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Seagate Crystal Reports GREEK VERSUS MODERN TRAGEDY IN ' EUGENE O’NEILL Maria do Perpétuo Socorro Rego e Reis Cosme Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Pós - Graduação em Inglês e Literatura Correspondente Greek Versus Modern Tragedy in Eugene O’Neill Maria do Pérpetuo Socorro Rego Reis Cosme Tese submetida à Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina para a obtenção do Grau de Doutora em Letras opção Inglês e Literatura Correspondente. Florianópolis Esta tese foi julgada adequada e qjrovada em sua. forma. finaL pelo Programa de Pós- Gràduação em Inglês para obtenção do grau de Doutora em Letras Opção Inglês e Literatura-Correspondente Dra. Bárbara O Baptista Coordenadora Dra. Bamadete Pasold Orientadora Banca Examinadora Dra Bemadete PasoId(OrientaíWora) Dr. Donaldo Schüler ( examinador) Dr. Joséy^oberto O' Shea (examinador) Dra Patrícia Vaüghan (examinadora) Florianópolis, 30 de março de 1998 Dedico essa Tese com muita saudade ao meu querido pai: José Reis (In Memoriam)que durante a sua vida sempre sonhou com a minha obtenção do Grau de Doutora. Esta pesquisa também é dedicada com muito amor a : minha mãe Lauríta Reis pelo estímulo perene no decorrer do doutorado; meu esposo Antonio Cosme Neto pela força e coragem para que eu não desistisse do doutorado; meus filhos Márcio Elysio , Lysianne e principalmente o querido “editor “Erick Elysio por toda a compreensão e confiança na capacidade da mãe para terminar o “sofrido” doutorado; meus irmãos e parentes pela amizade e solidariedade ; todos os meus amigos e colegas de profissão que sempre confiaram na minha capacidade e pelo estimulo constante para eu continuar apesar de tudo. Acknowledgements I would like to thank Professor Dra. Bemadete Pasold, my supervisor, especially for her patience and dedicated supervision during the period of writing and revision of this dissertation. Professor Dra. Carlinda Nunez, my co-supervisor, for all her help and dedication. Professor Dr. Roger Howard, for having helped the supervision at the University of Essex, England . Professor Dra. Patricia Vaughan for all her support and enthusiasm with my dissertation. To all the people involved in the English Graduate Program at the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, especially for all the patience. To the Department of Letras at the Universidade Federal do Piaui for all the support. And Last but not Least to GOD for his magnificence and kindness who gave me strength and will to finish this work. ABSTRACT Greek Versus Modern Tragedy in Eugene O’Neill Maria do Perpétuo Socorro Rêgo Reis Cosme Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina 1998 Supervising Professor: Dra. Bernadete Pasold Tragedy in the classical sense has been continuously revised /revived in modem time through its various possibilities and many playwrights have attempted to revise the genre with great success. The American playwright Eugene O’Neill is among those who purposely adapt the classical mode to his modem “tragic” plays, especially in his trilogy Mourning Becomes Electra . The purpose of this dissertation is to characterize “modern tragedy” as represented by Eugene O’Neill through the myth of Electra in his trilogyMourning Becomes Electra. This present work concentrates on the question whether O’Neill, a modern playwright by definition and by time, can be considered a classical tragedian in modem terms. This dissertation investigates the presence of the characteristics of the Greek tragedy in Eugene O’Neill by showing that he follows the classic conception of tragedy found in Aristotle’sPoetics. This work also shows that O’Neill adopts the pattems, myths and themes of the Greek theater in his modem tragedies, especially in the studied trilogy: Mourning Becomes Electra The investigation is undertaken through the comparative study between Greek tragedy as represented by three Greek playwrights; Aschylus’ Oresteia, Sophocles’ Electra and Euripides’Electra and modem tragedy as exemplified by O’Neill’s trilogy Mourning Becomes Electra. This dissertation also discusses myth and tragedy according to Aristotle and associates the vast interpretations of myth active in critical literature especially found in Freud, Jung, Lévi- Strauss, Barthes and Nietzsche to Greek tragedy, to the myth of Electra and to O’Neill in particular . The basic hypothesis of this research is that O’Neill is a modern playwright but with classical characteristics who used the resources of the Greek tragedy by adapting, revising and principally subverting the classical themes and myths to his “revival” of the classic tragedy in his modern tragedy especially found in his trilogyMourning Becomes Electra. This hypothesis is based on O’Neill’s personal interviews (quoted in Bogard; 3 94-403 ) where he exposes his intentional “revivals” of the