DŽ  Ё೑吁㓓∳ ⱘϔ乍ᓊԌخ៤㒽ᇮ᳾ᕫࠄֱ䆕DŽ吁㓓∳᳝ϔϾ՟ᄤˈᰃ㉇݄䖒㞾✊ֱᡸֵᠬ෎䞥 Ꮉ԰ˈᬃᣕњᔧഄֱᡸᛣ䆚DŽᖫᜓҎਬ䆄ᔩњ໻䞣吏呀㉏右䖕亲ˈ䗝ᢽњϔഫഄᮍ ⿏ℛഄDŽԚᰃ䖭ᑊϡ㛑䰏ℶ೑ᆊ੠ⳕ߽⫼䙷Ͼഄऎⱘ䅵ߦDŽ᳔ৢ䖬ᰃذ԰Ў䖕亲ⱘ Ѹ㒭ⳕᬓᑰᓔൺњ /HH DŽ  ⍋ኌㅵ⧚ᬓㄪ

䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟ᠔᳝ⱘ೑ᆊ੠ऎඳϔ㠀䛑᳝䗖ᔧⱘ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻֱᡸ੠⍋ኌㅵ⧚ⱘᬓㄪDŽ䰘ᔩ8 ߫ߎњ៤ਬ೑খࡴⱘ৘⾡Џ㽕ⱘ೑䰙णᅮᯜҪӀ೼೑䰙ሖ䴶Ϟᡓ䇎䖭ѯᬓㄪᯜ೼㸠ࡼϞҪ Ӏ䙉ᅜ䖭ѯ៬⬹੠ᬓㄪDŽ೑䰙ֱᡸᬓㄪⱘᄬ೼Ϣথሩᰃ೑䰙ড়԰Ϣֱᡸⱘ䞡㽕㒘៤䚼ߚ ᯘ⦃๗ֱᡸ䚼2011ᯙDŽᇍѢ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟⱘ吏呀㉏右г᳝⡍⅞ⱘᬓㄪϢण䆂ᯘ㾕䰘ᔩ4ᯙDŽ䖭ѯ

ण䆂㽕∖᠔᳝ⱘ೑ᆊֱᡸདҪӀⱘ⦃๗ᯜҹ߽Ѣֱᡸ䖕亲右㉏ഄഫⱘ㔥㒰DŽℸ໪ᯜ᳝޴Ͼ ೑䰙ᬓㄪ䗖⫼Ѣ׭右⠽⾡ᯜ㽕∖৘೑ֱᡸདҪӀ೑ᆊⱘ䙷ϔ䚼ߚ䖕亲䏃㒓DŽ✊㗠ϝकᑈᴹ ሑㅵ᳝䆌໮णᅮ੠䅵ߦ೼ᠻ㸠ᯜԚ右㕸䖬ᰃ೼ϟ䰡DŽ

ゟ⊩Ḛᶊ

ᴀऎඳ৘೑ᬓᑰϔⳈ೼ᅮᳳഄᓩܹǃׂ䅶੠᳈ᮄ݇Ѣ⍋ኌㅵ⧚Ϣֱᡸⱘ⊩ᕟDŽᕜ໮೑䰙䴲ᬓ ᑰ㒘㒛г೼݀ᓔഄᅷӴᑊणࡽ╂䯈ᏺֱᡸᯘ㾕䰘ᔩ፻ᯙDŽᮼ೼ֱᡸⱘ⊩ᕟ੠⊩Ҹᯘ䖲ৠ㒆㽕ǃ⿟ ᡸⱘഄഫབֱᡸऎⱘ䅸ᅮǃᓎ䆂੠ℷֱܜᑣ੠ᑨ⫼Ϣᠻ⊩ᴵ՟ᯙᯜৃҹߚЎϸ㉏ᯪ፧ ፸፰⍝ঞӬ ᓣ݀᡹ⱘ⿟ᑣᯫ፧ ፹፰ᓔথ䖛⿟Ёᑨ⫼⦃๗ᕅડ䆘Ӌᯜҹ䇗ᭈᶤऎඳⱘ៬⬹㾘ߦ੠៬⬹⦃๗䆘 ӋDŽࠊᅮ⊩ᕟⱘৠᯊᑨᔧ㾘ᅮ৘ᴎᵘⱘᴗ䋷DŽ

བᵰ≵᳝ᯢ⹂ⱘㅵ⧚ᴗ䋷ᯜ≵᳝Ϟ␌Ϣ⍋ኌᕅડⱘ㓐ড়㾘ߦᯜ≵᳝៬⬹⦃๗䆘Ӌ៪থሩऎ ߦᯜབᵰ⦃๗ᕅડ䆘Ӌ䖛⿟䕃ᔅᯜབᵰ೑ᆊǃഄᮍ੠⾕㧹䅵ߦѦⳌ䞡঴ᯜ䙷Мᕜ໮໻ൟᓔথ Ꮉ⿟ⱘᅲᮑᖙ✊Ӯᤳᆇ⦃๗DŽ

䰘ᔩ፽ᦤկњ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟ৘೑ֱᡸഄᯘ᎗ᎈᯙゟ⊩ⱘ㒚㡖DŽᎊheunget al. (2002)᳒㒣ⷨお䖛ϰ फѮ⍋⋟ֱᡸഄⱘゟ⊩ḚᶊDŽゟ⊩ⱘ䆌໮䚼ߚᏆ㒣䖛ᯊᑊ䖛ߚֱᡸЏНˈ᳾㗗㰥ࡼᗕ⑓ഄ ⼒䖍⬠ǃ໪ᴹ⠽⾡᥻ࠊǃᷪᙃഄ䞡ᓎⱘ䳔∖ǃ೑䰙៪䎼⬠݀ುǃ໮⫼䗨߽⫼ֱᡸऎ៪ᔧഄ ऎ݅ৠㅵ⧚ᯘCheunget al. 2002, Yanet al. 2004ᯙDŽ೼ϔѯ೑ᆊᯜᓎゟֱᡸഄᑊϡ㛑ֱ䆕∌Й ഄֱᡸᯜ᳝ѯ೑ᆊ⍋ኌֱᡸഄᏆ㒣ᓔྟϻ༅ᯜ՟བᮄࡴവ⍋ኌֱᡸऎᯘ┬Ѝ੠᷃⌾ঢ়㞾✊ֱ ᡸऎᯙҹঞ偀ᴹ㽓Ѯᯘܟ߽䰓ᮃञቯ೑ᆊ݀ುᯙDŽ

໻䚼ߚ೑ᆊᇍᑨ⫼⦃๗ᕅડ䆘Ӌ᳝⊩ᕟ㽕∖ᯜᇍ໻ൟᓔথ᳝݀ᑇⱘ⿟ᑣDŽ䰘ᔩ፾Ёⱘ㸼↨ 䕗њ⦃๗ᕅડ䆘Ӌⱘ⊩ᕟ⿟ᑣDŽḍ᥂ᇍѮ⌆⦃๗ᕅડ䆘Ӌⱘᑨ⫼ⷨおᯘϪ⬠䫊㸠2006ᯙᯜᣛ ߎњ⦄᳝ԧ㋏ⱘϡ䎇ᯜབᠻ⊩࡯ᑺϡ໻ǃ໘㔮䖛䕏ǃ݀ӫখϢফ䰤ࠊ੠೼Ё༂੠ഄᮍϸ㑻 㔎ᇥᬓᑰ䚼䮼ण䇗DŽℸ໪ᯜϪ⬠ⱘ䆌໮ഄᮍᯜ⦃๗ᕅડ䆘Ӌᰃ⬅ᓔথ㗙䖯㸠ⱘᯜ㗠ϡᰃ⣀ゟ 䆘Ԅ㗙DŽ⦃๗ᕅડ䆘Ӌ೼䆘ԄⳈ᥹ⱘ⠽⧚ᕅડབ∵ᶧǃాໄ੠ೳഄᑆᡄᯊᰃ᳝ⲞⱘDŽᇍ⫳ ⠽໮ḋᗻ੠⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ࡳ㛑ᕅડⱘ䯈᥹䆘Ԅᇮ᮴㡃དⱘᅲ䏉DŽᘏഄᴹ䇈ᯜ⦃๗ᕅડ䆘Ӌ೼⍋ ኌᓔথ੠ೳഄᑆᡄ䗴៤ⱘ⦃๗ᤳണ䆘ԄᬜᵰϡདDŽ  ៬⬹⦃๗䆘Ӌ 6($ 

⦃๗ᕅડ䆘Ӌ䗖⫼Ѣ݋ԧⱘ੠ⷁᳳⱘ乍Ⳃᯜᑊ᳝䆺㒚ⱘḐᓣDŽ៬⬹⦃๗䆘Ӌ䗖⫼Ѣᬓㄪǃ䅵 ߦ੠ᮍḜᯜҪӀᏺ᳝䭓ᳳⱘ⡍⚍DŽ៬⬹⦃๗䆘Ӌ㣗ೈᑓ⊯ᯜ৿ৃ᳓ҷⱘᚙ᱃ᯜᰃ⣀ゟ䖯㸠ⱘᯜ ϔ㠀≵᳝ℷᓣⱘ᭛ӊḐᓣDŽ៬⬹⦃๗䆘ӋⳂⱘ೼Ѣᑇ㸵⦃๗ǃ⼒Ӯ੠㒣⌢Ⳃᷛᯜᖙ✊৿᳝⿃ ㌃ⱘᕅડᯘ᎖ᎌᎊᎋ፧፹፷፷፽ᯙDŽ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻᎹ԰ⱘᅲԧϢ៬⬹⦃๗䆘Ӌ፶⦃๗ᕅડ䆘Ӌҹঞ⫳⠽໮ ḋᗻ݀㑺ᇐ߭ᰃⳌ݇ⱘDŽ

೼फѮ੠ϰफѮ⦃๗ᕅડ䆘Ӌ䖤⫼ᕫ↨䕗ܙߚᯜԚ៬⬹⦃๗䆘Ӌⱘ䖛⿟ᇮ೼᥶㋶ᅲ偠䰊↉ ᯘϪ⬠䫊㸠2006ᯜDusik & Xie 2009ᯙDŽ

៬⬹⦃๗䆘Ӌϔ㠀ϡᰃᖙ䳔ⱘ㾘ߦ䖛⿟DŽԚᰃЁ೑੠䍞फᏆ㒣ᓎゟ੠䞛⫼њ䆩⚍៬⬹⦃๗ 䆘Ӌᯜࣙᣀゟ⊩Ḛᶊǃ݋ԧᇐ߭੠䕗໮ⱘᅲ䏉DŽ೼ॄᑺሐ㽓ѮᯜҢ2007ᑈ䍋⦃๗䚼ǃݙࡵ䚼 ੠೑ᆊথሩ㾘ߦሔࠊᅮњᴵ՟Ḛᶊᯜ᳝њ៬⬹⦃๗䆘Ӌⱘ⼎㣗乍ⳂᯜⳂⱘ೼Ѣ䗮䖛㢣䮼ㄨ 䕏⇨׭ব࣪DŽ偀ᴹ㽓Ѯǃ㧆ᕟᆒǃ⋄೑੠᷀ඨᆼᇍ៬⬹⦃๗䆘ӋḚᶊ㓪ࠊњ෎ޣ㜞䰆ᡸᵫ ᴀᓎ䆂кᯜᑊϢᤤࡽ㗙ϔ䘧݅ৠਃࡼњᅲ偠乍Ⳃ(Dusik & Xie 2009)DŽ

ሑㅵ៬⬹⦃๗䆘Ӌ㛑݋໛┰࡯Ўऎඳ᳾ᴹথሩপᕫ䕗དⱘᑇ㸵ᯜԚⳂࠡᇮ᳾䍋䞡㽕԰⫼DŽ ᔧ㾘ߦϔϾথሩ乍Ⳃⱘԡ㕂੠㉏ൟᯊᯜ䆹থሩ乍Ⳃৃ㛑࿕㚕䆹ऎඳ╂䯈ᏺ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ᯜ䖭ᯊ ៬⬹⦃๗䆘ӋህᰃདᎹ݋ᯜᅗৃҹ䆘Ӌ䆹乍Ⳃᇍ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳੠⫳ᗕ㋏㒳᳡ࡵৃ㛑ѻ⫳ⱘ┰ ೼ǃᎼ໻੠䭓䖰ᕅડᯜৃҹЎ೑ᆊ㾘ߦ੠ഄᮍ㾘ߦᦤկ᳝៤ᬜⱘড়԰᳡ࡵDŽ

࣫ҀᏜ㣗໻ᄺҷ㸼Ё೑⦃๗ֱᡸ䚼ᅠ៤ⱘljЁ೑࣫䚼⑒㒣⌢ऎᎹϮথሩ៬⬹Ϣ䅵ߦⱘ⫳⠽໮ ḋᗻᕅડ䆘ӋNJᰃऎඳሖ䴶ⱘ៬⬹⦃๗䆘Ӌⱘᅲ՟ᯘ2010ᯙᯘZhanget al. 2011ᯙDŽ⦄᳝ⱘ੠䅵

ߦЁⱘথሩ乍Ⳃৃ㛑ᇍЁ೑फ䚼⍋ኌ䞡㽕ऎඳѻ⫳ᕅડᯜ䆹᡹ਞᇍ䆹ᕅડ䖯㸠њⷨ䇏ᯜᑊ⡍ ߿䅸ᅮⒽ⍖੠㑶ᷥᵫⱘᓔൺᰃⒼ⍋⫳⠽ऎ㋏Ϣ右㕸ϟ䰡ⱘЏ಴˗᡹ਞ߫Вњ剐㱒੠݊Ҫ⍋剰 ѻકⱘ䖛ᑺᤩᤲᰃ㄀Ѡԡⱘ࿕㚕DŽ䆹䅵ߦ⹂ᅮⱘⳂᷛᰃᠽ໻ֱᡸഄⱘ㣗ೈǃֱᡸ݌ൟⱘ⫳ᗕ 㒳ǃᘶ໡݇䬂⠽⾡ǃֱᣕ໽✊⍋ኌ㒓ⱘ䭓ᑺᯜՓ݊䭓ᑺϡᇥѢᘏ䭓ᑺⱘ፻፿፬੠䰤ࠊ䅵ߦⱘ㋏ ␃ষ⍋ኌ㒓ᯜՓ݊ᇣѢᘏ䭓ᑺⱘ፸፹፵፸፬DŽ䖬䳔㽕㾖ᆳ೼䴶ᇍ䅵ߦЁⱘഄᮍথሩ߽Ⲟᴵӊϟᯜ 䆹᡹ਞ᳝ᬜᯜབᵰপᕫ៤ࡳᯜᅗৃҹ៤Ў᳝Ӌؐⱘ῵ᓣDŽޚ๗䚼ᰃ৺ᡍ⦄

ᴗ䋷Ϣㅵ⧚

ेՓ೼៬⬹⦃๗䆘Ӌ㔎У㾘ߦ䖛⿟ᴗ䋷ⱘᚙމϟˈऎඳᬓᑰৃ䗮䖛ण䇗੠㒳ϔ㾘㣗ⱘᮍᓣ ᇍ⍋ኌᷪᙃഄ䖯㸠䅵ߦ੠ㅵ⧚DŽ䳔㾷އϡৠ䚼䮼П䯈੠৘㑻ᬓᑰ䯈ৃ㛑ᄬ೼ⱘ߽Ⲟކさˈ Փᕫᔧഄⱘ㒣⌢߽Ⲟ㛑໳Ϣ೑ᆊ߽Ⲟϔ㟈ˈ᳈䞡㽕ⱘᰃ乒ঞࠄᔧഄᇍᷪᙃഄⱘձᄬᗻDŽབ ᵰ৘䚼䮼ᇍ╂䯈ᏺऎඳⱘՓ⫼੠߽ⲞⳌѦ䞡঴ˈ㾷އℸ䯂乬ህ᳈ࡴ䞡㽕DŽৃҹᇱ䆩ᇏᡒ㾷  㸼ᯢˈЁ೑ⱘֱᡸӋؐ㾖ǃᬓㄪ੠ᅲ䏉≵᳝ᕜ ;X ⶯Ⳓⱘᮍ⊩ˈ՟བ*UXPELQHއ དഄᭈড়ˈҪӀ䘛ࠄಯ໻䱰⹡˖⊩ᕟ㾘߭㭘ᔅ˗ೳഄᴗሲϡ⏙˗ᬓᑰ㞾Ϟ㗠ϟⱘㅵ⧚ᴎࠊ˗ ᄺⷨおϢㅵ⧚ᅲᮑߚ䱨DŽҪӀ䅸ЎˈৃҹᡞӴ㒳ⱘЁ೑ֱᡸӋؐ㾖Ϣ⦄ҷ⾥ᄺҹঞ೑䰙⾥ ;X DŽᔧഄሙ⇥੠Ӵ㒳 *UXPELQH ᡸᅲ䏉㒧ড়೼ϔ䍋ˈᓎゟ“Ё೑⡍㡆ⱘֱᡸ”ˈֱ 䳊ㅵ“خӋؐ㾖㒧ড়೼ϔ䍋ህৃҹᇞ䞡⦃๗ֱᡸⱘ⾥ᄺ䆎᥂DŽЁ೑ⱘ⍋ኌㅵ⧚᳝ϔϾ䇈⊩ি ⧚” &&,&('E ˈेᇮ᮴ण䇗Ḛᶊ㛑໳໘⧚དೳഄ䯂乬Ϣ⍋⋟䌘⑤ǃ⊇ষ੠↫䚏⍋ඳ ㅵ⧚ⱘ䋳䴶ᕅડDŽ䙷䞠≵᳝ӏԩϔϾᬓᑰ䚼䮼ण䇗㾷އЁ೑⍋ኌ੠⍋ඳৃᣕ㓁থሩ䯂乬DŽ ৘Ͼϡৠ䚼䮼ⱘ㘠䋷෎Ѣϡᅠܼ㒳ϔⱘゟ⊩ˈ݊㒧ᵰᰃࡳ㛑ⱘ䞡঴Ϣކさ˄&&,&(' E˅DŽ㉏Ԑ䖭⾡ᴗ䋷䞡঴ⱘ䯂乬೼ᴀऎඳ݊Ҫ೑ᆊгᄬ೼ 㾕䰘ᔩ ˈᇐ㟈Ԣᬜ⥛ⱘ ण䇗Ϣㅵ⧚DŽ

⍋ኌᏺ㓐ড়ㅵ⧚ ,,&=0 ੠෎Ѣ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ㅵ⧚ ((%0 

ᢳᅮ੠ᡍޚ䅵ߦৃҹ䞛⫼⦃๗ᕅડ䆘ӋϢ៬⬹⦃๗䆘ӋDŽ⍋ኌ㓐ড়ㅵ⧚ᦤկњϔ⾡ᮍᓣᴹण 䇗ㅵ⧚ሖ䴶Ϟϡৠ䚼䮼ⱘᭈড়DŽᴀऎඳ޴Т᠔᳝ⱘ೑ᆊໄ⿄㽕䞛⫼ᶤ⾡ᔶᓣᴹ㾷އ⍋ኌᏺ 㓐ড়㾘ߦㅵ⧚䯂乬DŽ䯂乬೼Ѣ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻ䞡㽕ᗻⱘᛣ䆚Ⳍᔧ㭘ᔅᯜҹ㟇ѢⳌ݇ⱘϧᆊгᕜᇥ খϢ㓐ড়㾘ߦ⌏ࡼᯜेՓҪӀখࡴњᯜгাᰃᭋ㸡њџᯜ㔎ᇥ䖛⹀ⱘ㒣⌢᭄᥂DŽ݊㒧ᵰᖙ✊ᰃ ೼䅵ߦЁᕜᇥᦤঞ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻᯜ᳈ϡ⫼䇈ֱᡸњDŽ

໮⾡ᮍᓣⱘ⍋ኌᏺ㓐ড়ㅵ⧚ৃҹ੠䇤ഄ໘⧚དϡৠ䚼䮼੠৘⾡㾘῵ⱘㅵ⧚䯂乬DŽ෎Ѣ⫳ᗕ 㒳ㅵ⧚䗖ড়Ѣ㒣ᐌᦤկ䞡㽕⫳ᗕ㋏㒳᳡ࡵⱘഄᮍDŽ෎Ѣ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ㅵ⧚ⱘⳂⱘᰃ⹂ֱ⫳ᗕ㋏ ㋏㒳ৃᣕ㓁Փ⫼ᯜҢ㗠䗴⽣ѢҎᯜৠᯊⲥ⌟⫳ᗕ㋏㒳᳡ࡵᯜҹ㓐ড়੠খϢᓣⱘᮍᓣ߽⫼DŽ

Alder et al. (2010) ḍ᥂೑ᆊᅲᮑ䆘Ԅˈ෎Ѣ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ᮍᓣㅵ⧚ⱘ14乍ᣛᷛᯜࣙᣀ6乍⫳⠽໮ ㋏ḋᗻⱘᣛᷛᯜ5乍ϢӋؐⳌ݇ⱘᣛᷛ੠3乍ϢህϮⳌ݇ⱘᣛᷛˈ೼53Ͼ⍋⋟೑ᆊᇍ⍋⋟⫳ᗕ 㒳ㅵ⧚㌃⿃㒽ᬜ䖯㸠њ䆘ԄDŽ᳔催ߚ10ߚᯜᴀऎඳⱘ೑ᆊᥦৡձᑣᰃᯪ᮹ᴀ4.5ᯫ䶽೑4.2ᯫ偀ᴹ 㽓Ѯ3.9ᯫ㧆ᕟᆒ3.9ᯫЁ೑3.7ᯫ⋄೑3.6ᯫॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ3.5ᯫ㓙⬌3.3ᯫᳱ剰2.8੠ᄳࡴᢝ2.3. (Alder et al. 2010)DŽᔧ✊ᯜᇮ᳝䆌໮ৃҹᬍ䖯ⱘഄᮍDŽ

ᡸ㾘ߦֱ

ࡽѢ݊Ҫೳഄㅵ⧚ᴎᵘⱘ߸߿䗝ᢽ׳೼䖥ᳳ䗝ᢽ㞾✊ֱᡸऎ੠݊Ҫֱᡸഄᯊᯜ䞡㽕ഄഫᰃ ⱘDŽᇍѢֱᡸഄᯜ䗮ᐌᰃᣝ✻ᓔথᮙ␌ᬊܹ㗠ϡᰃᣝ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻ䞡㽕ᗻࡴҹ䗝ᢽⱘ(Yanet al.2004)DŽ೑ᆊ㑻ֱᡸഄԧ㋏ᰃ䗤⏤ⓨ࣪㗠ᴹᯜ㗠ϡᰃᣝ✻㾘ߦDŽԚᰃ᳝ѯऎඳᰃ䞛⫼Ꮒ䎱 ߚᵤ⊩ᯜՓᕫ䗝ᢽֱᡸഄᯊ݋᳝ҷ㸼ᗻ(MacKinnon 1997, Cheunget al. 2002, MacKinnonet al.2005, BirdLife International and IUCN 2007) DŽℸ໪ᯜࠊᅮֱᡸ䅵ߦᰃЎњֱᡸ⡍ᅮ㉏ൟ ⱘֱ ᡸഄǃ⡍ᅮⱘ⾡㕸੠Ͼ߿⠽⾡DŽ

ֱܜѢೳഄᓔথⱘϡᮁথሩˈֱᡸᮍᓣⱘ䗝ᢽԭഄᕜᇣˈ㒣ᐌߎ⦄䳔㽕ゟे㸠ࡼߦᅮӬ⬅ 㒣މDŽֱᡸ䅵ߦ䳔㽕Ң໻ሎᑺഄඳ㾦ᑺࡴҹ㓐ড়㗗䞣ᯘCCICED 2010dᯙDŽ䖭⾡ᚙމᡸऎⱘᚙ ᐌ೼ࠊᅮ೑ᆊ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻֱᡸ៬⬹੠㸠ࡼ䅵ߦᯊথ⫳DŽ䱣ⴔ⦃๗ᛣ䆚ⱘ๲ᔎᯜᕜ໮ऎඳᬓ

ᑰᓔྟЏᓴ“㓓㡆”ᓔথDŽ ⾡⠽䖬᳝঺ϔϾᵕッᯜेֱᡸЏН㗙ߎѢ⣁じⱘⳂᷛ㗗㰥ᯜᦤߎֱᡸ䅵ߦা㗗㰥ֱᡸϾ߿ⱘ ៪Ͼ߿䮼㉏⠽⾡DŽВ՟ᴹ䇈ˈϰѮ▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓㒧ড়䖕ᕭ⠽⾡݀㑺ϟⱘ೑䰙ऩϔ⠽ 㸠ࡼ䅵ߦᯜֱᡸЁ೑ⱘ亢༈➩叹ᯘChanet al. 2010aᯙ੠咥㜌⨉呁ᯘChanet al. 2010bᯙҹঞ࣎⾡ ఈ呀ᯘZockleret al. 2010b, Pain et al. 2011ᯙDŽ᳝ᖙ㽕ᡞ䖭ϸ⾡䖛⿟㵡ড়೼ϔ䍋DŽ䖭ḋϔᴹᯜ⣁ じⱘⳂᷛ㵡ড়೼໻䅵ߦЁDŽℸ໪ᯜ䆌໮ऩϔ⠽⾡ֱᡸ䅵ߦѦⳌ䞡঴ᯜՓᕫֱᡸ㸠ࡼⱘ៤ᴀ໻ ܜℛഄᯜজৃ㛑ᰃ⍋啳ǃ⦡⿔ỡ⠽੠݊Ҫ䳔㽕Ӭذ໻๲ࡴDŽৠϔഫഄᮍ᮶ᰃ吏呀㉏右䞡㽕 ᡸⱘᇍ䈵ⱘᷪᙃഄDŽֱ

⧛ᡸഄㅵֱ

,ᴀഄऎ᠔᳝೑ᆊ䛑᳝㞾Ꮕߦᅮⱘֱᡸഄ㋏㒳ᯘMacKinnon 1997, MacKinnonet al. 2005 MacKinnon & Yan 2007ᯙᯘ䰘ᔩ6ᯙDŽेՓᰃᳱ剰г᳝6%೑ೳ㹿⹂ᅮЎ׭右ֱᡸऎᯘYun Son Suk & Kim Song Ok 2005ᯙDŽ1992ᑈ㹿⫳⠽໮ḋᗻ݀㑺ᦤߎ໻䚼ߚ೑ᆊ㽕᳝㑺10%ֱᡸഄ䴶 ⿃ˈ✊㗠䳔໻䞣ⱘᎹ԰ᴹᅲ⦄⫳⠽໮ḋᗻ݀㑺៬⬹䅵ߦᯘ2011-2020ᯙⳂᷛ11ᯘ㾕ࠡ䗄ᯙDŽ໻ 䚼ߚ೑ᆊгᰃ⑓ഄ݀㑺ⱘ៤ਬ೑ᯘ䰘ᔩ8ᯙᯜ৘㞾䆒㕂њ⑓ഄֱᡸϢⲥ⌟ⱘ䚼䮼ᯜ⡍߿ᰃ䩜ᇍ ೑䰙䞡㽕⑓ഄDŽሑㅵপᕫњ៤ᵰᯜϢ೑䰙໻㚠᱃Ⳍヺড়ᯘButchartet al. 2010ᯙᯜԚᰃᓔൺⱘ ᥼ࡼ࡯㽕↨ֱᡸ࡯ᑺ໻ᕫ໮DŽ

