Selection of A Rational Form for The Steel Winding Tower as A Preventive Measure to Increase Its Industrial Safety KASSIKHINA Elena.G.,1 PERSHIN Vladimir V.1, BUTRIM Nikita O.2, Qiao Weiguo3 1.Mining Institute, T.F. Gorbachev Kuzbass State Technical University, 650000 Kemerovo, Russia；2.Department of Capital Construction and Investment Activities ‘UK Michel Mining’125993 Moscow, Russia；3.Shandong Science and Technology University, People's Republic of China Abstract of loads for winding towers, which Herein there is a new approach to Kuzbass mines will need in the nearest improve industrial safety in terms of future, the most popular are the winding operation of the steel winding tower towers for ventilation and auxiliary shafts based on rational design solutions. of 7 ч 8m diameter with the marked Keywords: Industrial safety, corrosion, center of the hoisting pulley +34,000 m defects, multi-functional steel jibs of ч +36,000m. winding towers-. The available winding towers operating under similar conditions, as a rule, are 1. Introduction four-pole and rig type (Fig. 1). The results In the complex of mine structures a of the expert appraisal [1] of their winding tower takes a special place. technical condition showed that most of Besides the fact that it is a high structure, the available structures have no access for designed to provide position of the rust removal and protective coating pulleys of the hoist at a certain level, it is renewal. All these cause intensity of also a complex structure taking extremely corrosion of the metal at rate of 0.8 ± 1 loads from a hoist. It guarantees safe and mm/year. reliable operation of the hoist for the At the same time it was found out that a entire period of its operation (35-45 rig 1 (see Fig. 1) as the main supporting years). structure, transferring load from the hoist However, the results of a survey [1] (including emergency) to the wellhead via showed that the actual operational life of the rig base of the winding tower, is the the winding tower under high aggressive most exposed to the aggressive impact and without proper repair and environment. maintenance is often reduced by a half Typical defect of the rig parts is corrosion, versus to a standard service life. and it mostly pronounced at the interface 2. Work description with the rig base. The most common According to the OJSC damage of the rig base is a significant ‘Kuzbassgiproshaht’ and OJSC corrosion on the entire surface of its parts ‘Sibgiproshaht’ defining scope and range due to high humidity of the air entering

1 from a shaft, corrosive gases and coal failure-free operation and economic dust. The entire body of the rig under efficiency are crucial, by all means, at coating is also significantly exposed to selection of rational constructive corrosion due to the abundant solutions. condensation in winter time. However, solving the problem of provision of the longevity of structures and reduction of costs for their repair and maintenance is no less important for structures subjected to corrosive wear. Therefore, choosing cross sections and junctions of winding tower, an aspect of their resistance to corrosion as a guarantee of safety and durability must be considered. The department ‘Construction of Underground Structures and Mines" KuzSTU has developed fundamental constructive solution of the steel winding tower (Fig. 2) [2] and made its prototype (Fig. 3).

Fig. 1. Scheme of the steel single-cut four-post winding tower 1) rig; 2) rig base; 3) jib; 4) braces

Jib of the winding tower 3 provides stability of the structure, and takes effort from hoist, as well as a significant part of the emergency load. The main defects and damage of the jib can be attributed to deformation due to mechanical impact. A large number of jibs promotes accumulation of coal dust, slag and lube in junctions of the jib and braces, and consequently, occurrence of significant corrosion in the stagnant areas. The condition of stairs and fences does not affect the carrying capacity, but defects and damages of these parts affect Fig. 2. Sketch of a multi-purpose winding the safety while winding tower repair and tower for the operation period: maintenance operations. 1) - jib; 2) – central tubular pole; 3), 4) pulley pad; 5) ring brace 6) rig Traditional approaches to the design of winding towers, taking into account their

2 • a railing in the shape of barrel significantly improves the airtightness of the machine, and also reduces the amount of undesired joints compared with traditional fencing panels; • free space inside of the central tubular pole allows you to place a hoist for equipment and head-frame service, what creates more comfortable and safe working environment; • hoist structure device inside the tubular rack 2 can not only improve the service conditions, but also eliminates the Fig. 3. Prototype of a steel multi-purpose need for traditional metal ladders along winding tower for the mining period the jib located in the area of hoist ropes,

what is undesirable for safety reasons. The winding tower has pulley pad, Since the mine winding towers including frame jib 1 (see. Fig. 2) of experience various types of dynamic variable cross section, central tubular pole loads (seismic load, dynamic load of 2, pulley pads 3 and 4, ring brace 5 and equipment, wind pulsation, emergency round-shape rig 6, leaned against load), an important factor for their wellhead via curb. calculation is limited by the natural The developed structure of the winding oscillation frequency. tower has advantages versus the The proposed structure (see Fig. 2) is traditional decisions of the 4-poles designed considering the limits by the winding towers of the rig type as follows: natural oscillation frequency, upholding • high tightness of box-like and of which characterizes the dynamic circular sections of pulley device allows equilibrium of the structure. If required, avoiding penetration of coal dust, and the ring brace 5 can be regarded as a hence increases their resistance to damping element by changing its the corrosion; mechanical parameters we can displace • lack of bracings on the jib frame 1 resonance points of the vibrational system facilitates easy access for inspection and to the direction of frequencies (up to 4 protection of elements and components of Hz), which are safe for the working the structure, as well as eliminates the personnel. accumulation of coal dust, slag and lube 3. Conclusion at the nodes of connection; The found technical solution reflects the • frame machine 6 does not transmit essence of the new approach to finding load from hoist on wellhead of the shaft effective design solutions that takes into and has no rig base and braces, therefore, account the requirements of durability the cost for their maintenance is not and safety, along with the requirements of required; reliability and economy.

3 Thus, when designing winding towers operating under difficult conditions, the choice of a rational design itself is an effective preventive measure to improve industrial safety, reliability and optimal physical resource. 4. Reference [1] Lobkov S.V. Defects and damage of rig type winding towers after a normal period of operation / S.V. Lobkov, A. Zapol'skiy // Labour Safety in Industry, 2012. - № 4. - 14-15p. [2] Patent 2120013 C1 (RU), 6E 04 H 12/26. Multifunction device for mining and operation of vertical mine shafts / E.G. Kassikhina, V.V. Pershin. - № 97110900; Claimed 26.06.97; Published 10.10.98., Bull. # 28.

4 Engineering and process design solutions for the vertical shaft completion Qiao Weiguo1,2, Pershin V.V.3, Kassikhina E.G.3, Butrim N.O.4 1.Shandong University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266510,China;2.Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Qingdao, Shandong 266510, China;3.T.F. Gorbachyov Kuzbass State Technical University, Mining Institute, 650000, Kemerovo, Russia;4.leading specialist, Department of capital construction and investment activities of ООО «UK Mechel-Mining» (LLC “Management Company Mechel-Mining”), 125993 Moscow, Russia Abstract the optimal solution, which includes the The comprehensive approach including study of process parameters, sinking the combination of advanced and new schemes, mechanical means and technical solutions with the use of modern equipment. technology opportunities providing the The analysis of time schedules (Fig. 1) for the construction of vertical shafts shows real possibility to reduce the vertical shaft that at least 23 of the total duration of the construction labour inputs, costs and time. work Tобщ is spent on shaft completion Tобщ, equipment Tарм and reconstruction Keywords: vertical shaft completion, Tпереход before the operation. decrease of transient periods by means of Tпереход = Tдемонтажа прох. копра + Tмонтажа application of efficient equipment and постоянного копра multifunctional steel angle headgears. 1. Introduction Currently the tendency to reject the construction of vertical shafts is dominated in the design of new Kuzbass mines – the preference is given to the slop mining. This tendency is determined by some reasons: - significant construction time of vertical shafts - 50-60% of the total duration of mine construction; Fig. 1. Time consumption in the construction - high cost of construction of vertical of vertical shafts shafts - 25-30% of the total capital Time consumption (Tобщ) in the investment; construction of “Pervomayskaya” mine - lack of qualified staff due to the vertical shaft elimination of the most part of the sinking time specialized mine construction shaft equipment time organizations; sinking headgear dismounting time - lack of engineering base in this field in Russia. permanent headgear mounting time It is obvious that only a comprehensive completion time solution of these tasks will help to select

5 For the small-depth vertical shafts (up to for the construction of an extended part of 300 m) the relative proportion of time the shaft. spent on completion, equipment and First, the 3-4 m depth pit for shaft mouth reconstruction will be more. Therefore, a is excavated with an excavator on the high average operation rate of sinking the shaft construction site. Then the extended part of the shaft does not permanent reinforced-concrete support significantly affect the shaft construction for shaft mouth is erected. Also the time shortening. construction of headgear foundation The real evaluation criterion of the (sinking headgear “Sever-2” or permanent vertical shaft construction time is the headgear) with the following pit calendar rate determined taking into backfilling is performed. account the full scope of shaft Further, to place the technological construction works for the period from equipment into the shaft (sinking stage, the beginning of its completion up to the falsework, rock-loading and drilling horizontal drivage. machines) the 35-55 m depth - depending So, in Kuzbass, with the average on the type of equipment used and operation rate of the vertical shaft sinking accepted technological scheme – the more than 50 m / month, the average pre-sink is conducted. In Kuzbass calendar rate does not exceed 10 m / conditions, the pre-sink is usually month (this rate becomes lower when the constructed in the bedrock by drilling and shaft depth is being decreased). blasting method. Consequently, reducing the period of Blast-hole drilling is done manually by shaft preparation for sinking operations is drills (ПП-63, ПП-54); the blasted rock is the main reserve to reduce the overall loaded with the grab КС-3 into the 1m3 length of shaft construction in general. capacity bucket suspended on the crane. For the shaft construction it is necessary Concreting skip is 2.0 m. to make some preparations. They are the On the surface the rock is loaded into following basic steps: surface preparation dump trucks with its further and drilling the technological part of the transportation to a waste heap. shaft (including the mouth); surface As already mentioned, domestic mine completion for shaft sinking, including construction organizations use hand-held the mounting of the headgear; shaft drills for hole drilling during the pre-sink sinking; shaft equipment; shaft construction. This is due to the fact that reconstruction for the construction of the machine БУКС-1м (Fig. 2), which is horizontal and slope workings, including usually used in Russia as the only the dismounting of the headgear for the equipment for drilling during the period of sinking and permanent headgear construction of vertical shafts, is installation. applicable only after a complete pre-sink Shaft mouth and pre-sink construction is sinking. generally regarded as an isolated To bring the machine into operation it is construction object and equipped with the necessary to make its central string rest equipment other than the equipment used upon the shaft face and the loading

6 machine telpher, the assembly of which in either develop domestic engineering, or its turn is possible only after the find less expensive options abroad (see construction of the sinking stage. Such Fig. 3, 5). Comparable figures of to the dependence of the equipments on each problem solutions are shown in Table 1. other does not allow achieving high rates One of the possible ways of increasing of sinking in the construction of pre-sink the technical and economic performance that negatively impacts on the calendar of the preparatory period is maximum use rate of shallow 200-300 m depth shaft during the construction of permanent construction, as the length of the pre-sink buildings and utilities of the mine. at such shaft depths reaches 20-25%. However, the experience in the Currently, there is equipment for drilling construction of new mines shows that the for the vertical shaft sinking (Fig. 3) that use of permanent buildings and can be used both for vertical shaft sinking, equipment does not exceed 50% of the and for pre-sink sinking. design. As it can be seen from the The proposed machine SJZ (China) does diagram (see Fig. 1), the duration of not depend on other equipment (loader, vertical shaft completion is up to 60% of sinking stage) used shaft sinking. To be the total duration of the shaft construction brought into operation it rests upon the also because of the interruptions in the bed walls. One drilling machine replaces work associated with the performance 15-18 hand-held drills. assembly-disassembly of sinking The application of SJZ machine allows headgear and assembly of the permanent passing the pre-sink in a shorter time, and headgear. with the help of equipment that is used for Noteworthy, in our opinion, is the further sinking of the extended part of the proposal for the combination of various shaft. This reduces the transition from functions in one device during shaft pre-sink construction to the construction sinking and exploitation. process of the extended part of the shaft. Table 1. Comparable figures Thus the use of inefficient equipment is avoided and the time of transition from pre-sink construction to the construction of extended part of the shaft is reduced. In the Russian mine construction practice the domestic analogue was used - drilling machine СМБУ-4м (KuzNIIshakhtostroy), which unfortunately is not currently produced. The current situation has led to a Fig. 2 - БУКС-1м significant rise in the cost of equipment Quantity of drilling machines: 4. (see Fig. 2, 4), required for the Mass: 7 t. construction of vertical shafts, which Drive: pneumatic. negatively affected their already high cost. Used in technological scheme: combined Problem can be solved in two ways: Cost: 18,742 mln. roubles (Yasinovataya engineering plant)

7

Fig. 3. - SJZ (China) Quantity of drilling machines: 5-6. Mass: 5,3-7,8 t. Drive: hydraulic/pneumatic Used in technological scheme: combined/parallel Cost: 8,475 mln. roubles (TS&T CO. LTD China)

Fig. 5 - НZ (China) Fig. 4 - КС-2/40 Performance: 2,3 m3/min Performance: 2,3 m3/min Bucket capacity: 1 m3 Bucket capacity: 1 m3 Масса: 16 т. Масса: 6 т. Drive: pneumatic Drive: hydraulic/pneumatic Cost: 28,728 mln. roubles Cost: 5 mln. roubles (TS&T CO. LTD China) (Yasinovataya engineering plant)

Fig.6.Multifunctional Fig.7.Multifunctionaleadge Fig.8.Multifunctionalea adgear. Model for the ar. Model for the periodof dgear. Model for the periodof mouth drilling inking еру extended part of period of exploitation the shift

8 The department "Construction of It is added to under-wheel device when underground structures and mines" of sinking the extended part of the shaft. KuzGTU developed the steel Dimensions of under-wheel sinking multifunctional headgear [2], the platform allow converting it further for distinguishing feature of which is the shaft equipping in the short term. combination of fixed set of design Additional constructive block that elements in one ground device used provides exploitation operations consists throughout all the period of shaft of a carrier frame machine 7 (see Fig. 8). construction and operation and Frame machine 7 is set to go to the replaceable units for its operation at construction of horizontal workings after sinking period (Fig. 6, 7, 8). dismounting of unloading machine 6 and The idea is to develop individual the sinking under-wheel platform 5 is headgear design [3] on the basis of the converted into a damper platform 8, unified hardware set (box-shaped and necessary for permanent lifting. tubular structures of variable cross Since the proposed headgear combines section), consisting of three main the functions of sinking and operation, functional units: the main bearing block, such steps as the headgear dismounting a temporary constructive block, for the period of sinking and the additional constructive block. permanent headgear installation. At the The main bearing block providing the same time the transition periods including permanent lifting functions consists of the transition from the pre-sink under-wheel device comprising a cross construction to the construction of the brace 1 (see Fig. 6) of variable extended part of the shaft, the transition to box-shaped and tubular cross section, the equipment, as well as the transition to center column 2, which can be replaced the construction of horizontal workings, by a central tubular portal, are reduced to a minimum. Thereby the permanent under-wheel platforms 3 (one calendar rate of shaft construction is or two, depending on the lifting scheme), increased. and the annular brace 4. The proposed design is characterized by a It is mounted on the stage of shaft reduced range of metal castings for the completion for the pre-sink drilling headgear manufacture and has 25 - 35% immediately after the construction of the smaller metal content compared to shaft mouth and the backfill (if the traditional solutions for similar conditions, headgear foundation is ready) and is used as well as allows creating a more at all stages of the shaft construction and comfortable working environment for the operation. maintenance of headgear equipment at the Temporary constructive block (see Fig. expense of lift construction inside the 7), provides the sinking functions and central tubular column. consists of under-wheel sinking stage 5 The dimensions of the proposed headgear on the basis of the annular brace 4 and the allow putting into the shaft the sinking unloading machine 6. stage and the bottom-hole formwork which have been already mounted on the

9 surface, as well as to store and maintain [2] Patent № RU 2120013 С1. Steel the drill in it. multifunctional headgear for the construction, operation and deepening of 2. CONCLUSIONS vertical shafts / E.G. Kassikhina, V.V. The construction of the mouth of the shaft Pershin. and the pre-sink should not be regarded as [3] Pershin, V.V., Kassikhina, E.G. New the construction of the isolated objects. concept of multifunctional steel headgear The equipment for the pre-sink // Coal, 2001. - №2. – P. 11-14 construction should be linked to the [4] Kassikhina E.G. substantiation of maximum extent with technology of construction of its extended part. parameters and development of the method The practical experience of recent years for the multifunctional steel headgear has shown that the greatest efficiency of calculation / E.G. Kassikhina, V.V. Pershin, vertical shafts construction is achieved in N.F. Kosarev. – KuzSTU, 2012. - 29 p. the case when transition periods including the transition from the pre-sink construction to the construction of the extended part of the shaft, the transition to the equipment, as well as the transition to the construction of horizontal workings, are reduced to a minimum The proposed technical solution for the vertical shaft completion using the multifunctional headgear will develop the best way to complete the vertical shaft constructions, which allows to reduce the cost and duration of mining operations – in 1.3 times, the complexity - in 1,7 times, to shorten the duration of the preparatory and transition periods in 1.2 times as compared to conventional construction methods, as well as create a more comfortable and safe environment for the headgear maintenance. The design is protected by the Russian Federation patent. The methods of its calculation are also developed [4].

3. REFERENCES [1] Baronskiy, I.V. Construction and deepening of vertical shafts / I.V. Baronskiy, V.V. Pershin, L.V. Baranov. – М. : Science, 1995. – 328 p.

10 Economic and technological criteria of choosing the support for construction of mine workings Song Weijie1, Pershin V.V.2, Masaev Yu. A.2, Masaev V.Yu.3, Qiao Weiguo1 1. College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266510, China; 2.Department of underground structure and mine construction, Mining Institute of T.F. Gorbachev Kuzbass State Technical University, 650000, Kemerovo, Russia; 3.Department of enterprise economy and management, G.V. Plekhanov Russian Economic University, Kemerovo Institute, 650000, Kemerovo, Russia Abstract To make the reasoned choice of ways and The problems of rock outcrop means to prevent these phenomena it is self-sustainability maintenance in mine necessary to estimate the degree of construction are considered. The basic development of mechanical processes in requirements to the applied types of the specific geomechanical conditions. supports are formulated. The new design One of the major problems of rock solutions for some kinds of supports are mechanics is the prediction, evaluation proposed. and control of self-sustainability of rock outcrops during construction of mine Keywords: mine opening; support; workings. sustainability; rock outcrops; bolt; roof 2. Characteristic of the work collapse. Predicting the stability of unsupported 1. Introduction mine working at the deterministic Rockmass is the concentration of various formulation of the problem is reduced to mechanical processes that depend on a the verification of the condition: number of factors. A feature of such д  сж  ,0 processes affecting mining is the increase  д of stresses in the marginal rock mass after wherein – the main maximum stress, its mining. The certain values of those acting at the unsupported contour of the stresses being achieved, the marginal rock working;  сж – uniaxial compressive mass begins to failure losing its bearing rock resistance. capacity. Loss of bearing capacity may The various variants of this condition are occur both as a result of the carrier plastic associated either with the specification of flow, and as a result of brittle rock values и , for which whole fracture. system of rates reflecting various factors Mechanical processes that occur in the is used, or with different ways of marginal rock mass often lead to comparing the stresses and strength unintended consequences in the form of properties of rocks. When the specified rock collapse into the working and some condition is fulfilled the outcrop is geodynamic phenomena. Such processes classified as self-sustainable. A failure of have repeatedly occurred in coal mines.