Greek versions of the famous myths. Throughout the development of the thesis I attempt to show the similarities and differences between O’Neill and the Greek playwrights in order to inquire if O’Neill is more similar than different from the Greeks. This dissertation also intends to illuminate O’Neill’s work by using the comparative method, since this is basically a dissertation on O’Neill as an example of a modem playwright with classical characteristics and themes. Number of pages ; 256 Number of words ; 77 324 Resumo A tragédia no sentido clássico tem sido constantemente revisada e revivida na era moderna através de suas várias possibilidades e muitos teatrólogos têm tentado revisar o gênero com muito sucesso. O teatrólogo Norte-Americano Eugene O’Neill está entre aqueles que intencionalmente adaptam o modo clássico em sua peças “trágicas” modernas, especialmente em sua trilogia Mourning Becomes Electra ( O luto se toma Electra ). Este presente trabalho concentra-se na questão se O’Neill, um teatrólogo moderno por definição e no tempo, pode ser considerado um escritor trágico em tempos modernos. A dissertação investiga a presença de características da tragédia Grega em O’Neill, mostrando que ele segue o conceito clássico de tragédia encontrado Poéticana de Aristóteles. Este trabalho também demonstra que O’ Neill adota mitos, temas e estmturas do teatro Grego em suas tragédias Modemas, especialmente na trilogia estudada: Mourning Becomes Electra Esta investigação é feita através do estudo comparativo entre a tragédia Grega, representada por três dramaturgos Gregos: Ésquilo com sua tragédia, a trilogia Oresteia, Sofócles com Electra e Euripides com Electra, e a tragédia moderna representada pela trilogia de O’Neill:Mourning Becomes Electra. Esta dissertação também discute mito e tragédia de acordo com Aristóteles e associa as vastas interpretações de mito presentes na literatura crítica, especialmente encontrada em Freud, Jung, Lévi- Strauss, Barthes e Nietzsche, à tragédia Grega, ao mito de Electra e a O’Neill em particular. A hipótese básica desta pesquisa é que O’Neill é um teatrólogo modemo mas com características “clássicas” na sua obra trágica e que usou os recursos da tragédia Grega através da adaptação, revisão e principalmente “subversão” dos temas e mitos clássicos em seu “revival” da tragédia Grega na sua tragédia moderna especialmente em Mourning Becomes Electra. A hipótese é baseada em entrevistas pessoais de O’Neill (citadas em Bogard: 394 - 403 ) onde ele fala de suas “revivais” (recriações) intencionais das versões Gregas dos mitos famosos. No desenvolvimento da tese nós tentamos mostrar as semelhanças e diferenças entre O’Neill e os Gregos. Este trabalho também pretende iluminar a obra de O’Neill através do uso do método comparativo, desde que esta é basicamente uma dissertação em O’Neill como exemplo de teatrólogo moderno com características e temas clássicos. Número de páginas : 256 Número de palavras : 77.324 Résumé La tragédie dans le sens classique continue d’être révisé et renouvelée à l’époque moderne par ses dififérentes possibilités et beaucoup de dramaturges ont réussi à actualiser le genre. Le dramaturge américain Eugene O’Neill est l’un de ceux qui ont intentionellement adapté le mode classique dans ses tragédies. C’ést le cas de la trilogie Mourning Becomes Electra . Ce travail relève de la question suivante: O’Neill, un dramaturge moderne avant tout, pourrait-il être défini comme un écrivain tragique moderne? La dissertation essaie de repérer les caractéristiques de la tragédie grecque chez O’Neill et au même temps montrer qui ‘il suit le concept classique de tragédie présent dans la Poétique d’Aristote. Cette dissertation montre aussi qu ‘O’Neill se sert de mythes, thèmes et structures du théâtre Grec pour écrire ses tragédies modernes, surtout dans notre object d’étude, la trilogieMourning Becomes Electra . Le travail fait une analyse comparative entre la tragédie grecque et la tragédie moderne. La première est représentée par Eschyle: -Oresteia -; 1’ Électre de Sophocle et l’Électre d’ Euripide. La seconde, par la trilogie d’O’NeillMourning Becomes Electra. Cette dissertation en même temps qu’elle discute le mythe et la tragédie selon Aristote, elle présente les différentes interprétations du mythe trouvées dans la critique littéraire, chez Freud, Jung, Lévi - Strauss, Barthes et Nietzsche, et les met en rapport avec le mythe d’Électre et avec O’Neill particulièrement. L’hypothèse qui soutient cette enquête est le fait d’être O’Neill un dramaturge moderne aux caractéristiques classiques qui a utilisé dans son oeuvre tragique les resources de la tragédie grecque par l ‘adaptation de quelques thèmes et mythes classiques lors de son renouveau de la tragédie grecque si bien représenté parMourning Becomes Electra. L’ hypothèse
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