ℸ໪ᯜᇍᴀऎඳֱᡸഄⱘߚᵤᯘYanet al. 2004, MacKinnonet al. 2005,೑䰙右ⲳ੠IUCN དᯜԚҷ㸼Ԣ⌐ഄǃ⍋ኌᏺ੠⍋⋟ⱘໄ䷇ᖂأ2007ᯙᰒ⼎ᯜᇍᓎゟቅऎֱᡸऎ੠ݙ䰚⑓ഄᄬ೼ 䖰ቅऎֱᡸऎ(঺໪ֱᡸᴀऎඳ䲼䞣Єᆠⱘأᔅᯜॳ಴ᰃ䕗ᆍᯧᓎゟ໻䴶⿃ԢѻݰϮഄഫ੠ Ϟ␌䲚∈ऎⱘ੐ໄ↨䕗催)DŽ೼⍋ኌᏺᯜҎӀⱘֱᡸᛣ䆚ϡ催ᯜ㗠ᇍೳഄⱘ䳔∖ᯎⲯDŽֱᡸ䚼 䮼䋶ᬓ㛑࡯Ԣᯜ䌘⑤᳝䰤ᯜ᠔ҹֱᡸ੠ㅵ⧚⦄᳝ⱘഄഫ䛑ᄬ೼ೄ䲒DŽ䋳䋷ᓎゟ੠ㅵ⧚೑䰙䞡 㽕⑓ഄⱘᴎᵘ೼ᬓ⊏ᕅડ࡯ԢѢ⍋ኌᏺ៬⬹㾘ߦǃऎߦ੠䞡㽕ᓔথⱘᴎᵘˈ᳔໮া㛑೼Ͼ߿ 乍Ⳃⱘ⦃๗ᕅડ䆘Ӌᮍ䴶থໄDŽ䰘ᔩ9᳝݋ԧⱘ՟ᄤ䇈ᯢℸ䯂乬DŽ

೼⍋ኌᏺᓎゟֱᡸഄ䗮ᐌৃҹ᳝ᬜഄֱᡸ╂䯈ᏺⱘ⫳⠽ऎ㋏DŽ՟བ䶽೑೑ᆊ݀ು໪ⱘ⍋ኌ 㒓Ϟሑㅵ᳝ᷪᙃഄᤳ༅ᯜԚ⬅Ѣ೑ᆊ݀ು᳡ࡵሔⱘㅵ⧚ˈӏԩϔϾ೑ᆊ݀ುݙ䛑ϡᄬ೼ᓔ ൺDŽ  䴲ᬓᑰ㒘㒛ⱘ԰⫼

ᴀऎඳݙ᠔᳝೑ᆊⱘ䴲ᬓᑰ㒘㒛೼ᠽ໻ᬓᑰֱᡸ⌏ࡼᮍ䴶䍋ⴔ䞡㽕԰⫼DŽҪӀҷ㸼ᔧഄ⼒ऎ ϟᯜҪӀ೼⦄എᇍֱᡸᎹ԰থ᣹⿃ᵕ԰⫼ᯜᓔሩᅷމ੠݀ӫህ⦃๗䯂乬থߎໄ䷇DŽ೼ᕜ໮ᚙ Ӵᯜᦤ催ᛣ䆚ᬭ㚆ᯘ(OXJY1UXKG2010ᯙᯜ೼Ё೑佭␃⡍߿㸠ᬓऎᯜϪ⬠㞾✊෎䞥Ӯҷ㸼ᬓᑰㅵ ⧚㉇ඨ⊐⋑⑓ഄᯜ䖭ᰃϔഫ⑓ഄ݀㑺ⱘ೑䰙䞡㽕⑓ഄDŽ䴲ᬓᑰ㒘㒛䖬㒣ᐌҹ੼䆶ⱘ䑿ӑখࡴ ᬓᑰⱘ㾘ߦ੠ᡔᴃӮ䆂ᯜᠻ㸠ঠ䖍੠೑䰙ড়԰乍Ⳃ៪䅵ߦᯘ(OXJY1UXKG2010ᯙDŽЏ㽕ⱘ೑䰙䴲 ᬓᑰ㒘㒛೼ᴀऎඳ᳝ᕜདⱘ乍Ⳃ䅵ߦᯘ䰘ᔩ4ᯙˈৠᯊ೑ݙ੠ᔧഄⱘ䴲ᬓᑰ㒘㒛᭄䞣ᯘ޴ⱒ Ͼᯙǃ㛑࡯੠⌏ࡼ䛑೼ϡᮁ๲ࡴᯜᓔሩ৘⾡⌏ࡼDŽ䖛এकᑈᯜЁ೑䖯㸠њ⍋ኌ∈右䇗ᶹᯜҢ2005 ᑈ䍋ᓔሩњ᳜ᑺⲥ⌟ᯜ⬅Ё೑䴲ᬓᑰ㒘㒛ⱘ㾖右ᖫᜓ㗙੠ֱᡸҎ຿䋳䋷DŽ

ऎ㘨ড়ㅵ⧚׵䆂⼒

ሑㅵᔧഄᤩ剐੠⍋ѻક⫳ѻ㗙԰Ў⼒ऎⱘ߽ⲞⳌ݇ᮍ᳝⌧८ⱘ݈䍷ˈԚ෎Ѣ⼒ऎⱘ⍋ኌֱ ᡸഄⱘֱᡸϢㅵ⧚䖬ᕜᇥDŽ᳝ϡᇥ᭛⤂ᯘ՟བỂᵫֱᡸᮍ䴶ᯙҟ㒡њ෎Ѣ⼒ऎⱘㅵ⧚ᇍৃᣕ 㓁থሩ԰ߎⱘ䋵⤂ˈৠᯊг䗴⽣Ѣ⼒ऎᯜ䅸Ўℸ⾡ᮍᓣг䴲ᐌ䗖⫼Ѣ⍋ኌᏺⱘㅵ⧚DŽ

乚ഄⱘЏᴗ

ᇍᶤѯऎඳⱘЏᴗ᳝ѝ䆂ᯜ㞾✊гᕅડቯቓ੠⍋ඳⱘড়԰ᯘTaek Hyun & Schreurs 2003ᯙDŽ Hanson & Martin (2006)߫ВњЁ೑फ⍋᳝ѝ䆂ⱘഄऎᕅડњ⏨Ϯ੠⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ᯜᰃᕅડ⦃๗ ⱘ7 Ͼᅝܼ䯂乬ПϔDŽ

14. ঳ஃ

ᴀ᡹ਞᰃ݇ѢϰѮ╂䯈ᷪᙃഄ⡍߿ᰃ╂䯈ᏺⒽ⍖ϻ༅ⱘ᡹ਞᯜ⫼⫳⠽໮ḋᗻֱᡸⱘ㾖⚍䅼 䆎ܼ⧗݇⊼ⱘ㋻ᗹ䯂乬DŽ䆹䯂乬Ꮖ㒣䍙䍞њ吏呀㉏右䴶Јⱘॅᴎᯜݙᆍ⎉ᣀњᭈϾϰѮ╂䯈 ᒋㄝᮍ䴶ˈ⡍߿ᰃ೼咘⍋ᯘ৿⏸⍋ᯙऎඳDŽϰѮ፴▇໻عᏺⱘߚ㉏ǃଚϮ࣪⏨Ϯǃ⫳䅵੠⫳ᗕ ߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄᤳ༅⥛໻ѢϪ⬠Ϟ݊ҪӏԩϔϾ䖕亲䏃㒓DŽձ䌪䆹䏃㒓ⱘ右 㕸᭄䞣ϟ䰡ᯜ䖭⾡䗔࣪Ϣᤳ༅⥛ᢉ⍜њֱᡸⱘࡾ࡯੠䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟ৘೑ࠊᅮⱘⳂᷛˈेՓ≵᳝ Ϲ䞡ৢᵰгϡ㛑ᗑ㾚䖭Ͼ䯂乬DŽ೼ֱᣕ⦄⢊ϡবᚙ᱃ϟˈᇚᇐ㟈৘⾡⫳⠽໮ḋᗻⱘϻ༅DŽ 䰸䴲⍋ኌᏺ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻ੠⫳ᗕ㋏㒳᳡ࡵᕫࠄᅠܼℷ⹂ৃ䴴ⱘㅵ⧚ᯜ৺߭ᴀഄऎ৘೑԰ߎⱘ ݇Ѣ⠅ⶹ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻⳂᷛⱘ೑䰙ᡓ䇎ϡӮᅲ⦄DŽ

Ⳃࠡ䆘Ӌ೑ᆊথሩ⿟ᑺⱘᣛᷛ޴Т䛑ᰃ݇Ѣ㒣⌢ⱘᯜᖙ乏ࣙᣀ⦃๗ᅝܼᯜৃᣕ㓁⍋ኌᏺ㾘 ߦᯜᑊ㗗㰥ࠄ╂䯈ᏺⒽ⍖ⱘ䞡㽕ᗻDŽ䯂乬᮶ᰃ໮೑ⱘᯜгᰃᴀ೑ⱘᯜԚᅗⱘϹ䞡ᗻᑊ᳾ᕫࠄ໻ ᆊ݀䅸DŽᔎ᳝࡯ⱘ೑䰙ড়԰ৃ㛑៤Ў㾷އ৘⾡࿕㚕੠⦃๗䗔࣪䖛⿟ⱘ᥼ࡼ࡯DŽ䖭ѯ䖛⿟ϡϔ ᅮܼᰃ෎Ѣ⍋⋟ⱘDŽ⊹≭ᰃ╂䯈ᏺ㋏㒳ⱘ⫳ੑ㒓ᯜԚ⊹≭ⱘᴹ⑤ᰃݙ䰚DŽ೼ݙ䰚⑤༈㽕䞛প 㸠ࡼᯜг㽕೼⍋⋟੠⍋ኌ㒓ഄᏺ䞛প㸠ࡼDŽ

㔎ᇥℷ⹂੠ৃֵ䌪ⱘֵᙃҹঞ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ϟ䰡ⱘϹ䞡ᗻ੐৕៥Ӏ㽕䕀বᗕᑺˈ೑ᆊ੠ഄᮍ৘ 㑻ᬓᑰҹঞ㾘ߦࠊᅮҎਬǃᓔথ㗙੠ߎ䌘ᡩ䌘㗙㽕ᬍবᬓㄪ੠ࡲџ⿟ᑣˈၦԧǃᄺᴃ⬠ǃ ݀ӫ੠ഄᮍ⼒ऎг㽕᳝䗖ᔧⱘ㸠ࡼDŽऩ㒃ࡴᔎǃᬃᣕ੠ᬍ䖯⦄᳝ⱘ㸠ࡼ੠䅵ߦᰃϡ໳ⱘDŽ ˈ㽕䞡ᮄ㗗㰥ᡞ╂䯈ᏺⒽ⍖ᬒ೼⍋ኌᏺֱᡸⱘḌᖗԡ㕂ϞˈҞৢӏԩ⍋ኌᏺⱘㅵ⧚䯂乬 ⬭೼ᡍ䆘੠৥Ѯ⌆೑ᆊ᥼䫔㽓ᮍӋؐ㾖ذ1೼ण䇗㸠ࡼϞᑨ䍋ࠄ᳈ᔎⱘ԰⫼ˈ㗠ϡ㽕&8, Ϟˈᑨᔧ੠៤ਬ೑੠ӭԈ݅ৠᓎゟϔ⾡Ӵ㒳ֵӄ੠Ӌؐ㾖ԧ㋏ˈ⡍߿ᰃԯᬭ੠䘧ᬭ໽Ҏড় ϔⱘὖᗉDŽ,8&1ৃҹ䖯㸠⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⷨおˈणࡽ㓪ࠊ㓐ড়ᗻⱘ㸠ࡼ䅵ߦˈϢᬓᑰϔ䘧ᇏᡒ㾷 ᮍḜDŽᡞ㣗ೈᑓ⊯ⱘ׵䆂੠ӭԈ䅵ߦ㒇ܹࠄ㓐ড়㸠ࡼ䅵ߦЁDŽ䆌໮㸠ࡼᰃ㋻ᗹⱘˈϡ㛑އ ㄝᕙᅠᭈⱘ೑䰙䅵ߦDŽ

ᴀऎඳ৘೑ৃҹ䗮䖛೼᳔ৢⱘ⊇ষ╂䯈ᷪᙃഄ⸈ണПࠡ㾘ߦ⫳ᗕ㑶㒓㦋ᕫᎼ໻ᬜⲞˈҹ乘 䄺Ўॳ߭ˈ೼ᤳ༅䆘Ӌᅠ៤ࠡ᥼䖳ᡍޚᮄᓔൺˈ⫮㟇ᠧ⸈ᇍ⦃๗᳝ᆇⱘ㒣⌢থሩПṺབ ᠧᓔᓎདⱘ⍋๭ˈ⶿ℷᏆ㒣䖰䖰䍙䍞ৃᣕ㓁∈ᑇⱘ䖛ᑺᤩᤲ੠∈ѻݏⅪ⌏ࡼDŽϪ⬠䫊㸠ৃ ᬃᣕᦤ催៬⬹⦃๗䆘Ӌ㛑࡯˄:RUOG%DQN˅ˈणࡽ৘೑ࡴᔎ⍋ኌ㾘ߦ੠⍋ኌֱᡸഄ 㔥㒰DŽ

㟈䇶

ᴀߎ⠜⠽৥Ꮖᬙⱘ0DUN%DUWHUܜ⫳ᵄߎⱘ⾥ⷨ៤ᵰ㸼⼎䆮ᣮᛳ䇶ˈҪⱘ䆌໮ߎ⠜⠽ᦣ䗄њ ᴀऎඳ吏呀㉏右䖕亲ᚙމˈЎᴀ᡹ਞᦤկњ㡃དⱘ෎⸔DŽ៥Ӏ䖬㽕ᛳ䇶ॄሐᎼ␃ীᓔⱘϰѮ ▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓㄀݁⃵ӭԈӮ䆂ⱘϢӮ㗙੠⾬к໘ҹঞ咥㜌⨉呁ϧ乬ⷨ䅼Ӯ˄ϢӮ㗙 ৡऩ㾕ˈ䰘ᔩ˅DŽҪӀ㞾ᜓഄᣓߎᯊ䯈ᑊ䖤⫼ϾҎ㒣偠ᅵ䯙њᮽᳳᦤկⱘ᭛〓੠ᛣ㾕ˈᑊ ᇚҪӀⱘϾҎⳟ⊩੠ֵᙃᦤկ㒭៥ӀDŽ៥Ӏ⡍߿ᛳ䇶ऎඳϧᆊӀᦤѸⱘ䆺㒚᡹ਞҹঞӮ䆂ᳳ 䯈Ϣ԰㗙䅼䆎ᑊᦤߎᛣ㾕DŽ៥ӀᏠᳯᛳ䇶Nicola CrockfordǃSimon StuartǃMike HoffmannǃMike Crosbyǃ Doug Watkinsǃ Nial Mooresǃ Danny RogersǃTaej Mundkurǃ Nils Warnockǃ Geoffrey Davisonǃ Spike Millingtonǃ Geoff Careyǃ Janet Barberǃ Richard FullerǃSimba Chanǃ Phil Battleyǃ David Melvilleǃ Andrew Laurieǃ Rob Schuckardǃ Jimmy Choi, Hong-Yan Yang, Jesse Conklin, Christoph Zockler, Nigel Clark, Ken Gosbell, Eddy Wymengaǃ Michaela Spiskeǃ Evgeny Syroechkovskiyǃ䳋ܝ᯹੠ Cristi Nozawa ᦤկⱘড作੠ᬃᣕDŽ೼݀݅ᅵ䯙ᳳ䯈ҹϟҎ຿ᇍ㤝〓 ᦤկњ䆘䆎ᛣ㾕ᯪDavid AllenǃTatsuya AmanoǃHelenByronǃ Sharon Chanǃ K.S. Cheungǃ Changyong Choiǃ Jong-Kwan Choiǃ Sayam Chowdhuryǃ Rob Clemensǃ Sacha Cleminsonǃ Rosie Cooneyǃ Nicola Crockfordǃ Mike Crosbyǃ Nick Davidsonǃ Dan Friessǃ Vivian Fuǃ Ken Gosbellǃ Muhammad Iqbalǃ Rowena Langstonǃ Andrew Laurieǃ Namue Leeǃ Roy R. “Robin” Lewis III,

David Melvilleǃ Clive Mintonǃ Nial Mooresǃ Yuki MoriǃVladimir Morozovǃ Theunis Piersmaǃ Peter Prokoschǃ Danny RogersǃTeng FeiǃPhil RoundǃDerek SchubertǃSimon StuartǃK. Sivakumarǃ Bena SmithǃBill SutherlandǃChavalit VidthayanonǃJohn WangǃNils WarnockǃKeith Woodleyǃ Yeap Chin Aikǃ Llewellyn Youngǃ Yat-tung YuǃChristoph Zockler ੠Ё೑ҹঞЁ೑佭␃⡍߿㸠 ᬓऎ⑓ഄ݀㑺ҷ㸼DŽ៥ӀᇍTony MokǃJan van der Kam੠Ju Yung Ki㸼⼎䇶ᛣᯜᛳ䇶ҪӀܕ 䆌៥ӀՓ⫼ҪӀⱘ✻⠛DŽ԰㗙੠IUCNᛳ䇶⨲຿㘨䙺⦃๗ࡲџ໘ᯘPOENᯙᦤկḌᖗ䌘ࡽᯜᛳ䇶 Olivier BiberϾҎ֗䖯䆹䌘ࡽⱘᅲ⦄DŽ䰓Ꮧᠢ↨⦃๗ሔгᦤկњ䌘ࡽणࡽᅠ៤ᴀ᡹ਞDŽ

໫୼ᇕ!

ASEAN ϰफѮ㘨ⲳ KEI 䶽೑⦃๗ⷨお䰶

CAMBA Ё೑-▇໻߽Ѯ׭右णᅮ CBD ⫳⠽ KORDI 䶽೑⍋⋟ⷨお੠থሩⷨお᠔ MEA ໮ ໮ḋᗻ݀㑺 䖍⦃๗णᅮ MoE ⦃๗䚼 CCICED Ё೑⦃๗Ϣথሩ೑䰙ড়԰ྨਬӮ CITES ೑䰙▦ॅࡼỡ⠽⠽⾡䌌ᯧ݀㑺 CJMBA MOSTE ⾥ᡔϢ⦃๗䚼˄䍞फ˅ Ё೑-᮹ᴀ׭右णᅮ NBSAP ೑ᆊ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻ៬⬹Ϣ㸠ࡼ䅵ߦ CMS 䖕ᕭ⠽⾡݀㑺 DG ᘏᑆџ NGO 䴲ᬓᑰ㒘㒛

DPRK ᳱ剰⇥ᮣЏНҎ⇥݅੠೑ NP ೑ᆊ݀ು

EAAF ϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓 EAAFP ϰ NR 㞾✊ֱᡸऎ NT ᮄৄᏕ Ѯ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓ӭԈ PA ֱᡸഄ ECA ⫳ᗕ݇䬂ऎඳ ⫼PES ⫳ᗕ᳡ࡵ᳝ٓՓ EnCA ⦃๗ֱᡸ⊩ EI ⦃๗ᕅડ POP ᣕЙᗻ᳝ᴎ∵ᶧ⠽ EIA ⦃๗ᕅડ䆘Ӌ ˅PoWPA ֱᡸഄᎹ԰䅵ߦ˄⫳⠽໮ḋᗻ݀㑺 FAO 㘨ড়೑㊂ݰ㒘㒛 ᇥ↕ᵫ੠Ểᵫ䗔࣪ⱘᥦᬒޣ GDP ೑ݙ⫳ѻᘏؐ REDD

GEF ܼ⧗⦃๗෎䞥 RM 偀ᴹ㽓Ѯᵫঢ়⡍

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䖬䳔㽕ҢᅗӀⱘЏ㽕㘮䲚ഄ—㢣䮼 ㄨ㜞㦋প᳈໮ϟ䰡⥛ⱘ᭄᥂DŽ

Anser cygnoides 吓䲕 VU WR A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd 60,000–80,000 100% ⬅Ѣᑆᯅǃᷪᙃഄᤳ༅,⡍߿ᰃ⬅Ѣݰ Ϯᓔথ੠ϡৃᣕ㓁ⱘ⣢ᴔᯜ䖥޴ᑈⱘ 㐕Ⅺ៤⌏⥛ϟ䰡DŽ㗠೼䴲㐕Ⅺഄ㣗ೈ ݙⱘܼ䴶䇗ᶹᏆਞ༅䋹ᯜ䲒ҹẔ偠 乘䅵ⱘ᭄䞣ϟ䰡DŽ

! !ඇ൰՞ླࢅॷླዖఁ୤ں೼တټक़ח޹୤!22ĂჄฉ՗!۫ჱ ⠽⾡ ᱂䗮ৡ IU ㉏ IUCN 㑶㡆ৡ ⾡㕸᭄䞣 ϰѮ▇໻߽ 咘⍋吏呀 㹿ܹ߫㑶㡆ৡᔩⱘ⧚⬅ CN ߿ ᔩᷛޚ 㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃 ㉏右䖕亲 ৡ 㒓ܼ⧗᭄䞣 䏃㒓᠔ऴ ᔩ ᠔ऴ↨՟% ↨՟% Larus relictus 䘫叹 VU SN D2 3,000–4,100 100% ⾡㕸᭄䞣ᇥϨ⊶ࡼᯜা೼ᕜᇥⱘ⑓ഄ 䞠㐕ⅪDŽᆍᯧফࠄ䱣ᴎ੠Ҏ㉏ⱘᕅ ડDŽ᭄䞣ϟ䰡гᰃ಴ᓔথೈೈൺⒼ⍋ ⑓ഄ᠔䗴៤ⱘDŽ

Larus saundersi 咥ఈ⃻ VU SN A3c 7,100–9,600 100% ᭄䞣ᇥϨ໘ϟ䰡䍟࢓DŽ⬅ѢⒽⒽ⍖⑓ഄ ೈൺ೼੠᠔೼ഄᑆᡄᯜ⾡㕸ϟ䰡⥛ৃ 㛑Ӯ೼᳾ᴹⱘϝҷᯘ18ᑈᯙЁࡴ䗳DŽ Limnodromus ञ䑐呀 NT WS – 23,000 90% 40% ߚᏗ㣗ೈᑓᯜԚ⬅Ѣ䴲䴲㐕Ⅺഄ⸈ണՓ semipalmatus ᇣ⾡㕸᭄䞣໘Ѣϟ䰡ЁDŽ᳾ᴹ⇨׭ব ࣪ᇚᇐ㟈᭄䞣᳈ᖿϟ䰡DŽ

Esacus giganteus ⍋Ⓖ⷇吏 NT WS – 6,000 80% 0% 䆹⠽⾡಴Ў᭄䞣ᇥ㹿ᅮНЎ⏤ॅDŽབ ᵰথ⦄⾡㕸᭄䞣ҡ೼ޣᇥᯜᅗৃ㛑Ӯ Ϟछࠄ᳈催ⱘ࿕㚕㑻߿DŽ

Limosa limosa NT WS – 630,000–805,000 20–25% 30% ᯜ 咥ሒม呀 ߚᏗᑓϨ೼ܼ⧗㣗ೈݙ⾡㕸᭄䞣໮

Ԛ⬅Ѣ䚼ߚ⌏ࡼ㣗ೈݙݰϮ㗩԰ᮍ ᯜ ᓣⱘᬍব ᭄݊䞣ᖿ䗳ϟ䰡DŽᘏԧ㗠 ᯜ 㿔 乘䅵ܼ⧗᭄䞣ᇚӮϟ䰡DŽ

Numenius NT WS – 770,000–1,065,000 40% 93% ᯜ ⾡ⱑ㝄ᴧ呀 ೼݊䆌໮⌏ࡼ㣗ೈݙ䕗ᐌ㾕 ⹂ᅮ arquata 㕸᭄䞣䍟࢓ᄬ೼ϔᅮ䯂乬DŽ㗠᳝䆄ᔩ ᯜ ⱘ޴Ͼ݇䬂⾡㕸᭄䞣Ꮖϟ䰡 乘䅵

ߎ⦄䕗ᖿ䗳ⱘܼ⧗ᭈԧϟ䰡DŽ

Charadrius NT WS – 10,000–25,000 100% 0% ᯜ 偀ᴹ吏 ⬅Ѣᷪᙃഄফࠄ⊓⊓⍋ᓔথⱘय़࡯ ৃ peronii ᯜ 㛑Ӯᔶ៤ᇣ⾡㕸 ᭄䞣ৃ㛑Ӯϟ䰡DŽ

Charadrius NT WR – unknown 100% 0% ᯜ ⟾છ吏 ⌏ࡼ㣗ೈ⣁じ ᓔথ੠စФᇍ݇䬂㐕 javanicus Ⅺഄᏺᴹय़࡯DŽ಴ℸҡᰃᇣ⾡㕸

᭄䞣ৃ㛑Ӯϟ䰡DŽ

Gavia adamsii NT SN – 16,000–32,000 20% ᯜ 咘ఈ┰右 ⬅Ѣϡৃᣕ㓁ⱘᤩ㦋 ⾡㕸᭄䞣ᖿ䗳 ᯜ ϟ䰡DŽ✊㗠㔎Уޚ⹂᭄᥂ 䳔㽕䖯ϔ ᯜ ℹⱘ䇗ᶹ 䞣࣪ᤩ㦋⥛DŽ

Limosa lapponica ᭥ሒม呀 LC† WS – 1,100,000–1,200,000 28% >95%† ᭄䞣ᖿ䗳ϟ䰡; ⱘ 2OSUYGRGVVUTOIG ᭥ሒ呀 2)ȗ =9 Ȍ  $  ȗ ᖿ䗳ϟ䰡DŽ 100%᭥ሒม呀ঞ݊ϰ࣫ѮѮ⾡⾡㕸䛑  ᷪᙃ೼咘⍋ %DWWOH\HWDO 

 Calidris ᔃఈⒼ呀 LC† WS – 1,800,000–1,900,000 10% 10% ᭄䞣ᖿ䗳ϟ䰡

ferruginea

Charadrius 䪕ఈ≭吏 LC† WS – 180,000–360,000 46% 50% ᭄䞣ᖿ䗳ϟ䰡

leschenaultii

Heteroscelus ♄ሒ呀 LC† WS – 40,000 100% 4% ᭄䞣ᖿ䗳ϟ䰡

brevipes

Charadrius 㩭স≭吏 LC† WS – 310,000–390,000 41% 23% ᭄䞣ᖿ䗳ϟ䰡

mongolus

Calidris canutus 㑶㝍Ⓖ呀 LC† WS – 1,100,000 15% 63% ᭄䞣ᖿ䗳ϟ䰡; ϸϾѮ⾡ⱘ ⾡㕸㒱໻䚼ߚ೼咘⍋ᷪᙃ(Battley et al. 2005, Yang et al. 2011).