15 this condition is due to the limit On the basis of carried out laboratory and equilibrium area formation in the working field studies the classification of roof vicinity and the rock outcrop is rocks in the workings located outside the considered as unsustainable. On the basis area influenced by mining operations was of this condition, various authors have developed. developed a series of numerical criteria The classification is based upon the which allow classifying the rock outcrops values of the outcrop area and the according to the self-sustainability duration of its self-sustainable state, degree. because these parameters have the The self-sustainability of outcrops is greatest influence on the choice of the strongly influenced, under otherwise support type and the justification of equal conditions, by the properties of the timbering plan. According to these host rocks and their water content. criteria the roof rocks of constructed mine Studies conducted in the 700 m length workings were divided into seven groups: airway of "Raspadskaya" mine (Kuzbass) I - very self-sustainable; II - with 13.3 m2 cross-sectional area, in the self-sustainable; III - above average adjacent areas of dry and water-flooded self-sustainability; IV - average rocks showed the following. self-sustainability; V - below average The water intrusion into the seam roof self-sustainability; VI - self-unsustainable; rocks leads to a sharp decrease of the VII - very self-unsustainable. outcrop self-sustainability, intense The developed classification allows: 1) to stratification and rock fall. Flooded and solve problems of the possibility and wet roof rocks usually lose necessity of mining operations without or self-sustainability in 1-3 hours after their with timbering; 2) to find out the outcropping on the area of 2.5-3.0 m2, detachment of permanent support from while the dry rocks, under otherwise the coal face, which is extremely equal conditions, maintain important when mining under high-speed self-sustainability within 24-30 hours or schedules; 3) to solve the problem of the more. necessity of protective support application Rock falls occurred unevenly along the in the face space of workings; 4) to exposed surface, they were most often pre-choose the type of permanent support observed in the middle part of the roof in the workings. and near the sides of the working. The The existing methods used to ensure the depth of the rock falls since the moment mining working sustainability can be of their outcropping up to time of the divided into three groups depending on support setting ranged from 0.1 to 0.4 m, the nature of their influence on the the area of rock falls - from 0.2 to 0.4 m2. mechanical condition of rock mass: active In the course of mining operation the (protection); passive (support) and number of rock falls increase, which leads combined (maintenance). The main way to the destruction of supports and the to ensure the self-sustainability of mining sufficient size doming, the elimination of workings is the support. which leads to significant economic costs. In this regard, a special attention is paid

16 to the correct choice of support for that of the smooth contour (as in the case different geological conditions. The of cutting method). However, the rocks support of mine working should be destroyed by explosion, although less integrated with the surrounding rock mass stable and exposed to larger and have adequate ductility and bearing displacements then the solid rocks in the capacity. However, all these conditions course of rock mass deformation (due to are not always met. The analysis shows loosening effect), are discharged from the the common use of such support kinds stresses and form together with the which have become traditional for certain supports the system of forces reacting mines and they are often applied, because upon the rock displacement. In this case, the employees of these mines already the contour deformation caused by the accustomed to them. But they are not shattering, occur before support setting. always cost efficient and do not always Therefore, from this point of view, correspond geological conditions. At the drilling and blasting method of working is same time, workings conducted through more favorable than the cutting one. self-sustainable rocks are sometimes It is known that stable rocks when the supported by unreasonably expensive stresses do not exceed lasting properties linings. of rocks and the deformation is of elastic One effective means of radical solutions kind, the contour is stable and the support to the problem of rational support and and the bearing structure are not needed. maintenance of mine workings is a In those cases when there is the inelastic combination of load bearing supports and deformation area around the working, it is supports which allow using, in varying necessary to set the compressible support degrees, the bearing capacity of the rock to provide the rock with the possibility of mass by creating a uniform system of some deformation, otherwise the support "support - rock mass." Using the rock can be destroyed. mass as a load-bearing structure, it is When considering the system "support - possible to reduce the material intensity rock mass" in various geological and the cost of supports, without losing conditions, we outlined two main support the self-sustainability of the working. modes: the mode of given load and the From an economic point of view it is mode of interdependent deformation (the necessary to be guided on the use of support and the rock mass act together, lightweight types of supports, but the the load on the support is determined by final choice should obviously be based on its deformation with deformed rock its reliability. masses). The main support parameters are A very important factor is the quality of its compressibility and load-bearing marking the working contour during its capacity. These modes can be mixed and construction. If the contour of the combined. For example, first the support working is uneven (as in the case of can only support the exfoliated rocks of drilling and blasting method of mining), the roof and operate in the mode of given the stress concentration around the load, and then due to the rise of working will be completely different from deformation of the overlying layers can

17 be switched to the mode of behind the contour of the working. This is interdependent deformation. the second function that the roof bolting Years of experience in studying the must have. Such a function, to some mechanism of interaction of the system extent, should be performed by "support - rock mass" have given the pre-stressed rope bolts rope. But the opportunity to form the basic significant drawback in such requirements for mine support, which are constructions is the complexity of the the following: multi-layer metal rope tensioning when - To ensure the shape keeping and the installing bolts. We have developed a cross section dimensions of the working fundamentally new bolting type – throughout its operation time; expanding hold-down [1], which consists - Not to require an increase in the of a metal rod 1 (Fig. 1), 2 metal wedge working cross section in the course of its inserted into the slot on the upper end of construction and operation; the metal rod, two ribbed half-couplings 3, - To have a low resistance to the 4 connected by mounting ring (fixing movement of the air flow when airing; device may have any other structure). The - To have a minimum cost of its spring 5, the design parameters of which construction and maintenance. are taken depending on the length of the Taking into consideration the facts given bolt and the structural state of the rock above, we have developed some support mass, is fixed on metal rod 1. options for the construction of mine The cylindrical sleeve 6 is fixed to the workings in various conditions. lower end of the spring. The cylindrical Currently the roof bolting of various sleeve 6 has the thread on the outer modifications is widely used. The surface on which there is the support plate disadvantage of the known roof bolting 7 in contact with the rock mass 8 and structures is that they perform only one tensioning nut 9. function - the role of the supporting structure that supports a specific rock mass of the marginal space of mine workings. However, while mining we meet various conditions of rock occurrence - bedding, fracture, multiple degree of disturbance. If the production is carried out using drilling and blasting operations, the 1.0-1.5 m depth rock-fracture zone is created within the marginal rock mass due to the explosion energy, and it significantly reduces the self-sustainability of rock outcrops. Fig. 1. Expanding hold-down bolt In such cases it is necessary to create At the lower end of the metal rod the conditions for the stabilization of the restrictive nut 10 is set by a threaded geological structure of the rock mass connection. The restrictive nut fixes the

18 stretching length of the spring 5 and rock outcrops throughout the operation limits the move of the cylindrical sleeve 6. time of mine workings. The magnitude of the limiting distance L In the construction of mine workings in is calculated when developing the plan of inmonolithic rocks undisturbed by rock outcrop supporting, taking into fractures hydroexplosive tubular anchor is account the structural condition of the recommended (Fig. 2) [2]. It is made in rock mass and the magnitude of the the form of a metal pipe on the outer required "contraction" of it depending on surface of which the jagged juts are the degree of fracturing and disturbance. situated. The anchor is inserted into the hole and The ends of the tube are closed with fixed with a metal wedge 2 and ribbed sealing plugs, and the interior of the tube half-couplings 2 and 3 at the bottom of is filled with water, detonating cord with the hole. For a more durable fixing of the EB passing through it. head part of the bolt the polyester resins Preliminary anchor fixing in the hole until ampoules were used. After fixing the bolt the moment of detonating cord initiation in the hole, the tensioning nut 9 is is made by means of special flare nut [3]. screwed onto a cylindrical sleeve 6, After placing hydro explosive tubular which is shifted along a metal rod 1 to the anchors in the holes the electric lower position as far as the restrictive nut detonators are ignited. 10, stretching the spring, while pressing Upon the detonation of the detonating the support plate against the supported cord in the water, a hydraulic shock rock mass. occurs and the compressive stresses act on the metal pipe walls throughout its length. Due to this, the wall of a metal pipe expand and press against the rock, but the jagged juts incorporate into the hole walls, providing effective and reliable fixation of the anchor in the hole. In combination with constant roof bolting of any design, we have developed a temporary enclosed support (Fig. 3 and 4) [4, 5, 6]. The aim of temporary enclosed support - protection from rock piece falls after the explosion of the set of blast-hole charges in the course of shattered rock loading Fig. 2. Hydroexplosive tubular anchor and face area treatment until the During the operation, a stretched spring temporary and permanent support setting. tending to compress compresses broken This support consists of a sliding rock layers, reducing cracks and cantilever beams manufactured from preventing their further development, special profile SVP with protective which greatly increases the stability of overlap in the form of a metal grate, fixed

19 their displacement and inversion during the operation, which increases the safety of the miners. Conclusion The application of the designed lightweight kinds of supports allows reducing the material consumption and the cost of mine workings ensuring the required bearing capacity of the system Fig. 3. Sliding temporary enclosed support “support – rock mass” and safety of miners. References [1] Patent № 138709, Russia, МПК Е21D 21/00. Expanding hold-down bolt / Yu.A. Masaev, V.Yu. Masaev, S.A. Sokolov. Published 20.03.2014. [2] Patent № 122697, Russia, МПК Е21D 21/00. Hydroexplosive tubular anchor / Yu.A. Masaev, V.V. Pershin, V.Yu. Masaev, E.V.Kurekhin. Published 10.12.2012. [3] Patent № 128243, Russia, МПК Е21D 20/00. Device for preliminary hydroexplosive tubular anchor fixing in the borehole / Yu.A. Masaev, V.Yu. Fig. 4. Support element for sliding support Masaev. Published 20.05.2013. On the end parts of roof bolting with [4] Patent № 76073, Russia, МПК Е21D special support elements is made of bent 19/04. Temporary enclosed support when parts in the form of a trapezoid, and constructing permanent roof bolting / S.N. repeats the shape of cantilever beams Bakanyaev, E.V. Parshikova, Yu.A. manufactured from special profile SVP. Masaev, M.D. Voitov. Published The bent parts are connected by 10.09.2008. horizontal upper and lower platforms. The [5] Patent № 102679, Russia, МПК Е21D upper platform has a nut screwed onto the 19/00. Temporary enclosed support / V.V. cap wires of the bolting. The support Pershin, Yu.A. Masaev, M.D. Voitov, elements are screwed and easily V.Yu. Masaev, E.V. Parshikova. transferred to the following series of Published 10.03.2011. newly installed bolts. [6] Patent № 107282, Russia, МПК Е21D The sliding temporary enclosed support is 19/00. Support element for sliding easily erected on the roof bolting and support / Yu.A. Masaev, V.Yu. Masaev, moves without any mechanisms, and the E.V. Parshikova. Published 10.08.2011. form of support elements, repeating the form of SVP cantilever beams prevent

20 Constructions Parameters Updating of Protecting Apron Under Deepening of Vertical Shafts Pershin Vladimir V.1, Kopyitov Aleksandr I.1, Voitov Mikhail D.1, Wetti Akhmed A.1, Zhuk Ivan V.2 1.Department of Underground Construction and Mining T.F. Gorbachov Kkuzbass State Technical University, 650000 Kemerovo, Russia 2.Llc “Sibgorkompleks – Engineering” 654066 Novokuznetsk, Russia

Abstract: New construction wedge safe- the deepening was conducted from ad- ty shelves are offered. The principle of vanced borehole. work engineering construction, its advan- tage and economic expedience of intro- duction in production are described. Keywords: shaft, depending, safety shelves. The Gornaya-Shoriya branch of Joint Stock Company “Evrazruda” is located in Tashtagol area of the Kemerovo region in the village Sheregesh, the company de- velops by means of underground method the Sheregesh iron ore deposit and per- forms the initial concentration of ores. Mining was started in 1953. The deposit was excavated by six vertical shafts of various purposes. “Skipovoy”, Fig. 1: “Skipovoy” shaft section “Novo-Kletevoy” shafts are located on According to mine safety decisions under the Western flange; “Glavnyiy”, “Vos- simultaneous shaft deepening and perma- tochnyiy”, “Lesoperepusknoy” shafts are nent stationary hoist, the face of deepen- located on the East flange; and in the cen- ing shaft area should be isolated from the ter there is “Vozduhovyidayuschiy” shaft. stationary hoist by means of protective To develop field reserves and increase the device, which must meets the following productive capacity of the mine, the insti- requirements: tute “Sibgiproruda” realized the project of – high protection reliability of dee- reconstruction of the mining enterprise. pening areas of vertical shafts from all The important step of this project is skip kinds of accidents, associated with the shaft deepening (Fig. 1). fall of heavy bodies in the shaft during “Skipovoy” shaft is put down to the level the lifetime of the deepening works; of +115 m, inside diameter is 6,5 m. It is – minimum construction period and designed to ore and rock mass hoisting the subsequent development of the sollars, from the mine. It is equipped with two as they affect directly the duration of skips, carrying capacity of which is 50 shaft deepening and construction of new tons and two skips with carrying capacity levels. of 15 tons. Since the shaft is productive, In connection with the developing of ex-

21 isting levels of “Sheregeshskaya” mine Inclined baffle surface 1 of apron bottom for development and preparation of un- is included in the baffle stable hole 9, and derlying levels, “Skipovoy” shaft must be a series of support beams 10 forms a ver- deepened from +115m. to – 85m. Full tical wall, holding the elements of bottom stop of the enterprise for the time of dri- of the device from the displacement to the vage, erection and shaft equipment could shaft center. The baffle wall 11 connects result in the loss of production capacity of the two parts of the apron, thereby block- the mine ore extraction and mass job cuts. ing the section completely [1]. In this regard, after scientific literature The upper part of the structure is de- analysis, analysis of existing methods of signed for high impact load and is built shafts deepening and types of safety de- up under the section of ore skips and vices analysis, the staff of CUF and M lower part is built up under the section of department of T. F. Gorbachev KuzSTU a smaller in size rock skips. together with specialists from the design A wedge protecting apron works in the organization LLC “Sibgorkompleks – following way. Inevitable spile, and engineering” developed and implemented sometimes the whole mass of the ore skip a new design of protective device (Fig. 2). falls on a metal sheet of inclined surface The apron is represented by two parts, 2, it rolls down the inclined surface 1 and shifted in elevation, each of which has an enters the stable hole 9. Spile from the inclined baffle wall 1, 2, dampening ele- rock skips falls on inclined surface 1of ment 3, 4, the buffer distributive - weight- the apron bottom and also is accumulated ing concrete plate 5, 6, horizontal support in the baffle stable hole 9. beams 7, 8. Because of the fact that the impact load from the direction change is ten times less than the complete extinction of the kinet- ic energy of falling bodies, it is transmit- ted through the damping element on buf- fer distributive-weighting concrete plate, and then it is transmitted partially to the support beams, to the barrel walls in the upper part of the protective apron and to the vertical wall from the support beams 10. In order to reduce material and labor costs, shortening installation and disman- tling period the same group of authors developed a design of a bottom of the wedge protective apron, being built under the rock skips section (Fig. 3), which includes an upper inclined surface 1 from 1, 2 - inclined baffle wall; 3, 4 - dampening the metal sheet, buffer distributive - element; 5, 6 - distributive - weighting con- weighting concrete plate 2, 3 dampening crete plate; 7, 8 - horizontal supporting beams; chock and also is laid on the bearing 9 - baffle stable hole; 10 – vertical wall of beam 4, stable hole 5 and vertical divide supporting beams; 11 - divide wall. wall 6 at the shaft axis [2]. Fig. 2 : Wedge-type protecting apron (The The difference is that a buffer plate 2, a Russian Federation Patent №120706) dampening chock 3 and supporting beams

22 4 are arranged in the surface, parallel to the protective device (Fig. 4). It also is the upper inclined surface 1. consisted of two parts, shifted in eleva- This wedge protecting apron works in the tion, but turned around each other by following way. Rock spile from a vehicle 180, the parts have the same inclined falls on upper inclined surface 1 and rolls baffle surface 1 and 2, the dampening down in to a stable hole 5, and is re- element 3 and 4, buffer distributive - moved from it. weighting concrete plate 5, 6 disposed on The application of the proposed design of the horizontal support beams 7, 8 [3]. the protecting apron according to the Inclined baffle surface 1, 2 are included Gornaya-Shoriya branch of Joint Stock in the stable hole 9, 10, and the series of Company “Evrazruda” experts allowed supporting beams 11, 12 forms a vertical achieving the following technical and walls, retaining the elements of the apron economic indicators: from the shift to the center of the shaft. - the complexity of installation and The divide wall 13 is formed over the top removal of the protecting apron is re- of the apron and the divide wall 14 con- duced; nects two parts of the apron. - working time on the construction Similarly, upper part of the structure is of the apron is reduced to 23 days in designed for high impact load and is built comparison with the planned period; up under the section of ore skips and a - by reducing material consumption lower part is built up under the section of the economic efficiency in the amount of smaller in size rock skips. 400 thousand rubles is achieved; - the uninterrupted duty of hoist and thereby the real profit of the company is increased of 68 million rubles; - the stable work of the enterprise is provided until 2050.

1- upper flaring wall; 2 - buffer distributive - weighting concrete plate; 3 - dampening ele- 1, 2 - inclined baffle surface; 3, 4 - dampening ment; 4 - supporting beams; 5 - stable hole; 6 - element; 5, 6 - distributive - weighting con- divide wall crete plate; 7, 8 - horizontal supporting beams; 9, 10 - stable hole; 11, 12 - vertical walls con- Fig. 3: Wedge protecting apron (The Russian sist from supporting beams; 13, 14 - divide Federation Patent №133198) wall The experience of operation of protecting Fig. 4: Wedge protecting apron (The Russian aprons in the reconstruction process of Federation Patent №139338) the Gornaya-Shoriya branch of Joint The operation principle of the apron has Stock Company “Evrazruda” will im- not changed, namely, the inevitable spile prove the previously proposed design of

23 also falls on the appropriate inclined sur- References: face 1 or 2 and rolls into additional stable [1] Utility model patent № 120706 hole 10 or stable hole 9, it is removed «Wedge protecting apron under deepen- from them without mixing. The divide ing of vertical shafts» Authors: Kopyitov walls 13, 14 prevent the rock spile enter A.I., Zhuk I.V., Voitov M.D., Morozov S. the deepening part of the shaft. S. Applied for 26.04.12 Published The location of the upper part of the 29.07.2012. Bulletin №27 apron is determined by the removal con- [2] Utility model patent № 133198 ditions of the ore spile on the level of «Wedge protecting apron» Authors: Zhuk rock loading. I.V., Kopyitov A.I., Pershin V.V., Voitov In the operation of protecting apron an M.D., Wetti A. A. Applied for 06.05.13 important fact of rock mass splash in sta- Published 10.10.13. Bulletin №28 ble hole, the amount of which reaches up [3] Utility model patent № 139338 to 40 m3 per day, became obvious. The «Wedge protecting apron» Authors: Ko- proposed design of the protecting apron pyitov A.I., Voitov M.D., Wetti A. A. allows dividing ore and rock spile; this Applied for 28.11.2013 Published will reduce the ore losses and will in- 14.03.2014. Bulletin №10 crease profitability of engineering struc- tures.

24

Coal Deposits’ Mining with High Content of Natural Radionuclide AVDEEV Pavel B,SIDOROVA Galina P (Mining Faculty, Zabaikalian State University,672039 Chita, Russia)

Abstract: The article considers the 2.Characteristic of the work methods of working off of coals with high Detailed studies Urtuysky brown coal content of natural radionuclide (NRN) deposit allowed establishing that heavy that allow for the coals’ completeness of and radioactive metals carried to certain energy grades of coal and having a real the getting and environmentally reducing coupling with carbonaceous rocks and their safety on the example Urtuysky geological structures involved in the brown coal’ deposit opencast mining formation of coal deposits. located in Trans-Baikal region. In this regard there are was an Keywords: Coal, radioactivity, opportunity to allocate energy coals at the completeness, method of getting, charge, stage of geological exploration, classifying. characterized by certain concentrations of 1.Introduction radioactive elements. It allows to The most vulnerable point in the coal separate the coal reserves on household power is the adverse environmental (burning in furnaces), energy (burning at impact of the coal fuel cycle. In the recent Heat-electric generation, hydroelectric years attention is attracted the radiation station), complex (high content pollution generated by coal industry and concentrations of radioactive elements coal heat-electric generations. and not subject to a use as energy, the The one of the most important problem of possible use - gasification). the coal power there are the radiation Development of technology schemes of hazard of coal mining and coal heat- radiation quality coal’ control at the electric generations connected with stages of the forecast availability of natural radionuclide containing in coal. radionuclide in the formation of parties to Sometimes the modern world prepare for burning coal to the power underestimates this problem but this station , will significantly reduce the problem demands limit attention. negative impact of radionuclide in coal on Coals with a high content of radionuclide the environment and provide the greatest are very often. According to ecologists fullness of extracting it from the depths. the fuel power by coal is among the most The uranium contamination of coal mass significant pollution sources of at several deposits predetermines the need environment by radionuclide but it wasn’t to consider the permissible conditions for taken serious steps to limit outburst of coal burning power plants and calculate NRN with coal burning products. The the volumes of waste (disposal) of the serious problem is the storage of ash and complex coal. slag near heat-electric generations. They The main standard parameter that occupy large areas that are not used for a determines the possibility of burning coal long time and they are centers of heavy mass is the value of the maximum metal accumulation and high radioactivity. permissible emission of uranium, which for Krasnokamensk Heat-Electric

150 Generation approved in the amount of 3.1 wells tested for uranium and used to tons / year. calculate the average uranium content. This required the determination of The criterion is the average grade of uranium reserves in the loop section and uranium content on coal horizons within the total number of coal mass with high the interval (bench height of 12 m) which content of uranium, by which can be subsequently served as the basis for adjusted by the amount of uranium in the drawing level quality maps for radiation coal with an annual averaging mode. parameters. Distribution of operational reserves of Number of stocks rock mass distribution coal mass it is executed on the basis of on the ledges (level) is shown in Fig. 1. statistical processing of coal intervals

Fig . 1: Diagram of distribution of reserves of rock mass on grades of Urtuysky deposit Radiation quality control system for coal NRN that as isohypses reflect the content technological stages includes two main of uranium, radium and thorium. areas: Combined plan of natural radionuclide - Quality control of coal in the planning (NRN) is based on a uniform grid equal stage through sectional level quality to the distance between the lines of maps ; exploration. The isoline calculated the - Operational control of radiation quality average content of uranium, radium and of coal by the mining, preparation parties thorium, the average content of these products and solving the problem of its elements is estimated approximately in radiation safety. each sector grid. The basis level quality maps on the Border calculating blocks rebuilt by methods of calculating the reserves of geological sections for which the coal mass and the content of radioactive reservoir area and skyline exploration components of the coal interval wells longitudinal and transverse lines on the within the horizons. Analysis of materials network 125h 50 m are divided into exploration and research allows to predict sectors. This system allows dialing the the quality of saleable coal in seams, number of the optimal design data and blocks, on the horizons and mining sites . simultaneously the area of ​ ​ the sector Level maps of coal quality - this is the is with a height equal to the capacity of graphics (plans) horizons mining, coal the horizon (shoulder) - 12 m. reserves delineated and counted according For each sector the volume of coal is to detailed and more additional calculated and averaged qualitative investigation. Basis for the construction indicators, combined with the plan of maps is combined distribution plan horizon, locking and network exploration

151 lines (sectors) in the scale of 1:5000 and Calculations are made in averaging mode an attached table of coal quality by sector. quality, method of solving the problem of linear mixture, which is used in mining.

Fig.2: Combined plan NRN content in the coal stratum of by M

Fig.3: Scheme of the region comprehensive of coal

152 The coal’ quality parameters calculated generate batch of finished products on the maps for planning of mining required quality. operations , conducted choice of Most unfavorable to the degree of optimal directions of work , placement contamination within the coals are of mining equipment , forecast detail - explored areas planned to indicators of quality in the long term . practice using the "election recess» (Fig. For development of reserves based on 3). In this situation, «selectively» selective and selective extraction of chosen land, providing a "negative coal grade chosen car variant of impact» on the radiation quality coal, opening , which makes it possible to which will continue to be practiced manage the traffic flow of coal and selective and gross ways.