Arenaria 㗏⷇呀 LC† WS – 460,000–800,000 6% 13% ᭄䞣ᖿ䗳ϟ䰡 interpres

Xenus cinereus 㖙ఈ呀 LC† WS – 160,000–1,200,000 18% 27% ᭄䞣ᖿ䗳ϟ䰡

Pluvialis ♄᭥吏 LC† WS – 692,000–692,000 18% 84% ᭄䞣ᖿ䗳ϟ䰡 squatarola

*᭄᥂ᴹ⑤:೑䰙右ⲳ᭄᥂ᑧ (www.birdlife.org/datazone) ੠∈右⾡㕸᭄䞣Ԅ䅵 (WPE; wpe.wetlands.org). **ᴹ⑤: Barter 2002; †Battley et al. 2012 ⾡⠽LCT= 2013 ᑈᇚ㹿ܹ߫㑶Ⲃкৡᔩⱘ䖥ॅ⾡៪ᯧॅ⾡׭䗝 WS=╂䯈ᏺ∈右 WR=╂䯈ᏺᐌ㾕∈右 㾕∈右يWO=╂䯈ᏺ SN=䖥⍋⍋右

૧ဇჱദݧୟ၍ฉ຤ౕLjᆮഄ๟吏ᱢૌLjഄ࠲॰൶ᇘतਏ༹ྰၾଚ՗DŽٷ޹୤!3/!۫ჱ.Ӑ Ꮖᶹᯢⱘ݇䬂ഄऎ∈右⾡㕸᭄᥂ᴹ㞾ϰѮǃϰफѮ৘೑᠔᳝⊓⍋ഄऎⱘ388ഫ╂䯈ᏺDŽ右㉏ৃ԰Ў╂䯈ᏺ亳⠽䫒ⱘ᳔催ㄝ㑻DŽ᠔㒭ߎⱘ↣Ͼ݇ 䬂ഄऎᯪᯘ㓓㡆ᯙЎֱᡸऎǃ೑䰙䞡㽕⑓ഄ੠䞡㽕右㉏ֱᡸऎᯫᯘ㡆ᯙЎ∈右⫳⠽໮ḋᗻᯜ݊Ёᯘ㄀ϔ㸠咥ԧᯙЎ݋᳔᳝催⫳⠽໮ḋᗻӋؐᯜᯘ㄀Ѡ㸠ᯙ Ўᘏ䴶⿃ᯫᯘ咘㡆ᯙ䖛এ10ᑈ䯈໻㑺ϻ༅ⱘⒽ⍖䴶⿃ᯜे1990-2000ᑈޣএ⦄೼ⱘ䴶⿃ᯫᯘ♄㡆ᯙᷪᙃഄব࣪ǃೳഄ䴶Јⱘ࿕㚕੠݊Ҫ࿕㚕ᯫᯘ㪱㡆ᯙ ᯜᯘ ᯙ 䬂ഄऎ݋ԧഄৡঞⳌ݇ഄ⚍ 咥ԧഄ⚍݋᳔᳝催⫳⠽໮ḋᗻӋؐ݇ ∈右ձ䌪╂䯈ᏺⱘ⦄⢊* 䖛এ10ᑈϻ༅ⱘⒽ⍖⑓ഄ ⢊⦃೑ ݇䬂ഄऎ੠ֱᡸ 1990-2000 ᆊ ݇䬂 ೼݇䬂ऎඳ ֱᡸऎඳ 䞡㽕ⱘ 䖥ॅ⾡ 吏呀右 ᳔Ԣ䆄ᔩ吏 Џ㽕 ⳂࠡⒽ⍖ ϻ༅ⱘⒽ ⱘֱᡸഄ*** ᯘhaᯙ ᯘhaᯙ / ऎඳ 䴶⿃ 右㉏ ੠ফ࿕ ㉏⾡㕸 呀右㉏᭄䞣 ᄷ㡖 Ⓗ⍖໻㑺 䴶⿃ ⍖䴶⿃ ऎඳ ᯘhaᯙ ᯘhaᯙ ഄ 㚕⾡᭄ ᭄䞣ヺ 䴶⿃ 䞣 ড়1% ऎ

ᷛޚ Sonadia 601,700 BD010 ᄳࡴᢝ⑒ Island ECA BD011 8 ࣫䚼⍋ኌ 15 207,654 – IBA &೑ BD012 ᄳ

BD016 NB ~68,000 • • • • • • ࡴ 䰙䞡㽕⑓ഄ

ᢝ ׭䗝ഄ 9 16 210,770

೑ Nijum Dweep

(+40,000 in

೑ᆊ݀ು;

Sundarbans)

Sundarbans –

೑䰙䞡㽕⑓

ഄ

䴲ֱᡸഄ 0 CN311 -31,300

(to1993) — 15 53,425 Ё೑⏸⍋ S N ~90,000 37,000 -21,800 ⑒-⏸⍋ϰ (to 2010) ࣫䚼 8 21 148,791 (ϻ༅

59%)

ዛᯢϰⒽ㞾563,600 CN367

ᯫ CN375 8 Ё೑ϰ䚼 ✊ֱᡸऎ Ⲥ 35 164,243 Ⲥජ Ⲥජ N=SB ~100,000; ~40,000; ∳㢣੠Ϟ ජ೑ᆊ㑻㞾 ܼ䚼 ᯜ ~100,000 ⍋⊓⍋ഄ ✊ֱᡸऎ ໻ ዛᯢ ዛᯢ б↉≭೑б↉≭೑(ϻ༅60% ऎǃ咘⍋ Є呟呓೑ᆊ ੠15%) 㑻㞾✊ֱᡸ ᆊ㑻ֱᡸ ᆊ㑻ֱᡸ 18 38 « 240,911 ऎ—೑䰙䞡 ऎ ऎ ᯫ 279,600 236,851 㽕⑓ഄ б↉ ha ha (2007) ≭೑ᆊ㑻㞾

✊ֱᡸऎ 咘⊇ϝ㾦⌆153,000 CN327 Ё೑㦅Ꮂ Ё CN328 4 N S ~43,000 ~20,000 23,000 (ϻ ⑒ǃ⏸⍋ 㞾✊ֱᡸऎ 16 134,893 ೑ ᯜ ༅53%) ΍ फ䚼 ৿ 佭 7 19 196,404 ␃ ⡍ ߿ Ё೑䖑ϰঠৄᄤ⊇ষ(80,000) CN052

㸠 ⑒ǃ⏸⍋೑ᆊ㑻ֱᡸ128,000 13 12 65,855 ᬓ ᯜ ᯘ N S ~42,000 ~29,000 13,000 (ϻ ऎ ϰ࣫䚼 ऎ ঠৄ⊇ ᯙ— ༅31%) Ύ ষ ೑䰙䞡 㽕⑓ഄ 13 12 97,793

Ё೑佭␃ ㉇⌺ݙৢ⍋1,513; 368 HK001 ⡍߿㸠ᬓ ⑒—೑䰙䞡 CN496 20 14 54,457 ⬄⽣ऎ㉇⌺ݙ 㽕⑓ഄᯫ ⍋⑒ 㞾✊ֱᡸऎ N NB S 3,150 2,960 190ৢ ᯘ៪⏅ഇ 11 9 51,045 ⑒ᯙ-

吁㓓∳∳ 吁㓓∳೑ᆊ 108,057 CN062 10,000 (ϻ (ষঞⳌ݇ 㑻ֱᡸऎ 13 10 174,179 N ~90,000 ~80,000 ༅10.5% ऎඳ-Ё ) ೑ᯜᳱ剰

ᷪᙃഄᬍব੠ೳഄ䴶Јⱘ࿕㚕* ݊Ҫ࿕㚕 ݊Ҫֵᙃ ᓔൺೳഄ ։㱔/⎸⿃ ᷪᙃഄሲᗻᬍব 㾕݊Ҫ࿕㚕^^ ᭄᥂খ㗗᭛⤂** ݋ԧഄৡ੠Ⳍ݇ऎඳ ಴ׂᓎ⍋෸Ꮉ⿟ϻ༅ 䖤䕧≭ೳ੠฿ೳৃ Ⓗ⍖㹿ೈൺৢᓎ៤㱒ฬǃⲤ H P D Islam 2001, Zöckler ᘦ⊇-Ꮧᢝ偀᱂⡍ᢝ⊇ǃ Ⓗ⍖(Kabir & ᮄᓎቯቓᯜᬍব㟾䘧 ⬄੠ҎᎹ㑶ᷥᵫDŽ㽕∖䞛প et al. 2005, Zöckler Meghna ϝ㾦⌆: Damar Hossain 2007)ᯜᏆᦤ䆂 ੠ϝ㾦⌆∈ⱘ⌕৥ ㋻ᗹ㸠ࡼޣᇥᤩ⣢吏呀右 & Bunting 2006, Char, Hatiya ቯ, Nijum ೼Hatiya੠Sonadia (Zöckler & Bunting ㉏(Chowdhury et al. 2011)DŽ Kabir & Hossain Dweepǃ Patenga ⍋Ⓗǃ ቯᓎ⍋␃ජᏖ 2006) ಴ᓎ␃ষ੠㠍㠊∵ᶧњ 2007, Zöckler et al. Char (Chowdhury et al. Patenga ⍋Ⓗ(S. Chowdhury, 2010b, Chowdhury Shahajalal ǃ Char Kukri 2011) pers. comm.) et al. 2011 mukriǃSonar CharDŽⳌⳌ ݇ⱘഄऎ᳝ᯪSonodiaቯ (Cox’s Bazar)ǃSundarbans Ϣॄᑺ᥹ຸⱘSundarbans ᇍ34700݀之Ⓗ⍖䖯 Barter et al. 2003, ࣫᠈⊇ǃ⏸⍋⑒࣫䚼ǃ ϔℹೈൺ䅵ߦᕅડࠄ Bamford et al. 2008 ⏸⍋⑒㽓࣫ǃ໽⋹ⱘ⷇⷇㟐 ऴܼ⧗62%㑶㝍Ⓖ呀 • • • • • • P D Rogers et al. 2010, ഼/໻⏙⊇ǃ૤ቅ/᳍བྷ⬌ ੠ऴܼ⧗56%䘫叹⾡ Yang et al. 2008, 㕸᭄䞣(Yang et al. 2011a 2011a) ≭ᇥ ዛᯢϰⒽᯪೈൺೳഄ⫼Ѣݰ Barter et al. 1997, ዛᯢϰⒽֱᡸऎǃϰޣዛᯢϰⒽᯪ㹿⍋෸ೈ䍋 䭓∳䕧≭䞣 ᔅ Ϯ⫳ѻǃᣪ剐ฬ੠ׂ䏃㗏 Barter et al. 2001, ቯǃб↉≭ֱᡸऎǃབϰǃޣⱘ219ϛ݀之ⱘ⑓ഄ ᇐ㟈⎸⿃ᕅડ ᯜ30%╂䯈ᏺѦ㢅㉇㤝ܹ 2005b, Bamford Ⲥජֱᡸऎס .ᯘ50%ᯙᯜ໻Ѣ 15000 (Cao et al

݀之ⱘ╂䯈ᏺ㹿ᓔൺDŽ 2009) ։(Ma et al. 2009)DŽⲤජᯪ et al. 2008, Ma et ᬊ㦋䋱㉏(Barter et ϞϪ㑾90ᑈҷࠡ⫼Ѣ al. P D al. 2009, Cao et al. ⊓ݰϮᓔথᯜ䱣ৢ⫼Ѣ∈ 2001)ᯜֱᡸЍ乊吸DŽབϰᯪ 2009, 2011 ᑈЁ೑ ࣪Ꮉ∵ᶧǃѦ㢅໻㉇㤝ܹ։ ѻݏⅪ(Ma et al. Ң㗠䰤ࠊњᷪᙃഄᯘ2011ᑈ ⍋∈右䇗ᶹ䯳, Ke 2009)DŽⲤජᯪҢ 1988 Ё೑⊓⍋∈右䇗ᶹ䯳ᯙ et al. 2011 䍋Ⲥ⺅Ⓗऴֱᡸऎ䴶 ⿃Ң໻Ѣ40%ϟ䰡ࠄ ϡ䎇20% (Ke et al. 2011)DŽབϰᯪ亢࡯থ ⬉੠ೈൺ䅵ߦᯘ2011 ᑈЁ೑⊓⍋∈右䇗ᶹ 䯳ᯙ 㞾ϞϪ㑾80ᑈҷҹ 咘⊇䕧≭䞣ޣᇥ Zhu et al. 2001, 㦅Ꮂ⑒ǃ⏸⍋⑒फ䚼ǃ咘咘 ᔅ Barter & Xu 2004, ⊇ϝ㾦⌆ֱᡸऎޣᇥ੠ϻ ᇐ㟈⎸⿃ᕅડޣ⿃ᴹᯜⒽ⍖䴶 ༅⥛ϡᮁࡴ࠻ (Cao et al. • • • P D Barter et al. 1998, 2009) 2005a, Bamford et al. 2008, Cao et al. 2009 ≝⿃⥛ϡ䎇ˈᕅડ Ⓗ⍖⫳䭓Ѧ㢅㉇㤝(D. Ⲥ⊐ⱘᔶ៤ ಴ೈൺ⫳䭓Ѧ㢅㉇㤝DŽঠৄ Barter et al. 2000a, ޠ⊇ষǃঠৄᄤ⊇ষ೑ᆊ Melville, pers. (D. Melville,pers. ᄤ⊇ষ೑ᆊ㑻㞾✊ֱᡸऎ Bamford et al. 2008 㑻ֱᡸऎǃ䖑ϰ⑒ comm.) comm.) ֱᡸњЍ乊吸ⱘ㐕Ⅺഄ(D. P D Melville, pers. comm.)DŽ 㾘῵࣪ᬊࡆ㡺㢛ᯜ∈ѻݏⅪ ੠䞛⊍DŽ ᮴ೳഄೈൺDŽḍ᥂lj䞢 ᅲ䰙Ϟ∴ฬথ᣹ⴔֱᡸऎ Lee 1999, Bamford ⽣⬄ֱᡸऎǃ⏅ഇৢ⍋ 䆌䞛䲚䌘⑤ᯜ㓈ᣕ et al. 2008, Anon. ⑒ǃ⏅ഇ⊇⌕ඳܕࡼ⠽ֱᡸ⊩NJᯜ೑䰙 ࡳ㛑ᯜ⫳ 䞡㽕⑓ഄݙⱘ╂䯈ᏺ • • • ᔧഄҎ⫳䅵 — 2009, 2011, ᯘ2011 Ⳍ݇ഄऎᯪᯘഄ໘50݀䞠ᯙ

੠㑶ᷥᵫ㹿߫Ў䰤ࠊ (http://www.ecf.gov. ᑈЁ೑⊓⍋∈右䇗 Taipa-Coloane⑓ഄ

ᗻऎඳ(Lee 1999) hk/en/approved/ncmap.html). ᶹ䯳ᯙ ( IBA:MO001) ᳒㒣໻㾘῵ೈൺᯜ⦄ձ 剐ฬ៤ЎЏ㽕ⱘᷪᙃഄ Barter et al. 2000b, ᯘЍϰᯙ吁㓓∳⊇ষ ✊བℸ(D. (Barter et al. 2000b) Barter & Riegen њ∳⊇ষ˛ Melville,pers.comm.)DŽ • • • P D 2003, Bamford et 䖕亲䏃㒓70%᭥ሒม al. 2008 呀೼䖭䞠䲚㕸(Barter & Riegen 2003)

!૧ჱദݧୟ၍ฉ຤ౕLjᆮഄ๟吏ᱢૌ࠲॰൶ᇘतਏ༹ྰၾଚ՗ٷ޹୤!3!Ⴤ՗۫ჱ.Ӑ ∈右ձ䌪╂䯈ᏺⱘ⦄⢊* 䖛এ10ᑈϻ༅ⱘⒽ⍖⑓ഄ ⢊⦃೑ ݇䬂ഄऎ੠ֱᡸ 1990-2000 ᆊ ݇䬂 ೼݇䬂ऎ ֱᡸऎඳ 䞡㽕ⱘ 䖥ॅ⾡ 吏呀右 ᳔Ԣ䆄ᔩ吏 Џ㽕ᄷ ⳂࠡⒽ⍖ ϻ༅ⱘⒽ / ᯘhaᯙ ᯘhaᯙ ⿃ऎඳ ඳֱᡸഄ 䴶⿃ 右㉏ ੠▦ॅ ㉏⾡㕸 呀右㉏᭄䞣 㡖 Ⓗ⍖໻㑺 䴶⿃ ⍖䴶 *** ᯘhaᯙ ᯘhaᯙ ഄ ऎඳ ⾡᭄䞣 ᭄䞣ヺ 䴶⿃ ড়1%ᷛ ऎ ޚ

ॄ 㢣䮼ㄨ㜞 Sembilang 200,896 ID007

ᑺ ⊓⍋ഄऎ ೑ᆊ݀ು ᯘ ID031 10 12 86,661 Ḍᖗऎ ሐ –Banyuasi – ೑䰙䞡 83ᯜ ID032 䴶⿃

Ѯ ϝ㾦⌆ 㽕⑓ഄǃ 361ᯙ ID033 SN NB >40,000 • • • • • • n Deli 㢣䮼ㄨ㜞 & 11 13 114,530

࣫䚼⊓⍋ Serdang ऎ – ┰೼೑

䰙䞡㽕⑓

ഄ

偀 䲾㥾Ё-࣫ Kuala 260ᯘ MY011 ࣙᣀ Selangor 6 ᴹ 䚼⊓⍋ഄ 催╂ᯊᷪ 9 17,408 ᯙ 㽓 ऎ 㞾✊݀ ᙃഄ 11,000 Ѯ ು ǃ

Klang SN NB ~14,000– • • • • • •

25,000 ቯ㑶ᷥᵫ 13 11 «36,899

┰-ᡸऎֱ

>27,434

೼ⱘ೑䰙

䞡㽕⑓ഄ

Pulau 40,000 MY034 5 8 17,991 偀 Bruit MY042 NB= ~30,000 • • • • • • ᴹ ≭ᤲ䍞㽓 ೑ MY041 17 • • • «24,340 N=S 㽓 䚼⊓⍋ഄ ᆊ݀ು

Ѯ ऎ

• • • 䴲ֱᡸഄ- 0 • • • ~15,000 ~2,500 Martaban 8 13 65,246

㓙 ⑒ ǃ ┰೼ⱘ೑

⬌ Sittaung 䰙䞡㽕⑓ ⊇ ഄ River ষഄऎ

咘⍋ϰ䚼 㞾✊䘫 21,896 KR004

䶽 䗍ǃ䞢⫳ KR005 9 12>14¶ «82,993> ೑ ࡼ⠽ֱ KR006 103,271¶ N S 155,000 103,000 52,000

ᡸǃ∈⾑ KR010 19 18 «339,903 ᯘ ϻ༅ ( ᡸᷪᙃ KR017 34%ֱ

ഄ( 㾕 KR018

ROK KR019

MPA/ML

TM ᮄ䯏

᡹ 䘧

(2012.2.17 )

Saemange 0 KR021 14 15>10¶ «198,031> N=S 29,000 <1,000 28,000 (ϻ um KR022 54,393¶ ༅97% ) ೈൺ乍Ⳃ –2006 ᑈ ℶذ ⋯ϰ∳ষ- ⋯ϰ∳ষ 9,560 KR035 10 5 33,109 S N 1,500 1,200 (1980s) ᮹ᴀ⍋ 㞾✊䘫䗍 ~300 (ϻ ༅20%)

ᷪᙃഄᬍব੠ೳഄ䴶Јⱘ࿕㚕* ݊Ҫ࿕㚕 ݊Ҫֵᙃ ೳഄೈൺ ։㱔/⎸⿃ ᷪᙃഄሲᗻᬍব 㾕݊Ҫ࿕㚕 ᭄᥂খ㗗᭛⤂** ݋ԧഄৡ੠Ⳍ݇ऎඳ ॄሐ㢣䮼ㄨ㜞 Banyuasin ϝ㾦⌆ᯪ Banyuasin ϝ㾦⌆ᯪ Verheugt et al. 1993, Banyuasin ϝ㾦⌆ ᯪ Bangan Banyuasin ϝ㾦⌆ᯪ Ԅ䅵Ⓖ⍋䭓ᳳ๲䭓 ᔧഄᤩ剐ϮЏ㽕ձ H P D Bamford et al. 2008, Percut, Pantai Ancol, Sembilang Ϲ䞡ᓔൺ⫼Ѣথሩ ⥛Ў↣ᑈ100६㉇ 䴴ݏⅪ㱒 Iqbal et al. 2010, NP, Tanjung Bala, Tanjung Selokan, ∈ѻݏⅪ Tanjung Koyan Ⳉࠄ1997ᑈᯜ76Ͼ ফ⍜䭓ᕅડ⍋ኌ⿏ ೈൺೳഄ⫼Ѣ᠓ഄ Yeap et al. 2007, Kapar ∈⬉キᯜKlang ,ೈൺ乍Ⳃ⍝ঞࠄ ࡼᯜফ⊇⌕⎸⿃⠽๲ ѻǃᮙ␌ǃᎹϮǃݰ Li et al. 2007, ቯ,Pantai Rasa Sayang 384000 ݀之ⱘೳഄ ࡴⱘᕅડᯜ⦄ҷ㑶ᷥ Ϯ੠∈ѻݏⅪϮᓔ Bamford et al. 2008, Pantai Tanjong Karang ᯘYusoff et ᵫ⊓⍋䖍㓬থ⫳ԡ থՓ右㉏㾙亳ǃᷪᙃ P D Bakewell 2009 al. 2006ᯙDŽⒽ⍖≵᳝ ⿏DŽ ഄޣᇥᯜ␃ষᓎ䆒 ,ফࠄ⊩ᕟⱘֱᡸDŽᣪ (Li et al. 2007

≭੠ᓔൺ㑶ᷥᵫ Bakewell 2009)੠䴲 ⊩ⷡӤ㑶ᷥᵫ** Bako-Buntal ⑒: 催 Pulau Bruit: ಴থሩ Bako-Buntal ⑒:≭⌆ Yeap et al. 2007 Bako-BuntalᯜҢ ᔎᑺⱘҎ㉏⌏ࡼय़ ⾡ỡϮᥦ∈ⱘᕅડ Ϟ令佚ᵫゟᯜ催╂ᯊ Kuala Samarahan ࠄ ࡯ᯜPulau Bruit:ҹ ৃ㛑ࠞᔅ⎸䭓៪ࡴ 吏呀右㉏ᷪᙃѢℸDŽ Kuala Sadong ⍋ኌ, Pulau Bruit ೑ ݰϮЎⳂⱘೳഄ߽ ࠻⍋ኌ։㱔 Pulau Bruit: ಴໮⾡ H D ᆊ݀ು ⫼ ಴㋴䖕ᕭ⍝⾑⾡㕸 ,Sadong-Saribas ⍋ኌ. ᭄䞣ϟ䰡ᯜࣙᣀᲈ䲼 Ⳍ݇ഄऎ᳝ᯪTanjung Datu- ੠⸈ണᗻ⌾╂䗴៤ Samunsam ֱᡸഄ ⱘϹ䞡։㱔 Moulamein ৢ⍋␃ 催ᑺব࣪ 䆹ഄ಴∈ѻݏⅪব Naing 2007, Ⳍ݇ഄऎᯪTanintharyi⊓⍋ഄऎⱘ ষ.ᕔफᯪ໻िᎹϮ ࣪໾໻ᯜϡৃᣕ㓁ⱘ H Bamford et al. 2008, ໻ि⊇ষ݊ҪഄऎᯪRakhine⊓ ऎℷ೼䖯㸠໻㾘῵ 㒚㔥⏨Ϯᤩᤲᯜᓔথ 䗋㔥ǃϟ༫੠ᡩ Zöckler et al. 2010a, ⍋ഄऎⱘNanthar ⊓⍋ᓔথ (Zau ⊍⇨⬄ ↦ H. Hla & N. Clark, ቯᯜӞ⋯⪺ᑩ∳ϝ㾦⌆ Lunn, pers. comm.). pers. comm. (Labutta), Letkok Kon 䍙䖛30,000݀之 ⎸䭓ᬒ㓧(Lee & ⎸⊹ᡥࠊњ∈ᴼṙ Barter 2002, Asan ⑒(Asan-ho ␪੠Sapgyo-ho Asan ⑒㹿ᓔൺDŽ. Chough 1989). ⫳䭓ᯪSaemangeum Rogers et al. 2006a, ␪), Cheonsu⑒ǃ ϞϪ㑾80 ᑈҷ໮ 乍Ⳃᕅડ⒲ৢᇐ㟈 Bamford et al. 2008, Geum-gang ⊇ষǃ ᭄Cheonsu 㹿ᓔ 䋱㉏⅏ѵ(Kim & Moores et al. 2008, Han-gang ⊇ষǃҕᎱ⑒ǃ ൺDŽGeumℷ೼䖯㸠 Choi 2006) DŽೈൺ Moores 2012 Namyang ⑒, SongdoⒽ⍖ǃ ໻㾘῵ᓔൺᯜ ৢ⍋ᑩ䋼䞣থ⫳ব P D Ganghwa-do ቯǃ Yeongjong-do Namyang ໻䚼ߚᏆ ࣪ (Choi et al. ቯ 㹿ᓔൺDŽ 2010). ೼޴໘ৃկ Ganghw ੠Yeonjong 吏呀右㉏೼催╂ᯊ ೼ϞϪ㑾90ᑈҷ໻ ⱘᷪᙃഄ᮴ӏԩᑆ 㾘῵ᓔൺৢҙ㛑䖯 ᡄ 㸠ᇣ㾘῵ᓔൺ ℶ⍋෸ᓎ ೈൺᕅડࠄ䖕亲䏃 Yi 2003, 2004, Dongjin ⊇ষǃMangyeong ⊇ষذᑈ 2006

䆒ᯜ5000݀之Ⓗ⍖ 㒓30%㑶㝍Ⓖ呀 Rogers et al. 2006a, ⬭ϟᴹᯜԚ≵᳝╂ (Rogers et al. 2009)DŽ 2009, Moores etֱ ∈Ѹᤶ(Moores 㞾1997-2001ᑈ࣫䖕 al. 2008, 2011 ᑈ䶽 2012)DŽ咘⍋ᢹ᳔᳝ • • • 吏呀右㉏໻㑺᳝ P ೑吏呀右㉏㔥㒰 ໻䲚㕸ⱘ咥ఈッ亢 316 000 াᯜफ䖕吏 ༈➩叹(Moores 呀右㉏㑺᳝257000 2012) া(Yi 2003, 2004)DŽ ᥂ᯘ2011ᑈ䶽೑吏 呀右㉏㔥㒰ᯙᯜ2010 ᑈफ䖕吏呀右㉏᭄ 䞣⿔ᇥDŽ 䞰ቅᏖ䅵ߦ೼⊇ষ Doornbos et al. ⋯ϰ∳ষ-gang ᓎᴎഎDŽ৘⾡ᓔൺᎹ P D 1986, Barter 2002, ⿟ℷ೼䖯㸠Ё • • • • • • Bamford et al. 2008, Moores 2012

!૧ჱദݧୟ၍ฉ຤ౕLjᆮഄ๟ₖᱢૌ࠲॰൶ᇘतਏ༹ྰၾଚ՗ٷ޹୤3!)Ⴤ*۫ჱ.Ӑ

䬂ऎඳ੠ֱᡸ⦄⢊ # 10݇ ձ䌪╂䯈ᏺ∈右⦄⢊ 䖛এ ᑈ╂䯈Ⓗ⍖ⱘϻ༅

ফֱ 吏呀

䖥ॅ 1990-20 ϻ༅ⱘ

ᡸऎ ㉏⾡ ᳔ᇣ䆄 ᔧࠡⱘ

䞡㽕右 ੠ᯧ 00 ╂䯈Ⓗ ᑈ╂ 䬂ऎඳݙফֱᡸ ඳⱘ 㕸᭄ ᔩⱘ吏 ݇䬂ᄷ ╂䯈Ⓗ݇ / ೑ᆊ ㉏ऎ ॅ⾡ 䯈Ⓗ⍖ ᯘ ⍖ ݀之 ഄऎ ݇䬂 *** 䴶⿃ 䞣ヺ 呀㉏⾡ ^ ⍖䴶⿃ ⱘ⚍ 㡖 ᯘIBAᯙ ㉏᭄ ᯘ / 䴶⿃ ݀ ⱒߚ ऎඳ ᯘ 1% 㕸᭄䞣 ᯘ ᯙ ݀ ড় ݀之 䞣 ᯙ ᯙ 之 ↨ ᯙ † 之 ᷛޚ

Don Loi Hot - ೑ ᯫ Khok 䰙䞡㽕⑓ഄ  ፿፾፳፼፷፷ ⋄೑

⋄೑ Kham TH032 510117,500 NB N 23,000 23,000 0 ੠

⑒

Pak Thale - ೑䰙 䞡㽕⑓ഄ׭䗝ഄ

VN012

VN013

Xuan Thuy 827,801 㞾✊⑓ VN014 ~31,000

㑶⊇ -

ഄֱᡸऎ ፸፹፳፷፷፷ VN015 N S -

ϝ㾦 ೑䰙䞡㽕⑓ഄ ••

VN016 58,000

⌆

VN017

9410,899

䍞फ VN060

VN061

␘݀ Gan Gio VN001 㑶ᷥᵫֱ 20,083

5 1 ⊇੠ ᯫ Tan Thanh VN002 ᡸऎ 

፹፹፺፳፹፸፺ ~273,80

㽓䋵 & Ngang VN051 NB N S •• ╂䯈ᏺ ቯ 0 34,373

ϝ㾦 - VN062 ┰೼ⱘ೑䰙䞡㽕 8 4

⌆ ⑓ഄ VN063

⚍᳝খ㗗䌘᭭ⱘֵᙃᴹ㞾 1989 ᑈѮ⌆⑓ഄⳂᔩ੠ϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲ऎ⍝⾑㔥㒰≴*

䞡⚍右ऎᯘIBAᯙ੠ܼ⧗ᗻ▦ॅ右㉏ֵᙃᴹ㞾೑䰙右ⲳ᭄᥂ᑧᯘwww.birdlife.org/᭄᥂ऎᯙ**

NP =೑ᆊ݀ುᯫ WCA=∈⾑ֱᡸऎ; ECA =⫳ᗕ݇䬂ऎ ***

•≵᳝䞣࣪ⱘ᭄᥂

ᯔGTB ߫ߎⱘ᠔᳝╂䯈ᏺ∈右᭄䞣ᯘ㾕䰘ӊ 1ᯙDŽ݊Ҫ᭄᥂ҙࣙᣀᵕ݊ձ䌪╂䯈ᏺ吏呀㉏ᯪ吏呀㉏右ᯘ呀ǃ吏㉏ǃ≭䫹㉏੠㉏ԐⱘᯙDŽ

㄀ϔ㸠ᯪ݋᳔᳝催⫳⠽໮ḋᗻⱘ⚍DŽ㄀Ѡ㸠ᯪᘏ䴶⿃ⱘ㌃䅵᭄᥂DŽ

†1ᯖᷛޚᯪ1ᯖ៪໮ѢϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲ऎ⠽⾡⾡㕸ᘏ᭄䞣DŽ

§㒭ߎⱘ᳔催᭄ᯘᴹ㞾খ㗗᭄᥂ᯙᯜ៪⒵䎇 1ᯖᷛޚⱘ⠽⾡᭄䞣ᘏ੠ᯘBamford et al,2008ᯙᯜ៪㗙䴲㐕Ⅺᯜ៪৥࣫䖕ᕭ៪৥फ䖕⿏ᳳ䯈DŽ

¶ᮄϛ䞥⍋෸೜ೈৢᯜ2006 㟇 2008 ᑈⱘব࣪DŽ

«㸼⼎吏呀㉏⾡㕸᭄䞣ϟ䰡Ꮖ㹿䆄ᔩ

^݇䬂ᄷ㡖ᯪNB=䴲㐕ⅪᳳᯫNB,N=࣫䖕 S =फ䖕ᯫ෎ѢⳂࠡ⠽⾡⒵䎇 1ᯖᷛޚⱘ᭄䞣

^ ^݊Ҫ࿕㚕ᯪH=ᤩ⣢ᯜP=∵ᶧᯜD=ҎЎᑆᡄ

݊Ҫ࿕

Ҫֵᙃ݊ * ᷪᙃഄব࣪੠ೳഄ࿕㚕 㚕

݋ԧੑৡⱘ⚍੠Ⳍ݇

ೳഄೈൺ / ᷪᙃഄሲᗻব࣪ ^ ^ ** ։㱔 ⎸⿃ 㾕 খ㗗᭄᥂ ऎඳ

≵᳝ӏԩ໻㾘 ։㱔ⱘ䗳⥛ᰃ Don Hoi Lot H BCS 2004, ⋄೑⑒ Ꮖ㹿⫼ ῵ೈൺথ⫳ 1.2–4.6 / ; ᯜ Manopawitr & ㉇ ᑈ ԰⏨Ϯ ᑊᰃᭈϾ⍋ ᯘ Round 30 ⑒∈⾑᳔ফᑆᡄⱘ⍋ Round 2004, Round ೼䖛এⱘ ᑈ㑺 2006ᯙᯜ 1 (Manopawitr & 2006, Sripanomyom Ԛゲ䗝 ᳝ ݀䞠ⱘⒽ⍖ϻ ኌ㒓 10 ᯜ Round et al. 2011 ᯊᦤ䆂ೈൺ ༅ ᇸ݊ᰃҢ ݀䞠⍋ኌ Bang Pakong ⊇ 2004).

(30.000 ࠄ

ᯫ P. Thachin ⊇ ݀之Ⓗ⍖  Round, pers. (Sripanomyom comm.). et al. 2011).

ᭈϾϝ㾦⌆㹿 • • H Tordoff 2002, An Hai, Ha Nam, Nghia

ೈൺ⫼ѢݰϮ Bamford et al. Hung(Day and Ninh Co

⫼ഄǃݏⅪϮ∴ 2008 ), Thai Thuy, ⊇ষ ฬǃ⏨Ϯ੠ජᏖ Tien Hai, Tien Lang,

থሩ Tra

Co, Xuan Thuy

೼⎸⿃ⱘⒽ⍖ ᯜ Џ㽕ᰃ㱒ฬ੠ H Buckton et al. Bai Boi, Binh Dai & Ba ⬅Ѣ։㱔Ϣ⎸⿃ Ϟ⾡ỡ㑶ᷥᵫ Ⓗ⍖ᰃࡼᗕⱘ ᯘ ᯙ ᯜ (small 1999, Tordoff Tri, Gan ݰϮ ∈』 ⬄ ϔ ᇥ䖕ᕭ∈右 (Sourcebook ѯⲤ∴DŽᑳᓗⱘݰϮ scale) 2002, Gio,Tan Thanhޣ ╂䯈ᏺ ⱘᷪᙃഄ 2012) ⫼ഄгᦤկᷪᙃഄ Bamford et al. & Ngang DŽ⊓ⴔ⍋ኌ ቯঞⳌ݇ऎ (Buckton et 㒓⎸⿃ⱘ䗳⥛ᰃ (Buckton et al. 2008, ᯪDat Mui ඳ ೑ᆊ݀ು

al. 1999). 50 / 1999). Sourcebook 2012, ( 䞥⫃ⳕ ) ㉇ ᑈ Ⳃࠡ㑶ᷥᵫ .Buckton et Ꮖ㹿ֱᡸDŽ V. Morozov, pers)

al. 1999) comm. DŽ

!੗ీ঴ਦݛӄڦ฿ࢅิ࿿ඖෟں೼တټक़ח૰ࢅ३ณۯ޹୤!4/ዷᄲ࿚༶Ăླྀ DŽएᇀ࿔၅࣮!ࠥࢅጆॆཨ෇Dž! ᮍއᮍ ೑䰙㾷އḍ⑤፶᥼ࡼ࡯ ᳝ᆇ䖛⿟ ᇍ╂䯈ᏺⱘ ᳔㒜ⱘ䯂乬 ೑ݙ㾷 ໮⾡࿕㚕 Ḝ Ḝ ᒋॅᆇᯜ ᅵᶹݰϮᬓ 㘨ড়೑㊂ݰع ⷁ㾚ⱘݰϮ 䖛ᑺՓ⫼ ॅ䰽㯏㉏ ᬓㄪǃ ࣪ᄺ㙹᭭DŽ ⟚থᯜ ฉา∈䏃ᯜ᳝↦ ㄪᎂডϡᔧ㸹 㒘㒛੠݊Ҫ ᇥ∈ ⱘ剐ᯜ 䌈ᎂ֗䖯᳈Ў ৃ߽⫼ⱘ೑ޣϡᔧⱘ㸹䌈ǃ 䞞ᬒ໮ԭ 䌸╂ᯫ 䕗Ԣⱘᛣ䆚 ⱘ ⱘ䗣ᯢᑺᎂ ෎Ѣ⸙㯏ⱘ䆌 ৃᣕ㓁ⱘᅲ 䰙乍Ⳃᐂࡽ ໮亳⠽䫒ⱘϻ 䏉ᯫࡴᔎݰϮ ৘೑ࠊᅮড় ޣǃ㭘ᔅⱘ ∂䖯ܹ ⸙䝌Ⲥⱘ ݰϮ⌏ࡼ ∈㋏㒳DŽ ᇥᎂ ༅ᎂ᳝↦㯏㉏ⱘ ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻ ⧚ⱘݰϮᬓ ࣪ⱘ ๲ࡴᎂ∈Ё৿⇻ ֱᡸDŽ ㄪ੠ᅲ䏉DŽ݅ݏ᥻ࠊDŽ ᆠ㧹 ᴵӊDŽ 䞣ޣᇥDŽ ѿ᳔Շ ᅲ䏉DŽ

ᒋ亢䰽ᎂ ⹂ֱ⊩㾘੠ Ϫि㒘㒛੠ع㭘ᔅⱘ⊩㾘 ᥦᬒ᳾㒣 㯏㉏໻䞣㐕 Ϲ䞡 ੠ᠻ⊩៪㔎 ໘⧚ⱘ∵ Ⅺ੠ॅ䰽ⱘ ᮙ␌Ϯ┰࡯ⱘ ᠻ㸠ᯜ㓈ᣕ催 ݊Ҫৃ߽⫼ У∵∈໘⧚ ∈䖯ܹ∈ 㒚㦠DŽ ᤳ༅ᎂ ∵∈໘⧚ᷛ ⱘ೑䰙乍Ⳃ 乘ㅫDŽ ㋏DŽ ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻⱘ ޚDŽᖙ乏ࣙ ᐂࡽ৘೑ᅲ ϻ༅DŽ ᣀ⫳⌏∵∈ ⦄᳈催ᑳ⠽ DŽޚ੠ݰഎࡼ⠽ ໘⧚ᷛ ᑳ⠽ⱘ໘⧚DŽ

ᒋⱘ ᬍ୘⦃๗ゟ “ᮃᖋહᇨع㭘ᔅⱘ⦃๗ ᎹϮ ᳝↦⠽䋼䖯 ᇍҎ㉏ ᕅડ䆘Ӌᯜ㭘 ⌏ࡼ৥∈ ܹ亳ક䫒੠ ॅᆇࣙᣀ㟈Ⱐ ⊩ǃᠻ⊩੠ⲥ ᨽ݀㑺”੠ ᔅⱘ∵ᶧゟ ԧЁᥦᬒ ⊹ⒽDŽ ࿕㚕ᯫ ᥻DŽऎߚ ݊Ҫৃ߽⫼ ⊩ᯜ ᳝↦䞥ሲ ᴔ⅏䆌໮䞢⫳ থሩ੠䴲থ 乍Ⳃᯜҹ݅ѿ ᠻ⊩ϡ࡯ ੠ᣕЙᗻ ⫳⠽੠㛚ᔅ ሩഄऎᯜ᥻ࠊ ֵᙃⱘᮍᓣ 偅ՓѻϮ䞛 ᳝ᴎ∵ᶧ ⠽⾡ᎂ∵ᶧ⠽ ∵ᶧ⑤DŽᓎゟ ᴹᅲ⦄ড়⧚ প㒣⌢᥋ᕘDŽ ⠽ᯘ᎗᎖᎗ᎺᯙDŽ ⅟⬭೼⊹Ⓗ੠ ϹḐⱘ亳ક ⱘ࣪ᄺક੠ 䍞៬ৢ䘫⮛ ⌏ԧ⫳⠽䆌໮ ि⫳ᷛޚᯫᓎ ᑳ⠽ㅵ⧚DŽ ᯘग़৆䘫 ᑈᯫ⏨Ϯϟ䰡DŽ 䆒໘⧚ ⬭䯂乬ᯙDŽ 䆒ᮑDŽ

ൗഒ᳾ᬊ䲚 ৥∈䘧ؒ ໻㾘῵ϡৃ ล᭭ᑳ⠽㽚Ⲫ ߽⫼ᑓਞ੠ ᑳ⠽ᕔᕔᴹ ᳾㒣໘ 㾕੠ॅ䰽ᑳ ⍋Ⓗ੠⊹Ⓗᎂᑆ ⿢ᬊ哧ࢅ 㞾䘹䖰ⱘ೑צ ੠໘⧚DŽ䖛ᑺ Փ⫼ล᭭ᆍ ⧚ⱘൗഒDŽ ᭭хᡯ೼⍋ ᡄ䞢⫳ࡼ⠽੠ ϡՓ⫼ล᭭㹟 ᆊDŽ䆹䆂乬䳔 ఼੠ࣙ㺙DŽ ⒽDŽ ᇍࡼ⠽䗴៤ ੠݊Ҫϡᖙ 㽕೼ܼ⧗㣗 ᆇᯜᇸ݊ᰃབ 㽕ⱘࣙ㺙DŽᬍ ೈݙࡴҹ㾷↦ ᵰᨘܹৃ䗴៤ ୘ಲᬊ އDŽ 䕏ᖂⱘ↦ᆇ ੠ൗഒ໘⧚DŽ

ᷛޚ᥻ࠊ 䪏ѩᑇৄǃ ⓣ⊍㹿ކϞ ⓣ⊍ᴔ⅏䆌໮ ϹḐ೑ᆊᷛ 䗖⫼⍋⋟⊩ ੠ᠻ㸠 ⊍䕂੠ ⍋ኌ㒓DŽ 右ǃ剐㉏੠᮴㛞 ޚ੠᥻ࠊᯜᦤ ੠݊Ҫৃҹ ϡ䎇DŽ⏙⧚⊘ 㠅ᑩ⏙⋫ Ợࡼ⠽ 催ડᑨ㛑࡯ᯜ ߽⫼ⱘ乍ⳂDŽ ⫼ⓣ䆒໛ϡ䎇DŽ ⱘ⊘ⓣDŽ ⹂ֱᑨ ⱘ右㉏⊏⭫ 㛑࡯DŽ

ᕜᇥⱘ⫳䅵 䖛ᑺᤩᤲ ⷡӤ㑶ᷥᵫᯜ 剐㉏䌘⑤ϻ༅ᯜ ᳈໮ফ 䅸䆕ৃᣕ㓁

;᳓ҷᯜ๲䭓ⱘ ⍋ѻક- 䆒㕂㔥 ᮴㛞Ợࡼ⠽ϻ ֱᡸⱘᷪᙃ ᗻᤩᤲѻક ᮙ␌ϮǃᎹϮ 剐㉏ǃ⬆໇ ੠䱋䰅;㗭ᥬ ༅ᯜ∈右 ഄᯫࡴᔎֱᡸ ঠ䖍乍Ⳃг ੠ߎষ䳔∖ᯜ ㉏ǃ ⊹ⒽDŽ ᷪᙃഄ ᗻㅵ⧚੠ᠻ 㛑᳝ࡽѢᦤ 㔎У䎇໳ⱘ 䕃ԧ㉏੠ ⱘᑆᡄDŽ ⊩;⫳䅵᳓ կ᳓ҷ 䜡乱੠᥻ࠊDŽ 㷩㰿㉏DŽ ҷ;᳝ٓՓ⫼ ⫳䅵DŽ ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳᳡ ࡵᯘPESᯙᯜ৥ 㡃དⱘ⫳ᗕ ㋏㒳݅ㅵҬ 䌍DŽ

ᇍ⫳ᗕᵫϮ ⸈ണ䞡㽕 ⑓ഄⱘϻ༅ᯫ໪ ⾥ᄺ⬠ᑨ䆹 ⑓ഄ݀㑺ǃ⑓ ⱘ䅸䆚ϡ䎇 ⱘ⑓ഄ⫼Ѣ ᴹ⠽⾡ᓩ䖯ᯫ∈ ৥ㅵ⧚㗙ᓎ ഄ೑䰙ঞ݊ DŽᷥᑊϡᘏᰃ ỡᷥᡩ䌘ᯜ ϡᔧⱘỡᷥ ԡব࣪ᯫ吏呀㉏ 䆂“䗖ᯊ䗖ഄ Ҫ㒘㒛੠乍 དᓔ䯨ぎ 䗖ᷥ”DŽ Ⳃᑨ⊼ᛣأདⱘ'DŽ ⑓ഄᦤ 䗴ᵫDŽ 右‘ կᒝӋᓔ 䯈߽Ѣ ỡᷥᇍ⑓ഄⱘ ᬒ⾡ỡऎ ݊থ⦄໽ᬠDŽ ࿕㚕DŽ ඳDŽ ᦤկ“䗖ഄ䗖 ᷥ”ᣛफDŽ

㔎У៬⬹⦃ ජᏖᯜᮙ␌ 催╂㒓ҹϞ 㧹Ꮆऎⱘϻ༅ˈ ᡍޚ੠ᅲᮑ 䗮䖛 ๗䆘Ӌᯫ㭘ᔅ ៪∈ѻݏ ỡ㹿ⱘϻ༅ 䖕ᕭ吏呀㉏ SEA ゟ⊩DŽϹ ೑䰙݀㑺/ ⱘ㾘ߦᯜ㭘ᔅ Ⅺⱘ։ऴDŽ DŽ ੠݊Ҫ∈右 ⽕೼Џ㽕ⱘ 乍Ⳃ䖯㸠೑ ⱘֱᡸऎゟ ᅝܼᷪᙃഄ ⫳ᗕࡳ㛑ऎ 䰙␌䇈;ၦԧ ⊩ᯜ ⱘϻ༅DŽ 䖯㸠ᓔথDŽࡴ ᡹䘧 Џ⌕࣪⫳⠽ ᔎᠻ㸠⦃๗ ੠೑䰙ᴎᵘ ໮ḋᗻϡ䎇ᯜ ᕅડ䆘ӋDŽࡴ ໪Ѹ␌䇈DŽ 䕗Ԣᛣ䆚੠ ᔎ݀ӫ੠㾘 Ϫ⬠䫊㸠 ⷁ㾚ⱘ㒣⌢ ߦ㗙ᛣ䆚 ੠݊Ҫᤤࡽ ᬓㄪDŽ 㗙Ꮖᦤկᡔ ᴃᧈࡽDŽ

ᮍḜއᮍḜ ೑䰙㾷އḍ⑤/᥼ࡼ࡯ ᳝ᆇ䖛⿟ ᇍ╂䯈ᏺⱘ ᳔㒜ⱘ䯂乬 ೑ݙ㾷 ໮⾡࿕㚕

⫳⠽໮ḋᗻ ໻䞣ᮄ㒣 ⍋෸ǃೈൺ ╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃ ࠊᅮ೑ᆊ⫳⠽ Ā⫳⠽໮ḋᗻ݀ Џ⌕࣪ϡ䎇 ⌢ᓔথऎ䅵 Ⓗ⍖ǃฉา ഄⱘ⸈ണϻ ໮ḋᗻ៬⬹੠ 㑺āⱘḌᖗᴵℒDŽ ᳝ᆇⱘ ॳ∈⌕DŽ ༅DŽ 㸠ࡼ䅵ߦDŽ⹂ֱ ᕜ໮乍Ⳃ䛑ᜓᛣⷁ㾚 ߦ 㒣⌢ᬓㄪ˗㔎 ▔ࢅ䅵ߦˈ  ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻᕫࠄ Ϣ৘೑ড়԰֗䖯 У䗖ᔧⱘ⊩㾘 ೳഄߚ䜡DŽ  ᠔᳝Ⳍ݇䚼䮼 ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻЏ⌕ ੠㸹䌈ˈҹ֗  䅸䆚DŽࡴᔎ ࣪DŽ䗮䖛೑䰙㒘㒛 䖯ড়⧚  6($⌕⿟੠(,$ ੠乍Ⳃⱘ໪Ѹ ೳഄߚ䜡DŽ  ⱘᑨ⫼DŽᅷӴথ 䆘䆎੠␌䇈DŽ೑䰙   ሩⱘᅲ䰙៤ᴀ੠ 乍Ⳃᑨձ᥂᳔催 ѻ⫳ⱘ㒣⌢᳡ ᷛޚ䆒㕂ˈ៤Ў ࡵӋؐ˄՟བ དⱘ㣗՟DŽ 7((%˅DŽ       㔎Уण䇗Ҏ㉏ ㄥറǃ∈ᬍ ⊇ষ⎵ Ⲥ⺅࣪ᴔ⅏ 䞡㽕ⱘᰃ㽕 䎼೑⬠⊇⌕DŽ޴Ͼ ⫼∈䳔∖੠⦃ 䘧ঞ⊇∈ᢑ ∈⌕䞣ⱘ ⊇⌕੠⊓⍋ ण䇗དϡৠⱘ⫼ ೑䰙乍Ⳃ ㋏∋ᭈϾկއᇥDŽ ỡ⠽੠䆌໮ ∈䳔∖ᑇ㸵ˈֱ 㾷ޣ ๗⫼∈䳔∖DŽ পˈ⬅ѢԢ 㔎Уᡞ⫳⠽໮ ᬜ☠⑝䗴៤  ᮴㛞Ợࡼ⠽˗ ᡸ∈ᅝܼ੠∈ 㒳 ḋЏ⌕࣪㒇ܹ ⱘ∈⌾䌍DŽ  ⸈ണ⊓⍋ݰϮ 䋼䞣DŽϹḐⲥㅵ ໻␘݀⊇乍Ⳃǃ䰓 䖯ܹ∈⬉乍⊹≭䞣ⱘޣ ੠᥻ࠊ 〚ᇨ⊇乍ⳂㄝDŽ ⳂDŽ∈䌘⑤߽ ᇥᕅડᮄ剰 ᇍ∈ⱘ߽⫼੠ ∈⬉੠☠⑝乍 ⫼᥻ࠊ㭘ᔅ ⱘ⊹≭੠㧹 Ⓓ⫼DŽ Ⳃᡩ䌘㗙  ݏ⠽䋼䕧ܹˈ  ᑨ䞛⫼催 DŽޚᇐ㟈⍋ኌ⎸  ⦃ֱᷛ ⿃䗳⥛䰡Ԣ  ੠䖯ܹ⑓ഄ  㧹ݏ⠽䋼ⱘ  ޣᇥDŽ      ᱃㾖 ỂᵫⷡӤ ⊇䘧Ё䖛 ⎸⿃ᴔ⅏⦞ 䰤ࠊỂᵫⷡӤˈ Ā⫳⠽໮ḋᗻ݀ ሖ䴶㾘ߦ㭘ᔅ˗ ੠೼䰵വϞ ໮ⱘ⎸⊹ ⨮⻕ˈ䗤⏤⍜ 䰤ࠊ⫳⠽➗᭭ 㑺āⱘНࡵ੠߽⫼ ᠻ⊩㭘ᔅDŽ 㗩⾡DŽ 䋳䕑˗ ᔅ⍋ኌ㒓㒧 ⫳ѻ˗Փ⫼ᔧഄ ܼ⧗⦃๗෎䞥䰆  㔎У։㱔ᏺ ϻ༅ᅱ䌉 ᵘˈᑊ⬅ℸ։ ᷥ⾡ᠽ໻䗴ᵫ˗ ℶೳഄ䗔࣪DŽ  ⊏⧚DŽ ⱘ㸼ೳDŽ 㱔⍋ኌ㒓DŽ ߽⫼3(6༪ࢅ   㡃དⱘ⌕ඳֱ ᡸDŽ      㭘ᔅⱘ⢽⣢᥻ Փ⫼ᵾᬃ੠ 䖛ᑺ⢽⣢ ↣ᑈᤳ༅᭄ 䆘Ԅᰃ৺䳔㽕 Ā▦ॅ䞢⫳ࡼỡ ࠊDŽϔѯ䋳䴶 䱋䰅ǃ⬉ǃ ੠Փ⫼䳒 ⱒϛ右ˈ䖕ᕭ ೼ᴎഎᶊ䆒䳒 ⠽⾡೑䰙䌌ᯧ݀ ⠽೼ ↦㥃੠⚌ 㔥˄⡍߿ᰃ 䏃㒓Ϟ᠔᳝ 㔥DŽ೼⊓⍋ഄऎ 㑺ā੠䞢⫳ࡼỡڣˈⱘᬓㄪ ᴎഎ㔥右DŽ೼ 㥃DŽ 吏呀㉏੠ 右㉏᭄䞣䛑 Ў⢽⣢㗙ᦤկ 䌌ᯧ䇗ᶹྨਬӮ ᡸऎඳᠻ⊩ ೼ֱᡸऎǃ ∈右˅ᤩ右 ೼ϟ䰡DŽ ᳓ҷ⫳䅵DŽ 䆄ᔩⲥ᥻䴲ֱ ϡϹDŽ ݰ⬄੠ᴎഎ ⫼Ѣӥ䯆ǃ  ࡴᔎ⢽⣢⊩㾘ˈ ⊩䌌ᯧDŽ  Փ⫼䳒㔥ᤩ 亳⠽ǃߎଂ  ᑊࡴᔎᠻ⊩DŽ ೑䰙㒘㒛੠乍Ⳃ 右DŽ ៪ֱᡸݰ  ৃҹᮑࡴ໪Ѹय़     