Fig.4: Scheme of mining coal with regard of its radiation property Selective recess using the same system The difference is in the separation of development that the common recess. different grades of coal freigh traffic ,

153 changing the sequence of individual development determined by the total cost mining areas due to the formation of M per unit of reserves and given grade coals for need to stabilize the quality of each by radiation parameters. variety. When this option is selected The general scheme of mining coal sequential mining grade sorting coal in radiation parameters using sectional level the experimental section of coal quality quality maps as Fig.4: control (ESCQC) and the preparation of When producing Grade complex - coal the charge on the coal storage piles . unsuitable for thermal purposes (uranium Such an option of different grades of coal content , % - ≥ 0,01; total specific mining in the development of acceptable activity , pCi / g - ≤ 46,85; estimated fields of any capacity with different specific gamma activity , mR / h - ≥ 74 ) angles of incidence , provided are stored in special dumps for their long consistency of distribution of selected storage. varieties of coal along strike and dip. When designing complex coal dumps Mixing varieties produced not working must take into account the following face and in a coal face eliminating the factors: land relief, water cutting of a site, isolated loading coal types in the same amount of precipitation, the formation of slaughter and significantly reduce the storm and flood waters , the distance time of loading. transport of radioactive coal . Gross coal excavation method on the When forming the blade to its full scope lower horizons will improve the consecutive isolation is provided of each performance of loading equipment and of its parts, by covering the surface of the reduce the cost of mining compared to blade by synthetic polymer frother that selective extraction by 15-30%. prevent moisture from entering the blade Expediency selective extraction or gross and dusting the blade (Fig. 5) .

Fig.5: Dump of complex coal (cut)

A detailed study of blocks allocated to the energy grade and reducing losses. the disposal of land identified for the Application of the method of coal election recess upper part of the deposits, production planning using level mapping which allowed transferring part of coal in also allowed reducing losses during

154 extraction of coal with a high content of radioactive elements.The total planned loss of coal deposit at 2.6 %, the actual (01.01.10 g) - 2.0 %, which characterizes the efficiency of the adopted system of field development. 3. Conclusion Results of research on Urtuysky brown coal deposit in Transbaikalian are the solution of an actual scientific - technical problems to develop an efficient brown coal technologies and their quality control taking into account the best use of the mineral , by reducing losses and reduce the negative environmental impact of radionuclide contained in these coals.

4.References [1] Sidorova G.P. Problems of using the coal with high radioactivity / G.P. Sidorova / / Mining Journal number 2 . - 2009 . - P.67 -69 [2] Sidorova G.P. Coals’ output with a high content of natural radionuclide / G.P.Sidorova / / Industry of Kazakhstan № 1 -2012 . - S. 60-61 [3] Sidorova G..P Natural radionuclide in coal and ash in coal-fired power / D.A.Krylov , G.P.Sidorova , V.A.Ovseychuk / / Coal number 9 -2012 . - S. . 96-97 [4] Ovseychuk V.A., Sidorov G.P. The Uranium’s contents to brown coal of Transbaikalian / V.A.Ovseychuk , GP Sidorova / / Monograph . - Chita: Out- of ZabGU . - 2013 . - 192 .

155 Taishan Academic Forum – Project on Mine Disaster Prevention and Control Advanced Technology Based on New Technological and Organizational Prin- ciples of Spatial Development of Front of Mining Operations at Open Pits SELUKOV Аlexei V. Sub-Faculty of Open Pit Mining, T.F. Gorbachov Kuzbass State Technical University, 650000 Kemerovo, Russia

Abstract: With the development of coal ore extracted coal. deposits Siberia, the open way and In general technical policy of justified ways of progressive technologies manufacturers of coal has a sustainable are researched based on the new direction for the increase in internal dumping in the development and inclined technological and organizational steep deposits. These technologies are principles of spatial development of the aimed at the elimination of the above front mining operations at open pits. shortcomings of such systems Keywords: methodical positions, development. structural schemes of mining, quarry field. Such schemes working off career fields 1.Introduction are possible with cross-technologies, Based on a special method of mining and which include technology with the geometric analysis of career fields the creation of the career of the first stage by parameters of the stages of the queues of P. I. Tomakov, submersible technology, mining and technological design of the layering technology and block technology development systems are determined and [1,2]. the technology of working off of deposits When you cross development systems to queues at the direction of front of mining distinguish two stages of development of operations are created. At the first mining works: stage,the stage of testing is performed 1) formation of initial career with feats not in front of mining operations accommodation stripping on external stretch across layers to a certain dumps; intermediate depth development with 2) development of the main part of predominantly foreign dumping of the career field’s direction stripping overburden rocks, and at the second on internal dumps. stage-the stage of working off along When developing sweet steep and sloping strike layers until end depth development seams mined-out space, it was considered with a predominantly internal dumping. unavailable for the placement of 2.Characteristic of the work overburden rocks in primary and main Major drawbacks of the longitudinal periods of operation, which can be used system with the development of coal have effectively by changing development been discovered and deposits inclined procedure career fields and targeted steep fall are putting all overburden to action on the management of mountain external dumps. These factors in turn development works on the quarry and in. cause high stripping ratio and significant Guidelines when creating development land capacity of coal production, loss and

© 2014. The authors - Published by Atlantis Press 156 systems with internal dumping mode of traditional and new areas of coaloutput the current section are: are considered. 1. Available to the developed space - The essence of transversal the current position of mining operations technologies for current mode cut with with the longitudinal development the creation of the career of the first stage systems; consists in the following. On the one 2. Flexible to combined connection hand deposits from the current build of two major systems development, quarry limited size up to the project depth representing decisive for the open method of the so - called quarry of the first stage. of development of coal: a longitudinal The main purpose of this career - creating front along reservoirs, as well as cross an initial capacity to accommodate with front transverse to the extension of overburden when developing remainder layers; of deposits (fig. 1). 3. The development of a working Moreover, the quarry of the first stage of zone with the selection of intermediate constructing with the formation in circuits in three-hierarchical levels: I – operative boards in parts of the pit, and block; II – layer; III - area (divide by from the opposite side a working board level happens to their share participate in career. Moving rocks provide vehicles for the admissions capacity inside dump); mines and minerals (coal) are transported 4.Change or no direction of front of to the surface in places of warehousing mining operations in the dynamics of and processing. Since the construction of development career: transverse to the the career of the first stage is quite a long extension or strike; time, to minimize the amount of increasing the concentration of mining overburden rocks, transported to external operations and purposeful formation of dumps, the parameters of this career the developed space with intermediate should also be the least, except depth. and final contours for the transition from The main advantages of the technology external to partial or full internal considered in comparison with traditional dumping; usage of optimization of longitudinal are: smaller land capacity of productions as for technology in general coal output due to host some of and for individual subsystems career. overburden rocks in the developed space; 5. At the present stage of research reducing the length of the transportation on extending the scope of application of of overburden rocks; new technologies in different mining and The disadvantages analyzed technology geological conditions of the Kuznetsk should include the limitations of the front coal basin, the sum of natural and of mining operations and hard technological factors for deposits in interdependence down hole and moldboard areas of the pit.

Fig. 1: Cross-technology with the creation of the career of the first stage

157 Earlier cross-technology with opencast dumping and causes the violation of large first stage though and further increases areas of the earth surface external dumps. the effectiveness of the open method of In addition, I have problems with the coal mining, in comparison with the reconstruction career when you change traditional, but it has some significant the boundary of career paths. drawbacks. The most significant of these In the Kuznetsk branch of the research is the need of focusing quarry institute of the open pit mining and the construction of the first stage up to the Kuzbass Polytechnic Institute was boundary of depth, which lengthens the designed submersible technology, period of transition to the internal existence of which is as follows (fig. 2).

Fig.2: Submersible technology In one side of coal deposits build on the accommodation of overburden to internal current depth of the trench transverse to dump. The use of this technology allows the extension of deposits at a depth equal reducing the volume of overburden that is to the height of the ledge. Rock hosted on external dumps, and, as overburdens are taken to the foreign consequence, to reduce land capacity of deposits of the blade. Subsequent testing the coal. In addition construction time career produce when stripping the upper career and terms of transition to the (first) of the ledge on the value, technology with internal dumping are determined on the basis of the reduced. When developing the lower possibilities for accommodation of horizon may apply non transport overburden of diving into the underlying technology. A significant disadvantage of aquifer. Dive mining is up to the project this technology is the conservation of a depth of the quarry. The working area part of reserves when submerged becomes permanent, and all rock mountain works. Possible field of overburden moved into the internal dump. application longitudinal technology is to The immersion angle varies 16-18º that develop a suite of coal seams inclined and determines the stability of the internal steep fall of the great length of the strike. dump and time to reach the boundary of Block technology is a further the depth of the quarry, which begins development of transversal technologies working off of deposits with full with opencast first phase (fig. 3).

4' 1 3' 2 2' 3 1' 4 Fig. 3: Block technology

158 The distinctive feature of this technology rocks in the developed space perform is a division of the field along strike on horizontal layers, starting from the bot- blocks, including quarry of the first phase tom of waste layer, or inclined layers and blocks, working on internal dump. under the angle of repose, as failover. The The mining operations begin by building advantages of the technology are provid- a career first and its parameters are estab- ing an enabling environment retrieves all lished proceeding from the possibilities the seams mining;, placement of overbur- for accommodation in the new mines all den rocks in the developed space, high overburden the neighboring block. The mobility of mining equipment within a block parameters determined on the basis layer. The disadvantages include the in- of the following provisions. It is assumed stability of the current stripping ratio dur- that one unit is fulfilled in one year. This ing the year and a large volume of over- ensures the production capacity of the burden removed to external dumps. Poss- quarry. Power horizontal layer in a block ible field of application technologies - is set under the terms of minimum losses development submitted suites coal seams and dilution during the mining of coal of the complex structure and occurrence seams mining. The layers in the block with established borders career. work out consistently in descending order, The essence layer technology is the de- starting from the top of the horizon. The velopment of the deposit horizontal-go- seams mining work excavators type direct vernmental layers of differently move- and inverse shovel from the hanging sides, ment front of works and putting all of that allows reducing the losses of coal overburden in the developed space (fig 4). and ore its breed. Lying of overburden

Fig.4: Layer technology The deposit development starts with the bottom are equal to horizontal power facilities in one side of career fields the mined deposits. After the construction of transverse career digging to a depth of the cross-career excavation begin to de- working layer, defined in velop the remaining part of the horizontal criterion transportation work when com- layer. Development layer produce one paring non transport and transport tech- high ledge with a breakdown of its height nology of working off of layers. Over- in layers. The refinement of the layer is in burden rocks are placed on the surface of descending order, starting from the top. career fields. Possible power working After mastering the first layer are prepar- layer reaches 100 meters. Width genera- ing for the development of the underlying tion is established on the basis of the pos- layer. To do this in the first layer of the sibilities for accommodation of overbur- rock with the help of vehicles moving on den when mining layer in the developed the surface of the internal dump him. This space. The lengths of the working along creates space for the construction of cross

159 career development for preparation for technologies when developing layer, the development of underlying aquifer. which reduces the cost of coal production While under construction production lead the placement of overburden in the de- to removal of overburden also on the sur- veloped space results a reduction in the face of the internal dump him. After the length of transportation and, consequently, construction of the preparatory mountain reduces transport costs. Negative aspects developments on the second horizon pro- are the need for repeated handling over- duce the refinement of the second horizon burden internal dump, which leads to an layer with the placement of overburden increase of the stripping ratio. Possible rocks in developed-dimensional space of field of application layer technologies are the same horizon. Rock overburden in- coal deposits of the great length of the ternal dump first horizons move into the strike. internal dump of the same horizons on the 3.Conclusion inner surface of the blade of the underly- According to the analysis of geological ing layer. Thus, the direction of the front conditions, in fact, which is applied by of works is changed to the opposite direc- technologies open coal mining, the tion, i.e. development of the lower layer possible technological solutions and is in the opposite direction. After the requirements for perspective technologies work of the second layer is carried out, if formulated the main principles and necessary, dive on the third horizon with methods of formation of structural observance of all technological opera- schemes of the order of testing career tions specified when diving on the second fields horizon. In such sequence mining the 4.References horizon is achieved by equality and [1] Tsepilov I.I., Koryakin A. I., boundary layer stripping ratios. Feature Kolesnikov V. F., Protasov S.I. layer technology is the presence of one of Perspective technologies of open the mining layer. Waste layers are inter- development complex-structural coal nal dumps, periodically reloaded from deposits // Kuzbass state technical one position to another as working off of university, 2000. –186p. underplaying layers. Positive aspects of [2] Tomakov P. I., Kovalenko V.S. the layer technology are the absence of Rational land use in open mining // Nedra, external dumps, reducing the land capaci- 1984. – 213p. ty of coal mining, the use of non transport

160

Taishan Academic Forum – Project on Mine Disaster Prevention and Control Modeling of Hydraulic Power Cylinder Seal Assembly Operation BUYALICH Gennady D1,2，BUYALICH Konstantin G1 1.Mininginstitute, T.F. Gorbachev KuzbassState Technical University,650000 Kemerovo, Russia； 2.Yurga Institute of Technology of Tomsk Technical University, 652055 Yurga, Russia Abstract: The nature of the hydraulic low-compressibility material, the power cylinder seal assembly operation Mooney-Rivlin model with two with high working fluid pressure, parameters is most suitable to describe its different geometrical parameters of lip- behavior. According to the model the calculation type seal, is revealed. The method of was carried out in two stages: on the first hermetic sealing process modeling stage the deformed state of lip-type seal according to the simplified model using after the cylinder assembly was simulated finite element method is considered. (Fig.1); on the second stage- from the Keywords: finite element method, working fluid effect in the form of modeling, hydraulic power cylinder, distributed load on the internal sealing hermetic sealing, seal. surfaces (Fig. 2). 1.Introduction а Sealing property of hydraulic power cylinders, which include hydraulic jacks and powered support props, is determined by the size of the gap between the piston and working cylinder, as well as by the operation of lip-type seal in this gap. This paper present comparative assessment of performance of three seals, made according to the State Standard 6678-72, State Standard 14896-84and б State Standard 6969-54, which differ in shape and geometrical dimensions. 2.Work Description The assessment of seal parameters of the sealed gap was made on parametricaxi symmetric finite element model of the seal assembly; the initial parameters being geometric dimensions of lip-type seal and lip seal groove of the piston; sealable gap, material properties, the

working fluid pressure. As the working fluid was adopted water- Fig. 1: Deformations (а) and load distribution in-oil emulsion, sealing pressure– according to Mises (б) in the lip-type seal on the basis of State Standard 6969-54 after 50 MPa. Since the lip-type seal of assembly. hydraulic powered props lip is made of

© 2014. The authors - Published by Atlantis Press 167 а through which the fluid could leak when moving. On this basis, the following criteria for assessment of the parameters of the seal operation are proposed [1]: σ  seal load factor n σmax

where σmax and σ and maximum and allowable equivalent loads in the seal respectively, MPa; value of seal material pressing-out into the gapL s, mm; relative value of seal material pressing-out into б the gap, equal to the previuos value, L relative to the gap K  s ;maximum з  contact pressure across the sealable max surface pк , MPa;  working fluid blockage coefficient p К  к , зп p

where pк – average contact pressure Fig. 2: Axial movement (а) и contact pressure across the sealable surface, MPa; (б) in the lip-type seal on the basis of State p – working fluid pressure, MPa. Standard at working fluid pressure 50 MPa. Criteria values calculated using the For reliable liquid blockage the seal parts developed parametric model for various should adjoin tightly the details conjugate types of lip-type seal when the piston to them by means of preload and the diameters of 220mm and gap size is of working liquid pressure. The sealing δ = 0.25mmare shown in Table1. parts must fit all mechanical regularities and to prevent the formation of the gap Table 1: Seal operation criteria values in the sealed gap maximum contact Load Pressing-out Pressing-out, working fluid Seal type max factor into the gap relative to blockage pressure pк , n L , mm the gapK coefficient K зп з з MPa зп StateStandard 3.1 1.06 4.2 56.7 1.13 6678-72 State Standard 4.9 0.75 3.0 48.9 0.97 14896-84 State Standard 3.9 0.63 2.5 57.1 1.14 6969-54

168 As the table shows, the value of seal in the gap), which reduce the probability material pressing-out into the gap and of the solution convergence. Pressing-out, relative to the gapthe give the In order to eliminate these difficulties the most complete assessment of seal simplified model of lip-type seal was operation in the sealed gap. developed (Fig.3), which differs from the The evaluation of operation of the seal in real one in the absence of "antennae". The the gap between the piston and the accuracy of the results obtained on the cylinder using the finite element method basis of the simplified model in the gap is a laborious process [2, 3]. This is due, area does not differ from the results primarily, to the nonlinearity of the outer obtained on the basis of a real model; at surface of the seal and the related the height of the model being not lower additional complexity of creating a then (B_up) the height of the main body regular finite element mesh, as well as to of the lip-type seal. The errorin the with large model formations (especially calculationis about0.05 %.

Fig. 3: The simplifiedmodelof seal assembly of hydraulicpowered support prop The developed model allows taking into - pressing out into the gap and equivalent account the following parameters (Fig. 3): loads vary according to the linear •geometrical dimensions: height (B_up), relationship in direct proportion to the width (D_up), seal rounding spherical radius of the groove edges of radius(R_up), the piston(R_por), sealed gap, the fluid spherical radius of the groove edges of pressure and inversely to the spherical the piston(R_por); radius of the seal(R_up); • sealed gap (delta); -the maximum equivalent loads are in the • properties of the seal material; immediate vicinity to the edges of the • the fluid pressure in piston cavity of the groove of the piston(Fig. 4); of hydraulic powered support prop (P). - the height increase lead to a slight 3.Conclusions decrease (within 0.001 mm per1mm of On the basis of the calculations using the height) of the quantity of pressing out simplified models the basic regularities into the gap, wherein the internal load and the mode of lip-type seal behavior in increases (0.1 MPa per1mm of height); the gap are found: - the 10MPa pressure increase results in an 0.1 mm increase of the value of the

169 pressing out into the gap and 5MPa 4. Reference increase of the internal load. [1] Buyalich, K. G. Criteria of an estimation of quality of work of consolidation of hydraulic legs of powered support// Mining equipment and electromechanics. – 2009. – № 5. – 8–10 p. [2] Aleksandrov B. A.Influence of geometrical parameters of sealing on expression size in cylinder clearance / B. A. Aleksandrov, K. G. Buyalich // Mininginformationalandanalyticalbulletin (scientificandtechnicaljournal). – 2010. – Specialedition 3: Mining engineering. – 88–92 p. [3] Buyalich, G. D.Regular lattice of finit elements collar seals hydro desk / G. D. Buyalich, K. G. Buyalich// Mining informational and analytical bulletin

(scientific and technical journal). – 2012. Fig. 4: Mode of deformation of the seal bear –Special edition 3: Mining engineering. – the gap 119–121 p.

170 Taishan Academic Forum – Project on Mine Disaster Prevention and Control Formation Auger Equipment Reliability DROZDENKO Yuri V. Sub-Faculty of Mining Machines and Systems, T.F. Gorbachov Kuzbass State Technical University, 650000 Kemerovo,Russia

Abstract: This article contains 2.Characteristic of the work information about determination of the Based on the model proposed by prof. [1, 2] parameters that affect the formation of Posin E.Z. and prof. Linnik Y.N. for failure auger equipment the description of functioning of the screw shearer executive bodies, The Keywords: auger, horizontal well, schematic diagram (Fig. 1) is offered for communication, coefficient of the collection and analysis of the factors concordance, 2 criteria affecting the auger equipment operation. 1.Introduction In accordance with the scheme shown in Auger equipment operation can be Fig. 1 the auger machine operation is described by multifactor model taking characterized by a horizontal well into account the equipment design construction process and the process of features as well as the horizontal well formation of failures that are in construction processes (rock failure and communication with groups of factors transportation layout of the pipe casing, affecting the functioning of the entire etc.). The choice of these parameters technical system. helps to define the rational field of auger equipment application.

Fig. 1: Scheme of the auger machine reliability and efficiency formation For descriptions of auger equipment  input parameters (x) - characterize operation the following groups of the properties of the soil in which it factors are used: is supposed to construct a horizontal

© 2014. The authors - Published by Atlantis Press 171 well (strength, moisture, structural In order to quantify the auger heterogeneity) i.e. the parameters equipment performance parameters it is that can affect the formation of possible to use a large number of conditions for the occurrence of indicators. According to [3], all the failures; indicators are divided into the  output parameters (y) - characterize following groups: the actual state of the equipment and  by the assessment completeness; the constructed well conditions.  by the significance; These include the drilling process  by the analysis field; power consumption, the drilling  by the expression method. speed, vibration level, matching a Each group of parameters describing the given direction, the hole diameter, auger machine operation contains a the drilling flow chart, the bored significant number of indicators, the mass volume; analysis of which will take a long time.  design parameters (k) - characterize Therefore it is necessary to single out the auger machine technical such group of indicators that would most possibilities (geometric dimensions, fully characterize the process of the the executive body design, the horizontal well construction. To length and diameter of the screw determine the most significant indicators section, equipment weight). This the method of rank correlation may group of parameters is formed while applied. It involves the choice of designing the auger machine and is indicators and their ranking, ranking not changed during operation; processing and determination of the most  adjustable parameters [r] - this significant indicators[3], obtaining a group of parameters can to be generalized opinion based on multiple changed during operation (rotational judgments of experts. velocity, the pressure in the Processing method is universal and hydraulic system, power includes four main stages: consumption, speed-power 1) converting the results of expert characteristics of the feed) for assessments in a form suitable and obtaining the optimal output convenient for processing (matrix of parameters; ranks);  random effects [z] - this group of 2) conformity analysis of the expert parameters is random and cannot be opinions; the subject to any forecast. This 3) determination of highly conformed primarily relates to the mass subgroups characterized by the proximity heterogeneity, in which is the well is of views of experts included in those constructed. Anthropogenic subgroups; pollutions can significantly slow 4) generalized opinion synthesis, down the drilling process or stop it consisting in combining of particular at all. assesses into the overall total indicator or It also relates to consumables group of indicators. (fingers, drilling locks). The On the base of on the survey of the presence of defects associated with experts the rank matrix for each group of the quality of material and factors describing the machine auger manufacturing, may cause failures operation (Table 1-5) were composed, leading to the auger equipment and each indicator has been assigned its emergency shutdowns. own assessment.

172 Table 1: Rank matrix of input parameters Specialists 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Р1-Strength 7 7 4 8 2 5 3 1 7 6 Р2- Hardness 2 4 1 4 7 3 7 4 5 4

Р3- Humidity 3 2 7 1 1 2 6 3 1 3

Р4- Abrasivity 1 3 3 2 8 1 4 5 4 1 Р5- Fracturing 4 5 6 3 4 6 2 6 2 5

Indicators Р6- Foliation 8 1 2 5 3 4 1 2 3 7 Р7- Rock drillability grade 6 6 5 6 5 8 5 7 8 2 Р8-Structural 5 8 8 7 6 7 8 8 6 8 inhomogeneity

Table 2: Rank matrix of output parameters

Specialists 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Р1-Borehole axis accordance 5 1 1 4 1 1 2 3 1 5 with the given direction

Р2-Energy intensity of well 3 7 6 7 7 6 7 6 6 7

construction Р3-Well diameter 4 2 2 2 2 3 1 4 4 4 1 4 3 5 4 4 5 5 3 3

Indicators Р4-Actual velocity of drilling Р5-Vibration level 7 5 7 6 6 5 6 7 7 6 Р6-The bored mass volume 2 3 4 1 3 2 3 2 2 1 Р7-The drilling flow chart 6 6 1 3 5 7 4 1 5 2

Table 3 : Rank matrix of design parameters

Specialists 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Р1-Drive capacity 8 9 8 9 8 7 9 9 8 9 Р2-Pressure in the hydraulic system 3 4 4 2 2 3 5 4 6 4

Р3-Geometric dimensions 7 7 6 8 1 2 2 3 1 2

Р4-Quantity of feed cylinders 4 5 3 5 7 5 4 5 2 1 Р5-Kind of consumed energy 9 8 9 6 9 4 8 6 4 5

Indicators Р6-Executive body design 6 6 7 7 6 8 7 8 9 8 Р7-Screw section overall dimensions 1 3 2 4 4 6 6 1 5 6 Р8-Feed cylinder stroke length 5 2 1 3 3 9 1 2 7 7 Р9-Equipment mass 2 1 5 1 5 1 3 7 3 3

173 Table 4: Rank matrix of adjustable parameters

Specialists 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Р1-Screw section rotational velocity 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 1 2

Р2-Possibility to change the pressure 5 5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 4

in the hydraulic system

Р3- Quantity of operating feed 3 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 2 1 cylinder Indicators Р4-Power consumption 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 4 6 6 Р5-Feed velocity 1 3 3 1 1 3 3 1 3 3 Р6-Feeding pressure 4 4 5 6 4 4 5 6 4 5

Table 5: Rank matrix of random parameters

Specialists 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Р1-Mass heterogeneity 2 3 2 1 3 1 3 3 3 3

Р2-Presence of anthropogenic refuse 6 6 5 5 6 4 7 5 5 6

Р3-Connector quality 3 4 1 4 4 3 2 2 1 4 Р4-Presence of electricity source 5 5 4 3 5 2 5 4 2 2

Indicators Р5-Unaccounted communications 7 7 6 7 7 5 6 7 7 7 Р6-Hydro-geological conditions 4 1 3 3 1 6 1 1 4 1 Р7-Weather conditions 1 2 7 6 2 7 4 6 2 5 The coefficient of concordance k – the number of groups of the characterizing the conformity of rankings same ranks in each ranking (since, there carried out by experts is calculated for are no indications of the same rank in the each matrix. The coefficient of estimates of experts Tj=0); concordance is the common rank n 2 correlation coefficient for the group S  di consisting of n experts. Value range is 0 i1

174 Table 6: Values of the coefficient of concordance Groups of parameters Value of the coefficient of concordance, W 1. Input parameters 0,43 2. Output parameters 0,45 3. Design parameters 0,43 4. Adjustable parameters 0,78 5. Random parameters 0,41 The value of the coefficient of probability P=0.90 was adopted for concordance W=0 means the calculations). inconformity of expert opinions; if  = m – 1 (2) W=0.40–0.50, the quality of assessment is considered satisfactory; when W>0,70 the 12S quality of assessment is considered high.  2  (3) To determine the significance of 1 n nm(m 1)  T concordance criterion is possible with the m 1 j use of 2criterion (Pearson criterion). The j1 value of this criterion depends on the The results of calculation of 2 criteria number of degrees of freedom (1.2) and values are listed in Table 7. confidence probability (confidence Table 7： 2 criteria values 2 2 Groups of parameters  табл Input parameters 23,26 2,83 Output parameters 38,6 2,20 Design parameters 39,20 3,49 Adjustable parameters 34,20 1,61 Random parameters 35,16 2,20 h 2 When comparing the obtained  criteria V values with the table critical values it  i (4) i1 possible to see that the calculated values n 1 are much greater than the table ones. This Vk suggests that there is full conformity of k h1 experts at ranking of the factors affecting where Vi = Kn – Ki; Vk = Kn – Kk – [4, 5] the auger equipment operation . wights of i and k indicators;Kn , Ki , Kk To determine the most significant factors - sums of ranks of n, k and i indicators. it is necessary to determine the The ranking histograms are created to significance level for each group of determine the number of significant parameters - this can be done using the figures. method of proportional relations. The After determining the number of number of significant figures (h) is equal significant factors, the level of to the number of summands of significance is determined by the proportional relationship numerator. following expressions:

175 К К  K  h sums; n h1 - average  К1  К2 К2  K  (5) n  h зн  Knh Ki  К1  К2 value of distribution amplitude of  n insignificant indicators. К  K The results of Кзн calculations are where К  h i - average 1 h presented in Table 8. value of distribution amplitude of rank

Table 8 ：The results of the significance level calculation Number of Groups of parameters significant factors ∆{K}1 ∆{K}2 Кзн h Input parameters 2 2.5 6.50 46,75 Output parameters 2 5.0 7.75 40,07 Design parameters 3 7.3 4.15 48,3 Adjustable parameters 2 1.5 8.5 37.6 Random parameters 2 9.5 6.2 42,8

3.Conclusion // M.: A.A. Skochinskiy Institute of Comparing the obtained Кзн values with Mining, 1991. the histogram values, we choose those [3] Kvagenidze V.S. Diagnostics, factors the Кзн values of which are above Maintenance and Repair of the Career the designed values, they are the most Mining Equipment at Low Temperatures important indicators. // Kemerovo: KuzSTU, 2003/ 4. References [4] Karasev A.I. Theory of Probability [1] Dokookin A.V., Frolov F.G., Posin and Mathematical Sstatistics // M.: E.Z. Choice Parameters of Winning Statistika, 1970. Machine // M.: Nauka, 1976. [5] Rygev P.A. Mathematical Sstatistics [2] Linnik Y.N. Basis of Calculation of in Mining // M.: Vishaya Shkola, 1973. Reliability and Efficiency of the Winning Machine in Various Operating Conditions

176 Taishan Academic Forum – Project on Mine Disaster Prevention and Control Stress-Deformed State Knots Fastening of a Disk Tool on the Crowns of Roadheaders KHORESHOK ALEKSEY1, MAMETYEV LEONID1, BORISOV ANDREY1, VOROBIEV ALEKSEY2 1.Department of Mining Machines and Complexes/Mining Institute, Kuzstu Named T.F. Gorbachev Kemerovo, Vesennyaya, 28, 650000, Russia 2.Department of Mining Equipment, Yurga Institute of Technology, TPU Affiliate Yurga, Leningradskaya, 26, 652055, Russia

Abstract:Presents innovative technical method of coal and strong abrasive rocks solutions, research results and recom- with the hardness coefficient f  10. mendations based on mine testing and It is confirmed by researches at the сhair modeling of stress-deformed state knots of mining machines and complexes KuzSTU named T.F. Gorbachev. Tested of fastening disk tool for different va- four types of crowns roadheaders selec- riants of the structural design, including tive action, which are distinguished by many-sided prisms at destruction faces the number of cutters and disk tools, step- crowns roadheaders selective action. install them, screw-line set of working Keywords:Roadheader, effector, crown, tool, the design of the knots fastening triangular prism, knot fastening, disk tool, disk, cutting part of the crown and the destruction, crushing, loading, stress state, presence of loading blades [2]. finite element method. The method and conditions of mine testing 1.Introduction implemented when working on ore and In the leading mining countries the main coal veins with hard inclusions and layers means of mechanization for mining are with compressive resistance (σ from 87 to Roadheaders. Improvement of effectors 112 MPa). of the boom-type roadheaders and head- The tests were performed in two stages. ing-mining combines by rational combi- The first stage included research of the nation and the placement of cutter and roadheader, equipped with a serial crown disk tool for the implementation of the with cutters, the second stage included the principle of destruction of coal and hard experimental crowns, equipped disk tools. rock large-sized is an actual problem. In the process of comparative research was This disk tool implements the possibility determined by the force and energy per- of the reverse motion of the working bo- formance of the roadheaders and the spe- dies of the model of mining machines, cific consumption of the working tools. including crowns roadheaders, increasing General view, the scheme of recruitment and the scope of their application to the de- placement of rock cutting tools for experi- struction of the heterogeneous, hard and mental samples of the working bodies in the abrasive rocks [1]. form of a longitudinal axis of the crowns of 2.Experience of application of disk tool times-personal design is presented in fig. 1–4. Disk usage of tools for crowns of road- Crowns are composed of the following struc- headers selective action is a perspective tural elements: 1 – blank crown: 2 – disk direction in development of efficient rock tool; 3 – cutter; 4 – starting borer; 5 – cut- cutting tools for mechanical destruction ting disc; 6 – loading the blade.

© 2014. The authors - Published by Atlantis Press 177 In fig. 1,a presents design, in fig. 1,b depicted crown on the boom roadheader, shows the assembly elements of the expe- as in fig. 1,d shows the knots fastening of rimental model of the crown, on fig. 1,c the disk tools.

Fig. 1：The crown of the first type

Fig. 2： The crown of the second type Fig. 3： The crown of the third type

Fig. 4：The crown of the fourth type Fig. 5：Disc tool

For the study was made of disk tool of the 30+5 = 35°. Disks second performance φ same diameter D = 160 mm, but three = φ1+φ2 = 25+5 = 30°. Disks third of ex- designs (fig. 5). Disks first performance ecution had the edge with curved teeth had at the angle of taper φ = φ1+φ2 =

178 profile with the angle of taper φ = φ1+φ2 placement of the axis 2 fixed washer 5, = 30+5 = 35°. bolt 6 and spring washer and from turning On the crown of the first type (fig. 1) axis 2 fixed planck 7. used the knot fastening bolted connection In fig. 6,b shows double-seat knot fasten- (fig. 6,a), and the other three crowns (fig. ing consisting of two brackets 1 and 8, in 2–4) was used “quick-dismountable” knot which the axis 2 is fixed biconical disk fastening (Fig. 6,b) [3]. tool 3 with remote rings 4. For fixation of Double-seat knot fastening (fig. 6,a) con- axis 2 of the inside of the right-bracket 8 is sists of two brackets 1 and 8, in which a slot 5 with locking ring 6 and rubber the axis 2 flange fixed conical disk tool 3 gasket 7, and in the left bracket 1 is ex- with remote rings 4. From the axial dis- ecuted a groove 9.

Fig. 6：The design of the knots fastening disk tools During the tests revealed the complexity tric motor, the feeding speed of the crown of direct cutting boom of the crown of the and the pressure in the hydraulic system first type (fig. 1) due to high axial work- roadheader for indirect assessment of loads. Design of the crown of the second efforts arising from the work tool. type Currently one of the effective methods of (fig. 2) showed high efficiency, especially research of stress-deformed state of knots in the mode of cutting. At the crown of fastenings disk tool and forming loads on the third type (fig. 3) with loading blades a disk tool in the destruction of coal faces was marked by the accumulation of sand is the method of finite elements. and clay rocks and sharp deterioration of At the first stage of research on finite loading capacity, when working in water element modelling was carried on a bearing layers. Design of the crown of the double-seat knots fastenings (fig. 6,b) fourth type (fig. 4) unified on the basis of with the disk tools of various design (fig. the second type (fig. 2), that is, truncated 7) to establish the parameters of the stress on the latter two knot fastening disk tools state at the account of the characteristics in each line cutting. There were received of the destroyed mountain range σ = satisfactory energy and extended the field 50÷140 МПа [3]. Considered four variants of application of the roadheader on hard of constructions disk tool diameter D = rocks. 160 mm (three biconical with angle of To obtain comparative data, characteriz- taper: φ = φ1+φ2 = 25°+5° = 30°; 20°+10° ing the degree of loading of transmission = 30°; 15°+15° = 30° and one conical φ = and electric motor of the crown, were 30°). measured power consumption of the elec-

179

Fig. 7：Finite element model of a double-seats knot fastening disk tool The calculation was made in the system “Fixed”, is attached to the bottom edge of SolidWorks Simulation. When creating a the supports. mesh was used parabolic finite elements By calculation [3] were determined efforts in the form of tetrahedra. The size of fi- cutting Pz, implementation Py and side nite elements was chosen so that a further efforts Px on a disk tools with regard to increase in the density of the mesh not design, operating parameters and charac- have a material impact on the results of teristics of destructive massif σ. Esti- the calculations. Material of details – mated efforts of loading Pz, Py, Px were 35HGSA. When describing the condi- attached to the finite element models (fig. tions of interaction between details in an 7) disk tools in the double-seat knots fas- assembly used the contact condition “No tening, in which produced a picture of the penetration”. To fasten knot in the calcu- stress-deformed state for biconical and lation were applied boundary conditions conical disk tools (fig. 8) [3, 4].

Fig. 8. The distribution of equivalent stresses on the criterion of Mises in the double-seat knots fasten- ing: - for biconical disk tool (φ = 25°+5° = 30°) for conditions: a – σ = 70 MPa; b – σ = 120 MPa; - for conical disk tool (φ = 30°) for conditions: c – σ = 70 MPa; d – σ = 120 MPa

In addition, gumming radially split be- cross section (S) and width (Bв). Each tween bearings spaces knot fastening the roadheader (table 1) has the width of the disk tool products destruction and their loading table (Вп.c), a smaller width entry adhesion to the working surface of the (Вв), which complicates the process of blank crown and blades of decrease of loading a bing of rock mass near the efficiency of processes of destruction and edges of mine [4]. loading of the rock mass on the loading The difference (Δ) between the width table roadheader. entry Вв and width loading table Вп.c, In practice underground coal mining characterized the presence of two corri- known that roadheaders provide the driv- dors near the edges of mine not covered ing of mine workings with given sizes of with the loading table.

180 Table 1：Mapping the width of the loading table with a width of mine Maximum cross- Maximum width Width loading The difference Roadheaders 2 section entry S, м entry Вв, м table Вп.c, м Δ = Вв–Вп 1GPKS 17,0 4,7 3,02 1,68 KP21 28,0 6,5 3,4 3,1 SM-130K 19,0 5,005 3,0 2,005 П-110 30,0 6,7 3,8 2,9 – working width of the effector; В – In fig. 9 shows the circuit of formation лн.ш. width not shipped bing products of de- tests strips from the bing not shipped struction at the left side; В – width not products of destruction of a typical effec- пн.ш. shipped bing products of destruction at tors roadheaders selective action: a – the right side; В – width project entry; when operating radial crowns; b – in the в В – width of the loading table, describ- operation axial crowns. The process of п.с. ing the width of the area of the front load- loading near the edges of mine is charac- ing [5]. terized by the following parameters: Ви.о.

Fig. 9：The scheme of formation of the front loading at driving One of the most important requirements It is therefore of particular interest to de- to the construction of effectors of road- velop technical solutions in the reverse headers selective action is the expansion mode of operation radial crowns selective of the front loading of near the edges of action to combine the processes of de- mine on the loading table. The applica- struction of rock mass on coal face, crush tion of the crowns of domestic and for- oversized, and loading on the table of the eign production solid screw spirals im- roadheader in any edges of mine working proves the process of loading only one of [6]. The basic foundation of such technical the sides of mine working, but worsens it solutions are knots console fastening disk from the opposite side. However, even tool on brackets in the form of triangular screw radial crowns do not cover the en- prisms [7–9]. tire width of edge band at the loading Realization of these technical solutions table, forming spillages and demanding will allow to expand the application do- maneuvering and loading of back-circular main swept roadheaders selective action races roadheader. This increases the dura- on carrying out of mountain develop- tion of the operating cycles and reduce ments in the faces with heterogeneous- the rate of work.

181 structure of rocks in a wide range of op- Yurga Institute of Technology, TPU con- erating conditions. ducted research work on the study of For the last 3-5 years, the department of stress-deformed state of various designs mining machines and complexes knots console fastening the disk tool on KUZSTU named T.F. Gorbachev together brackets in the form of triangular prisms to with the department of mining equipment reverse radial crowns (fig. 10) [10].

Fig. 10：Finite element model of three variants of constructions fixing disk tool to trihedral prisms: a – the first with strap-lock; b – the second with the mounting screw; c – third with nut; 1 – triangu- lar prism; 2 – disk tool; 3 – knot fastening In each design was used as a biconical of the disk tool. As an example in fig. and conical disc tools. Strategy in the 11[4] presents the distribution of equiva- construction of finite-element models and lent stresses the Mises criterion for three calculation of efforts loading Pz, Py, Px variants of knot fastening disk tool di- was similar to double-seat knot fastening ameter D = 160 mm in trihedral prisms.

Fig. 11. The distribution of equivalent stresses in the Mises criterion for three variants of knots fastening disk tools with an angle of taper φ = 25°+5° = 30° in trihedral prisms taking into account the characteris- tics of the destructible array σ = 70 MPa: a – the first bar-lock; b – the second with the mounting screw; c – the third with nut The technical solutions console knots on the criterion of Mises in all versions fastening the disk tool on the trihedral knots fastening disk tool radial crowns prisms, taking into account the results of roadheaders significantly lower yield modeling of stress-deformed state in the stress for steels 35HGSA (σТ = 490 MPa). destruction of coal faces, will recommend With the transition from the asymmetry them for equipment of the working bo- for symmetry biconical disk tools can be dies roadheader, shearers and drilling traced reduction zone settings equivalent combines of domestic and foreign pro- stresses in knots fastening with the general duction. increase of the maximum stresses with 3.Conclusion increasing strength of rocks in a wide It is established that the equivalent stress range σ = 50–120 MPa.

182 It is revealed that, disk tools conical (φ = [4] Designing of reversive heads for 30°) and biconical performances (φ = boom-type roadheaders with the disk tool 25°+5° = 30°) implement the process of on replaceable trihedral prisms / A.A. destruction of large areas of maximum Khoreshok, L.E. Mametyev, A.Yu. Bori- equivalent stress and displacement than sov, S.G. Muhortikov, A.V. Vorobiev // options biconical execution (φ = 20°+10° Mining equipment and electromechanics. = 30° и φ = 15°+15° = 30°), and the min- – 2013. – № 9. – С. 40–44. imum dimensions of zones of equivalent [5] The effector of road heading machine stresses and displacements marked for for overlapping processes of destruction biconical execution (φ = 15°+15° = 30°). face with crush of lumps and loadings of Decreased size of the zones of maximum mined rock / V.I. Nesterov, L.E. Mame- equivalent stress and displacement on tyev, A.A. Khoreshok, A.Yu. Borisov // downhole the verge of a triangular prism, The bulletin of KuzSTU. – Kemerovo, turned to face the third option of the knot 2012. – № 3. – P. 112–117. fastening disk tool, compared with the [6] Patent 2455486 RU. Tunnelling ma- second option, which is characterized by chine actuator / L.E. Mametyev, A.A. a higher rigidity fixing nut. Khoreshok, A.Yu. Borisov, V.V. Kuznet- The requirements to the structures of ef- sov, S.G. Muhortikov; patent owner fectors with two reverse francis crowns, KUZSTU. –№ 2010141881/03 ; declared the basis for the creation of which is pro- 12.10.2010 ; published 10.07.2012, bulle- posed to use the complex of technical de- tin № 19. – 14 p. cisions on knot fastening disk tools in tri- [7] Patent 128898 RU. The knot fastening hedral prisms and the results of modeling of the disk tool in triangular prism / L.E. the stress-deformed state to expand the Mametyev, A.A. Khoreshok, A.Yu. Bori- field of application roadheaders selective sov, S.G. Muhortikov, A.V. Vorobiev; action of domestic and foreign production. patent owner KUZSTU. – № 4.References 2013100882/03 ; declared 09.01.2013 ; pub- [1] About the state and prospects of de- lished 10.06.2013, bulletin № 16. – 2 p. velopment of means of mechanization of [8] Patent 134586 RU. Device for protec- mining and tunneling works in the condi- tion of internal space of a triangular prism tions of the Kuznetsk coal basin / A. A. from the products of destruction / L.E. Khoreshok, V.V. Kuznetsov, A. Yu. Bo- Mametyev, A.A. Khoreshok, A.Yu. Bori- risov // Mining equipment : landings, sov, A.M. Tshehin; patent owner transportation and processing of minerals: KUZSTU. – № 2013127350/03; declared the catalogue, 2008. – SPb. : Slavutich. – 14.06.2013; published 20.11.2013, bulle- P. 12–16. tin № 32. – 2 p. [2] Perspectives of applying of the disk [9] Patent 141339 RU. The knot fastening cutter for bits of heading machines / A. A. of the disk tool on the working body of Khoreshok, L.E. Mametyev, V.V. Kuz- mining combine / L.E. Mametyev, A.Yu. netsov, A. Yu. Borisov // The bulletin of Borisov; patent owner KUZSTU. – № KuzSTU. – Kemerovo, 2010. – № 1. – P. 2014103560/03; declared 03.02.2014; pub- 52–54. lished 27.05.2014, bulletin № 15. – 3 p. [3] Distribution of pressure in knots of [10] Improvement of designs of fastening fastening of the disk tool on heads road- knots of the disk tool on radial heads of headers / A. A. Khoreshok, L.E. Mame- roadheaders / L.E. Mametyev, A.A. Kho- tyev, V.V. Kuznetsov, A. Yu. Borisov, reshok, A.Yu. Borisov, A.V. Vorobiev // A.V. Vorobiev // The bulletin of KuzSTU. The bulletin of KuzSTU. – Kemerovo, – Kemerovo, 2012. – № 6. – P. 34–40. 2014. – № 1. – P. 3–5.