԰⠽៪亲  ࡯哧ࢅ৘೑᳈ད ᴎᅝܼDŽ  ഄ㾷އ䖭ѯ䯂乬DŽ     ᇥ೑ᆊ⏽ᅸ ⇨׭ব࣪݀㑺哧ޣ 㔎У⏽ᅸ⇨ԧ ҎЎॳ಴ᓩ ๲ࡴⱘᵕ ๲ࡴᇍ᠔᳝ ᥦᬒ䰤ࠊ˗ 䍋ⱘ⇨׭ব ッ໽⇨˄ࣙ ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘ ⇨ԧⱘᥦᬒ∈ ࢅ৘೑䘣ࠊ⏽ᅸ 䖛ᑺ੠ ࣪DŽ ᣀ⛁੠ދǃ य़࡯DŽ⦞⨮㻾 ᑇ˗ ⇨ԧⱘᥦᬒDŽ ᣕ㓁⸈ണ㞾✊  ⑓੠ᑆ˅˗ 㡆DŽ⠽⾡䖕⿏ 哧ࢅথሩ⏙⋕ ܼ⧗⦃๗෎䞥䌘 ׭⇨އỡ㹿DŽ  ᳈໮ⱘৄ ῵ᓣᬍব੠ 㛑⑤᳓ҷᮍḜ˗ ࡽᮼ೼㾷 亢ǃ⋾∈ǃ ᯊ䯈䫭ԡDŽ⬅ ࠊᅮ⫳⠽໮ḋ ব࣪䯂乬ⱘ乍ⳂDŽ ᑆᯅǃ⛁ Ѣ⍋ᑇ䴶Ϟ ᗻ੠⇨׭ব࣪ 5(''乍ⳂDŽ⹂ֱ ⌾˗๲催ⱘ छ ೑ᆊ៬⬹˗ᅠ୘ ⫳⠽໮ḋ䯂乬 ᡸഄ㋏㒳ҹࡴֱ ⍋∈⏽ᑺǃ ᇐ㟈⊓⍋ᷪ ᔎᑨᇍ⇨׭ব࣪ ࣙ৿೼⇨׭ব ⱘᔍᗻˈ⡍߿ᰃ ⍋ᑇ䴶੠ ᙃഄϻ༅DŽ ֗䖯ֱᡸഄ ࣪㓧㾷䅵ߦЁDŽ ⍋∈S+  㔥㒰DŽ     ᬍ⌕⋞˗ؐ ব˗ބᎱ∈   ⑤ⱘϻ༅DŽ       䋿か੠㔎У Ўњ➗᭭੠ ᇚ㑶ᷥᵫ ᨻ↕㑶ᷥᵫ ᠻ⊩ǃᛣ䆚 ᡔᴃᧈࡽǃ ᳓ҷ⫳䅵˗ ऩᅕˈϡৃ ব៤剐ฬDŽ ᷪᙃഄ˗䝌࣪ ᦤ催ˈणࡽ ᅷӴǃᧈࡽ᳓ҷ⫳ ᇍ↕ᵫⱘ᥻ࠊ ᣕ㓁ⱘⷡӤ  ⱘೳຸ੠∈ ᅠ୘᳓ҷ⫳䅵DŽ 䅵ˈᬃᣕ䅸䆕㋏ ϡ䎇˗㔎Уড় 㑶ᷥᵫ˗  ඳ໪ᴹܹ։  㒳DŽ 䗖ⱘ ϡফ᥻ࠊⱘ  ⠽⾡ⱘᓩ䖯DŽ  ▔ࢅᴎࠊDŽ ᤩᤲ݊Ҫ䌘     ⑤DŽ   

!੗ీ঴ਦݛӄڦ฿ࢅิ࿿ඖෟں೼တټक़ח૰ࢅ३ณۯ޹୤!4/DŽჄDžዷᄲ࿚༶Ăླྀ DŽएᇀ!࿔၅࣮ࠥࢅጆॆཨ෇Dž! ᮍއᮍ ೑䰙㾷އḍ⑤፶᥼ࡼ࡯ ᳝ᆇ䖛⿟ ᇍ╂䯈ᏺⱘ ᳔㒜ⱘ䯂乬 ೑ݙ㾷 ໮⾡࿕㚕 Ḝ Ḝ ϡ᥻ࠊ ᵫϮǃು㡎ǃ 䆌໮ࡼỡ⠽ⱘ ᤳണ⦃๗ᯜ᳓䞛⫼乘䄺ᓣ 䖭Ͼ䯂乬ࣙ ։໪ᴹ⠽ ᤶᴀഄ⠽⾡ᯜ ໪ᴹܹ։⠽ ৿೼“⫳⠽໮ܹ ݏ䞞ᬒ໪ᴹܹ ݰϮǃ∈ѻ ։⠽⾡ Ⅺ੠џᬙ䛑 ⾡㫧ᓊᯫ ᨻ↕ᴀഄ⠽ ⾡ゟ⊩ᯜ㾘ᅮ ḋᗻ݀㑺”੠ ᯘ᎐ᎈ᎚ᯙDŽ ᏺᴹᮄ⠽ Ӵ᪁⮒⮙੠ ⾡ᯫӸᆇ䞢⫳ ᅝܼ䆩偠ǃ䞞 ᎗Ꮆ᎞᎗ᎈDŽ䗮䖛 DŽ ⮙ॳԧDŽ ࡼ⠽ǃᆊ⬰੠ ᬒǃⲥ⌟੠ડ ֵᙃ݅ѿǃ᳔⾡ ᒋ ᑨDŽᑨࣙᣀᅝ Շ᥻ࠊᅲ䏉عҎ㉏ⱘ DŽ ܼ䕀෎಴⫳ ㄝᯜҢϔѯ೑ ⠽ᯘᎎ᎔᎖ᯙⱘ 䰙乍ⳂЁ㦋 ⊩㾘DŽ ᕫᐂࡽDŽ ᓔሩⷨおǃ᡹ ᎐᎜ᎊ᎕፧᎚᎚ᎊܹ ਞ੠ⲥ⌟DŽ ։⠽⾡ϧᆊ 㒘ⱘᬃᣕDŽ

㜤䋹ᯫ ᕫࠄᡍޚⱘ 㔎У⫳⠽ ᷪᙃഄⱘ⸈ ϡᮁᠧߏ੠ ໪Ѹ␌䇈ᯫ䆒 㔎У䗣ᯢᑺDŽ ᶤѯথሩ乍Ⳃ ໮ḋᗻЏ⌕ ണᯫ ᚽ㔮㜤䋹ᯫ๲ 㕂ḋᵓDŽ Փᇥ᭄ᔎ࢓ ࣪ᑊ㒇ܹ㾘ߦ ⒟⫳䆌໮䖱 ࡴ䗣ᯢᑺᯫᦤ ⱘҎবᕫᆠ ੠থሩDŽ ⊩䖱㾘㸠ЎDŽ 催݀ӫখϢ ᳝ᯜ݊ҷӋᰃᯪ ᗑ㾚⦃๗ᕅ ੠䆘䆎ᯫ ⦃๗ǃ ડ䆘ԄDŽ ᦤ催ၦԧᇍ 䭓ᳳ㒣⌢ৃ ߚ⌕݇䬂䌘 ⦃๗䯂乬᡹ ᣕ㓁ᗻǃᑓ໻ 䞥DŽ 䘧ⱘ㞾⬅ᑺDŽ ӫˈ⫳⠽໮ ᣾⫼ݰ⇥੠݀ ḋᗻDŽ ݀݅⫼ഄDŽ ⦃๗៤ᴀ੠ ໪೼಴㋴᳾ ࣙᣀ೼ᓔথ ៤ᴀ፶ᬜⲞḌ ㅫݙDŽ

㔎Уᛣ䆚ᯫ㔎 ᳾ᡞ 㔎У䌘䞥ᯜ ᷪᙃഄⱘϻ ᦤ催ᛣ䆚 ࠊ԰៪ᬷথ У䌘䞥DŽ 䭓ᳳ ⦃๗ֱᡸ ༅ᯜ⠽⾡ⱘϻ ⌏ࡼᯜࣙᣀ ᔧഄ䇁㿔ⱘ ⦃๗ⱘ 㭘ᔅᯜ㔎ᇥ ༅ᯫ ⦃๗ᬭ㚆෍ ᛣ䆚ᴤ᭭DŽ 㒇ܹ ᇍ⦃๗䗔࣪ 㔎Уᇍֱᡸ 䆁ᯫ⊼݇ থሩ䖛⿟DŽ ⱘ݇⊼DŽ ഄⱘֱᡸᯫ 䗮䖛㸠Ў䆘 ϡৃᣕ㓁ⱘ Ԅ༪ࢅ⦃๗ᛣ ᤩᤲˈѻકⱘ 䆚ⱘᦤ催DŽ 䖛ᑺ⍜䌍DŽ

ⷨお੠ⲥ⌟ 㔎Уৃ䴴ⱘ ԰ߎއᅮᯊ ᤳᆇথሩ੠ ࡴᔎⷨお੠ ᬍ୘Ⳍ᭄݇ 㛑࡯ϡ䎇ᯫ㒣 ⊓⍋⫳⠽໮ 㔎У᳝ᬜⱘֵ ᷪᙃഄϻ༅DŽ ⲥ⌟DŽᄺᴃᴎ ᥂ⱘᭈ⧚ǃߚ 䌍ϡ䎇DŽ ḋᗻ᭄᥂ᯫ䕗 ᙃᑧDŽ ᵘখϢㅵ⧚ ᵤ੠ߎ⠜DŽ Ԣⱘᛣ䆚DŽ ᓎ䆂ᯫ֗䖯᳈ དⱘ᭄᥂݅ ೼݀ᓔ㔥义

ѿᯫখࡴ೑䰙 ⫼ᔧഄ䇁㿔 乍ⳂDŽ ᬍ୘ᇍ᭄᥂ⱘ 㦋পDŽ

ᇍ⍋⋟䖍⬠ ৘೑䛑ϡ㛑ᅲ “⍋⋟⫳⠽ ᮴⊩ᓎゟ 䙓ܡϡৃ䗚 哧ࢅ੠ᑇ㾷 އ㾷އᯜᓎゟ 㔎Уϔ㟈ᛣ ᮑৃᣕ㓁߽ ໮ḋᗻᡩᴎ ֱᡸऎ៪ᓔሩ ⱘথሩ៪㸠 䎼೑⬠੠ᑇ 㾕DŽ ⫼ᮍ⊩DŽ ᗻᓔথ”DŽ 䌘⑤ৃᣕ ࡼˈᕙଚ䆂 ݀ು៪䖒៤ 㓁ᤩᤲDŽ ⱘ㾷އᮍḜDŽ ঠᮍ䛑ৠᛣ ⱘᖙ㽕ֱᡸ ᥾ᮑDŽ

!ڇዷᄲࡔाၜణൣڦ૧ဇჱദݧୟ၍኱থ၎࠲ٷ୤!5/!ᇑ۫ჱ.Ӑ 乍Ⳃ Ⳃⱘ԰⫼ ⌏ࡼ

A. ೑䰙݀㑺ϟⱘ乍Ⳃ

㘨ড়೑⫳⠽໮ḋᗻ݀㑺 ݀㑺ᴵℒ⎉Ⲫܼ䚼⫳⠽໮ḋᗻֱᡸ㸠ࡼ ֱᡸഄⱘᎹ԰䅵ߦᯜ⡍߿䆩೒֗䖯ᇍ㞾✊ऎඳ⫳⠽໮

ḋᗻֱᡸDŽ

⑓ഄ݀㑺 ֱᡸܼ⧗䞡㽕⑓ഄᯜᇸ݊ᰃ∈右DŽ 㽕∖៤ਬ೑ֱᡸܼ⧗䞡㽕⑓ഄDŽ

ᦤկEIA/SEAᣛफDŽ

䖕ᕭ⠽⾡݀㑺 Ϫ⬠㣗ೈݙⱘ㘨ড়೑݀㑺 ֱᡸ᠔᳝⾡㉏ⱘ䖕ᕭ⠽⾡ᯜԚⳂࠡϰѮҙ᳝ᕜᇥⱘ೑

ᆊᰃ㓨㑺ᮍ(㾕䰘ᔩ8)DŽ

ϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲ऎӭԈ݇㋏ ֱᡸ䖕ᕭ∈右ঞ݊ᷪᙃഄ ᓎゟ੠ᬃᣕ⊓ⴔ䖕亲䏃㒓䖕ᕭ∈右ᷪᙃഄⱘ㔥㒰ֱᡸDŽ

(EAAFP) ᬃᣕ໮Ͼӏࡵಶ䯳ᯜࣙᣀ࣎ఈ呀ӏࡵಶ䯳DŽ

䶽೑-▇໻߽Ѯ׭右ण䆂(ROKAMBA) 䶽೑▇໻߽ѮП䯈ⱘড়԰ ড়԰䞛প᥾ᮑㅵ⧚੠ֱᡸ䖕ᕭ右㉏ঞ݊ᷪᙃഄ੠乘䰆

ᶤѯ右㉏♁㒱DŽ

Ё೑-▇໻߽Ѯ׭右णᅮ(CAMBA) Ё೑▇໻߽ѮП䯈ⱘড়԰ ᬃᣕϸ೑П䯈ⱘ׭右ⷨお੠㔥㒰⚍ֱᡸ

᮹ᴀ-▇໻߽Ѯ׭右णᅮ(JAMBA) ᮹ᴀ▇໻߽ѮП䯈ⱘড়԰ ᬃᣕϸ೑П䯈ⱘ׭右ⷨお੠㔥㒰⚍ֱᡸ

Ё೑-᮹ᴀ׭右णᅮ(CJMBA) Ё೑᮹ᴀП䯈ⱘড়԰ ᬃᣕϸ೑П䯈ⱘ׭右ⷨお੠㔥㒰⚍ֱᡸ

B. ⡍ᅮ೑䰙㒘㒛ⱘ乍Ⳃ

/ ǃᣛफ੠᳔Շᅲ䏉DŽ䞡⚍Ꮉ԰ᰃᣛᇐEIAޚϪ⬠㞾✊ֱᡸ㘨ⲳ(IUCN) ᳝ᖫᜓ㗙ྨਬӮᯜणࡽֱᡸഄ੠⠽⾡ ᦤկᷛ

SEADŽֱᡸഄϪ⬠ྨਬӮ᥼ࡼ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻ݀㑺ᯘCBDᯙⱘ

ᡸഄᎹ԰乍ⳂᯘPoWPAᯙ੠ࠊᅮऎඳ㸠ࡼ䅵ߦᯫ⠽⾡ᄬֱ

㓁ྨਬӮ⍝ঞ䆌໮⠽⾡ߚ㉏ϧᆊ㒘DŽࠊᅮ⠽⾡㸠

ࡼ䅵ߦDŽ

೑䰙右ⲳ ϔϾܼ⧗೑ᆊӭԈ݇㋏ֱᡸ㒘㒛ᯜ㟈࡯Ѣֱᡸ右㉏ 㓈ᡸܼ⧗▦ॅ右㉏ⱘᅠᭈ᭄᥂ᑧᯜᑊ䗮䖛䰆ℶ♁㒱乍Ⳃ

ঞ݊ᷪᙃഄ੠ܼ⧗⫳⠽໮ḋᗻᯜϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ ֗䖯右㉏ֱᡸDŽ⹂ᅮ੠䆄ᔩ䞡⚍右ऎǃֱᡸϪ⬠㣗

䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟⱘ14Ͼ೑ᆊ੠ഄऎᰃ݊ҷ㸼DŽϪ⬠㞾 ೈݙ右㉏݇䬂ऎඳDŽܼ⧗䖕亲ऎ乍Ⳃᰃᔧࠡ೼ϰ

✊ֱᡸ㘨ⲳ右㉏㑶㡆ৡᔩㅵ⧚ᴎᵘDŽ Ѯ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟਃࡼⱘᮄ⌏ࡼDŽ

⑓ഄ೑䰙(WI) ܼ⧗ϧ䮼ֱᡸ⑓ഄⱘ䴲ᬓᑰ㒘㒛DŽϢIUCN-SSC݅ ֗䖯⑓ഄ䞡㽕ᗻ੠ᬃᣕܼ⧗⑓ഄֱᡸDŽण䇗∈右⏙

ৠ԰Ў∈右ϧᆊ㒘ⱘী䲚ҎDŽ ᶹ੠∈右⾡㕸Ԅ䅵乍ⳂDŽ೼ϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟ

ⱘ7Ͼ೑ᆊ᳝ࡲџ໘DŽ

ܼ⧗䖕亲ऎ㔥㒰(GFN)ⷨお乍Ⳃ ⷨお乍Ⳃ⬅㥋݄Ḑ㔫ᅕḍ໻ᄺ/㥋݄ⱛᆊࡼ⠽ು 㟈࡯Ѣᬃᣕ⊓ⴔ䖕亲䏃㒓޴Ͼ݇䬂䖕ᕭ⠽⾡ᯘ㑶㝍Ⓖ呀ǃ

ⲥㅵDŽ ໻Ⓖ呀ǃ᭥ሒม呀੠咥ሒม呀ᯙⱘ᭄䞣Ϣ䖕ᕭ⫳ᗕⷨおᯜ

݇⊼㽓࣫▇໻߽Ѯᯘ㔫Ꮘܟ⑒੠ܿक㣅䞠⍋Ⓗᯙ੠Ё೑

⏸⍋ⱘᅲ䰙ⷨおᬜᵰᯜৢ㗙Ϣ࣫ҀᏜ㣗໻ᄺড়԰DŽ

Ϫ⬠㞾✊෎䞥Ӯ ೼ϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓Ϟ䆌໮೑ᆊ᳝乍Ⳃⱘ ᠔᳝ᔶᓣⱘֱᡸ⌏ࡼᯜ᳝ᕜ䭓ⱘᬃᣕ⑓ഄֱᡸⱘग़৆DŽ

䴲ᬓᑰֱᡸ㒘㒛 ೼Ё೑佭␃ㅵ⧚ϔϾ೑䰙䞡㽕⑓ഄ-㉇ඨ⑓ഄ⧗ܼ

右㉏ֱᡸⱛᆊणӮ(RSPB)/㣅೑೑ ϧᆊणӮˈᬃᣕϪ⬠㣗ೈݙ੠㣅೑᠔᳝ⱘ右㉏ֱᡸ ᬃᣕ࣎ఈ呀ӏࡵಶ䯳DŽᦤկ䌘䞥ǃֵᙃ੠ᡔᴃᴤ᭭DŽ

䰙右ⲳ ⌏ࡼDŽ

㣅೑䞢⫳右㉏੠⑓ഄ෎䞥Ӯ(WWT) ֗䖯䞢⾑ঞ݊⑓ഄᮍ䴶ⱘⷨおǃֱᡸ੠ᬭ㚆 ߽⫼ҎᎹ㐕㚆੠෎⸔ⷨおᯜ᳝݋ԧⱘֱᡸ࣎ఈ呀乍Ⳃ

C. ݊Ҫ

ܼ⧗⦃๗෎䞥(GEF) ೼⫳⠽໮ḋᗻ݀㑺ϟЎഄऎ੠೑ᆊ乍Ⳃᦤկ䌘䞥DŽ Ꮖᠻ㸠फ⍋ऎඳ乍Ⳃǃ咘⍋໻⍋ኌ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳乍Ⳃ੠䆌

໮೑ᆊⱘ⑓ഄֱᡸ乍Ⳃ

Ѯ⌆থሩ䫊㸠/Ϫ⬠䫊㸠੠޴Ͼ 䌘ࡽѮ⌆ᓔথ乍Ⳃᯜࣙᣀ䌋ℒǃ䌴ℒ੠ᡔᴃᧈࡽ 䆌໮⦃๗ֱᡸ乍Ⳃˈࣙᣀ⑓ഄ੠ᒞ䘧

ঠ䖍ᧈࡽ乍Ⳃ

࿚༶ଚ՗!䯂乬ⱘ䆘ߚ⬅԰㗙Ϣখࡴ2012ᑈϰѮ-▇໻߽ڦ൶ں޹୤!6/!ᆖၚփཞࡔॆ0 㽓Ѯ䖕亲ऎӭԈ݇㋏Ӯ䆂ⱘϧᆊ䅼䆎㒭ߎᯜᑊ㒣೑ᆊᬓᑰ䚼䮼੠ϧᆊ䆘ԄDŽ

$ᕅડ╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄⱘ⸈ണᗻ᥼ࡼ࡯˄៪ग़৆Ϟⱘᕅડ˅ ഄऎISO3ҷⷕ/⸈ണ Ё೑ 佭␃ ৄ⑒ 䶽೑ ᳱ剰 ᮹ᴀ 㧆ᕟ 䍞फ ᷀ඨ ⋄೑ 偀ᴹ Ꮘᵫ ᮄࡴ ॄᑺ 㓙⬌ ᄳࡴ ড়䅵

ᗻ᥼ࡼ࡯ⱘ䞡㽕ᗻ ᆒ ᆼ 㽓Ѯ വ ᢝ೑

ජᏖ੠␃ষথሩⱘ *** *** ** *** ** ** ** * * * *** * ** * 27

ೈൺ

⏨Ϯ੠ݰϮ⫼ഄⱘ * ** ** ** ** * *** * *** 17

ೈൺᯘࣙᣀग़৆Ϟⱘᯙ

䕀៤剐ฬ੠Ⲥ⬄ᯘࣙ * * * * ** * *** ** ** * 15

ᣀग़৆Ϟⱘᯙ

⍋ኌֱᡸᎹ⿟ * ** * *** ** ** * * 13

⍋ኌᮙ␌Ϯᕅડ/ᓔ * * * ** *********** 16

থ

Ҏষय़࡯ * * * * ** ** * * * *** *

᥼ࡼ࡯ড়䅵 10 7 68 5 6 79 3 93 37 11 5 6 ৃ㛑36%

᳝ᬜֱᡸᎹ݋% ഄऎISO3ҷⷕ/ֱ Ё೑ 佭␃ ৄ⑒ 䶽೑ ᳱ剰 ᮹ᴀ 㧆ᕟ 䍞फ ᷀ඨ ⋄೑ 偀ᴹ㽓 Ꮘᵫ ᮄࡴ ॄᑺ 㓙⬌ ᄳࡴ ড়䅵

ᡸᎹ݋Ӭ࢓ ᆒ ᆼ Ѯ വ ᢝ೑

ᯢ⹂䋷ӏ * ** ** ** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** * * ** ** 31

ߚⱘֱᡸഄԧ㋏ ** *** ** * * ******* **** * * 22ܙ

˄⊓⍋㽚Ⲫ⥛˅

ᔎ᳝࡯ⱘ⑓ഄ݀㑺 ** *** ** ** * ** * ** * * ** * * 21

⿟ᑣҹ⹂ᅮ┰࡯

ᔎ᳝࡯ⱘֱᡸഄゟ * *** ** ** * * **************** ** *** 31

⊩੠ᬜ࡯

᳝ᬜⱘֱᡸഄ㽚Ⲫ */** *** ** ** * *** * * * ** ** ** *** * * ** 28.5

⥛੠᳝ᬜㅵ⧚

׭右ⲥ⌟ ** *** ** *** * *** * ** * ** ** * * * * * 27

᳝ᬜⱘ⦃๗ᕅડ䆘Ӌ ** ** ** ** * ** * ** * * ** ** ** * * 24

(⊩ᕟ੠ᅲᮑ)

㓐ড়㾘ߦ/SEA ** ** ** ** * * * ** * * ** * ** ** * ** 25

ᔧഄ⼒ऎখϢ * ** ** * ** ** ** * ** * * ** ** ** ** 25

݀ӫᇍ䯂乬ⱘ䅸䆚 ** ** ** ** *** * * *** * * 18

᳝ᬜᎹ݋ড়䅵 16.5 25 18 18 8 18 15 17 12 16 17 15 15 15 12 16 53%

᠔᳝ৃ

㛑ⱘᎹ

݋

!Բডࢅ࣮ࠥڦ޹୤7!ԍࢺ൶૬݆ࢅ࠶૙ 1970s ┰ҹᴹϻ༅ⱘ╂䯈 ফֱᡸ䰚ഄ ফֱᡸ⍋ኌ Ꮖ⹂ᅮⱘ ( ᯘ ᏺᷪᙃഄऴⱒߚ↨ ḍ ᠔ऴⱒߚ↨ ↨ ḍ᥂↣Ͼ ೼೑䰙䞡㽕 ⑓ഄЁˈ⊓⍋ ᥂N. Murray 2011ᑈ೼ ഄऎֱᡸഄഄ ೑䰙䞡㽕⑓ ೑ᆊ/ഄऎ ᓎゟ/ㅵ⧚ֱᡸऎⱘЏ㽕⊩ᕟ ᯜ ᯘ Chape ᯙ 咘⏸⍋ഄऎ⌟䞣 ㄝ ೒Ԅؐ ഄⱘ᭄䞣 Google ) 2008ᯙ ៪㗙ḍ᥂ ഄ೒ ᯜ1974 <10% 1.7% <5% 1/3 ᄳࡴᢝ೑ ᄳࡴᢝ೑䞢⫳⫳⠽ֱᡸ㸠ࡼ

ᯜ1934ᯘ1984 ᯙᯫ <10% 59% 5-10% 0/2* ᭛㦅 Ểᵫ㸠ࡼ ᑈׂ䅶 䞢⫳⫳⠽ֱᡸ ᯜ1978 㸠ࡼ

1993 ᯫ <5% 24% 10-20% 1/6 ᷀ඨᆼ ᑈ⥟ᅸ⊩Ҹ ೑⥟⡍߿ᣛ⼎

ᯘ ᯜ ᯘ1985ᯙᯫ ᯘ1984 c.51% 15% c.20% 53 ഫЁⱘ 5 Ё೑ ໻䰚 ೑ᆊ㞾✊ֱᡸऎᴵ՟ Ểᵫ⊩ ᑈ ᯜ1998 ᯙᯫ ᯘ1986ᯙᯫ ᯫ ࣙᣀ▇䮼⡍ ࠊ䅶 ᑈׂ䅶 ⏨Ϯ⊩ 䞢⫳ࡼ⠽ ഫ ▇䮼᳝ ᯙ ᯘ1988ᯙᯫ ᯘ1979 ᯜ1989 1 ഫ┰೼೑ ߿㸠ᬓऎ ֱᡸ⊩ ⦃๗ֱᡸ⊩ ᑈࠊ䅶 ᯙ ᑈׂ䅶 䰙䞡㽕⑓ഄ

ᯜ1976 ᯜ2005 ᯫ 10-20% 48% c.26% 1/1 ⋞Ё೑佭␃⡍ ೑ᆊ݀ುᴵ՟ ᑈࠊ䅶 ᑈׂ䅶 ⍋ ᯜ1995ᯫ ᯜ1976 ߿㸠ᬓऎ ݀ುᴵ՟ 䞢⫳ࡼ⠽ֱᡸᴵ՟

ᯜ1972ᯫ ᯜ1982ᯫ 10-20% 12% 38% 0/23 Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ ೑ᆊ݀ು⊩ ᭛࣪䘫ѻֱᡸ⊩ 䞢 ᯜ1989 ⫣ᡸֱ⠽⫳⫳

ᯜ1992ᯫ ᯜ1997 c.10% 6%,NBSAP <5% 0/23* ⫣ᳱ剰 Ểᵫ⊩ ⍋⋟∵ᶧֱᡸ

䅵ߦ䖒ࠄ 20%

41 োỂᵫ㸠ࡼ/1999 5-10% 24% 5-10% 1/31 ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ

ᯜ1972ᯫ ᯜ1957ᯘ2002 40% 17% <5% 10/103 ᮹ᴀ 㞾✊ֱᡸ⊩ 㞾✊݀ು⊩ ᑈ ᯙᯫ ᯜ2003 䅶 ᥼ࡼ㞾✊ᘶ໡㸠ࡼׂ

1980ᯫ 1984ᯘ <10% 27% <5% 1/17 偀ᴹ㽓Ѯ ೑ᆊ݀ು㸠ࡼ ೑ᆊỂᵫ㸠ࡼ 㸠ࡼ 313ᯙᯫ 2010ᯫ 1985 䞢⫳⫳⠽ֱᡸ㸠ࡼ ⏨Ϯ㸠ࡼ ᯘ 317ᯜ1993 ᯙᯜ Ёⱘ⍋⋟݀ು 㸠ࡼ ᑈׂ䅶 䛑⬅೑