183 Taishan Academic Forum – Project on Mine Disaster Prevention and Control Preventive Maintenance of Mining Equipment Based on Identification of Its Actual Technical State Vladimir Kovalev, Boris Gerike, Aleksey Khoreshok, Pavel Gerike T.f. Gorbachev Kuzbass State Technical University, Mining Institute, 650099, Kemerovo, Russia

Abstract: The article treats new approach frequency of repairs, i.e. working lives of to technical maintenance of open pit parts to be divisible to each other. excavators based on identification of Frequency of repairs of excavators is set technical state by functional diagnostics in such a way that parts with emergency phase of wear (at frequency bigger than methods. It shows that applied the lifetime of a group of parts) don’t diagnostics methods practically give full work in mechanisms and parts whose picture of actual state of diagnosable work capacity resource is not completely equipment which allows to estimate used (at frequency smaller than average residual work capacity resource. lifetime of group of parts) are not Key words: open pit excavators, replaced during repair. technical state, diagnostics, residual work There is no theoretically justified decision capacity resource. of given problems in the system of 1.Introduction technical maintenance of excavators yet. Nowadays system of scheduled This creates great choice of preventive maintenance of equipment is recommendations on repair cycle used in open pits of Kuzbass. The main structure formation and setting of task of the system is to provide work different inter repair time for the same capacity of equipment during preset time machine. For example, according to and at minimum labour and material asset manual No. 2341IE NKMZ(№2341ИЭ costs. The present system is based on НКМЗ) for excavator ESH 10/70A (ЭШ planned replacement of worn-out parts. 10/70А)it is recommended to carry out The time for parts replacement is technical maintenance No. 1-5 with calculated on the bases of forecasted parts frequency: shift, decade, month, three and wear rate. Progressive (wear-out) failures six monthes.Leningrad office of the State are the most typical failures for rotating Institute of design of mine construction of equipment. coal industry (Ленгипрошахт) Maintenance frequency is fixed according recommends to carry out repair to lifetime of group of parts. At the same inspection, maintenance and capital time, lifetime of each part is close to repairs according to frequency 500, 5000, average lifetime and it can be used to fix 12000, 24000 machine-hours. Research the frequency of maintenance of Institute of Open-Cast Mining (НИИОГР) mechanism and machine. The possibility suggests plan repair works depending on of grouping of working lives of parts volumes of processed run of mine taking according to average values for each into account a number of coefficients group is the main requirement of considering operation conditions of maintainability of mechanism and excavators. machine. In all cases it’s important for

© 2014. The authors - Published by Atlantis Press 184 Each normative document establishes actual technical condition consists in rigidly regulated amounts of work during elimination of equipment failures at the excavator repairs regardless of its stage of their origin [1]. It becomes technical condition; volumes of repair possible with the methods of work increase as repair complexity. For identification of equipment technical example, at average repair it is necessary condition according to its operational to carry out extra works of annual and characteristics, allowing reveal available monthly repairs. Irrespective of operating and developing fault for rational planning conditions of parts and assembly units of optimal terms of repair work repairs are planned according to one of performance. the criteria - calendar (or machine) Technical base of equipment maintenance operating time or processed run of mine. and repair according to actual technical All this leads to: condition is based on the fact that there is - under exploitation of resource of the interaction between possible technical separate parts, units and failures of unit and diagnostic parameters assembly units of excavators; which are possible to be controlled. - performance of increased Diagnostic signs of faults may include volume of dismantling and vibration parameters, technological and assembling works which don’t regime parameters (loading, temperature, correspond to technical current strength, etc.), admixtures in condition of mechanisms and grease, etc. devices, and at the same time, to Therefore, carrying out monitoring of increase the probability of fast various parameters characterizing the wear of parts caused by wear-in work of equipment, it is possible to find because of frequent dismantling in time change of technical condition of and assembling; equipment and to perform maintenance - considerable time of repair only when there is a real possibility that ofexcavators (20-25% of parameters of equipment go beyond calendar time fund). unacceptable limits, that respectively The system of scheduled preventive signals about impossibility of further maintenance in many cases can be used work of object of control. as basis for the service of simple cars and Maintenance according to the actual mechanisms, but its application for the technical condition has a number of main equipment without reserve is advantages in comparison with the inexpedient. Therefore further system of scheduled preventive repairs: development of maintenance system - availability of constant should be provided: the establishment of information on condition of the differentiated criteria of assessment of equipment under monitoring parts resource, assembly units and (possibility of determination of mechanisms of excavators considering ‘problem’ and ‘normal’units), specific conditions of their work; purpose allows to plan and carry out of concrete terms and amounts of work at maintenance and repair without repairs of excavators depending on actual long and often useless stop, technical condition of its parts, assembly practically to exclude equipment units and mechanisms. crashes. It is possible to increase 2.Work description productive efficiency by means The main idea of the equipment of introduction of system of maintenance repair system according to

185 maintenance according to actual repair works in extraordinary technical condition; situation of sudden failure and - forecasting and planning of danger of unplanned production volumes of maintenance and suspension leads to the increase repair of ‘problem’ equipment, of traumatism [4]; maintenance cost reduction due - efficiency of negotiations with to minimization of useless repair suppliers of equipment (increase of inter repair interval) concerning its warranty and of ‘normal’ equipment. As a post-warranty repair, restoration result of performance of or replacement. Registered monitoring of technical diagnostic parameters are condition of units and their objective data at solution of maintenance according to actual controversial questions on technical condition off- reasons of mechanism scheduled amount of works breakdown. caused by emergency situations, The idea of equipment maintenance usually makes up less than 5% according to actual technical condition of total amount of works, and consists in providing maximum possible equipment downtime makes up inter repair period of equipment operation no more than 3% of time spent due to the use of modern technologies of for maintenance. It is determined detection and suppression of sources of that typical expenses on repair in failures [3]. case of equipment failures This system is based on: exceed repair cost at timely - identification and elimination of detected defect on average by 10 sources of repeating problems times [2]; leading to reduction of inter - ensuring efficiency of repair due repair interval of equipment to post-repair inspection. maintenance; Experience shows that - elimination or considerable approximately from 2 to 10% of decrease in factors negatively new parts have manufacturing influencing inter repair interval defects which can lead to fast or equipment lifetime; failure of replaced part and - identification of condition of equipment failure, and also to new or restored equipment in cause damage of other normally order to control signs of defects functioning mates. The defective reducing inter repair interval; part or broken assembly - increase of inter repair interval technology can be found while and equipment lifetime due to testing after repair [3]; carrying out assembling, - effective planning of distribution adjustment and repair works in of maintenance staff, spare parts, strict accordance with technical tool, etc.; requirements and regulations. - possibility of reduction of Nondestructive control methods applied standby equipment; in technical diagnosing of bucket - improvement of labour excavators are subdivided into 2 main protection and elimination of groups: violations of ecological 1. diagnostic (functional) requirements. Performance of nondestructive control methods:

186 - thermal control (TC); Thermal control (TC) is oriented to assess - vibro diagnostic control (VD); thermal condition of electric equipment - acoustic emission control (AE). and current-carrying parts depending on 2. defectoscopy nondestructive conditions of their work and design. It control methods: can be carried out according to rated - visual and measuring control reheat temperatures (temperature rises), (VMC); excess temperature, defect coefficient, - capillary control (CC); dynamics of temperature change with - ultrasonic control (USC); time, with the change of loading, etc. - magnetic control (MC). At thermal control comparison of results All types of control and diagnostics of temperature measurements within should be carried out with the use of phase, between phases, with wittingly standard measuring tools meeting the operable sites, etc. is carried out. requirements of the State system of Thermographs with spectral range 8-12 ensuring unity of measurements, and also m and resolution not less than 0,1 °C are with use of rules of statistical data used to perform TC. processing. To exclude the possibility of However, the most informative parameter operation of parts and units with carrying maximum information on unacceptable defects suspicious places condition of assembly of working are checked not less than three times. machine or unit, is mechanical We consider in more detail control oscillations (vibrations) - elastic waves methods applied at expert inspection of diffusive in continuum. Information on bucket open pit excavators. change of condition of object can be When examining industrial safety of open received immediately. These features pit excavators visual and measuring predetermined the application of control (VMC) method is applied. The vibration method of diagnostics and purpose of this method is to identify control (VD) as the main one. constructive changes in working Measurement of vibro acoustic equipment, rotary platform, main frame, characteristics of bearing supports of body, etc. (form, surface defects in mechanisms allows to detect such defects material and part joints, formed cracks, and damages as imbalance and corrosion and erosive damages, misalignment of shafts; damages of deformations, weakening of joints, etc.) sliding and rolling bearings; damages of which influence or can influence the gearings inchange-wheel gears; damages safety of operation of excavator [5]. of couplings; damages of electric One of dangerous defects detected by machines [3]. VMC are faulty fusions in weld roots, As is well known, the most effective incomplete filling of edge preparations. method of vibration diagnostics is The main danger of this defect consists in continuous monitoring allowing receive decrease of strength of welded connection, in proper time exact and reliable formation of additional concentrators of information about equipment condition. tension which under unfavourable This task seems to be especially urgent conditions evolves in main cracks. The for fleet of bucket open pit excavators. deeper is faulty fusion, the higher is the When signs of cracks in supporting irons growth rate of main crack. or welded seams of excavator are In parallel with visual and measuring detected additional inspection by means control diagnostic control of excavator of one of defectoscopy nondestructive equipment can be carried out. control methods is used:

187 - ultrasonic control (USC); cavity, their directions, extent, nature of - dye penetrant inspection development both inbase and built-up (capillary control). metal of welded connections [7]. Ultrasonic control based on the capacity Acoustic emission control (AE-control) of ultrasonic vibrations to diffuse deeply of basic bearing elements of excavator in solid substances without noticeable body is aimed at detecting of developing weakening and to be reflected from defects in welded seams formed over interface of two substances, is the most long period of operation at the expense of reliable and simple method of accumulation of tensions as a result of defectoscopy of critical parts and welded cyclic operation mode. connections of excavators. They The following elements of construction distinguish 5 USC methods: shadow, are to be controlled: boom, top slopes, resonant, impedance, free vibrations and front and back braces, cross-beam, frame, echo method. The application of support, cathead, air receiver for ultrasonic phased array is considered to pneumatic system. be state-of-the-art technology. Welded seams of basic bearing elements The main advantage of ultrasonic phased of excavator construction are arrays is the possibility of program concentrators of tension, and operational formation of polar pattern of ultrasonic defects in them are caused by various unit, including focusing, insertion point defects of welding, have casual character, and angle. It allows to realize all control both according to the time of origin and schemes used in multielement systems location [8]. with linear scan, applying the same PEP. Acoustic emission control used in real So, for example, the defectoscope X-32 [6] time for operating equipment allows has obvious interface, it is handy in work, reveal potentially dangerous places in and numerous functions realized in it, construction, moment of formation of facilitate and optimize control process: developing defect and its coordinates - presence of 32 active elements practically without interruption of work, provides high spatial resolution to say unambiguously about defect that allows to receive development. distributions and exact defect Examination of area of hyperactivity sizes; detected that cluster of area of damage - formation of ultrasonic beams found itself in swing joint of vertical under more than 2000 angles to support of circular section and bottom receive maximum control and flange beam. Examination of detected resolution area; area shows increase in diameter of pin - use of up to 128 elements allows bore in lug, and traces from blows and to carry out multiplexing (linear friction on finger itself. scanning); Thus, by results of acoustic emission - presence of modes of one- control of basic elements of excavator dimensional echography (A- body operational defects the scanning), two-dimensional identification of which by traditional echography (B-scanning), linear control methods demands both (L) and sector (S) scanning in considerable financial and labour real time with analysis of images expenses can be detected. At the same in all modes of scanning. time, it is often difficult to give answer Dye penetrant inspection is to determine about the need and expediency of repair locations of surface defects with exposed work performance.

188 3.Conclusion industrial injuries at coal-mining Nowadays, the reduction of specific enterprises/ GIAB. Appendix ‘Yakutia’. operational costs on maintenance at open Publisher MSMU. – 2006. - #2. – P. 221- pit equipment operation is one of the 232. main reserves of production efficiency [5] RD 03-606-03. Instruction on visual increase. Modern methods of technical and measuring control, approved by the diagnosing, equipment for their resolution of GGTN of the Russian realization and software allow receive Federation from 11.06.03, #92. with very high level of reliability the [6] Innovative ways of operability opinion about actual technical condition assurance of mining machinery on the of open pit excavators. basis of monitoring of their technical 4. References condition/ B.L. Gerike, I.L. Abramov, [1] Diagnosing of technical equipment of P.B. Gerike// Kuzbass: Collection of hazardous production facilities/ A.N. scientific papers. Fascicle of Mining Smirnov, B.L. Gerike, V.V. information and analytical bulletin. – Muraviev//Novosibirsk. – Nauka. – 2003. 2008. - #7. – P. 228-240. – 320 p. [7] Kalinichin N.P., Kuleshova G.P. [2] Shirman A.R., Solovyov A.B. Nondestructive control. Capillary Practical vibration diagnostics and method/M. – publisherIntroscopy monitoring of condition of mechanical Research Institute. – 2002. – 101 p. equipment. M. 1996. - 208 p. [8] Assessment of technical condition of [3] Diagnostics of mining machinery and supporting irons of walking excavators equipment: Tutorial/B.L. Gerike, P.B. according to parameters of acoustic Gerike, V.S. Kvaginidze, G.I. Kozovoi, emission signal/ B.L. Gerike, S.I. A.A. Khoreshok//M.: IPO ‘U Protasov, A.V. Menchugin, P.V. Nikitskihvorot’, 2012. – 400 p. Buyankin// Mining equipment and [4] Kvaginidze V.S., Zaripova S.N. electromechanics. – 2009. - #5. – P. 25- Statistical analysis and forecasting of 30.

189 Taishan Academic Forum – Project on Mine Disaster Prevention and Control Evaluation of Explosion Protection Means of Mine Electrical Equipment for Operation in Excavations of Coal Mines EFREMENKO VLADIMIR, BELYAEVSKY ROMAN Energyinstitute, t.f. Gorbatchevkuzbass State Technical University, Kemerovo, 650000, Russia

Abstract injuries of people, failure of performance Information of ensuring explosion-proof of an objective" [1]. properties of mine electrical equipment is Explosion protection of the mine electric- one of important problems of ensuring al equipment established in excavations safe operation of electrical equipment in of mines, is provided, generally applica- tion of a special design – the explosion- coal mines are provided. It is shown that proof cover which explosion-proof prop- this process is very difficult and a little erties it is reached due to use of special studied. The analysis algorithm and iden- constructive elements: explosion-proof tifications of influence of defects of con- crack between separate elements of a structional elements of a cover on explo- cover, application of spring washers in sion protection is offered. The analysis of knots of fastening, sealing plugs of cables, existing normative documents is carried caps not used inputs, security rings round fastening bolts, etc. out and the directions of researches are Distinctive feature of ensuring explosion- offered. proof properties of electrical equipment is Keywords: explosion protection, mine that explosion protection is provided with electrical equipment, explosion safety, set of a working order of all elements. defect, coal mine Defect of one of them can bring, with a In excavations of coal mines always there certain probability, to loss of explosion- is a potential danger which under certain proof properties and, besides with a cer- conditions can pass into the real. So, in tain probability, to explosion or a fire in particular, this danger can arise at coinci- excavations. It should be noted that con- dence of such events as existence in de- trol and diagnostics of emergence of de- velopments of the explosive atmosphere fects of separate elements is difficult as and a source of initiation of explosion many defects can't be measured in work which can be mine electrical equipment process. Besides, defect of any element of with faulty means of explosion protection. explosion protection doesn't lead to tran- According to GOST 27.310-95, the sition of electric equipment to a non- equipment is reliabile . The analysis of working state (stopping the engine, shut- types, consequences and criticality of down of the electric device) but only refusals" loss of explosion-proof proper- translates it in faulty, but operating state. In the coal industry a number of norma- ties of electrical equipment can be re- [2, 3, 4] ferred to the IV category – "refusal which tive documents which define an quickly and with high probability can inspection routine, audits of mine explo- cause a significant damage for the object sion-proof electrical equipment, including and (or) for environment, death or heavy means of explosion protection works now. However in these documents critical pa-

© 2014. The authors - Published by Atlantis Press 190 rameters of defects of the explosion pro- —absence or breakdown spring washers tection which excess demands an elec- on fasteners; trical equipment conclusion from opera- —rust on explosion-proof surfaces; tion and adoption of a certain decision on —damages of rubber sealing rings to ca- its further safe operation (utilization, use ble inputs; out of an explosive environment, repair, —lack of caps on not used cable inputs; prevention and adjustment) aren't estab- — lished. the increased gap between explosion- The analysis of a condition of explosion proof surfaces; protection means consists in identifica- —damage of a carving of fasteners; tion of the factors influencing explosion —mechanical damages of elements of a protection, and estimates of their impor- cover; tance as the factor having impact on ex- —damages of security rings on covers of plosion safety. It is known that any event, introduction offices; in this case explosion protection violation, —damages of insulators through passage. is seldom caused by the only reason. The histogram of distribution of probabil- Most often sources of emergence of de- ity of emergence of explosion protection fects are: the person (man) – the car (ma- defects for 672 units of electric equip- chine) – a method (method) – a material ment is given in fig. 1. (material) – so-called 4M. In the condi- 0.3 tions of excavations to them environment conditions, the natural phenomena, etc. 0.2 are added. The analysis of a condition of explosion 0.1 protection of mine explosion-proof elec- trical equipment includes: 0 1.Choice of set of indicators of the sepa- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 rate constructive elements providing ex- plosion protection, and determination of Fig. 1: The histogram of distribution of proba- critical size of defect at which excess bility of emergence of explosion protection defects there is a high probability of formation of real danger (explosion, a fire). The conducted researches are allowed to 2. Development of mathematical model establish that decrease in explosion-proof and the program computer system for an properties of mine electrical equipment is assessment of probability of violation of influenced by various defects of construc- explosion protection, both on a separate tional elements. Most often such defects element, and on their set. of explosion protection as absence or 3. Carrying out necessary researches and breakage of spring washers, a rust on tests in laboratory and working conditions explosion-proof surfaces, damages of for the data acquisition, characterizing sealing rings (about 66% of all damages), process of loss by electrical equipment of but it doesn't mean meet that these defects explosion-proof properties. are most dangerous to loss of explosion- The researches conducted by us on a proof properties. For example, such de- number of mines of Kuzbass[5], are al- fect as damage of an insulator through lowed to establish that loss of explosion- passage meets seldom (1.3%), but on the proof properties of mine electrical consequences is more dangerous as in equipment is influenced by the following this case possibly short circuit on the case defects: with possible emission of an electric arch

191 outside of the introduction device, espe- cially if thus there are no caps of non- 1 2, Si  Si ; working inputs or are damaged there (do  not correspond) sealing rings. Also on 1 0 FSi   1, Si  Si  Si (1) weight of consequences and formation of  0 dangerous situations mechanical damages 0, Si  Si ; of covers are the extremely dangerous. It where n – quantity of observed elements should be noted that development of one of explosion protection; Si – the actual defect (for example, absence or damage value of a condition of ielement of explo- of spring washers) leads to appearance of 1 0 sion protection; Si , Si – value of pre- another (increase in a gap between explo- emergency and emergency threshold sion-proof surfaces). That is in certain condition of i element of explosion pro- cases there is a coherence of events (de- tection. fects of elements of explosion protection) Further it is necessary to define the im- which develop both in parallel (indepen- portance of each element in the general dently) from each other, and is consecu- scale of values, to find out "specific tive. Development of one leads to appear- weight" in the general value of indicators ance of another. of refusal of explosion protection. The For an assessment of level of explosion most acceptable for the solution of this safety of electrical equipment it is possi- [6] task, in our opinion, is the FMEA method ble to use the following technique . (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) [7]. By consideration of level of explosion Thus define: safety of electric equipment it is consi- — list of potential defects of explosion dered three states: protection; —normal when the condition of separate —potential reasons of emergence of these elements of explosion protection allows defects; to exploit him without any restrictions (2); —potential consequences of the revealed —pre-emergency when correcting influ- defects; ences directly in an electrical equipment installation site (replacement of washers, —possibility of control of the revealed cleaning of explosion-proof surfaces of a defects. rust, installation of sealing rings and caps, The FMEA method is expert method. etc.) are required after which the decision Experts in 10-ball system estimate above on further operation of electric equipment the listed parameters. Thus the highest is made(1); point is appropriated to defect with the —emergency when a condition of explo- most serious consequences, with the greatest probability of emergence and it is sion protection such is that is required or the most difficult revealed. repair in the specialized organizations For realization of this method it is neces- (restoration of mechanical damages, re- sary to define: placement of separate details), with the 1. Rank (point) of the importance of each subsequent decision on further operation defect of explosion protection and possi- (for example, as mine normal, removal a ble consequences on its influence on level sign of explosion protection and further of explosion protection (R). operation as not explosion-proof) or utili- 2. Probability of emergence of this or that zation (0). defect of explosion protection (E). The condition of explosion protection can 3. Probability of detection of defect at be estimated: electric equipment survey (S).

192 The Complex Risk of Defect (CRD) of For an assessment of comparative influ- explosion protection can be defined as ence of separate elements on the general CRD = R×E×S. According to recommen- level of explosion protection the expert dations [7] at value of CRD ≥ 100 … 120, method of an assessment is used. For the explosion-proof electrical equipment what the matrix comparative (in pairs) has to be immediately taken out of ser- characteristics of defects of elements of vice, is lifted on a surface and sent to the explosion protection is formed: specialized repair organizations for carry- 1  1     1n    n ing out repair and correcting actions or 2  1     utilization. At CRD ≤ 40 operation of  21 2n   ij (3)     1    V  j electric equipment can be continued i n n    without restrictions. At 40

193 calculate and simulate probability of References: emergence of accident taking into ac- [1] GOST 27.310-95. Reliability in count external factors influencing electric equipment. Analysis of types, conse- equipment and a condition of elements of quences and criticality of refusals. the design providing explosion protection. [2] GOST RIEC 60079-17-2010. Explo- PVK has to consist of the following sive environments. Part 17. Check and blocks: maintenance of electric installations. — the information and analytical block [3] Instruction on survey and audit of providing collecting and preprocessing of mine explosion-proof electrical equip- information on a condition of means of ment. explosion protection; [4] The leading document defining an — the block of standard and technical order of survey of a condition of means documentation, including software of of explosion protection of mine explo- procedures of collecting, processing and sion-proof electrical equipment and es- adoption of the decision; tablishment of a condition of its further — the block of examination of the re- safe operation. ceived results of preprocessing, develop- [5] Razgildeev G. I. The characteristic of ment of operating decisions and recom- damageability of means of explosion pro- mendations, including about possibility of tection of mine explosion-proof electrical further operation of electric equipment; equipment/G. I. Razgildeev, V. M. Efre- menko, V. M. Druy//Health and safety of —the block of modeling of process of the enterprises in industrially developed emergence and development of an emer- regions: Materials VII of the International gency (explosion) depending on a condi- scientific and practical conference. V.1. – tion of explosion protection and environ- Kemerovo: KuzSTU, 2007. – P. 98-101. ment. [6] Senderov, S. M. Assessment of ener- By results of the analysis of a condition gy security of Siberia / S. M. Senderov, of means of explosion protection, except M. B. Cheltsov// Power Academy. –2008 . the operational actions directed on de- – No. 2. – P. 92-99. crease in probability of possible explo- [7] GOST P 51814.2-2001. Method of the sions, it is necessary to consider possibili- analysis of types and consequences of ty of constructive change of mine explo- potential defects. sion-proof electrical equipment. So, we[8, [8] Copyright certificate851516 USSR. 9] offered the design of explosion-proof Explosion-proof electric equipment/ G. I. electric equipment which is almost ex- Razgildeev, S. L. Rusov, M. V. Horunzhy, cluding possibility of explosion in a cover. V. M. Efremenko (USSR). –27.03.1981. The carried-out research and develop- [9] Copyright certificate1364198 USSR. ment, and also tests of prototypes con- Explosion-proof electric motor / B. V. firmed prospects of this direction in in- Shush pannikov, V. M. Efremenko, G. I. crease of safety and reliability of electric Razgildeev (USSR). –01.09.1987. equipment for explosive rooms and mountain developments.

194

Taishan Academic Forum – Project on Mine Disaster Prevention and Control To the Question of the Destructed Rock Mass Movements Regime Assessment KHARKOVSKYI Victor S.1, PLOTNIKOV Valery M.1, KOMLEVA Eugenia V.1, KOGAY Olessya A.1,KOROBKINA Anna S.2, HARLAMOVA Anna V.3 ,GONCHAROV Yuri N.4, BALIKBAYEV BekturKh.4 (1.Karaganda State Technical University, Mining Faculty,The department of "Mine aerology and a labor safety" 100027, Karaganda, Kazakhstan;2.Karaganda State Technical University, Mining Faculty, Methodist of International office 100027, Karaganda, Kazakhstan;3.Karaganda Research Institute of Industrial Safety, Branch corporation 100027, Karaganda, Kazakhstan; 4.JSC“EEC” "Vostochniyt",141202,Ekibastuz,Kazakhstan)

Abstract: The article proposed equation for the localization of the active criteria specifying the interaction force technological processes components: dust, field with the medium. Based on the gases, radioactive substances, and the like. proposed regularities we suggested the For solid and liquid mineral output hazards emission accompanied by a medium parameters changes dependences translation of the raw material definitions and momentum and energy in special aerodynamic condition-aerosol, characteristics, the resistance of the which manifests overload destroyed the medium on which the formation hazards rock mass and generates dust flow, the equation were made. A device for rock concentration of dust in the working area mass overloading in a large volume, with is greater than 5,000 mg/m3, which a reduction of the hazards emission into determines the optimal flow regime movement of destroyed rock mass. working zone by two rates was suggested. 2.Characteristic of the work Key words: cargo flow, safety criteria, Criteria setting for technical process the conveyor unit, the porosity of the evaluating safety is a major engineering medium, the flow state, fluent. challenge and requires the linking of a 1.Introduction random process measure probability in International practice recommends the settlement periods and volumes of conveyor transport for conditions of high production, based on the indicators of the power open pit mineral deposits. kinetics and medium resistance to Advantages are threading movement of external effects, i.e. regularities raw materials, a relatively large length of Эк transportation, the ability of bulk  R (1) material movement angle to 20° which J allows reducing the delivery path  2UR (2) compared to rail and automobile road 6-8 g and 3-4 times, increase the height of the where Эк - the kinetic energy of the mining face and apply the technique of external load power ;J - the pulse impact greater productivity. However, at the on the medium;R -resistance of the same time there is an increase of medium, estimated as twice the value of shattered rock mass hazards allocation the dynamic speed;2Ug - dynamic flow and creation of the emergency conditions rate . of intermediate filling containers intended

© 2014. The authors - Published by Atlantis Press 345 These dependences [1, 2] determine the its physical parameters, as the all-round movement of the medium elements to compression modulus is constant. considered conditions of destroyed For these conditions, shattered rock mass mountain mass or fluent, conventional displacements estimated according to the liquid filling volume of space, condition of double phase medium determining fine particles emissions compressibility characterized with beyond transported stream. deformation of shattered rock mass If the technological system is physical volume with the bulk material parameters and chemical or a similar space, the characteristics. arrangements for the transfer of energy For the analyzed conditions the failure of and mobility of elements determined by small particles and transfer them into the laws of Einstein and has the form aerosol produced by the deformation of shown as [2, 7, 8] the destroyed rock mass and vortex fluent D  aT (3) diffusion. Therefore, based on the 1 conditions of disclosure concept of a  (4) "dynamic speed" [1, 2, 4, 6-9] we have b regularity Where D is thediffusion coefficient,  medium circulation characteristics, the  Г Кк (6) mobility of the considered element, the  internal friction of the received energy Where  –displacement of medium level;T is the energy of the medium tension;Г - fluent circulation;Кк – mobility; b is the binding energy coefficient of rolling friction. between the elements of the medium; Depending on the specific conditions of a is the medium mobility. external force field adopted equation In this case, the analyzed environment engineering calculations for the should be considered as a multi-phase, assessment of the circulation can be skeleton forming pseudo-solid and estimated by the following fluent pseudo-liquid and at its mobility level indicators: kinematic viscosity, diffusion determining the system destruction. coefficient, index of medium thermal  k(1 m ) conductivity. a  1 0 (5) f 1  k(1 m ) Circulation, or rather its analogues, 1 0 concrete medium fluent: viscosity,

Where k(1 m0 ) - all-round medium diffusion, thermal diffusivity, i.e. reverses flow characteristics: compression module; m –the porosity 0 3 2d 2 the system;  –dimensionless parameter Г  2 (7) characterizing the volumetric change of J i medium(index 1 belongs to solid, index 2 Where d2 is the surface characteristic of belongs to liquid). the pore space vortex, the size of the pore In the submission of Y. I. Frenkel[9] volume (solid) ; J is the pulse impact of parameter a characterizes a disturbance i f an external force field to the unit volume of porosity defining fluent mobility of destroyed rock mass pore space (viscous fluid) and in apparently solid (liquid). phase in motion relative to the standard. Studying the conditions of mass transfer [3,9] Established for rocks during V. M. Casey [4] proposed the characteristic compaction within 0,92-0,72 sample and of an external force field its impulse

346 component and circulation as a criterion d2 for the liquid substances transfer - to be  0.01 (12) Lewis criterion in particular: d1 dn Strouhal criterion is a characteristic  Le (8) established traffic type and represents the v flow rate conditions change for a certain Where ω is the frequency of the force period of time. field impact; pulse characteristic of the 2 (13) fluent; v is kinetic viscosity of the Sh = ω d2/Un medium. The assessment index can be taken for the This allows determining the pattern of the continuous mode - 0, 12, intermediate - 0, force field impact on the porous medium 16, turbulent - 0, 21 with following dimensionless equation: Transfer of energy and matter with moving means (liquid or gaseous) in the Re Sh  Le  2 (9) criteria form of theoretical developments, where Sh is Strouhal number, stationary criterion [4, 7, 9, 10 ], proposed to make criterion of the homochromatic according to the following dependence process;Re is Reynolds number, friction evaluation criterion: regime of the destroyed rock mass. And to the account of aerosol stream The characteristic mode of transportation movement according to the theory of destroyed mass flow gets the main mass transfer [4] determined by the interests. In general, the evaluation of the condition: flow binding is determined by slit distance between its elements, i. e. St RePr  4.364 (14) u d Where St – Stanton number Re  n 1 (10) characterizes the fluent friction v2 conditions and skeleton forming space - where Un is the flow rate. the hydraulic friction coefficient;Pr– the For the conditions of small fractions assessment conditions of transferring transfer, the determining factor is the energy level of sliding friction into shown size of the destruction elements rolling friction (fluent physical separation, i. e. the condition of the slit characteristics). formation, which was laid to the Stanton criterion characterizes the loss of evaluative indicator, the regularity takes energy to overcome friction. the following form: St  0.5Cf (15) d2 v2re where Cƒ is the local friction index.  (11) d u Prandtl number is determined by the 1 n fluent medium and characterized by its Set at a value of Reynolds number up to physical properties for the analyzed 10 - the mode of destroyed rock mass conditions – air. movement is connected; from 10 to 2100 v is transitional and when the number is Pr  (16) bigger than 2100 - elements of a destruction have no connection with each Where a is thermal diffusivity. other. All this allows dependences [9] and [14] For the connected mode defines the air combine into the system of the destroyed conditions: rock mass displacement regime criteria assessment.

347 Re Sh Le  2 The degree of dust aerosol emission  (17) referenced to the conveyor unit is St RePr  4.364  determined by the condition of reloaded Which can divide the overload into three material contact with the medium a zones (or rather the conveyor unit) gutter, confined structure space. and a lower receptor, produce their Thus, the disruption of particles occurs aerodynamic separation and determine from the contiguity surface of the contact the optimal stream location in each of layers. Consequently, the layer mode, them. which the new conveyor unit was Experiments of condition [1, 3, 5, 6,] the designed for, characterized by a smallest emission of dust into working minimum aerosol output because the area occurs in a shattered rock mass contact is only possible on the top. At the laminar movement, at a high speed of free pieces fall in the shelter the bulk material movement it is necessary to disruption is made from the surfaces remove the gutter from the unloading oriented toward reloaded material fall, head of the upper conveyor, height which significantly increases the large separation assessment of the gutter and a fractions aerosols output, which is [6] lower belt destruction which are typical for dust settling chambers . measured by the system (17). Applied conditions of adopted reload the These defined features determine the boundary layer thickness does not exceed localization of the resulting hazards 0.027 mm, which corresponds to the technological processes. particle size 20km. On this basis, the reloading device was The device worked for more than two developed entered in force on the years in the process chain without territory of the section "Vostochniy" JSC emergency. The characteristics of "EEC" [5]: Performance 600-1500 t / h; working places dustiness in the Height overload 4-6 m; cargo flow comparative assessment of the project moving horizontally 4 ～ 6 m/s; the device operation in comparison with average size of shattered rock mass - regulated by KSTU professionals, is 300mm; belt width - 2～4 m. shown in table 1. Table 1: Comparative assessment of the device operation, recommended by KSTU professionals and design The device type Measuring Dustiness, mg/m3 area Maximum Medium Minimum Design Bottom 7900 6123 5480 Top 4330 3686 3252 NewreloadingdeviceKSTU Bottom 25,6 15,03 6,7 Top 20,6 12,24 5,5 1. The equation of the criteria assessment Table 1 shows that the calculation of all process is proposed for technological patterns allows to manage the process by processes safety assessment based on the which hazards are formed and have external energy arrangement, impulse access to the work zone, herewith the characteristics response and resistance of concentration of dust was reduced by medium. more than two rates. 2. The regularities of medium features 3.Conclusion change were shown due to the The abovementioned results allow the fundamental features of the material and following concluding: fluent.

348 3. Implementation of the received [5] Patent number 27023 KZ A4V62 recommendations will reduce the hazard 69/18 (2006.01) emission on example of dust aerosols by [6] Satarin V. I., Purley S. B. Movement more than two rates. and dedusting gases in the cement 4. References industry. M.: Gosstroiizdat, 1960, p. 305 [1] Methods of advanced coalbed dust [7] L. D. Landau, E. M. Lifshitz formation reduce / A. E. Perezhilov, E. Theoretical Physics. T. Hydrodynamics Y. Dikolenko, V. S. Kharkovskiy, etc. M.: VI - M.; Science 1986 - 736 p. Nedra, 1995, p.408 [8] The rheology. Theory and [2] Metodology of Manufacturing Applications / F. Eirich, A. Bondi, P. A. Hazards and Rates Assessment/ Viktor S. Rebinder and others. M.: publishing Kharkovskiy, Valeriy M. Plotnokov, house Inlit 1962. p. 387-491, 459-508, Nicolay A. Drizhd, Evgeniya V. Komleva, 812-818. Anna V. Kharlamova ‘Europen [9] Mechanic of saturated mountain Researcher’ № 1-14 August 2012. mediums / V. I.Nicholas, K. S. Basniev, [3] O. V. Abramov, A. N. Rosenbaum A. T. Gorbunov, G. A. ZotovNedra 1970 Prediction of the technical systems state. p. 239. M.: Science 1990, p.126 [10] L. G. Loitsyansky Fluid and gas [4] V. M. Case Convective heat and mass mechanics. - M.: Science, 1973, 547p. transfer. M.: Energy 1972, p.448

349 Taishan Academic Forum – Project on Mine Disaster Prevention and Control Simulation of Stress-Strain State of The Reinforced Soil Foundation for Structures PROSTOV Sergei M., SOKOLOV Mikhail V. Mining Institute, T.F. Gorbachev Kuzbass State Technical University, 650000, Kemerovo, Russia

Abstract: Therein there is formation of solving both two - and three-dimensional algorithms database of stress-strain state problems; implementation of nonlinear of reinforced soil foundations and (elastic, plastic and elastic-plastic using optimizing the main parameters of the Mises criterion) and rheological models; possibility of accounting for computer model. The analysis of the heterogeneity of the environment results of calculations for the foundation (geological structure, geometry and strip, slab and columar type on properties of the docking region, homogeneous and layered the basis. structural elements). [3] Keywords: soil foundation, foundation, This paper reviews main distortion, stress, stratification, modeling methodological aspects of modeling of 1.Introduction geo-mechanical processes in the grounds Pressure injection techniques [1] and of the post footing, strip, slab and pile electrochemical fixing [2] of weak foundations. saturated soils are very promising in As part of the concept developed in this underground, surface and hydraulic paper we present algorithms for data bank, engineering. Processes in the area of detailing the parameters of the computer consolidation, are very complex, they are model and some simulation results. dedicated to the study of a number of 2.Work description works. Until now the aspect of the The object of study is the state of the soil interaction geo-mechanical fixed zone mass surface mining structures having adjoining its natural array and structural structural changes upon application of elements is poorly studied. This paper [2] loads in the form of various types of attempts to make analytical solution of foundations. For an analysis of its stress- problems in the elastic and elastic-plastic strain state a database of state parameters formulation. The results can be used in array (normal and shear stress  x ,  z , practice with sufficient accuracy only under ideal conditions, such as a  xz , deformations vertical and horizontal homogeneous medium, winze circular displacement u and  ) was formed section shell of equal thickness. according to the enlargement algorithm To solve the applied and practical (Fig.1). In the framework the effect of problems of the issue under consideration, different soil deformation parameters it’s reasonable to use numerical methods, before and after fixing (modules of while application of Alterra, included into deformation E and E , Poisson's ratio the software package Geosoft is y promising. The main advantages of this  и  у , and the cohesion C и Су , program are as follows: the possibility of

© 2014. The authors - Published by Atlantis Press 350 angle of internal friction  and  parameters of the foundations are у reviewed. respectively), the size and location of zones ECP, geological structure and

Fig. 1: Enlarged algorithm of formation of the source database: а , b - width and height of foundation; с - depth of foundation; - angle of cut slope; H - radius and height of docking zone, respectively; l - distance between fixing zones; P , q - concentrated and distributed load along the edges of foundation;  - density of material for

foundation; F , I a , W - parameters of sole foundation At the initial stage of computing geo- calculation of the foundations [4, 5]. For mechanical research study, an important the analysis we used etalon foundation aspect is the substantiation of initial (stamp) under the most adverse ground parameters of the basic model, which conditions. must comply with the maximum Fig.2 shows the obtained results of calculation and can be determined based calculations of the dependence of error on the primary software calculations  from the model parameters B , H , estimate areas by establishing of the basic m m parameters of the model as follows: width N , so we can determine the field of rational foundation model. In particular, B , height H and number of elements m m the analysis of the graphs shows that N . changes of  occurs by polynomial or The main criterion for selecting of the logarithmic dependence, and setting the model parameters is the error  , defined value of the maximum error on the level as the relative difference of simulation   5% , you can define the minimum results and theoretical reference values values of the above parameters. determined by classical methods of

351

(a) (b)

(c)

Fig.2: Dependence of  from H m (a)  from Bm (b) N from  and time t (с)

1 - at a ratio of Hm / Bm  4:3; 2 - at Bm  20м  const The algorithm for determining of the validity of the results. Stress distribution main parameters of the calculation of the  ,  ,  in the soil body is signal model is shown on Fig.3.As part of x z xz the formation of the analytical database uniform with the formation of the zone of modeling results are obtained in the form maximum stress under the foundation. The interest is geo-mechanical state of of contour of the principal stresses  x , the layered base for different deformation properties of layers and angle of  z ,  xz strain  x ,  z ,  xz , and displacements u and  . inclination  of its border. Some results of the calculation for the The dependency graphs of vertical main types of foundations are shown on deformation  z on Fig.5, show that the Fig. 4.The stress-strain state of the strip inhomogeneous strain distribution is foundation was studied in more detail, as  z this foundation has a distinctive element - characterized by displacement  z at the sole, and the conditions of its the boundary layers having different modeling as close as possible to the conditions of the plane problem. The values E , and ranges of changes  z of primary analysis showed that within the both layers and  z is dependent on the linearly deformed base there is a proportional dependence between the ratio E1 E2 and the angle of inclination stress and strain that is the criterion of the boundaries of layers  .

352

Fig. 3: Algorithm to determine geometric parameters of the model: d f - depth of foundation; H sp - theoretical value of height of the compressible strata adopted regarding the load; S , l - area and length of elements; Nd , Nu - lower and upper limit of the number of elements Strip foundation

Slab foundation

353 Post Footing

Fig. 4: Results of calculation of vertical displacements u (a), strain  z ( b); stress  z (с) for the main types of foundations

Angel of deposition layers   0 (a) (b)

 18 (a) (b)

Fig. 5. Dependencies of vertical deformation  z of the coordinate Z at low bottom (a), top (b)

layer depending on the ratio of the deformation modulus E1 E2 : 1 – 1,0; 2 – 1,5; 3 – 3,0; 4 –4,6; 5 – 1,0; 6 –0,67; 7 – 0,33; 8 – 0,22 Dependencies  (E E ) (Fig.6) are follows: the establishment of regularities z 1 2 of the formation of the stress-strain state complex, it is necessary to take into of structures at the base in the most account when justifying the foundations typical cross-sections; establish of rational parameters. dependencies major technological and The main practical use of the database structural parameters of the foundations obtained as a result of simulations is as of the variable parameters of the model;

354 recommendations on specific the design of foundations, construction technological and design parameters for and repair work. (a) (b)

Fig. 6. Dependence of the value of displacement of the vertical deformations  z from strain

modules ratio E1 E2 at weak bottom (a), top (b) layer and an inclination of layers  : 1 – 0°; 2 – 6°; 3 – 12°; 4 –18° 3.Conclusion of the processes of high-pressure Generalizations of these results allow injection of soil / S.M. Prostov, V.A. making the following conclusions: Haymaylaynen, O.V. Gerasimov. - 1. Purpose of computer modeling stress- Kemerovo; Moscow: Kuzbassvuzizdat. - strain-state groundwater strengthened by ASTI 2006. – 94p. ground structures is the formation of a [2] Prostov S.M. Electrochemical database of displacements, strains and grouting / S.M. Prostov, A.V. Pokatilov, stresses, in this case as a priori D.I. Rudkovskiy; RAEN. - Tomsk information using geo-technical soil University Publishing House Том, 2011. characteristics, geometrical and physical- – 294 p. mechanical parameters of the docking [3] Pokatilov A.V., Computer modeling zones, and reinforced concrete structures. of geo-mechanical processes at 2. While modeling it’s necessary to take electrochemical grouting of the ground rational computer model parameter foundations of structures / A.V. Pokatilov, ranges: width, height, number of elements, S.M. Prostov, S.A. Ivanov // Vestnik. using as a criterion for calculating the KuzSTU. - 2013. - # 4. - papes 61-65. error and the length of the computing. [4] Kushner S.G., Callsilation of strain of 3. One of the major factors influencing foundation for buildings and structures / the stress-strain state of subgrade is its S.G. Kushner; Zaporozhye Univ LLC bedding, since the boundary layer has ‘IPO Zaporozhye’, 2008. – 496p. abrupt changes of strain and stress, [5] JV 23.13330.2011 JV. Foundations of depending on the ratio of moduli of buildings and structures, updated edition deformation and inclination of the border. SNiP 2.02.01-83 *. - Moscow: Russian 4.References Ministry of Regional Development, 2011. [1] Prostov S.M., Integrated monitoring – 162p.