ᆊሖ䴶ⱘゟ⊩ᬃᣕ

1994 ᯘ ᯙ <5% 5.2% <5% 1/5 㓙⬌ ᑈ䞢⫳⫳⠽ֱᡸ੠ֱᡸऎ⊩ ℷ೼ׂ䅶

1992ᯘ ᯙ <10% 19% 10-20% 1/11 㧆ᕟᆒ ೑ᆊ㓐ড়ֱᡸऎ㋏㒳㸠ࡼ ℷ೼ׂ䅶

ᯜ1997ᯘ2001 ᯙᯫ 55% 7% <5% 0/29 䶽೑ 㞾✊݀ು㸠ࡼ ᑈׂ䅶 㞾✊⦃๗ ᯜ1991ᯫ ᯜ1999ᯫ ⫳⋞ᡸ㸠ࡼ ⑓ഄֱᡸ㸠ࡼ ⍋ֱ ᯫ ᯜ ᯜ ᗕ㋏㒳ֱᡸㅵ⧚⊩ ҹঞϔѯᇣቯቓ Џ㽕ቅ㛝 ᭛࣪੠䘫Ӵ䌘⑤⡍߿ֱᡸ㸠ࡼ

ᮄࡴവ 2005ᯫ >70% 6.5% 4% 0/1* ݀ು੠ᷥ᳼㸠ࡼ ೑ᆊ݀ು㨷џӮ㸠ࡼᓎゟ 㒘㒛ᴎᵘ

⋄೑ 1960ᯘ1992 ᯙᯫ >15% 22% 5-10% 3/13 䞢⫳ࡼ⠽ֱᡸֱᄬ㸠ࡼ ᑈׂ䅶 ೑ 1961ᯫ 1992 ᆊ݀ು㸠ࡼ ೑ᆊ⦃๗䋼䞣ֱᡸ㸠ࡼ

䍞फ ᯘ1962ᯜ ᯙᯫ117 10-20% 6.3% <5% 1/14 Ểᵫ⊩ ⹂ᅮњ⡍⅞Ểᵫ ো⊩Ҹ /2010/ND-CP ᯫ 㒘㒛੠Ểᵫ㋏㒳⡍⅞Ểᵫㅵ⧚ ⫳ ⠽໮ḋᗻ⊩2008

*䴲lj⑓ഄ݀㑺NJ㓨㑺೑

ڪႾԲড՗)ߵ਍Qijmmjqtײ൶࣍ৣᆖၚೠॏ0቟୼࣍ৣೠॏDŽFJB0TFBDž૬݆ں޹୤8!ࡔॆ0 311:Lj!๘হᆀႜ3117ࢅࡔాጆॆᅪ९*! Џ㽕EIA/SEA⊩ 㣗ೈ EIA䋳䋷ᮍ ݀ӫখϢ 䆘Ӌ ໘㔮 㾘

ᄳࡴᢝ೑

EIAᴵ՟,1992;⦃ ᠔᳝ᓎ䆒乍Ⳃᔦܹ Ꮉ԰ӏࡵ໻㒆㒣 ݀⇥ৃҹᦤߎ ᎹϮ乍ⳂEIAᴵ՟⹂ ਀প䇋ᜓⱘϞ ๗ֱᡸ㸠ࡼ 㡆੠㑶㡆ᕅડ㉏ ⦃๗䚼ᡍޚৢᓔ 䇋ᜓডᇍӏԩ ᅲᔎ䇗⫳⠽໮ḋᗻ/⫳ 䆝ᴎᵘৃᔎࠊ (ECA),1995 ߿DŽ থ㗙ޚ໛᡹ਞᑊ ᓔথDŽ ᗕ㋏㒳DŽ 㔮ℒ,݊ᅗ໘㔮 ℶᓔذDŽ ៪䋷Ҹޚ๗ֱᡸᴵ՟ 䳔㒣䖛ᡍ⦄ (ECR),1997 থDŽ

᭛㦅

⊩ᕟ㤝Ḝᇮ᳾ᡍ ॳ߭Ϟᬓᑰ㽕∖໻ ϡ䗖⫼DŽ ϡ䗖⫼DŽ ޚ ൟ䞡ᎹϮᓔሩEIADŽ

᷀ඨᆼ

⦃๗ᕅડ䆘Ӌ⃵ ᇍ⦃๗᳝ᕅડⱘ乍 ⦃๗䚼DŽ ⊩Ҹ㓐䗄DŽ ≵᳝㾘ᅮⲥ⌟DŽ ⊩䰶԰ߎ໘㔮 ⊩Ҹ,1999 ⳂDŽ އᅮDŽ

Ё೑(໻䰚)

๗ᕅડ䆘Ӌ ӏԩᓔথ乍ⳂᓔᎹ ⦃ֱ䚼੠৘ⳕ⦃ ᔎࠊ䖯㸠2਼݀ ᠻ㸠ϡ࡯,᡹ਞⱘ⫳⠽ 㔮ℒ᳔催乱ᑺ⦄ 䖰,ܗࠡᖙ乏ᓔሩEIADŽ ֱሔDŽ ӫ੼䆶,݀ᓔ਀ ໮ḋᗻݙᆍϡ໾ᯢ⹂DŽ ҙ3ϛ㕢 2003,⫣ 䆕DŽ ԢѢᓔথ៤ᴀDŽ

Ё೑佭␃⡍߿㸠ᬓ ऎ

␃EIAᴵ՟,1998 ᬓㄪǃ㾘ߦ੠乍ⳂDŽ 佭␃⦃๗ֱᡸ㕆, ೼ᴵ՟Ё᳝Ϲ ϔϾ⊩ᅮ੼䆶ᴎᵘ(⦃ ⬅㔮ℒ500ϛ ᇍ↣ϔϾḜ՟៤ Ḑ݋ԧⱘ㽕 ๗੼䆶ྨਬӮ)Ꮖ㒣៤ Ꮥࠄ5ᑈⲥ⽕DŽ ゟᅵᶹᇣ㒘DŽ ∖,NGOs੠݀ӫ ゟ,៤ਬᴹ㞾݀ӫ,໻ϧ ৃখϢ݀ӫ੼ 䰶᷵੠NGOs.㽕∖䞡ᮄ 䆶DŽ ⷨお੠ܙߚ䗣ᯢ.ᬜ ࡯পއѢᅵᶹᇣ㒘ⱘ ࡯ᑺDŽ

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ

⦃๗ᕅડ䆘Ӌ⊩ Ҹ ᠔᳝ᓔথ⌏ࡼ੠ᇍ ೼Ё༂ሖ䴶੠ഄ EIA䖛⿟㄀2䰊 ᓔথ㗙ޚ໛㄀1䰊↉⦃๗ᕅડ 㾘ᅮњϔ㋏߫ 2003ᑈׂ䅶) ⦃๗Ӯ᳝ϡ߽ᕅડ ᮍᬓᑰϔ㑻ⱘ㸠 ↉ࣙᣀ݀ਞ,݀ 䇈ᯢ᡹Џㅵ䚼䚼䮼ᅵ ᚽ㔮ᯜ᳔催3ᑈ) ⱘᓎ䆒乍ⳂDŽ ᬓ䰶⦃๗ֱᡸ㕆 ӫ䇈ᯢӮ,݀ӫ ᶹ,ḍ᥂ᅵᶹ,ৃ㛑㽕∖ ⲥ⽕ࠄ㔮ℒ150 ঞϟ㕆ᴎᵘDŽ Ẕᶹ੠㓪ࠊሙ 䖯㸠㄀2䰊↉ᅠᭈⱘEIA, ϛᮄৄᏕDŽ ⇥䅵ߦDŽ ঞ㓪ࠊ᳓ҷ䅵ߦㄝDŽ

ᳱ剰

๗ֱᡸ⊩ᯜ⦄ UNEP੠ᳱ剰ᬓᑰ㘨 ೑ᆊ⦃ֱሔ ϡ䳔㽕 ᳱ剰Ꮖ㒣ߎ⦄њ䌸╂ ⊩䰶ৃᔎࠊ㔮 1986 ذᯘ੠1995ᑈࠄᳳ ড়㓪ࠊⱘ᡹ਞᡓ䅸 ੠ݰ԰⠽ᶃ㧢ᯜҹঞ⫳ ℒ੠݇ ⱘᠻ㸠⊩Ҹᯙᯜ㔎 ᗹ䳔㓪ࠊ੠᳈ᮄ⦃ ᗕ㋏㒳⸈ണ੠∈∵ᶧ ᇥ݋ԧⱘEIAᴵ ՟ ๗⊩੠ᴵ՟DŽ ㄝ᠔᳝Ϲ䞡⦃๗∵ᶧ 䰘ᏺৢᵰDŽ

Џ㽕EIA/SEA⊩ 㣗ೈ EIA䋳䋷ᮍ ݀ӫখϢ ᛣ㾕 ໘㔮 㾘 ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ ⦃๗ㅵ⧚㸠ࡼ㄀ ᇍ⦃๗᳝ᕅડ ⦃๗䚼ϟ㕆⦃๗ᕅડ ᴵ՟ЁЁϹḐ ೼ᴵ՟Ё㾘ᅮ᳓ҷⷨ ഄᮍ⊩䰶ৃձ 23োᯜ1997ᯫEIA ⱘ乍ⳂDŽ ㅵ⧚ᴎᵘDŽ ੠݋ԧⱘ㽕∖DŽ お੠ৢ㓁ⲥ⌟DŽ㔎У䎼 ᥂ᷛޚ੠݋ԧ ⊩ᯜ2001 ݀ӫ䆺㒚ҟܹ 䚼䮼ण䇗DŽ ᚙމᯘ买㡆㓪 䕗Ўೄ䲒ᯜ ⷕᯙᔎࠊ㔮ℒDŽ

NGOsৃҷ㸼݀ ӫDŽ

᮹ᴀ EIA⊩ᯜ2008ᑈ乕 ᇍ⦃๗᳝ᕅડ ᓎ䆂㗙৥ഄᮍ䭓ᅬᦤ ᠔᳝ℹ偸ᖙ䳔 ḍ᥂乍Ⳃᗻ䋼䖯㸠ϔ ⊩ᕟЁ≵᳝㾘 Ꮧᯘ2011ᑈׂ䅶ᯙ ⱘ乍ⳂDŽ ѸEI䇈ᯢ੠ᨬ㽕DŽ ݀ᓔ᥹ফ݀ӫ ㋏߫ℹ偸ᯜⳌ݇䚼䮼ᯜ ᅮϡ䙉ᅜ⊩ᕟ ẔᶹDŽ ᬊ䲚݀ӫ੠Ⳍ݇ᴎᵘ ⱘ໘㔮ࡲ⊩DŽ ⱘᅵᶹᛣ㾕DŽ᠔᳝Ⳍ݇ Џㅵ䚼䮼ᖙ乏ৠᛣ EIADŽ

偀ᴹ㽓Ѯ ๗䋼䞣㸠ࡼᯜ 34A䚼ߚ㽕∖ᇍ ⦃๗䚼DŽ ᳝䰤DŽ㒣䖛ݙ䚼 EIA᳝݇Ѣ⊓⍋੠䰚 䖱⢃⊩ᕟᇚ᳔⦄ 1974 ⦃๗᳝䞡㽕ᕅ ᅵᶹ䚼䮼ሔ䭓 ഄೈൺҹঞ⊓⍋ᮙ␌ 催໘ҹ㔮ℒ10 ડⱘᓎ䆒乍Ⳃ ৃҹᡍޚ᡹ਞᯜ ᓔথ੠␃ষᮍ䴶ⱘ݋ ϛ偀Ꮥ੠2ᑈⲥ 䳔㽕EIADŽ ϡ䳔݀ӫᅵᶹDŽ ԧᣛफDŽ ⽕DŽ ⦄೼EIAℷ䕀Ѹ 㒭ᎲᬓᑰDŽ

㓙⬌

lj㓙⬌21Ϫ㑾䆂 ೑䰙ᴎᵘᠻ㸠 ೑ᆊ⦃๗џࡵྨਬӮ ḍ᥂໪䚼ᴎᵘ ೑䰙㒘㒛䌘ࡽⱘ乍Ⳃ ᮄ⊩ᕟЁᇚࣙ ⿟NJᏆ㒣䅸䆚ࠄ䳔 ⱘ乍Ⳃ᳝ᔎࠊ ᯘNCEAᯙ᳝ᴗ㽕∖䆩 䖯㸠ⱘEIADŽᔎ ੠ϔѯ໪೑݀ৌ䖯㸠 ᣀ⊩ᕟࠊ㺕DŽ 㽕ࠊᅮEIA⊩DŽᮄ ⱘEIAᬓㄪDŽ 㸠EIAsDŽ ࠊ䖯㸠݀ӫ੼ EIAsDŽℷ೼ࠊ䅶ᮄⱘ ⊩ᕟℷ೼䍋㤝 䆶DŽ ⊩ᕟDŽ

㧆ᕟᆒ

⦃๗ᕅડ䆘Ӌᴵ ᇍ⦃๗᳝ᕅડ ⦃๗੠㞾✊䌘⑤䚼 ᴵ՟ЁЁϹḐ ೼ᴵ՟Ё㾘ᅮ᳓ҷⷨ ᳔໮6Ͼ᳜ⲥ⽕ ՟DOA30/2003 ⱘ乍Ⳃ ੠݋ԧⱘ㽕∖ᯜ お੠ৢ㓁ⲥ⌟DŽᓔথ㗙 ៪20ϛ↨㋶㔮 ⡍߿ᰃᇞ䞡ೳ ҡ䆩೒䙓ᓔ䖭ѯᴵ՟DŽ ℒ៪ᑊ㔮. 㨫᭛࣪⼒ऎDŽ

䶽೑ ๗ֱᡸ㸠ࡼᯜ ජᏖᓔথ乍Ⳃᯜ ⦃๗䚼ϟ㕆䶽೑⦃๗ ᠔᳝䳔㽕EIAⱘ 㸠ᬓㅵ⧚ᴎᵘᑨ㨑ᅲ ᅲᮑϡᔧᇚ᱖⦄ Ꮉᯜ᳔催5ذ1997ᯫ Ꮉॖᓎ䆒ᯜ㛑⑤ ⷨお᠔ᯘKEIᯙDŽ 乍Ⳃᖙ乏㒣䖛 ੼䆶㒧ᵰᯜⲥⴷᠻ㸠ᯜ ᯊ ᯢ⹂ߚᎹᯜֱᄬᅲᮑ䆄 ᑈⲥ⽕៪500ϛ ޚEIA㸠ࡼᯜ1993 ᓔথDŽ ݀ᓔ਀䆕ᡍ ᔩ 䶽ܗ㔮ℒ

ᮄࡴവ ๗ֱᡸ੠ㅵ⧚ ᇍ⦃๗᳝ᕅડ ⦃๗੠∈䌘⑤䚼DŽ ϡ䳔㽕 㨑ᅲᴵ՟Ёⱘⲥ⌟㾘 㾚ϡৠ⢃㔾ᚙ⦄ 㸠ࡼᯜ2000ᯫҙࣙ ⱘ乍ⳂDŽ᳝ϔϾ NGOsৃҹᦤѸ⣀ゟ ᅮ 㡖ᯜ᳔催㔮ℒ5 ᣀ࣪ᄺǃぎ⇨੠∈ ऩ⣀ⱘѸ䗮ᕅ EIADŽ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻᕅડ ϛᮄܗᯜ2ᑈⲥ ∵ᶧҹঞాໄ᥻ ડ䆘Ӌ⿟ᑣ 䆘ӋᰃජᏖ䞡ᓎሔㅵ ⽕ ࠊ ⧚ⱘ㸠ᬓ⿟ᑣ

!ႾԲড՗ײ൶࣍ৣᆖၚೠॏ0቟୼࣍ৣೠॏDŽFJB0TFBDž૬݆ں޹୤8Ⴤ՗!ࡔॆ0 Џ㽕EIA/SEA⊩ 㣗ೈ EIA䋳䋷ᮍ ݀ӫখϢ ᛣ㾕 ໘㔮 㾘 ⋄೑ ೑ᆊ⦃๗䋼䞣⊩Ҹ ᇍ⦃๗᳝ᕅડⱘ乍 㞾✊䌘⑤Ϣ⦃๗ া೼ᡔᴃᣛफ ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻ≵᳝㾘ᅮDŽ 䌍⫼੠㔮ℒᄬ ᯜ1992 ⳂDŽ 䚼পҷ⾥ᄺᡔᴃ Ё᳝ϔϾ㓐䗄DŽ ≵ֵ᳝ᙃ᡿䴆੠ৢ㓁 ܹ⦃๗෎䞥DŽ催 䚼DŽ ⲥ⌟ⱘ㾘ᅮDŽ 䖒5ᑈⲥ⽕ᯜ㔮 ℒ5ϛ⋄᷾ᯜ4 ਞ䌍⫼੠݀ס ᤳᆇ䌨ٓࣙᣀ ⏙⧚䌍⫼DŽ

䍞फ ⊩Ҹ175/CP 1994 ᠔᳝໻ൟ៪ᕅડ䕗 ⾥ᄺᡔᴃϢ⦃๗ ᔧഄ⼒ऎҷ㸼 䳔㽕݀ᓔ᡿䴆DŽ≵᳝ৢ ⊩Ҹ⍝ঞ䌍⫼ ᑈ10᳜18᮹ᯜḍ᥂ Ϲ䞡ⱘ乍Ⳃᯜ೼⊩Ҹ 䚼ᯘMOSTEᯙDŽ ৃҹখϢᛣ㾕DŽ 㓁ⲥ⌟㾘ᅮDŽ ੠㔮ℒᯜԚ≵᳝ ๗ֱᡸ⊩ᯜ2007 Ё⹂ᅮњ޴⾡㉏ൟ 㾘ᅮ᳔催䰤乱ᯜ⦄ ᅮDŽއᑈׂ䅶 ⬅⊩䰶

!൧઄ۯՉ࣍ৣၹۨࢅ၎࠲ႜܠे֖!޹୤9

ᮄࡴ ISO3ҷⷕ/MEA㓨 ᄳࡴᢝ ᭛㦅 Ё೑ ॄሐ ᮹ᴀ ᷀ඨᆼ 䶽೑ 㓙⬌ 偀ᴹ㽓Ѯ 㧆ᕟᆒ ᳱ剰 വ ⋄೑ 䍞फ 㑺ᮍ 㘨ড়೑⫳⠽໮ḋ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃᰃ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃ ৺ ᰃᰃ ᗻ݀㑺 㘨ড়೑䰆ࠊ㤦⓴ ᰃ ৺ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃᰃ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃᰃ ࣪݀㑺 㘨ড়೑⇨׭ব࣪ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃᰃ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃᰃ Ḛᶊ݀㑺 䖕ᕭ⠽⾡݀㑺 খࡴ ৺ ㅒ㕆 ᰃ ৺ ㅒ㕆 ৺ ㅒ㕆 ㅒ㕆 খࡴ ৺ ৺ খࡴ খࡴ ⑓ഄ݀㑺 ᰃ ৺ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃᰃ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃ ৺ ৺ ᰃᰃ ϰѮᯝ▇໻߽㽓 ᰃ ৺ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃᰃ ᰃ ngo ᰃᰃ৺ ᰃ ᰃᰃ Ѯ䖕亲ऎӭԈ݇ ㋏ 㘨ড়೑⍋⋟⊩݀ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃ䅸ৃᰃ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃ 䅸 ᰃ ᰃᰃ 㑺 ৃ ᳈ᮄ೑ᆊ⫳⠽໮ ᰃ ৺ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃᰃ ᰃ ᰃ Ꮂ㑻ᰃ ᰃ ᰃ ᰃᰃ ḋᗻ៬⬹Ϣ㸠ࡼ 䅵ߦ៪ৠㄝ᭛ӊ

!ӄ૩ჺ৯ڦ޹୤:!࠲॰൶ᇘ

ϔϾ೑ᆊ੠঺ϔϾ೑ᆊⱘᚙމ੠ᴵӊⳌএ⫮䖰ᯜϟ䴶ⱘḜ՟ⷨおᰒ⼎ϰѮᯝ▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲ऎϡৠ 䞡⚍⑓ഄⱘϡৠ䯂乬DŽ

Aᯞ ໽⋹ೳഄೈൺᕅડ⏸⍋吏呀㉏⾡㕸

⌢䎇ⱘೳഄկᑨᯜԚҢ໻⍋ೈൺೳഄ᳈֓ᅰᯜ咏⚺᳈ᇥDŽ೼฿⍋ೳഄℷ೼ᮄᓎⱘᑲ໻ⱘ㒣ܙ೼Ё೑໽⋹ೳഄ⾳߁䌍བℸП催ᯜ಴ℸᯜ㱑✊᳝

ᓔথ㓐ড়䆒ᮑℷᇐ㟈䞡㽕吏呀右㉏ᷪᙃഄ໻䞣ϻ༅DŽЁ೑Ѹ䗮ᓎ䆒䲚ಶ໽⋹㟾䘧ሔ᳝䰤݀ৌҢᔧഄᬓᑰ㦋ᕫњ1.25ғ㕢ܗⱘড়ৠᯜᓎ䗴46݀䞠ⱘ⍋෸ ᑊ⫼⭣⌮ⱘ⎸⊹੠≭ᄤ฿ܙ䖭ϔऎඳDŽ೼ᓎ䗴Пࠡ⫼䴲ᐌ໡ᴖᯖ䌉ⱘ⿟ᑣᴹࡴ೎䖭ഫᮄೳഄDŽ✊㗠ᯜ೼ᓎㄥऎҹϟ໻㑺300㉇≵᳝ች⷇ᯜ䖭ḋⱘ≭⊹⏋ ড়ԧ೼থ⫳ഄ䳛ᯊ᳝ৃ㛑⒊㾷ᯜᭈϾᎹ⿟ԐТ䴲ᐌᯖ䌉ᯜ⸈ണ⫳ᗕᑊϨᕜϡᅝܼDŽ1976ᑈЁ೑૤ቅഄ䳛㺁ߏ䖭ϔഄऎՓ25ϛҎϻ⫳DŽᓔথଚԐТᜓᛣᡓ ᢙ䖭ϔ亢䰽ᑊᇚᓔথ44ᑇᮍ݀䞠ⱘᮄᎹϮ⫼ഄDŽ

໻㾘῵ⱘೳ᳼Ꮉ⿟ᬍবњ咘⍋⍋ᑩᯜՓ⏅ሖދ∈ऎ㓽ᇣᯜ㗠剐㉏䳔㽕㮝ℸᑺ䖛໣ᄷⱘ♢⛁DŽ಴Ў໘Ѣञᇕ䯁⢊ᗕⱘ⏸⍋㸹ܙ⥛㓧᜶ᯜ䭓䖒7ᑈˈᇐ㟈⏋⌞ Ϣ∵ᶧϡᮁ⿃㌃DŽ໽⋹Ⓗ⍖右㉏ⱘޣᇥᇐ㟈Ⳍ䚏ⱘ૤ቅⒽ⍖右㉏๲ࡴᯜԚ䖭䞠ⱘ⊐⋑гϡ㛑ᬃᩥ๲ࡴⱘ右㉏⾡㕸ᯜᅗᴀ䑿гফࠄ᳍བྷ⬌ⳕ㑻ೈൺ㾘ߦⱘ ࿕㚕ᯘᴼㄝ2011aᯙDŽ

Џ㽕އㄪ㗙ᯪ೑ᆊǃⳕ㑻੠Ꮦ㑻㾘ߦҎਬ ݇䬂偅ࡼ಴㋴ᯪ೑ᆊǃⳕ੠Ꮦ㑻ᓔথ㾘ߦᯫᯖ䌉ⱘೳഄ⾳䞥

B. ⋄೑⑒ফࠄ࿕㚕ᯜԚⲤ⬄དѢ剐ฬ (Sripanomyomㄝ2011)

೑⑒޴Т᠔᳝ⱘ㑶ᷥᵫ੠⊹Ⓗ䛑䕀Ў剐ฬǃݰ⬄៪Ⲥ⬄DŽ2006ᑈ10᳜㟇2007ᑈ4᳜ᯜⷨおᇣ㒘ⷨおњ⋄೑⑒਼ೈ20ഫ㘮ሙഄ35⾡䴲㐕Ⅺ吏呀⋄ ㉏右ⱘ᭄䞣ᯜߚᵤ᱃㾖⡍ᕕᇍ⠽⾡Єᆠᑺǃ᭄䞣ǃ໮ḋᗻⱘᕅડDŽ᳝Ⲥ⬄ⱘഄഫ吏呀右㉏ⱘЄᆠᑺǃ᭄䞣ǃ໮ḋᗻ㽕催ᕜ໮DŽ∈ѻݏⅪ᠔ऴ↨ ℛഄDŽᦦ೒ᰒ⼎ߎⷨおऎඳⱘᘏԧЄذ╂՟䕗໻ⱘऎඳ⠽⾡Єᆠᑺǃ᭄䞣ǃ໮ḋᗻ䕗Ԣᯜϔᅮ⿟ᑺϞᰃ⬅Ѣ㔎У㾙亳ぎ䯈ᯜг㔎ᇥᅝܼⱘ催 ᆠᑺDŽ

⋄೑⑒ሩ⼎њདണⱘϸ⾡⊓⍋㾘ߦⱘ՟ᄤDŽ⏨Ϯ䚼ϔⳈ䆩೒ᓔ ⅪϮDŽݙᬓ䚼੠ݰϮϢড়԰䚼ϔⳈᬃᣕ哧ࢅⳕݏথ⍋ኌᏺ⫼Ѣ ྨਬӮᢙ䋳䖭Ͼ䋷ӏᯜԚᰃ䖯ሩ㓧᜶DŽ䖭ৃ㛑ᰃ಴Ў೼⊓⍋ೳ ഄ߽⫼Ϟᄬ೼ᕜ໮ކさᯜᑊϨ≵᳝䗖ᔧⱘ⊩ᕟ⊩㾘 (Tookwinas 1998)DŽⳂࠡ݀Ꮧњϔ乍コ䗝ᡓ䇎ᯜ䖥ᳳ㾘ߦ⊓⋄ ೑⑒࣫ッೈൺᓔথϔᴵ10݀䞠ⱘ⣁䭓ഄᏺDŽ