355 Taishan Academic Forum – Project on Mine Disaster Prevention and Control Inert Compositions For Underground Fire Fighting in Mines PORTOLA Vyacheslav, GALSANOV Nima Mining Institute, T.F. Gorbachyov Kemerovo State Technical University, 650000, Kemerovo, Russia

Abstract:The properties of the inert Kuzbass in the case of immediate compositions obtained by liquid nitrogen extinguishing of the place of spontaneous and water co-spraying are shown. The combustion at the early stage of its high performance of inert compositions development, the average economic damage is reduced by 6.3 times. made of gas-borne ice particles to The process of underground fire extinguish underground in worked-out extinguishing differs significantly from mine area is demonstrated. A reduction in fire fighting on the ground. On the coal reactivity after treatment with inert surface, the refrigerant supplied to the fire compositions is established. seat usually evaporates into the Keywords: mine; worked-out mine area; atmosphere with the combustion products. spontaneous combustion; underground Therefore, due to the large heat removal fire; nitrogen; inert composition. from the fire seat the supplied refrigerants 1.Introduction (usually water or water solutions) rapidly Underground fires cause enormous cool burning substance. Phase transitions economic damage to mines, threaten the of the refrigerant used such as water health and life of miners due to the evaporation take away heat particularly release of toxic gases, combustible gas efficiently. The resulting vapor is then explosion hazards and coal dust. At condensed in the upper atmosphere, Kuzbass coal mines the endogenous fires warming the surrounding air. ignited by spontaneous combustion of In underground conditions in the coal clusters are the most common refrigerant heated in the fire seat is accident. The coal cluster formed in the distributed in the cluster of coal and rock, worked-out areas of left pillars and in the transferring its heat to them. The vapor places of geological faults in coal beds formed from water also condenses in the ignite spontaneously most often. worked-our space heating it. The result of Extinguishing fires occurring in the such suppression is the redistribution of worked-out mine areas usually lasts a heat produced during the coal combustion long time because of the fire seat and concentrated in a small size fire seat, inaccessibility the lack of accurate data throughout much more spacious worked- on the location of the fire seat. At the out area in which the refrigerant time of the fire extinguishing the fire area movement occurred. In such is isolated from existing mine workings, circumstances, the cooling efficiency is which may lead to the loss of the whole determined mainly by the initial coal and mining machinery. The rapid temperature of the supplied refrigerant suppression of the fire seat allows and its specific heat capacity. improving significantly the mine safety For rapid elimination of underground fire and reducing the economic losses resulted seat, the refrigerants allowing absorbing from the endogenous fires. The the maximum amount of heat from the conducted analysis showed that in heated cluster should be used. For this

© 2014. The authors - Published by Atlantis Press 356 purpose it is necessary to apply the requires a larger amount of gas and a substances, in which the phase transitions longer time of its supplying to cool the with the heat absorption occur at heated coal. The disadvantage of foam is relatively low temperatures. Taking into the small radius of its distribution in the consideration that that endogenous fire is worked-out area due to its rapid decay [3,4]. considered to be extinguished when the 2.Characteristic of the work coal temperature drops to 25° C, the The use of ice particles supplied into the phase transitions of the supplied stream of inert gas will enable to improve refrigerant must occur at lower significantly the efficiency of temperatures. Such refrigerants include extinguishing the burning coal clusters. liquefied gases such as nitrogen. This composition produces the spacious However, the application of liquid treatment of the worked-out area and the nitrogen in the fire seat may cause an created inert atmosphere prevents coal explosion due to its rapid evaporation. oxidation and heat liberation. The range One of the best refrigerants is water, of transportation of the supplied ice which has the maximum value of the particles in the gas stream will increase specific heat capacity and greater density. significantly compared with drops of However, when applied in the worked- liquid, and the cooling process will be out area, water flows down the soil of the improved through the additional removal bed, without impacting on the fire. The of heat for heating the ice particles and compositions which allow treating the their transition to the liquid state. rubblized coal clusters are the most The amount of heat absorbed by the inert efficient for fire extinguishing in the composition, consisting of gas and the worked-out spaces. Such refrigerants particles of ice, moving through the include inert gases, foam [1,2]. However, heated coal, can be determined from the the inert gas has a slight density and expression specific heat capacity, that’s why it

Q  GGcG (t1 t0 )  GW cL (tT t0 )  GW cW (t1 tT )  GW r, (1) where G - the consumption of the Analysis of equation (1) shows that the G efficiency of the refrigerant used for fire refrigerant passing through the coal extinguishing, increases with its initial cluster, kg/s; cG - inert gas specific heat, temperature decrease, and also with its Joules / (kg K); G - the water density, specific heat and transition phase W heat increase. To decrease the initial consumption to form ice particles, kg/s; temperature of the inert composition, the cL , cW - the specific heat of ice co-spraying of nitrogen and liquid water is done, which leads to the heat exchange particles and water respectively, J / (kg between the components and transfer of K); t1 - the temperature of composition cryogenic liquid to the gas state, and the water particles to the solid state. passed through the coal cluster, K; t0 - The studies conducted have shown that the temperature of composition supplied the properties of the inert composition, to the coal cluster, K; tT - temperature of consisting of nitrogen and ice particles transition of ice to the liquid state, K; r can be controlled within wide limits by - specific heat of phase transition of the changing the proportion of the initial liquid to the solid state, Joules/kg. components and their initial temperature. The ratio of the consumption of co-

357 sprayed liquid nitrogen and water to the composition and source components can parameters of the generated inert be described by the equation G c (t  t )  r  c (t  t ) А  W W T L T C , (2) GW rG  cG (tC  tG ) where GA – is the consumption of liquid J/kg. nitrogen for the inert composition, kg/s; Calculated from the formula (2) the tW – the temperature of the water used for parameters of the inert composition of - о the inert composition K; tC - the 195 С temperature, obtained by mixing temperature of the resulting inert of water with different initial composition, K; tG – the evaporation temperatures and liquid nitrogen are temperature of liquid nitrogen, K; rG – shown in Table 1. latent heat of liquid nitrogen vaporization, Table 1: Parameters of the inert composition of -195о С temperature, obtained by mixing of water and liquid nitrogen The initial The ratio of ni- The mass of the The mass ratio of Heat capacity of water trogen consump- water supplied ice particles in the composition, temperture, tion to water for 1 kg of nitro- the composi- kJ/(kg∙K) о С (GG/GW) gen, kg/kg tion, % 0 3,72 0,269 21,2 1,23 20 4,15 0,24 19,4 1,21 40 4,57 0,22 18,0 1,20 60 5,00 0,20 16,6 1,18 80 5,42 0,18 15,6 1,17 100 5,85 0,171 14,6 1,16

In the case of the inert composition liquid nitrogen increases. Parameters of temperature increase the consumption of inert composition having a temperature - water required for the gasification of 100 ° C are shown in Table. 2. Table 2: Parameters of the inert composition of -100о С temperature, obtained by mixing of water and liquid nitrogen The initial The ratio of ni- The mass of the The mass ratio of Heat capacity of water trogen consump- water supplied ice particles in the composition, temperture, tion to water for 1 kg of nitro- the composi- kJ/(kg∙K) о С (GG/GW) gen, kg/kg tion, % 0 1,820 0,549 35,5 1,39 20 2,105 0,475 32,2 1,35 40 2,398 0,418 29,5 1.32 60 2,680 0,373 27,2 1.30 80 2,960 0,337 25,2 1.28 100 3,250 0,307 23,5 1,26

The data show that the temperature of the ticles in the composition and their heat refrigerant being increased, the mass ratio capacity decrease. The calculations of ice particles in the composition and its showed that the inert composition specific heat capacity also increases. comprising gas-borne ice particles cools When the temperature of the used water the heated coal efficiently compared with is increasing, the mass ratio of ice par the inert gas (nitrogen) or even the foam.

358 Thus, for 1 kg of coal cooling from 200° or maintaining the initial reactivity of the C to 25° C more than 15 m3 of inert gas treated cluster promotes the intensive coal with the initial temperature of 15о С is oxidation by atmospheric oxygen and the required. The same effect can be achieved development of spontaneous combustion. using 0.83 m3 of foam with expansion Therefore, to avoid recurrence of rate of 200 or 0,32 m3 of the inert endogenous fires, it is necessary to composition consisting of nitrogen and evaluate the effect of each refrigerant on ice particles with the initial temperature the chemical activity of the treated coal. of -50о C. Fire extinguishing in One of the most important factors underground mines with the inert affecting the development of spontaneous composition is advisable after the gas coal combustion process is the survey carried out on the surface [5], to temperature of the cluster[6]. Given that determine the location of the fire seat. the used inert compositions may The modification of chemical reactivity significantly reduce the temperature of of coal after its exposure to the refrigerant the treated coal cluster, the study of coal influences significantly impact on the reactivity at different temperatures was efficiency of fighting the endogenous conducted. The results of the experiments fires in the worked-out spaces. Increasing are shown in Table 3. Table 3:Modifications of coal reactivity under refrigeration

Coal Specific sorption rate, cm3/(g·h) temperature, Time from the beginning of sorption, h 0С 24 65 148 252 20 0,0625 0,0416 0,0216 0,0109 7 0,0268 0,0173 0,0112 0,0069 3 0,0127 0,0074 0,0043 0,0037 0 0,0079 0,0039 0,0021 0,0017 -5 0,0058 0,0026 0,0015 0,0011 -10 0,0044 0,0021 0,0009 0,0007

Analyzing these data, we can conclude of the coal were conducted at the next that the cooling effect of inert compounds stage of experiments. The samples of the can significantly reduce the reactivity of crushed coal prior to placing it in the coal, which will prevent the recurrence of sorption vessel were purged with pure spontaneous combustion process. nitrogen and nitrogen with the atomized The studies in of the influence of gaseous water particles. Simultaneously the nitrogen and liquid phase of inert untreated coal was studied. The results compounds formed after the ice melting are shown in Table. 4. and settling of ice particles on the surface Table 4: Modifications of coal reactivity after treatment Mode of coal treatment Specific sorption rate, cm3/(g·h) Time from the beginning of sorption, h 24 65 148 252 Untreated 0,0563 0,0324 0,0175 0,0092 Treated with nitrogen with 0,0356 0,0263 0,0131 0,0063 water particles Treated with gaseous 0,0598 0,0352 0,0183 0,0105 nitrogen

359 The studies conducted have shown that 4.References the water particles deposited on the [1] Privalov N.I. Improvement of gas- surface of coal after the inert composition generatot machines for underground fire supplying produce antipyrogenous effect fighting / N.I. Privalov, A.A.Kupko, B.S. on the coal. Thus, the reactivity of not Lyubarskiy // Coal of Ukraine. – 1991. – oxidized coal was decreased by 1.58 № 2. – P. 26 – 27. times. The coal being oxidized, the [2] Portola V.A. Prospects for the use of antipyrogenous effect of its treatment the nitrogen for fire and explosion fight- with water decreases. The treatment only ing in mines // Bulletin of KuzSTU, 2006. with the gaseous nitrogen resulted in a № 3. – P. 57 – 59. slight increase in chemical reactivity of [3] Portola V.A. Parameters of foam me- the coal. This effect can be explained by thod for spontaneous coal combustion removal of oxygen physically adsorbed fighting // Underground fire localization onto the coal surface by the nitrogen flow. and extinguishing. – Kemerovo, 1989. – Therefore, after the restoration of air flow P. 21–27. the coal begins to absorb the oxygen [4] Igishev V.G., Portola V.A. Expansion more intensely. rate of foams, used for localization and 3.Conclusion extinguishing of endogenous fires. Labor Thus, studies have shown that the Safety in Industry. – 1983. – № 7. – P. 32. combined liquid nitrogen and water or [5] Portola V.A., Krol G.V. IImplementa- water steam spraying allows obtaining the tion of the method of localization of the inert composition, comparable in its endogenous fires from the surface. Ad- cooling effect to the medium expansion vances in geotechnical and structural en- foam. The use of the compositions gineering - Proceedings of the Fifth Chi- consisting of inert gas-borne ice particles na-Russia Symposium on Underground can significantly reduce the time of and Building Engineering of City and extinguishing of spontaneous combustion Mint. 2008, Qindao, China. – p. 398-400 occurring in the worked-out areas of [6] Portola V.A. Evaluation of some fac- mines. The inert compositions may also tors’ impact on spontaneous coal combus- be used as antipyrogens to prevent tion // FTPRPI. – 1996. – № 3. – P. 61- spontaneous combustion of coal, and 68. recurrence of fires after their extinguishing.

360 Taishan Academic Forum – Project on Mine Disaster Prevention and Control Modeling Peculiarities of Reinforced Crack of Hydraulic Fracture of Coal Seams for Estimation of Their Permeability BAEV MIHAIL ALEKSEEVICH Mining institute, t.f. Gorbachev Kuzbass State Technical University, 650000, Kemerovo, Russia

Abstract: The main differences of coal heavy oils, oil (tar) sands, coal bed bed methane from other unconventional methane, shale gas and oil, gases of tough hydrocarbon resources are shown. rocks, gas hydrates and water dissolved Characteristics features of hydraulic gases. Coal bed methane (CBM) has a number of differences from other fracture operation of coal seams are unconventional resources. Firstly, the analyzed. The factors, affecting the high level of its extraction technology permeability of reinforced crack of allows considering the CBM production hydraulic fracture are marked. And the possible on a commercial scale and modeling peculiarities of reinforced crack economically useful. This is confirmed by of hydraulic fracture of coal seams are successful projects of coal bed methane analyzed. reserves development in such countries as USA, Canada, Australia, etc. Secondly, Keywords: coal bed methane, hydraulic coal bed methane is a high quality and fracturing, proppant, permeability, contact environmentally friendly energy and strength. chemical raw material. Methane 1.Introduction concentration in natural gas mixture of The modern world economy is coal seams is 80-98%, and the impurities characterized by high energy resources content is minimized. Therefore, there is consumption. The development of fuel no need in deep cleaning – in most cases and energy and metallurgical complex, it is sufficient just to dry it. Thirdly, petrochemical and chemical industry is large-scale field methane production as an based on the extensive use of various independent mineral resource will not kinds of mineral resources extracted from only meet needs of the coal-mining the earth. Fuel, energy and technological regions in gas, but also will reduce gas raw materials oil, natural gas and coal are hazard of coal mining in future mines. widely used. The humanity growing This, in turn, is one of the conditions for needs in these minerals make people significant increase in coal production. increase their extraction continually. 2.Characteristic of the work Gradual exhaustion or substantial Early methane extraction by wells from reduction of these reserves in easily the surface (before mining) is done by accessible deposits has led to complexity using the special technology of coal and high cost of their production. In this seams gas recovery intensification. In the regard, one of the priority tasks is the world practice various methods have been development of unconventional used, such as: seam hydraulic fracturing hydrocarbon resources, which include: (SHF), caving, horizontal directional

© 2014. The authors - Published by Atlantis Press 361 drilling (HDD), pneumo- and cracks should be relatively wide and short. hydrodynamic drag (MPE, PHDD and However, the developed system of natural HDT), reactant treatment of wells, the cracks in coal seams can contribute to wave action to a seam, helium, nitrogen high filtration of fracturing liquid deep and carbon dioxide injection into coal into the formation; this prevents the seams, plasma impulse excitation (PIE), cracks growth in width. foam-nitrogen hydraulic fracturing and Another important factor in cracks others. The hydraulic fracturing method is formation of fracture is a type of fracture widely used for CBM production. During liquid. The technology «slickwater» the hydraulic fracturing process a special became widespread for coal seam gas technological liquid is pumped under high recovery intensification – hydraulic pressure and high rate into the seam. At fracturing, using water with a small one stage of hydraulic fracturing a amount of additives (friction reducers) as propping agent (proppant) in the form of a fracturing liquid. As a result of this natural sand or ceramic granules of a technology implementation the developed certain size and concentration is added system of cracks is formed; micro seismic into fracturing liquid. Proppant is studies prove it [2, 3, 4]. Complex geometry distributed in the cracks to prevent their of cracks and relatively low disclosure closing after the operation closure. The leads to difficulties of their effective main purpose of hydraulic fracturing is to proppant attachment. Besides, water has create a system of deep penetration into very low sand holding ability, which also the seam cracks, which links a well with a reduces the quality of cracks attachment. network of natural origin cracks and Numerous studies show that the main increases the drainage area. Such high factors affecting the permeability of permeability cracks are pathways and cracks of hydraulic fracture and proppant facilitate the flow of gas from the seam packing are: closure pressure of depth to the well in order to achieve reinforced cracks, temperature, economically sound production rates. mechanical properties of rocks, proppant Thus, the wells productivity is associated type, grain size and surface concentration with cracks geometry and their residual of proppant, distribution of proppant in a permeability. crack, gel remnants, proppant destruction, One of the main factors in hydraulic particle migration, proppant indentation fracturing is display of strength and in cracks walls. The influence of all these deformation properties of rocks. The factors is studied well. However, the difference of coal physical and research of filtration properties of mechanical properties from other reinforced cracks of hydraulic fracture of reservoir formations and bedding coal seams has a number of features. conditions determines the peculiarities of Permeability of reinforced cracks of hydraulic fracturing technology of coal fracture in a coal seam differs from the seams and this exposure method permeability, determined in accordance effectiveness. The value of Young’s with a standard method of measuring the modulus has great influence on geometry duration of proppants conduction, of cracks, resulting from hydraulic described in the standards ISO 13503-5 fracturing [1, 2]. The cracks tend to grow in and API RP 19D[5]. The standard method length and height in rocks with high does not fully take into account the Young's modulus, being relatively small peculiarities of physical and mechanical in width (crack opening). In rocks with properties of coal and the conditions of low Young's modulus, such as coal, coal seams bedding, but information

362 concerning the study of their impact on as to make samples directly from coal, the filtration ability of reinforced cracks with certain requirements (size, shape) is of hydraulic fracture of coal seams is not technically difficult. enough. From this, it was proposed to produce In this regard the urgent problem is the samples by filling the cement slurry of task of further investigation of the process definite composition in a special mould. of cracks attachment of hydraulic fracture This approach is due to several reasons. and experiments conduction to measure Firstly, the samples are very convenient the permeability of proppant packing in to make. The special mould, designed for conditions close to the seam conditions. preparation of standard samples from In our case it is necessary to consider the sandstone, can be used as a mould for impact of the unique properties of coal filling. After set of mortar and maturing seams, which are unconventional the resulting sample has the required size reservoirs of methane. What properties of and shape. Secondly, adjusting coal should be considered when accordingly the cement slurry properties comparing coal with other rock-reservoirs (change in its water-cement ratio, input of in the aspect of the analyzed problem? various additives), it is possible to obtain Firstly, these are those properties, which the necessary cement stone with certain can affect the permeability of proppant parameters. Thirdly, this material is very bands. These include mechanical affordable and inexpensive. properties and parameters which Let’s analyze in detail the manufacture of characterize them. In the research [6] we cement mortar samples. In order to find provide objectives that, in aspect of the the desired composition of the solution analyzed problem, the exponent, giving a let’s proceed from the following generalized assessment of rock properties considerations. Since contact strength is for the process of cracks attachment of associated with compressive resistance [7], hydraulic fracture by granular material, is it is possible to determine what strength contact strength of a rock. Furthermore, cement stone should have to satisfy the in accordance with the method described requirement in terms of contact strength. in [7], we performed some experiments on It is easy to see that its compressive coal samples and determined the index resistance should be close to the strength value of the contact strength (63.6 mPas). of coal (8-20 mPas for coals of Kuznetsk According to this parameter coal Basin [8]). From literature[9] we know that significantly differs from sandstone, connection of strength of cement stone laboratory samples of which are used in a with water cement ratio of the solution, standard test for measuring the duration from which it is made and with cement of proppants conductivity. Under certain activity, is known (e.g., water-cement conditions, this difference may have ratio law). Thus, water-cement ratio W/C decisive influence on the residual = 0.65 corresponds to compressive permeability of reinforced cracks of resistance of cement stone, prepared from hydraulic fracture. For experimental a solution based on Portland cement verification of this impact some studies M400 equal to 20 mPas. Consequently, should be done to investigate filtration the cement mortar with such water properties of reinforced cracks of cement ratio will be basic in our further hydraulic fracture of a coal seam; thus investigations. instead of standard laboratory sandstone In order to confirm the experimental data samples it is encouraged to use the of theoretical reasoning in accordance samples, made of coal equivalent material, with the method described in[7], some

363 experiments were performed to determine cylindrical shape with diameter of 55 mm contact strength of cement stone. In and 60 mm high. After twenty-four hours experiments cement mortars with water samples were taken from the mould, and cement ratio W/C = 0.65 were prepared the remaining time were stored in a room based on Portland cement PC400 GOST temperature (20 ± 3)º C and with relative 31108-2003 by Topkinsky cement plant. humidity of (65 ± 10)%. Samples of the Test solutions were prepared with tap age of 28 days were tested on contact drinking water. Samples-cubes, size strength. The results of laboratory tests 70×70×70 mm, were filled from are shown in Table 1. solutions, as well as samples of Table 1：The results of measurements and calculations of cement stone contact strength

№ Indentor’s base The average failure Contact strength, Tests number p/p area(m2) load(Н) (mPas) 1 7.07∙10-6 833.9 22 52.6 2 14.52∙10-6 1226.3 20

Fig. 1：The model diagram of a reinforced crack of hydraulic fracture of coal seams: 1 - carcass; 2 and 3 - the top and bottom sample of the equivalent material; 4 - proppant grains; 5 - holes for pressure gauges connecting; 6 – a hole for the temperature sensor connecting; 7 - a hole of fluid input; 8 – a hole of fluid output. The data obtained in the experiments are was decided to produce samples from the in good agreement with the reference cement mortar for measurements of values of contact strength of cement stone permeability of reinforced cracks of and are close to the values of certain hydraulic fracture. indicators of contact strength of coal. Due In addition to these in the above- to satisfactory results of laboratory tests it mentioned standards it is provided to

364 carry out some measurements with conditions to the real seam conditions. In constant surface concentration of accordance with the foregoing a diagram proppant. It is necessary to consider the of a model of a reinforced crack of impact of the magnitude of the surface hydraulic fracture of coal seams is given concentration of proppant in modeling of on Fig. 1 (assuming the formation of reinforced cracks of hydraulic fracture of proppant packing in a crack as a partial coal seams. This will bring the modeling monolayer). 3.Conclusion [4] Palisch, T.T. Slickwater Fracturing: Overall, the results of the researches Food for Thought / T.T. Palisch, M. showed the feasibility and desirability of Vincent, P.J. Handren // Paper SPE further study of a reinforced crack of 115766. – 2010. hydraulic fracture conductivity using [5] API RP 19D. Recommended Practice samples made of an equivalent material. for Measuring the Long-term To produce samples it is proposed to fill Conductivity of Proppants. First Edition the cement slurry composition in a certain (ISO 13503-5:2006, Identical) (Includes special mould. July 2008 Errata). – 2008. Before making samples for conductivity [6] Baev, M.A. Some results of measurements the control measurement investigation of reinforced crack of should be done to test contact strength of hydraulic fracture of coal seam stability cement stone on samples specially [electronic resource] / / Proceedings of prepared for this. It will clarify the the VI All-Russia. 59th scientific formulation of an applied mortar. Besides, conference with international while modeling of reinforced cracks of participation "Young Russia", 22-25 hydraulic fracture of coal seams the April. 2014, Kemerovo [electronic impact of the magnitude of the surface resource] / «T.F. Gorbachev Kuzbass concentration of proppant must be State Technical University»; Editorial considered. Board.: V.Y. Blumenstein (Ed.). [and 4. References others] – Kemerovo, 2014. - 1 electron [1] Economides, M.J. Modern Fracturing: disc (CD-R). Enhancing Natural Gas Production / M.J. [7] Baron, L.I. Contact strength of rocks Economides, T. Martin. – Energy Tribune / L.I. Baron, G.L. Glatman. - Moscow: Publishing, 2007 – 509 p. Nedra, 1966. - 227 p. [2] Coal Bed Methane: Principles and [8] Physical and technical properties of Practices / R.E. Rogers, K. Ramurthy, G. rocks and coals of Kuznetsk Basin: Rodvelt, M. Mullen. – Halliburton Co., reference guide / G.G. Shtumpf, Y.A. 2007. – 504 p. Ryizhkov, V.A. Shalamanov, A.I. Petrov. [3] Integrating Fracture Mapping – Moscow: Nedra, 1994. – 447 p. Technologies to Optimize Stimulations in [9] Dvorkin, L.N. Basics of concrete the Barnett Shale / M.K. Fisher, C.A. science / L.N. Dvorkin, O.L. Dvorkin. – Wright, B.M. Davidson, A.K. Goodwin, St. Petersburg: LLC «Stroi-Beton», 2006. E.O. Fielder, W.S. Buckler, N.P. – 692 p. Steinsberger // Paper SPE 77441. – 2002.