⇥ㄪ㗙ᯪ೑ᆊǃⳕ੠ও㑻㾘ߦҎਬᯜᔧഄೳഄ᠔᳝㗙ᯜݰއЏ㽕

݇䬂偅ࡼ಴㋴ᯪ೑ᆊ੠ⳕ⊓⍋ഄऎᓔথ㾘ߦᯜೈൺᡩ䌘㗙ᯜଚҎᯜᏖഎ࡯䞣

!ӄ૩ჺ৯ăڦ޹୤!:/!)Ⴤฉ*࠲॰൶ᇘ

ᯞ C ∳㢣੠Ϟ⍋⊓⍋ⱘ䯂乬 Ⲥජ⊐⋑⑓ഄ㞾1983䍋㹿ߦᅮЎ㞾✊ֱᡸऎᯜফֱᡸ⍋ኌ㒓೼250kmҹϞᯜ䆹⑓ഄᰃ吏 呀㉏䞡㽕ⱘᷪᙃഄDŽ▦ॅ⠽⾡Ѝ乊吸Grus japonensisǃᯧॅ⠽⾡咥ఈ叹Larus saundersi੠⤤ ऎ᥹ຸⱘབϰ⊓⍋Ⓗ⍖ކHydropotes inermisഛ೼ℸᷪᙃ㐕Ⅺ(Scott 1989)DŽϢֱᡸऎफջ㓧 ᳾ফֱᡸᯜ䖥ᴹথ⦄ᯜ䖭ϔഄഫᕜৃ㛑ᰃ࣎ఈ呀೼ᭈϾЁ೑⍋ኌ㒓Ϟ᳔䞡㽕ⱘᷪᙃഄᯜ಴Ў ៥Ӏ೼䖭䞠㒳䅵ࠄњ12ᑈᴹ᳔໻ⱘϔ㕸右DŽ(Li 2011;Ѻ㾕Ѣ www.birdlife.org/community/2011/10/triple-f gures-of-spoon-billed-sandpiper-in-china/) ݏ⋞䰸Ⲥජֱᡸऎҹ໪ᯜೈൺᏆᇐ㟈╂䯈ᏺⒽ⍖ⱘᖿ䗳ϻ༅ᯜ䕀ব៤ЎݰϮǃⲤഎ੠⍋ ⅪᯘKe et al. 2011ᯙᯜ䖭ᇐ㟈咥ఈ叹ⱘϔഫ䞡㽕㐕Ⅺഄ޴Тܼ䚼ϻ༅ᯘCao et al. 2008ᯙᯜгᇐ㟈ܹ ։⾡-Ѧ㢅㉇㤝ⱘᠽᓴᯜབϰ⊓⍋5㉇催ⱘᡸ෸໪ᯜ亢⬉എгℷ䖯ϔℹᠽ໻㾘῵DŽ亢⬉എޚ໛ ᅝ㺙200ৄ亢⬉⍵䕂ᯜ݊ЁϔञҹϞᏆᅝ㺙ᅠ↩DŽഄᮍᬓᑰᡩ䌘3ғ㕢ܗᯜ㗠ℸৢ↣ᑈৃপ ᕫ600ϛ㕢ܗⱘ⿢ᬊᬊܹDŽ⊓⍋Ⓗ⍖Ϟᇍ৘⾡䋱㉏ⱘᤵᣒᯘࣙᣀ⫼䩝㗭៪ᣪᥬ⊹ⒽㄝᯙгϹ 䞡䖛䞣DŽϝኵ໻റѢ2003ᑈᓎ៤㪘∈ᯜᏆᇐ㟈䭓∳ষ⊹≭⎸⿃ⱘ䗳⥛໻Ўޣᇣᯜ⊓⍋Ⓗ⍖ ⱘ⎸⍼г᜶њᕜ໮ᯘ䖛এ↣ᑈ㛑⎸⍼200㉇Ꮊেᯙᯜ⍋ᑇ䴶Ϟछᇍᮄ䗴䰚ഄⱘ։㱔г䆌ᰃ݊ Ёॳ಴ПϔDŽ

Џ㽕އㄪ㗙ᯪ೑ᆊ㑻ǃⳕ㑻ǃও㑻㾘ߦ䚼䮼 䬂᥼ࡼ࡯ᯪ⊓⍋ഄऎথሩⱘ೑ᆊ㑻㾘ߦǃೈൺᡩ䌘Ҏǃ೑ݙ࣪ᎹӕϮǃ亢⬉എ݇

ᯞ D Banyuasin ϝ㾦⌆੠ॄሐ⿏⇥乍Ⳃ Ң㥋݄Ⅺ⇥ᯊᳳᣕ㓁㟇Ҟⱘ⿏⇥乍Ⳃᯜ᳝݅1600ϛҎҢᢹ᣸ⱘ⟾છቯ੠Ꮘ६ቯ∌Йഄ 䖕⿏њߎএᯜᅝ㕂೼Ҏষϡ໾ᆚ䲚੠⃴থ䖒ⱘ㢣䮼ㄨ㜞⊓⍋ഄऎDŽ1980ᑈҷሲѢ催ዄᳳᯜᕫ ࠄњϪ⬠䫊㸠ǃѮ⌆থሩ䫊㸠੠݊Ҫ೑䰙㒘㒛ⱘ䌘䞥ᬃᣕDŽ䆹乍Ⳃ೼⾡ᮣǃ㒣⌢੠⦃๗ㄝᮍ 䴶ফࠄњᣛ䋷ᯜᰒ✊ᯜ䆹乍Ⳃࡴ࠻њỂᵫⷡӤᯜᠽ໻њᵫ☿ⱘ䖛☿䴶⿃ᯘᇸ݊೼⊹⚁ഄ䞠ᯙᯜ ᇐ㟈њ㢣䮼ㄨ㜞ቯ⊓⍋⑓ഄⱘϻ༅DŽ⍋⋟ऎሙ⇥ⱘ㞾✊䖕⿏ᯜབ㢣ᢝ࿕㽓ቯⱘᏗঢ়Ҏг⸈ണ DŽ঺ϔϾܟњ㢣䮼ㄨ㜞ቯϰ䚼ⱘ໻⠛⊓⍋⑓ഄᯜ⫮㟇ݙ䰚䞡㽕ⱘ㞾✊ֱᡸऎᯜབᑧ⋄੠⊶Ꮘ ग़৆䯂乬ᰃ↣ᑈҢ⊓⍋ᣪߎ10ғᮍⱘ⊹≭ᯜपᕔᮄࡴവ԰Ў䗴䰚ᴤ᭭DŽॄሐѢ2003ᑈ⽕ ℶњ⊹≭ߎষDŽ䰸㢣䮼ㄨ㜞ⳕफ䚼Banyuasinาᖙᳫ೑ᆊ݀ುⱘ໻⠛⊐⋑ҹ໪ᯜ㞾1970ᑈ 䍋ᯜ݊Ҫⱘ⊓⍋⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ǃ㑶ᷥᵫǃ⎵∈⊐⋑੠⊹⚁⊐⋑ⱘ95%ⱘ䴶⿃䛑䙁ࠄњ⸈ണDŽ಴ℸᯜ ᯜ 䖭ϔ⑓ഄᇍ∈右ⱘ䞡㽕԰⫼䖯ϔℹᦤछњ Ԛᅗ㛑৺ֱᣕϟএ䖬ϡᕫ㗠ⶹDŽ ݇݇⇥ㄪ㗙ᯪ೑ᆊǃⳕ㑻੠Kabupatenও㑻㾘ߦ䚼䮼ǃ⿏⇥ǃೳഄ᠔᳝㗙ǃݰ⇥ǃ⏨އЏ㽕 䬂᥼ࡼ࡯ᯪ೑ᆊ੠ⳕ㑻⿏⇥乍Ⳃ䅵ߦǃ⍋໪ᡩ䌘䫊㸠ǃᏖഎࡼ࡯

ᯞ E ᄳࡴᢝ೑ೈൺ䅵ߦ ᑈ੠ 1964 ᑈᯜᄳࡴᢝ೑䗮䖛ׂᓎϸᑻ໻റ೼ Meghna ⊇ষೈൺњ 1000 ᑇᮍ݀ 1957 њϔϾ䲘ᖗࢗࢗⱘ乍Ⳃᯜ㽕೼᳾ᴹ5ᑈݙ䗮䖛೼ޚ䞠ⱘᮄೳഄDŽᄳࡴᢝ೑ᬓᑰⳂࠡᡍ Meghna ⊇ষᓎ䗴ϔ㋏߫ⱘ໻റᯜՓ݊ϢቯቓⳌ䖲ᯜ֗䖯᭄ғৼⱘ⊹≭⎸⿃ᯜ⬅ℸ৥໻⍋㋶ 㽕600ᑇᮍ݀䞠ⱘೳഄDŽা䳔㢅䌍1800ϛ㕢ܗᯜ䖭ѯ໻റህ㛑ᢺ៾᠔᳝ⱘ≝⿃⠽ᯜᑊ㛑ᇍ ╂∤䖯㸠ㅵ⧚DŽᘦ⊇੠䲙剕㮣Ꮧ∳䗨㒣ᄳࡴᢝ೑ᯜ↣ᑈᨎᏺ䍙䖛10ғৼⱘ⊹≭DŽ⬅Ѣ⊇ষ ∈ඳ䕗⌙ᯜ೼⊹≭⎸⿃ⱘ԰⫼ϟᯜ⊓ኌᇣቯᇚϢ䰚ഄⳌ䖲DŽᏆ䅵ߦ೼㋶㒇䖾Ѯᓎ䆒ϔϾᮄⱘ ⍋␃DŽ

ܙ⒵ѝ䆂ⱘ㑶ᷥᵫ⾡ỡᬓㄪǃᮄ⍋෸ⱘᓎ䆒ᯜ剐ฬǃⲤഎⱘᓎ䆒ᯜҹঞᔧഄ⏨⇥ᇍ右㉏ ⱘ⣢ᴔ(Chowdhury et al. 2011)ㄝᯜ䖭ѯ಴㋴ᖙ✊Ӯᇍ䆌໮ᷪᙃ೼䖭䞠ⱘ吏呀㉏∈右ѻ⫳Ϲ䞡 ⱘᕅડᯜ䖭݊Ёࣙᣀᵕᑺ▦ॅⱘ࣎ఈ呀ᯜ݊޴Тᅠܼձ䌪ᘦ⊇ϝ㾦⌆ⱘ⑓ഄ䍞ހ(Zöckler et

al. 2005)DŽ㥋݄ⱘϔᆊ∈῵ൟⷨお᠔ⱘⷨおໄ⿄ㄥറ䖛⿟ϡӮᕅડ⍋ኌ㒓ⱘ݊Ҫ䚼ߚᯜ៪ࡴ 䞡ᇍ䆹೑᳔໻ቯቓ-⊶ᢝⱘ։㱔ᯘCCC2009ᯙDŽ䆹೑ᰃ⇨׭ব᳔࣪Ϲ䞡ⱘফᆇ೑ᯜ㘨ড়೑ᬓᑰ䯈 ׭ব࣪ྨਬӮᯘIPCCᯙ乘⌟ᯪࠄ2050ᑈᯜ⬅Ѣ⍋ᑇ䴶Ϟछᯜ䆹೑17%ⱘೳഄᇚ⏍≵Ѣ∈ϟDŽ⇨

⇥ㄪ㗙ᯪ೑ᆊǃⳕ㑻㾘ߦ䚼䮼ǃሙ⇥ǃݰ⇥ǃ⏨އЏ㽕 䬂᥼ࡼ࡯ᯪ೑ᆊ੠ⳕ㑻⍋ኌֱᡸ㾘ߦǃ䰆⋾੠␃ষᓎ䆒ǃ೑䰙ᧈࡽ乍Ⳃǃ䌘ࡽᴎᵘᯜབᯪ㥋݇ ݄ᬓᑰǃUNDPǃ೑䰙䫊㸠

F ޣ㓧䶽೑咘⍋⊓ኌⱘ࿕㚕ᕅડ    㒻ᮄϛ䞥╂䯈ᏺⒽ⍖⑓ഄ  ⱘϻ༅Пৢˈ䶽೑⊓⍋݊Ҫ  ⑓ഄᇍ䖕ᕭ吏呀㉏ህᰒᕫ  ᛜࡴ䞡㽕DŽ೼ᑈীᓔ ⱘlj⑓ഄ݀㑺NJ㄀ሞ  㓨㑺ᮍ໻ӮϞˈ䶽೑ᘏ㒳ᴢ ᯢमᡓ䇎ᇚϡӮݡ᳝ᮄⱘ   ೈൺ乍ⳂDŽ  ᑈҷЁᳳ⬅ݯᬓᑰথ   Ꮧⱘᘏԧᓔথ㾘ߦЁˈ䶽೑  ⱘ⊇ষ㹿ᓔথˈ㗠⦄ᬓ  ᑰℷ೼䅵ߦϔᴵ䭓ㅵ䘧乍 ⳂˈৡিĀ㓓㡆থሩā˄.LP  ˅DŽ䖭ϔ䅵ߦࣙ৿њϔ  ѯೈൺ⌏ࡼˈᑊϨ䖬⍝ঞࠄ  ໻ൟ╂∤⬉എⱘᓎ䆒ˈ䖭 ѯ乍Ⳃ䛑ϢҕᎱ䰘䖥ⱘ䞡  㽕右㉏ᷪᙃഄⳌ䞡ড়DŽⳂࠡ  ℷ೼䆘ᅵ䅵ߦDŽ*DQJKZD╂ ˈഎ乍ⳂᏆѢএᑈׂᬍ⬉∤  ᮄ䅵ߦᇚޣᇥϔञⱘ䴶⿃ˈ  ѻ㛑гޣᇥϔञ˄⬅  ܚ⪺ޣᇥЎܚ⪺˅ˈ ϡݡⳈ᥹Ϣ㞾✊䘫ѻഄ  ˄1R˅䞡঴ . 6FKXEHUWSHUVFRPP VHHPDS DŽ 

Џ㽕އㄪ㗙˖೑ᆊǃⳕ㑻੠Ꮦ㑻㾘ߦ䚼䮼 ݇䬂᥼ࡼ࡯˖೑ᆊ੠ⳕ㑻ೈൺঞ㛑⑤䚼䮼ǃᬓᑰ乘ㅫǃ ᓎ䆒ӕϮ ᵒቯ⍋ኌ㒓ব࣪˖ᵒቯ╂䯈ᏺᷪᙃഄৡЎ Ā0HRQHRKJHXPāˈᛣᣛĀ᮴か䖰āʽ╂∤⬉എⱘ䅵 ߦϢϸഫ䞡㽕ⱘ右㉏ᷪᙃഄⳌ䞡঴˄໮ᑈᴹ⍋ኌ㒓ⱘ ব࣪೒⬅)LRQD&XQG\6KDQQRQ)LDOD&ODXGLD -LPHQH]੠*DU

䰘ᔩ10.খࡴ㄀6ሞ“ϰѮ-▇໻߽㽓Ѯ䖕亲䏃㒓ӭԈ݇㋏໻Ӯ”-2012ᑈ3᳜19-22 ᮹ᯜ੠খࡴ㄀9⃵“࣎ఈ呀㸠ࡼӮ䆂”-ॄሐᎼ␃-3᳜23-24᮹ⱘҷ㸼ৡऩDŽ

খࡴ ᅬਬঞϧᆊྦྷৡ ӭԈ㒘㒛 SBS Ӯ䆂 Mr Zulkifi Hasan ॄᑺሐ㽓ѮᯘЏࡲᯙ ᵫϮ䚼䚼䭓

ỂᵫֱᡸϢ㞾✊䌘⑤ֱ Mr Darori ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ ᡸৌৌ䭓

Mr H Alex Noerdin ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ फ㢣䮼ㄨ㜞ⳕ䭓

Mr H Amiruddin Inoed ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ Banyuasin ऎऎ䭓

Mr H Eddy Santana ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ Ꮘ䚏ᮕᏖ䭓 Putra

Dr Novianto Bambang ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻֱᡸ⧚џ ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ Wawandono ӮᯜЏᐁ

Mr Agus Sriyadi Budi ⠽⾡ֱᡸǃ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻ ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ Sutito ֱᡸ⧚џӮᯜࡃЏᐁ

Mr Dadang Suganda ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ Wasur ೑ᆊ݀ುЏӏ

Sembilang ೑ᆊ݀ುЏ Mr Tatang ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ ӏ

Dr Yin Kimsean ᷀ඨᆼᯘЏᐁᯙ ⦃๗䚼⾬к䭓

Dr Srey Sunleang ᷀ඨᆼ ⦃๗䚼Џӏ

Prof. Hem Bonarin ᷀ඨᆼ Pannasastra ໻ᄺ

࣫ҀᵫϮ໻ᄺ/EAAFPЁ Prof. Lei Guangchun Ё೑ᯘࡃЏᐁᯙ ೑⾬к໘

Dr Yan Zhou Ё೑ ࣫ҀᵫϮ໻ᄺ

Mr Paul O’Neill ▇໻߽Ѯ ࡃЏӏ

Ms Makiko Yanagiya ᮹ᴀ ⦃๗䚼

๗Ϣ㞾✊䌘⑤䚼ֱᡸ⦄ Mr Anson Tagtag 㧆ᕟᆒ ഄϢ䞢⫳⫳⠽ሔ

Mr Jeong Ik Jang 䶽೑

Ms Soo-Mi Oh

೑ᆊ⫳⠽䌘⑤ⷨお᠔ᯜ Dr Jin-Han Kim 催㑻ⷨおਬ

Dr Evgeny 㔫ᮃ ᰃ֘ Syroechkovskiy

Ms Sharon Chan (Chan ᮄࡴവ ࡃЏӏ Khar Luang)

Sungei Buloh ֱᡸऎᯜ Mr How Choon Beng ೑ᆊ݀ು催㑻ֱᡸᅬਬ

Ms Grace Yap ೑ᆊ⦃๗ሔ

Mr Douglas Alcorn 㕢೑ 㕢೑剐੠䞢⫳ࡼ⠽ሔ ᰃ

Mr Mohammad Shamsul ᄳࡴᢝ೑ ᄳࡴᢝỂᵫሔࡃЏӏ

Azam

Md. Mahmudul Hassan ᄳࡴᢝ೑ ᄳࡴᢝỂᵫሔ

Mrs Aree Wattana ⋄೑ Џӏ Tummkird

೑ᆊ݀ುᯜ䞢⫳⫳⠽Ϣ Mr Sunate Karapan ỡ⠽ֱᡸ

Dr Batbold 㩭স Џӏ Dorjgurkhem

Dr Colin Francis John ᮄ㽓݄ ֱᡸ䚼 O’donnell

Mr Douglas Hykle 䖕ᕭ⠽⾡݀㑺

ࡼ⠽⭿⮙䎼⬠ᗹᬥЁᖗ Dr Boripat ᒋϢ⫳ᗕ ৺ع⠽⫳⫳FAO Ѯ໾ഄऎᅬਬ -䞢 Siriaroonrat ण䇗ਬ

▇໻߽Ѯ吏呀㉏ⷨ Mr Ken Gosbell ᰃ お㒘

Phil Straw

Mr James Thomas Harris ೑䰙吸㉏෎䞥Ӯ

⑓ഄ೑䰙-໻⋟⌆ࡲ Mr Doug Watkins Џӏ џ໘

⑓ഄ೑䰙-໻⋟⌆ࡲ Mr Roger Jaensch ࡃᬭᥜ џ໘

Dr Taej Mundkur ⑓ഄ೑䰙-ᘏ䚼 䖕亲ऎ乍Ⳃ㒣⧚ ᰃ

⧛Mr Bena Smith WWF-佭␃ ㉇ඨֱᡸऎ㒣

Dr Yvonne Ingje IUCN-ࡴᣓ໻ǃ㥋݄ ⣀ゟ⾥ᄺ乒䯂 ᰃ Verkuil

Dr John Ramsay IUCN-㣅೑ ⣀ゟϧᆊ ᰃ Mackinnon

Mr Jonathan Routely ೑䰙右ⲳ Stacey

Ms Cristi Nozawa ೑䰙右ⲳ ᰃ

Mr Simba Chan ೑䰙右ⲳ ᰃ

Mr Noritaka Ichida ೑䰙右ⲳ

Mr Nobuhiko Kishimoto ೑䰙右ⲳ

Dr Mayumi Sato ೑䰙右ⲳ

Mr Le Trong Trai ೑䰙右ⲳ-䍞फ ᰃ

Ms Vivian Fu (Fu Wing ೑䰙右ⲳ 佭␃㾖右Ӯ ᰃ Kan)

Mr YU Yat-Tung ೑䰙右ⲳ 佭␃㾖右Ӯ ᰃ

㓙⬌⫳⠽໮ḋᗻϢ㞾✊ Mr Htin Hla (Myanmar) ೑䰙右ⲳ ᰃ ᡸणӮֱ

Mr Don Geoff Eya ೑䰙右ⲳ 㧆ᕟᆒHaribon෎䞥Ӯ Tabaranza Mr Yeap Chin Aik ೑䰙右ⲳ 偀ᴹ㽓Ѯ㞾✊ֱᡸणӮ

Mr Wicha NARUNGSRI ೑䰙右ⲳ ⋄೑右㉏ֱᡸणӮ ᰃ

Mr Wichyanan ೑䰙右ⲳ ⋄೑右㉏ֱᡸणӮ ᰃ Limparungpatthanakij

Mr Menxiu Tong བϰ࣎ఈ呀䇗ᶹ㒘 ᰃ

Mr Gao Chuan ⽣ᓎ㾖右Ӯ ᰃ

Dr Shuihua Chen ⌭∳㞾✊ग़৆म⠽佚  DR. ᄳф㞾✊ग़৆णӮࡃЏӏ Sivananinthaperumal Balachandran ೑䰙右ⲳӭԈ ᰃ Mr Minoru Kashiwagi ೑䰙右ⲳӭԈ ᮹ᴀ右㉏ֱᡸणӮ ᰃ

Dr Baz Hughes WWT ੼䆶݀ৌ ⠽⾡ֱᡸ䚼Џӏ ᰃ

㉇݄䖒㞾✊ֱᡸֵ Mr Keith Woodley ᮄ㽓݄ ᠬ

Mr Rick Humphries ࡯ᢧ

Mrs Denise ࡯ᢧ-DampierⲤഎ Goldsworthy

Mrs Nguyen Thi Luong 㞾✊䌘⑤Ϣ⦃๗䚼⫳⠽ 䍞फ ৺ Duyen ໮ḋᗻֱᡸሔ

Ms San San New 㓙⬌⦃๗ֱᡸϢᵫ 㞾✊Ϣ䞢⫳⫳⠽ሔ (Myanmar) Ϯ䚼

SARAWAK ᵫϮড়԰Ϣֱ Ms Lily Anak Sir 偀ᴹ㽓Ѯ ᡸሔ

Dr Christoph Zöckler ࣎ఈ呀᥶㋶㒘 UNEP WCMC, EAAFP SBS ᰃ ण䇗ਬ Mr Masayuki Kurechi ᮹ᴀ䞢䲕ֱᡸणӮ

Mr Sayam Uddin ᄳࡴᢝ೑右㉏ׅФ䚼 TF Chowdhury

Ms Jing LI བϰ࣎ఈ呀䇗ᶹ㒘 Ё೑⊓⍋䇗ᶹབϰ㒘 ᰃ

೑䰙右ⲳ-㣅೑ᯜⱛ Ms Nicola J Crockford ೑䰙⠽⾡ᬓㄪᅬਬ ᰃ ᆊ右㉏णӮ

Dr Robert David ೑䰙右ⲳ-㣅೑ᯜⱛ ೑䰙⠽⾡᥶㋶䋳䋷Ҏ ᰃ Sheldon ᆊ右㉏णӮ

Dr Morozov Vladimir ֘㔫ᮃ右㉏णӮ ᰃ

㔫ᮃ右㉏ֱᡸϢ֘ Mr Pavel Ktitorov ᰃ ⷨおӮ

㣅೑࣎ఈ呀ᬃᣕᇣ Dr Nigel Anthony Clark 㒘 ᰃ

Dr Nils David Warnock ೑䰙右ⲳ೑ᆊӭԈ 䰓ᢝᮃࡴ༹ᴰ䙺 ᰃ

Mr Nial Moores 䶽೑右㉏णӮ SBS 㸠ࡼ㒘䶽೑ҷ㸼 ᰃ

໮ḋᗻϢ㞾✊ֱᡸ⠽⫳ Karin Eberhard ೑䰙右ⲳ೑ᆊӭԈ ᰃ णӮ

Nguyen Thang Ho Chi Minh ໻ᄺ ᰃ  Mr Nick Murray ᯚ຿݄໻ᄺ ⾥ᄺ乒䯂

Dr Richard Fuller ᯚ຿݄໻ᄺ ⾥ᄺ乒䯂

Mr Zaini Rakhman ॄሐ⣯⾑णӮ 䋳䋷Ҏ

Mr Yus Roosila Noor ⑓ഄ೑䰙-IP ⑓ഄ೑䰙-ॄሐࡲџ໘

Dr Dewi Malia ॄሐ⾥ᄺⷨお᠔ ॄሐ⾥ᄺ䰶ⷨおਬ Prawiradilaga

Ms Dwi Mulyawati ೑䰙右ⲳ೑ᆊӭԈ ॄሐ

Mr Yoppy Hidayanto ೑䰙右ⲳ೑ᆊӭԈ ॄሐ

Mr Spike Millington ⣀ゟϧᆊ ᰃ

Ms Carina Stover ৺

Mr Seung-Joo Hyun 䋶ࡵᅬਬ ᰃ

Ms Minseon Kim ݀ӫֵᙃᅬਬ ᰃ

Ms Yuna Choi ໪㘨ᅬਬ ᰃ

Mr Kyoung-Seog Min ࡃЏӏ ৺

੷ăں499߲!ڦ޹୤!22/!JVDOଚ෇ԨԒߢݴဆჺ৯ ߚⱘഄഫDŽࡴ㉫ⱘഄഫЎ⫳⠽໮ḋᗻӋؐ催ⱘഄഫᯜԡѢ݇䬂ऎඳᯘ咥ܙা㗗㰥⫳⠽໮ḋᗻ᭄᥂ 㡆ᯙ៪ҹ໪ᯘ♄㡆ᯙDŽ䞡㽕ഄഫⱘ䆺㒚ֵᙃ೼䰘ᔩ2ЁᯘᇍѢ↣Ͼ݇䬂ऎඳˈ䛑᳝ৃ㛑䖬ࣙᣀ乱໪ ഄഫˈ಴Ў䖭ѯഄഫৢᴹг㹿⹂䅸Ў݇䬂ऎඳˈሑㅵᇮ᮴䖭ѯഄഫⱘ߱ྟֵᙃᯙDŽ

ऎඳ ೑䰙䞡㽕⑓ ೑ᆊ 䞡⚍右ऎ 㒀ᑺ 㒣ᑺ ഄৡ⿄ 㓪ো ᄳࡴᢝ೑ Char Bhata* 22.83 91.25

ᄳࡴᢝ೑ Char Tania (Charan Dweep)*

ᄳࡴᢝ೑ Char Piya* 22.67 91

Maulavir Char (Moulavir ᄳࡴᢝ೑ 22.38 91.02 Char)*

ᄳࡴᢝ೑ Nijum Dweep & Char Osman 22.12 91.05

ᄳࡴᢝ೑ Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna 22.3 91.17 11 delta*

ᄳࡴᢝ೑ Ghatibhanga 21.52 91.9

ᄳࡴᢝ೑ Hatiya Island 22.58 91.17

ᄳࡴᢝ೑ Mendol Haor

ᄳࡴᢝ೑ Muhuri Dam 22.85 91.47 12

ᄳࡴᢝ೑ Noakhali 22.33 91.17

ᄳࡴᢝ೑ Patenga Beach 22.23 91.8 16

ᄳࡴᢝ೑ Sonar Char* 22.3 90.92

ᄳࡴᢝ೑ Sonadia Island & Cox’s Bazar 21.31 91.54 Sunderbans (East, South, West ᵒ䖒⧁Ểᵫֱᡸ ᄳࡴᢝ೑ Wildlife Sanctuaries) 21.83 89.67 10 ऎ ϝ㾦⌆ᰃ催ᑺࡼᗕⱘᯜ಴ℸϞϪ㑾᠔ᬊ䲚ⱘ᭄᥂བҞৃ㛑Ꮖ㒣ϡᄬ೼њ

᭛㦅䖒剕㧼फ Brunei Bay 4.5 114.5 5  ᭛㦅䖒剕㧼फ Seria Coast or Sungei Bera 4.62 114.32 1    ᷀ඨᆼ Bassac Marshes 11 105.17 38  Koh Kapik and Koh Kapik (Koh Kong or Kaoh Associated ᷀ඨᆼ Kapik) 11.5 103.03 28 lslets ᷀ඨᆼ Koh Rong Archipelago 10.72 103.25 34 ᷀ඨᆼ Prek Taek Sap 10.57 103.68 33

 ᷀ඨᆼ Prek/Stung Kampong Smach 10.63 103.87 32

᷀ඨᆼ Sre Ambel 11.1 103.68 29

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ᅱ䩶∈ᑧ 31.43 121.43

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ࣫᠈⊇ 39.82 119.5 311

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ࣫䞠⑒⷇ඖ˄ϰᮍও˅ 19.18 108.67 507

ዛᯢϰⒽֱᡸ Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ዛᯢϰⒽֱᡸऎ 31.5 121.75 375 ऎ

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ▇∳Ϣ亲ѥ∳⊓⍋ 27.62 120.68 397

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ᮍජ㽓फ⊓⍋ 21.58 108.13 484

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ዛᯢቯ࣫䚼⊓⍋⑓ഄ 31.47 121.27 374

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ໻⏙⊇ 39.17 118.92

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ϰ≭ቯ 33.12 121.35

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ϰϝ⑒ 23.7 117.38 417

ϰᆼ␃㞾✊ֱ Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ϰᆼ␃㞾✊ֱᡸऎ 19.97 110.58 500 ᡸऎ

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ 㡭㢧⑒ 26.9 120.05 410

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ⽣⬄㞾✊ֱᡸऎ 22.53 114.03 496

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ᑓϰ⍋Є⑓ഄ 22.7 115.2 ⍋Є⑓ഄ

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ᵁᎲ⑒ 30.3 120.75 382

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ৢ∈⑒ 19.88 109.47 502

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ 㛊Ꮂ⑒ 36.18 120.17

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ б↉≭㞾✊ֱᡸऎ 31.17 121.85 376

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ 㦅Ꮂ⑒ 37.17 119.25 328

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ 䖲ѥ␃Ⲥഎ 34.71 119.23 365

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ޠ⊇ষ 40.87 121.58

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ Ⓔ⊇ষ 39.42 119.25 312

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ᑭ␃ 30.91 121.88

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ 䯑∳⊇ষ 26.17 119.5 411

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ फ໻␃㞾✊ֱᡸऎ 38.5 117.5 316

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ फ∛ 31.03 121.75 377

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ फ⌕∳ষ 21.6 109.05 486

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ⏸⍋⑒࣫䚼 39.08 118.43

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ∳㢣࣫䚼⊓⍋ 35.6 119.7

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ⏸⍋⑒㽓࣫ 38.92 117.83

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ਃϰ࣫䚼⊓⍋ 31.49 121.27 373

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ 䴦ቯ-᮹✻⊓⍋ 36 120.33 332

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ 䴦݄␃㞾✊ֱᡸऎ 19.62 110.87 501

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ⊝Ꮂ⑒Ϣᰟ∳ 24.87 118.68 416

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ 㤷∳⊇ষ 23.28 116.72 498

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ བϰ 31.7 121

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ϝ䮼⑒ 29.17 121.58

ቅষ㑶ᷥᵫֱ Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ቅষ㑶ᷥᵫֱᡸऎ 21.53 109.75 487 ᡸऎ

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ⷇㟐ⷷ-໻⏙⊇ 39.13 118.82

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ঠৄᄤ⊇ষ㞾✊ֱᡸऎ 40.84 121.75 52 ঠৄᄤ⊇ষ

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ⏸⍋⑒फ䚼 38.13 118.2

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ⏸⍋⑒㽓फ˄ࣙᣀ໽⋹੠फ໻␃˅ 38.47 117.67 320/316

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ⋄Ꮂ⑒ 28.62 121.58 391

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ૤ቅ-᳍བྷ⬌ 39.5 118.14

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ໽⋹⊓⍋Ⓗ⍖ 38.4 117.4 320

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ⪺᠓ᑫ⑓ഄ 39.67 121.58 55

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ⏽Ꮂ⑒ 27.88 120.85 396

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ Ѩቓ䮼 29.15 121.7 388

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ॺ䮼⊓⍋ 24.3 118.09

 Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ⓽䮼⑒ 28.15 121.28 395

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ 䆌೽Ⲥഎ 34.5 119.72

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ 吁㓓∳ষ˄Ѝϰ˅ 39.82 124.11 62

Ⲥජ㞾✊ֱᡸ Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ Ⲥජ㞾✊ֱᡸऎ 33.67 120.5 367 ऎ

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ 咘⊇ϝ㾦⌆㞾✊ֱᡸऎ 37.83 119 327

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ 㦎℠⍋Ⲥഎ 18.52 108.68 511

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ⍠∳⊇ষ 30 121.65 385

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ Ф⏙⑒ 28.23 121.17 394

Ё೑ᯘ໻䰚ᯙ ᑘ⊇⊓⍋ 39.58 122.75 59

㉇ඨ⑓ഄϢৢ Ё೑佭␃ ৢ⍋⑒˄㉇ඨ˅Ϣ⏅ഇ⑒ഄऎ 22.48 114.03 1 ⍋⑒

Ё೑▇䮼 Taipa-Coloane Wetland 22.1 113.53 1

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ Aogu Wetlands 23.48 120.17 21

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ Beimen 23.27 120.12 25

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ Budai Wetlands 23.35 120.13 23

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ Changhua Coastal Industrial 24.07 120.38 Park

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ Chihben Wetlands 22.68 121.05 40

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ Chiku 23.13 120.08 27

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ Chingkunshen 23.2 120.1 26

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ Cho-Shui-Hsi S. 23.83 120.22

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ Chu’an 24.82 121.78 47

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ Chuan-Hsing 24.2 120.45

Dapingding and Hsutsuo Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ 25.07 121.18 6 Harbor

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ Hanbao Wetlands 24.02 120.35 14

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ Han-Pao 24.05 120.37 

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ Hsinchu City Coastal Area 24.78 120.97 9

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ Hualien River Estuary 23.95 121.6 43

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ Kaomei Wetlands 24.32 120.55 11

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ Kaoping River 22.5 120.4 37

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ Kinmen National Park 24.45 118.4 48

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ Kuantu 25.12 121.45 3

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ Ku-Liao 24.8 120.92

Lanyang River Estuary Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ 24.72 121.82 46 (Lan-Yang-Hsi River)

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ Lin-Pien-Hsi 22.4 120.5

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ Pohtzi River Estuary 23.47 120.17 22

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ Sitsao Wildlife Refuge 23.05 120.13 29

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ Szu-Tsao Wildlife Reserve 23.02 120.13

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ Tacheng Wetlands 23.85 120.25 16

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ Taipei City Waterbird Refuge 25.05 121.47 4

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ Ta-Too-Hsi 24.13 120.41

Tatu Rivermouth Wildlife Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ 24.2 120.48 13 Refuge

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ Tseng-Wen-Hsi 23.08 120.08

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ Watzuwei Nature Reserve 25.17 121.4 2

Ё೑ৄ⑒ⳕ Yungan (Yung-An) 22.83 120.23 30

ᳱ剰 Amrok River Estuary 39.8 124.23 13

Chongchon River Estuary ᳱ剰 (including Mundok Nature 39.6 125.42 19 Reserve)

ᳱ剰 Chongdan feld 37.97 125.93 32

ᳱ剰 Daedong Bay 38.58 125.12 28

ᳱ剰 Kangryong feld 37.9 125.6 31

ᳱ剰 Kumya Bay 39.4 127.42 8

ᳱ剰 Onchon feld 38.83 125.25 21

ᳱ剰 Ongjin Bay 37.85 125.25 30

ᳱ剰 Orangchon River Estuary 41.4 129.75 3

ᳱ剰 Ryonghung River Estuary 39.82 127.5 6

Sogam-do, Daegam-do, ᳱ剰 Zung-do, Ae-do and Hyengzedo 39.24 125.15 17 islands

ᳱ剰 Taedong River Estuary 38.72 125.25 22

ᳱ剰 Unryul Kumsanpo 38.58 125.07 27

ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ Bagan Percut - Sungai Ular 3.72 98.78

ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ Bali -8.25 115

ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ Bali - Benoa Bay -8.75 115.2

Banyuasin Delta (Tanjung ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ -3 105 33 Koyan)

ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ Berbak -1.45 104.33 28 Berbak

ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ Delta Mahakam -0.67 117.42 56

ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ Krueng Aceh 5.58 95.32

Kuala Tungal to Tanjung ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ -1 103.75 Djabung coast

ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ Kupang Bay -10.06 123.75

ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ Muara Cimanuk -6.28 108.25 86

Muara Gembong-Tanjung ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ -5.97 107.03 71 Sedari

ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ Muara Kendawangan -2.7 110.62 46

ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ Pantai Timur Surabaya -7.52 112.75 103

ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ Pesisir Pantai Jambi -1 103.95 30

ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ Pesisir Riau Tenggara 0 103.75 19

Pesisir Timur Pantai ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ 3.47 99.27 7 Sumatera Utara

ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ Pulau Dua -6.02 106.2 68

ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ Pulau Rambut -5.97 106.68 69

ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ Rawa di Pesisir Kapuas -0.67 109.5 48

Segara Anakan-Nusa ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ -7.73 108.9 92 Kambangan

ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ Sembilang NP -2.05 104.83 31

ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ Solo Delta (Ujung Pangkah) -6.95 112.55 102

ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ Sumenep -7.2 113.53 113

ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ Taliwang -8.72 116.82 118

ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ Tanjung Selokan -2.58 105.58 32

ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ Ujung Pangkah (Solo Delta) -6.88 112.6 102

ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ Wasur National Park -8.75 140.58

ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ Way Kambas -4.93 105.75 38

᮹ᴀ Achisu Kantakuchi 34.01 131.36

᮹ᴀ Akashi-Iwayakouro 34.62 135.02

Ano(u)-gawa and ᮹ᴀ Shitomo-gawa estuaries, 34.73 136.53 113 Toyotsuura

Arao Kaigan (part of Inner 140 䚼 ᮹ᴀ Ariake bay) 33.03 130.47 ߚ

᮹ᴀ Asa-gawa Kakou 34 131.15

᮹ᴀ Asahata Yuusuichi 35.02 138.4

Atago-gawa, Kushida-gawa

(part of Kumozugawa, 114 䚼 ᮹ᴀ Atagogawa and Kongogawa 34.6 136.57 ߚ estuaries)

᮹ᴀ Awase Higata 26.3 127.82 160

᮹ᴀ Banzu and Futtsu tidal fat 35.42 139.92 73 (in Tokyo bay) ᮹ᴀ Chidorihama Kiya-gawa Kakou 34.53 133.73

Chiri-hama (part of 100 䚼 ᮹ᴀ Takamatsu coast) 36.88 136.72 ߚ

᮹ᴀ Daijugarami (part of Inner 33.17 130.27 140 䚼 Ariake bay) ߚ ᮹ᴀ Daimyoujin-gawa Kakou 33.95 133.08

᮹ᴀ Fujimae Higata 35.08 136.83 111 Fujimae Higata

Fukiagehama Kaigan (part of 153 䚼 ᮹ᴀ Manosegawa Estuary) 31.41 130.26 ߚ

ųɔ Futtsu (in Tokyo bay) 35.25 139.86 73 ૡą

ųɔ Hachirougata-shiokuchi 40 140 58

Hakata bay (with Imazu ųɔ 33.62 130.35 139 Higata)

ųɔ Hamamatsu-Si Shouwa-cho 34.73 137.58

Hayatsue-gawa Kakou 140,ૡ

ųɔ ( Inner Ariake bay) 33.15 130.33 ą

ųɔ Hikata Hachimangoku 36.75 140.68

ųɔ Hikawa Estuary, Shiranui 32.62 130.62 145

Hori-kawa, Magame-gawa (with ųɔ Nabaki-gawa) 35.49 140.43 ųɔ Ichinomiya-gawa Kakou 35.39 140.39

ųɔ Iioka Kaigan (Hazaki coast) 35.7 140.72 70,ૡą

ųɔ Ikawazu 34.62 137.13 107

ųɔ Inba-numa 35.78 140.32

ųɔ Inbanuma-Cyuuouhaisuiro 35.75 140.25

ųɔ Inner Ariake bay 33.13 130.25 140

ųɔ Inner Tokyo bay 35.6 139.88 74 Yatsu-higata

ųɔ Isahaya Higata (Ariake bay) 32.83 130.08 141

ųɔ Izumi Kantaku 32.08 130.37 151

ųɔ Kagawa Kitanoe Kaisaku 34.07 131.03

Kahokugata (Takamatsu ųɔ 36.67 136.68 100 coast)

ųɔ Kaitsu-cho Nokouchi 35.16 136.66

ųɔ Kakinoki-cho 35.83 140.78

ųɔ Kamisu-Chou Takahama (with 35.87 140.63 Ikisu-Omigawa) ųɔ Kamo-gawa Kakou 33.92 133.17 131

ųɔ Kasai Kaihinkouen ( Inner 35.62 139.87 74,ૡą Tokyo bay) Kashima Shingomori ( Inner 140,ૡ ųɔ Ariake bay) 33.12 130.1 ą

ųɔ Kashimanada 36 140.66

ųɔ Kashimanada 36 140.66

ųɔ Kikuchi-gawa Kakou (Ariake 32.88 130.53 bay) Kiritappu Shitsugen Kiritappu-shits ųɔ (Kiritappu marsh, Biwase 43.16 145.18 15 ugen bay)

ųɔ Komaiko Kaigan, with Neagari 36.47 136.47 102 Kaigan (Takamatsu coast) Komuke-ko (Komukeko and ųɔ 44.27 143.48 7 Shibunotsunaiko lake)

᮹ᴀ Kujukuri Hama 35.79 140.57 72

᮹ᴀ Kuma-gawa Kakou / Kumakawa 32.47 130.57 146 Estuary ᮹ᴀ Kumedaike 34.45 135.42

᮹ᴀ Kumozugawa, Atagogawa and 34.62 136.55 114 Kongogawa estuaries Lake Furenko (Fuuren-ko) and ᮹ᴀ nearby wetlands (Onnetou 43.3 145.35 12 ohashi)

᮹ᴀ Lake Notoroko and Lake 44.05 144.17 8 Abashiriko

᮹ᴀ Lake Tofutsuko 43.93 144.4 9

᮹ᴀ Makuharinohama ( Inner 35.65 140.05 74, 䚼 Tokyo bay) ߚ

᮹ᴀ Manko tidal fat 26.18 127.68 161 Manko

᮹ᴀ Manosegawa Estuary 31.43 130.3 153

᮹ᴀ Matsugishi-higata (Hazaki 35.73 140.8 70,䚼ߚ coast)

᮹ᴀ Messe Chuushajou ( Inner 35.65 140.03 74,䚼ߚ Tokyo bay)

᮹ᴀ Mikumo-cho Kaigan Kouhaichi 34.63 136.55

᮹ᴀ Miyagawakakou, 34.5 136.72 Sotoshirotagawakakou

᮹ᴀ Mogamigawa Estuary 38.9 139.83 61

᮹ᴀ Morie-wan 33.4 131.67

᮹ᴀ Morigasakinohana ( Inner 35.56 139.77 74, 䚼 Tokyo bay) ߚ

᮹ᴀ Moriyamashi-kogan 35.13 135.92

᮹ᴀ Moriyamashi-kogan 35.13 135.92

᮹ᴀ Mukawa Kakou 42.57 141.93 27

᮹ᴀ Nagasaki Kaigan (Hazaki 35.7 140.8 70,䚼ߚ coast)

᮹ᴀ Nakatsu and Usa tidal fats 33.58 131.25 147

᮹ᴀ Narashino-akanehama ( Inner 35.65 140.02 74,䚼ߚ Tokyo bay)

᮹ᴀ Naruto-machi Suiden 35.34 140.28

᮹ᴀ Nisikaminomiya-machi 36.32 139.15

᮹ᴀ Notsuke bay, Odaito 43.58 145.3

᮹ᴀ Obitsu-gawa Kakou (Tokyo 35.33 139.92 11 bay)

᮹ᴀ Okita-gawa Kakou 32.53 131.68 73,䚼ߚ

᮹ᴀ Okukubi-gawa Kakou 26.43 127.95

᮹ᴀ Omaezaki-kaigan 34.6 138.23

᮹ᴀ Onaga Higata 26.15 127.67

᮹ᴀ Ookubo Noukouchi 35.99 139.03

᮹ᴀ Oono-gawa, Suna-gawa Kakou 32.62 130.65 145,䚼 (Hikawa Estuary) ߚ

᮹ᴀ Ootagawa-kakao 34.67 137.9

᮹ᴀ Osaka Nanko / Nankou 34.63 135.47 119 Yachouen

᮹ᴀ Rokkaku-gawa Kakou ( Inner 33.2 130.22 140,䚼 Ariake bay) ߚ

᮹ᴀ Saigawa-karyuu (Takamatsu 36.6 136.58 100,䚼 coast) ߚ

᮹ᴀ Sanbanze ( Inner Tokyo bay) 35.67 139.98 74, 䚼 ߚ ᮹ᴀ Saroma-ko 44.13 143.83

᮹ᴀ Shigenobu-gawa Kakou 33.72 132.7

᮹ᴀ Shimofusa-machi Taka 35.9 140.38

᮹ᴀ Shiokawa tidal fat (with 34.68 137.3 108 Jinno Shinden)

᮹ᴀ Shiraho, Miyara-wan 24.35 124.21

᮹ᴀ Shirakata-chou (Takamatsu 36.19 136.13 100, 䚼 coast) ߚ

᮹ᴀ Shirakawa Estuary 32.78 130.6 144

᮹ᴀ Shoudai ?? ??

᮹ᴀ Sone tidal fat 33.82 130.97 135

᮹ᴀ Suzuka-gawa Kakou, 34.92 136.65 Suzuka-hasen Kakou

᮹ᴀ Takamatsu, Kahoku Kaigan 36.75 136.7 100, 䚼 (Takamatsu coast) ߚ

᮹ᴀ Takase-gawa Kakou 40.73 141.42

᮹ᴀ Teganuma 35.85 140.08

᮹ᴀ Tennou Kaigan 39.9 139.96

᮹ᴀ Teruma Higata 26.34 127.91

᮹ᴀ Tochigi-ken Nanbu, 36.28 139.8 Suiden-chitai

᮹ᴀ Todomekigawa-kakou 35.05 136.88

᮹ᴀ Tokyo Port Wild Bird Park 35.59 139.78 74, 䚼 ( Inner Tokyo bay) ߚ

᮹ᴀ Tonegawa Estuary (Hazaki 35.75 140.83 70 coast)

᮹ᴀ Torinoumi-higata 38.03 140.92

᮹ᴀ Toukyou-kou Chobokujou 35.62 139.84 74, 䚼 ( Inner Tokyo bay) ߚ ᮹ᴀ Toukyou-kou, Yatyouen 35.57 139.77 74, 䚼 Shuuhen ( Inner Tokyo bay) ߚ

᮹ᴀ Toyama Shinkou (Toyama 36.79 137.06 coast)

Tyuuou-bouhatei 74, 䚼 ᮹ᴀ Uchi-Sotogawa Umetatechi 35.58 139.82 ߚ ( Inner Tokyo bay)

᮹ᴀ Uchiura Wan 35.07 138.84

᮹ᴀ Umeda-gawa Kakou 34.72 137.35

᮹ᴀ Usa Kaigan 33.57 131.43

᮹ᴀ Wada-chikura Kaigan 34.95 139.97

᮹ᴀ Wajiro Higata 33.68 130.42 139, 䚼ߚ

᮹ᴀ Yaeyama islands 24.33 123.83 166

᮹ᴀ Yahagigawa Estuary 34.82 136.98 109

᮹ᴀ Yahagihuru-kawa Kakou 34.8 137.2

᮹ᴀ Yatsu Higata ( Inner Tokyo 35.68 140.03 74ˈ䚼ߚ bay)

᮹ᴀ Yodaura Suiden 35.92 140.53

᮹ᴀ Yonaha-wan 24.75 125.27

᮹ᴀ Yone and Gushi tidal fats 26.17 127.65 162 (Gushi Higata)

᮹ᴀ Yoshino-gawa Kakou-higata 34.07 134.58

偀ᴹ㽓Ѯ Bako-Buntal Bay (or Buntal 1.73 110.42 37 Bay)

偀ᴹ㽓Ѯ Batu Maung 5.37 100.3

偀ᴹ㽓Ѯ Brunei Bay 4.9 115.15 55

Kapar Power Station 11, 䚼 偀ᴹ㽓Ѯ (North-central Selangor 3.13 101.33 ߚ coast)

偀ᴹ㽓Ѯ Klias peninsula 5.21 115.35 28

偀ᴹ㽓Ѯ Kuala Gula (Matang coast) 4.93 100.47 5, 䚼ߚ

偀ᴹ㽓Ѯ Kuala Kedah to Kuala Sungai 6.25 100.22 Coast

偀ᴹ㽓Ѯ Kuala Kelumpang (Matang 4.87 100.5 5, 䚼ߚ coast)

偀ᴹ㽓Ѯ Kuala Mersing 2.42 103.88

偀ᴹ㽓Ѯ Kuala Samarahan to Kuala 1.6 110.62 Sadong, coastline

偀ᴹ㽓Ѯ Matang coast 4.92 100.5 5

偀ᴹ㽓Ѯ North-central Selangor 3.33 101.25 11 coast

偀ᴹ㽓Ѯ Pantai Rasa Sayang 3.47 101.13 11, 䚼 Tanintharyi coastal zone ߚ

Gulf of Martaban / River 㓙⬌ mouth area of Sittaung River 16.32 97.36

㓙⬌ Kaladan Estuary 20.15 92.95

㓙⬌ Kyetmauktaung Dam 20.8 95.25

Labutta (in Ayeyarwaddy / 㓙⬌ 16.12 94.74 Irrawaddy Delta) Letkok Kon (Ayeyarwaddy / 㓙⬌ 16.33 96.17 Irrawaddy Delta)

Nanthar Island in the Rakhine Costal Zone 㓙⬌ 18.45 93.36

㧆ᕟᆒ Arevalo-Muanduriao 10.7 122.52

㧆ᕟᆒ Buguey wetlands 18.28 121.83 12

㧆ᕟᆒ Davao River Mouth 7.03 125.6

Mactan, Kalawisan and 㧆ᕟᆒ Cansaga Bays (is 10.33 123.97 70 Cebu-Mactan)

㧆ᕟᆒ Manila Bay 14.5 120.75 10

Olango Island 㧆ᕟᆒ Olango Island 10.23 124.03 69 Wildlife Sanctuary

㧆ᕟᆒ Ormoc Intertidal Flat 11 124.57

㧆ᕟᆒ Pagbilao and Tayabas Bay 13.92 121.72 26

㧆ᕟᆒ Panabo 7.3 125.72

㧆ᕟᆒ Ragay Gulf 13.75 122.6 28

Talibon Protected Landscape

㧆ᕟᆒ and Seascape, with Banacon, 10.15 124.15 79 Calituban, Tahong-tahong Islands

㧆ᕟᆒ Talon-Talon Wetland 6.92 122.12

Tubbataha Reef (National 㧆ᕟᆒ 8.83 119.92 57 Marine Park)

䶽೑ Aphae Island 34.83 126.33

䶽೑ Asan Bay (including Asan-ho 36.95 126.82 17 lake and Sapgyo-ho lake) 䶽೑ Baeksu Tidal Flat (Paeksu 35.27 126.32 24 Tidal Flat) 䶽೑ Cheonsu Bay (or Seosan) 36.49 126.44 18

Jido-eup, Shinan-gun (part 䶽೑ of contiguous Meian Gun 35.05 126.2 Tidal Flat)

䶽೑ Daebu-do / Daebu island 37.25 126.48 8

Dongjin Estuary 䶽೑ 35.78 126.75 22 (Saemangeum)

䶽೑ Gangjin Bay 34.53 126.8 30

䶽೑ Geum-gang river and Estuary 36.08 126.75 19 (Kum Estuary) 䶽೑ Gomso Bay 35.35 126.36

䶽೑ Hado-ri, Jeju 33.5 126.88 39

䶽೑ Hwangsan-myeon, Haenam-gun 34.42 126.5

䶽೑ Hampyeong / Hampyong Bay 35.12 126.42 25

䶽೑ Han-gang Estuary / Han River 37.69 126.68 4

䶽೑ Gochang-gun 35.42 126.58

Mangyeong / Mankyung 䶽೑ 35.9 126.75 21 Estuary (Saemangeum)

䶽೑ Meian Gun Tidal Flat 35.08 126.33

䶽೑ Muan Tidal Flat 35.92 126.33 26

䶽೑ Nakdong-gang Estuary 35.13 128.92 37

䶽೑ Namhae 34.83 127.83

䶽೑ Namyang Bay 37.14 126.77 10

䶽೑ Seongsanpo, Seogwipo 33.45 126.92 40

䶽೑ Sihwa-ho lake 37.28 126.75 9

䶽೑ Songdo Tidal Flat 37.42 126.65

䶽೑ Suncheon Bay 34.83 127.5 31

Tidal flat area of southern 䶽೑ Ganghwa-do island (Kanghwa 37.58 126.4 5 Island)

Tidal flat area of 䶽೑ Yeongjong-do (Yong Jong) 37.45 126.53 6 Island

Tongjin River Lagoon and 䶽೑ 35.74 126.63 mudfat

䶽೑ Yeongheung-do and Sonje-do 37.25 126.5 7 islands 䶽೑ Yubu-do island (Geum-gang 35.98 126.62 20 river and estuary)

ᮄࡴവ Kranji 1.42 103.72 1

North-East Conservation ᮄࡴവ Area (with Serangoon Ponds) 1.42 103.97 2

ᮄࡴവ Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve 1.45 103.72

⋄೑ Ao Bandon 9.28 99.45 41

⋄೑ Ao Pattani (Pattani Bay) 6.92 101.27 58

⋄೑ Inner Gulf of Thailand 13.51 100.53 32 Don Hoi Lot

Khao (Kato) Sam Roi Yot ⋄೑ National Park and 12.2 99.97 36

surrounding wetlands

Had Chao Mai ⍋ ⋟ ೑ᆊ݀ು – Libong ቯ

⋄೑ Ko Libong Non Hunting Area 7.27 99.4 50 Non-Hunting ഄऎ Trang ⊇ষ

⋄೑ Ko Pra Thong 9.08 98.28 46



⋄೑ Laem Pakarang 8.72 98.22 45

⋄೑ Na Muang Krabi (Krabi Bay) 7.95 98.85 48 Krabi Estuary  ⋄೑ Palian Lang-ngu 7.17 99.68 52  Kuan Ki Sian of the Thale Noi ⋄೑ Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area 7.83 100.13 56 Non-Hunting Area  Thale Sap Songkhla Non Hunting ⋄೑ Area and surrounding wetlands 7.88 100.17 57 

 Ᏹ≊ Ᏹ≊ -10 120.5 

An Hai 20.82 106.75 16 䍞फ

䍞फ Bai Boi ((very close to Dat Mui) 8.7 104.83 1

䍞फ Binh Dai (Hoa Trinh, Ba Tri) 10.13 106.75 62, 63

䍞फ Can Gio 10.52 106.9 51

䍞फ Cat-Tien NP 11.35 107

䍞फ Dat Mui (very close to Boi) 8.62 104.73 2

䍞फ Ha Nam 20.87 106.82 60

Nghia Hung (Day and Ninh Co 䍞फ Estuary) 19.97 106.17 12

Tan Thanh intertidal area & 䍞फ Ngang Island

䍞फ Thai Thuy 20.55 106.63 14

䍞फ Tien Hai 20.3 106.6 13

䍞फ Tien Lang 20.67 106.67 15

䍞फ Tra Co 21.47 108.02 61

Xuan Thuy ⑓ഄ㞾 䍞फ Xuan Thuy 20.35 106.52 17 ✊ֱᡸऎ