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Taishan Academic Forum – Project on Mine Disaster Prevention and Control Rare Earth Elements in Kuznetsk Coals: Ability to Excavate and New Functional Materials CHERKASOVA Tatyana G, CHERKASOVA Elizaveta V, TATARINOVA Elza S, BOBROVNIKOVA Alena A, GORYUNOVA Irina P, MIHAYLENKO Yuliya A, TIHOMIROVA Anastasia V, ISAKOVA Irina V. Institute of Chemical and Gas Technology Fsbei Hpe, T. F. Gorbachev Kuzbass State Technical University, 650000, Kemerovo, Russia

Abstract: Тhe possibility of excavation other purposes. Thus, REE are the future of valuable rare earth elements (REE) of metals . from coals and excavation of ash dumps In Russia, there are at least 17-20% of on the analysis of their content in REE world reserves (the second place in the world), but extraction of raw Kuzbass is examined and discussed. New materials is only about 2% of the world functional materials on the bases of REE production; and without the compounds are presented. implementation of new projects it will Keywords: Kuznetsk coals, ash and slag fall below 1.5% in the nearest future. waste, rare earth elements, functional Manufacturing with rare earth metals is materials. less than 1% in Russian. It is obvious that 1.Introduction the production of rare earth elements is Rare earth elements (REE) are an the most important task of our economy. essential resource for the creation and Coal, being one of the most exploited development of modern high-tech natural energy source, now is simply industries; and in accordance with the burned, at the best before burning coal is requirements of scientific and exposed to simple mechanical preparation. technological progress the steady growth The traditional use of coal threatens the of production and consumption of rare ecology of the region: the territory of the earth metals is observed in the world. Kemerovo region is being overloaded by Elements of IIIV-group of the periodic coal combustion wastes, annually 150- table, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and 160 million tons of these wastes are 4f-elements (lanthanides) are used in produce. electronics, instrumentation, mechanical Coal should be considered as a complex engineering, nuclear engineering, raw material, which contains valuable metallurgy, chemical industry. REE chemical elements. Bottom-ash masses of market outlets are divided into two coals are independent ore deposits located segments: the undivided metals used in on the surface and they do not require the manufacture of mish metals expenses for their extraction. Studies (rechargeable batteries), putty powders, have shown [1-5] that in Kuzbass coals glass, catalysts and additives for the there are a large number of sites petrochemical industry; the individual containing industrially significant elements used to prepare luminophores, concentration of rare earth metals. Sludge magnets, ceramic condensers, catalytic discharges of Kuzbass coal-preparation filters – converters of exhaust gases, plants remain unexamined for metals, small electronic devices, and for many including rare earth metals [2]. The

© 2014. The authors - Published by Atlantis Press 418 development of high-selective Heat-sensitive pigments serve as technologies to extract REE from all chemical sensors in temperature-sensitive possible sources and creation of new devices, which are used for visual functional materials on their basis are inspection of the thermal regime in important tasks both from economic and various technological processes. The environmental point of view. method of temperature indication by 2.Characteristic of the work means of heat-sensitive substances allows REE are extremely characterized by to monitor quickly and accurately and in being combined in natural objects, due to some cases to regulate the temperature the similarity of their chemical properties fluctuations over a wide range, there is no because of the proximity of their atomic need in expensive operations and radii as a result of “lanthanide (4f) complex instrumentation; the method compression.” Preparation of rare earth allows to measure the temperature of the metals from ores is produced by means of hard-to-get surfaces of any shape and size, hydrometallurgy methods, electrolysis the method is suitable for the direct and by metallothermic reduction. measurement of the temperature field and Extraction of individual REE is produced distribution of thermal loads. The by ion exchange and extraction. developed heat-sensitive compositions The main method of coals primary are characterized by the following processing and ash and slag waste properties: processing is their development by  bright color of pigments and chemical acidic reagents, in the quality of clear transition temperatures; which mineral acids or organic base-  the ability to change many times + exchange substance in the H -form and the color at the definite temperature, the subsequent processing of leaching range of the temperature change depends solutions are used. Nitric acid was used on the composition and covers the area as the reactant for raw material from 45 to 220º C; development. Extraction was done by a  the storage stability of a long well-known butyl phosphate which is period of time and thermal stability under highly selective to the rare earth metals. conditions of usage; In this case the main macro-impurities  the lack of components, having (salts of aluminum, calcium, iron) serve toxicity and aggression toward the as the salting-out agent for rare-earth surface of the tested material; elements extraction. Extraction by  solubility in organic solvents and organic amides and sulfoxides is tested. indifference to the most commonly used The nitrates and oxides of rare earth fillers and fixants; metals are used for the direct synthesis of  the durability of the heat- double-complex compounds. The study sensitive coating. of their structure by X-ray analysis has In Russia, there is currently no mass established the possibility to get both [6-8] production of color temperature ionic and polymeric compounds . The indicators, which meets modern low-temperature technology of a blended requirements of science and technology. (with oxides of transition metal) 3.Conclusion nanosized oxide powders production and Rare earth metals are one of the raw reversible temperature-sensitive materials materials of rapidly developing high-tech production was developed on the based of industry. REE industry is developing the investigation of thermal and chemical [9, 10] towards closed economy, in which the properties of substances . raw material is recycled more than once

419 and used again. Considering the ash and [5] Arbuzov S.I., Ershov V.V., Potseluev slag, slimes and coals of Kuzbass as a A.A., Rihvanov L.P. Rare elements in valuable raw material for their complex Kuzbass coals. Kemerovo. 1999. 248p. processing, it is necessary to develop and [6] Cherkasova E.V., Peresypkina E.V., to improve extraction technologies, in Virovets A.V., Podberezskaya N.V., particular, extraction technologies of Cherkasova T.G. Octakis expensive REE; it will significantly (ε-caprolactam-kO) erbium(III) improve the profitability of coal industry hexaisothiocyanatochromate(III) // Acta by means of rare metals production and Crystallogr. Sect. C: Cryst. Struct. Comm. production of functional materials based - 2007. - V.63. - P.m195-m198. on them. Furthermore, the complicated [7] Cherkasova E.V., Virovets A.V., ecological situation in the Kemerovo Peresypkina E.V., Podberezskaya N.V., region, which is overloaded by waste Cherkasova T.G. Structural types of from coal enterprises, makes the problem hexa(isothiocyanato) chromate (III) octa of deep processing of raw materials in (ε-caprolactam) lanthanide (III). Phase order to improve the quality of life in the transition with reversible twinning // region particularly urgent. Journal of Structural Chemistry. - 2009. - 4.References V.50. - №1. - P.144-155. [1] Nifantov B.F., Potapov V.P., Mitina [8] Cherkasova E.V., Virovets A.V., N.V. Geochemistry and resources Peresypkina E.V., Cherkasova T.G. assessment of rare earth elements and Synthesis, crystal structure and structural radioactive elements in Kuznetsk coals. features of the hexa(isothiocyanato) Prospects for processing. Kemerovo. - chromate(III) of complexes of 2003. - 104p. lanthanum(III) and neodymium(III) with [2] Skurskiy M.D. Estimation of rare nicotinic acid // Journal of Inorganic earth - rare metal – petro gas coal Chemistry. - 2013. - V.58. - №9. - deposits in Kuzbass // Fuel & Energy P.1165-1171 Complex and Resources of Kuzbass. - [9] Cherkasova T.G., Tatarinova E.S., 2004. - № 2/15. - P.24-30. Kuznetsova O.A., Tryasunov B.G. [3] Arbuzov S.I. Geochemistry of rare Reversible thermochromic materials // elements in coals of Central Siberia // The Russian Federation Patent 2097714. Author's abstract of doctor of technical 1997. science - Tomsk. - 2005. - 40p. [10] Cherkasova E.V., Cherkasova T.G., [4] Salihov V.A. Scientific bases and Tatarinova E.S. Reversible bimetallic improving of geological and economic temperature indicator // The Russian assessment of useful components of coal Federation Patent 2301974. 2007. deposits (on the example of Kuzbass). Kemerovo. Kuzbassvuzizdat, 2008. - 249p.

420 Taishan Academic Forum – Project on Mine Disaster Prevention and Control The Main Characteristics of Freight on Hot Streams EROFEEVA Natalya V.,CHEBOTOVA Irina N. Mining Institute, Institute of Thermal Power, T.F. Gorbachov Kuzbass State Technical University, 65000 Kemerovo, Russia

Аbstract: Authors determined degrees Celsius. At the same time in the temperature of the extinguished coke by lump of transported coke of wet fractional structure. Authors suggested to suppression pieces (2–5%), surfaces lower temperature influence from the having temperature to 700–800 of degrees Celsius meet. Similar results large heated pieces on a tape at the were received by authors at research of expense of loads segregation. temperature of a surface of coke at the Keywords: conveyer belt, coke, Kemerovo coke-chemical plant (fig. 1, f). temperature, segregation, fraction Thus the maximum temperature of a 1.Introduction surface of coke reached 550–600 of Belt conveyors are applied to degrees Celsius. transportation of hot freight at coke- The granulometric structure of freight has chemical plants. Theconveyer belt is the a great impact on extent of cooling. most vulnerable element. The cost of a Smaller fractions making bulk of belt makes from 40 to 70% of cost of the transported freight are exposed to deeper conveyor. The belt fails because of cooling. Large pieces are exposed to thermal aging and burning by the heated superficial cooling and in the course of pieces in case of violation of a further movement from a stage on the technological mode. Suppression of coke conveyor are warmed due to remained happens in two stages. One stage is that internal heat. the heated coke is unloaded in the wagon Unfortunately, in work [1] the attention to where suppression by wet way is made. distribution of temperature of a surface of The other is that further coke is unloaded coke on fractional structure isn't focused. on a ramp where there is an extinguishing Authors tried to take on the working of the heated centers. Temperature of the conveyor at a factory temperature of a extinguished coke is one of the main of surface of coke on fractional structure the characteristics necessary for a right 050 mm; 50100 mm; 100150 mm; choice of conveyor transport on hot 150200 mm and +200 mm (fig .1, ae). traffics of loads. Measurements were made in the 2.Characteristic of the work [1] contactless way by a pyrometer. At Cherepovets iron and steel works , The expected temperature of the coke researches of temperature of coke of wet unloaded on the belt conveyor, at suppression were conducted. In work it is confidential probability of 95% is noted that at wet suppression of 7–10 specified in Tab. 1. percent of coke have temperature of 100– 160 degrees, the rest – less than 100

© 2014. The authors - Published by Atlantis Press 421 а) b)

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Относительнаячастота (%) 0 (%) частота Относительная 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9020 10040 60 80 100 120 140 160 о о Temperature,Температура, C С Temperature,Температура, C С c) d)

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Относительная частота (%) Относительная частота (%) частота Относительная 0 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 0 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 Температура, оС о Temperature, C Temperature,Температура,  CС e) f)

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Относительнаячастота (%) 0 Относительнаячастота (%) 5 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 0 о 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Temperature,Температура, C С Температура,оС Temperature, C

Fig. 1：Histograms of distribution of temperature of a surface of coke of fraction:

422 а  050 mm; b  50100 mm; c  100150 mm; d  150200 mm; e  +200 mm; f  0300 mm ( including pieces of red hot) and the distribution function: а, b, c, d, f  lognormal; e  gamma

Table 1： Coke temperature on fractional structure Fractions, mm +50 50100 100150 150200 +200 0300 Range of 35,251,1 55,575,2 72,698,4 78,699,2 98,5141,1 53,290,0 temperature, С

Apparently from Tab. 1, the bulk of the single heated piece on a belt surface transported coke has temperature not the piece as a result of vibration will exceeding 150C. But at the same time make micro jumps. During free flight of a pieces of a red incandescence meet. piece at the expense of its flow it will Presence of coke of a red incandescence start being cooled with an air stream leads to burning of a working lining of intensively and by that reducing not only the conveyor, and sometimes and a belt the general time of contact with a belt, framework. In special situations, when but also a piece thermolysis to a belt. unloading on a coke tape to the high 4.References maintenance of pieces of a red [1] Ananyev N V., Partina T. V., incandescence (or the centers) there can Shreyder E. M., Toletova V. A. About a be a belt ignition [2]. choice of conveyer belts for 3.Conclusion transportation of coke of wet suppression As the small fraction of a transported //Coke and chemistry. − 1985. − # 2. − p. material is heated to 50C and most to 21−23. 140C, it is offered to use small fraction [2] Makhlis F. A., Chertkov O. S., as a layer between larger pieces and a belt, Borinstein G. A., Ananyev N. V., thereby having lowered temperature load Mikheyeva I. L., Gavrilina S. A. of a belt. Such distribution of freight can Heatresistant conveyer belts //Hoisting- be received shock and vibration influence and-transport equipment and warehouses. on a non-working facing of a loaded − 1991. − # 4. −p. 20−23. branch of the conveyor. In case of hit of

423 Study of the Process of the Polymer Flocculants Degradation Used for Coal Processing EVMENOV Sergey D.1, EVMENOVA Galina L.2 1. Institute of Chemical and Petroleum Technology, T.F. Gorbachev Kuzbass State Technical University, 650000 Kemerovo, Russia 2. Mining Institute, T.F. Gorbachev Kuzbass State Technical University, 650000 Kemerovo, Russia

Abstract: Herein there are the results of makes such a possibility is very urgent study of mechanical and chemical task. degradation of water-soluble flocculants 2.Work description under ultraviolet and ultrasonic As a model, the diluted solution of polymer flocculants based on irradiation. Experimentally it was found polyacrylamide anionic grades that the rate and degree of these processes Magnaflok 525 and 365 (M 525 and M can be evaluated by the change in 365) with a molecular weight (MW) viscosity of the solutions. The definition 3×106 and 7×106, respectively, and of this parameter at the stage of cationic Magnaflok 1440 (M 1440) with preparation and use of flocculant water 1×106 MM, are widely used in various solutions let you choose such industries for wastewater treatment. technological mode when degradation of The viscosity of the polymer solution , macromolecules is reducing and characterizing internal resistance to the flow, due to the molecular mechanism, eliminating. This ensures maintenance of and which as per Biki theory of high flocculant activity while coal viscosity 1 is associated with a molecular pre paration. weight of the polymer. If to introduce a Keywords: flocculant, mechanical and concept of a critical molecular weight - chemical degradation, viscosity MMcritical associated with the chain length 1.Introduction required for formation of a continuous Preparation, storage, transportation and spatial grid (its nodes are formed by practical use of polymer flocculant overlaps of macromolecules), then the solutions are often associated with rather number of primary, secondary and intense chemical and mechanical effect, subsequent links increases significantly at which could lead to degradation, i.e. MM MMcritical. Resistance to a flow breaking of the main molecular chain or increases, thus the force required to move side groups of the macromolecule a macromolecule, interlaced with others, substance. Despite the fact that this becomes considerably greater compared phenomenon is well known, it is rarely with the effort required for the motion of taken into account solving specific a chain, which leads to a viscosity technological and practical problems. increase. Therefore, in the high molecular One of the reasons is the difficulty in weight there is a very strong influence of determining of the depth of the flow MM on , which value becomes process under production conditions. proportional to the MM3,4. It is easy to Therefore, the search for a method that

424 assume that the decrease of MM due to types, their transportation through degradation should lead to decrease of . pipelines and extruding through filters Preparation of polymer flocculant lead to the creation of solutions with great solutions and their use in the production velocity of shear, and that is accompanied is characterized by a whole complex of by very intensive movement of molecules mechanical and chemical effects on of the solvent relatively to the less mobile macromolecules under the influence of macromolecules, leading to the break of various factors, but the most typical are chemical bonds. the chemical and mechanical Mechanical destruction of solutions was degradations. examined by ultrasound of 15 kHz It is known that chemical degradation is frequency and 55 W/sm2 intensity, possible not only due to strong oxidants because out of all kinds of mechanical introduced into solution, but also by impact the ultrasonic radiation (UR) is energy of ultraviolet radiation sufficient the best one for the quantifiable to break chemical bonds with formation description, and its intensity and of free radicals, which are usually quick frequency are much easier to measure to react with present oxygen[2]. In this than the shear stress, for example, in the case, one of the main factors affecting the mixing process. [2] photo-degradation process is the number The degree of destruction was estimated of quantum of the absorbed radiation; and by the change in viscosity of the solutions degradation of the flocculant solutions using a Höppler reo-viscometer (made in can be explored without fear of the side Germany), which operates on the effects due to trace impurities introduced principle of gravity (motion) of the to the solution with oxidizing agents. calibrated on diameter ball under the Therefore, during the experiment an applied load in a cylindrical measuring irradiation treatment of flocculant vessel filled with liquid. The motion of solutions was carried out by UV rays of the ball is from weights having share mercury-quartz lamp, provided stable zone created during measurements. reception of the luminous flux of 4200 Magnaflokov solutions M 365, M 525 lumens. and M 1440 of 0.1 % (w) concentration Mechanical degradation generally occurs were studied. The results of the study are due to the fact that the applied voltage presented on Figures 1, 2 and Table 1. exceeds the strength of chemical bonds Changes in viscosity were evaluated by between the atoms of the main chain. The the value   (%) using the formula as possibility of this process is defined by follows: the ratio of the sum of energies of η0 - i intermolecular interactions  Ems and    100,  energy of chemical bonds Exc of the main 0 chain. If Ems  Exc, chemical bonds will where 0  initial viscosity of the solution be destructed first. However, the diluted before irradiation, сПз (centipoise);  i  solutions of polymers are characterized viscosity of the solutionость after by the ratio  Емс  Ехс, where irradiation, centipoise. macromolecules are more likely sliding Fig. 1 shows the dependence of viscosity along each other, but not breaking 3. At of  polymer flocculants from time of the same time, the forces generated by UV irradiation, which is directly stirring of solutions in mixes of various dependent on the number of photons absorbed radiation.

425 Fig.1: The Influence of the UV Irradiation Time on the Polymer Solutions: 1  М365; 2  М525; 3  М1440 This dependence for all materials is irradiation, for example, 365 M   is practically the same, but the numerical 51.3%. Later, within the experimentally values of viscosity change   (Table 1) studied length of time the rate of change are essentially depend on the MM of the of viscosity is significantly reduced and original polymer, which determines the becomes approximately constant. The initial solution viscosity  0 at t = 0. maximum value of  at t = 240 sec. is Obviously, that the viscosity drops observed for M 365 (66.7%), the intensively during the first 60 seconds of minimum for M  1440 (61.7 %).

Table 1: The Change of the Viscosity of the Polymer Flocculant Solutions  at Degradation Type of Grade of Irradiation Exposure Time, sec. Irradiation Flocculant 0 15 30 60 120 180 240 360 М365 0 40.9 45.7 51.3 59.0  66.7  UV М525 0 31.7 36.6 43.9 51.2  64.6  М1440 0 23.4 38.3 44.7 48.9  61.7  М365 0   42.2 54.2 59.5 60.7 72.1 US М525 0   21.6 31.3 42.9 46.2 61.0 М1440 0 -  34.0 42.6 48.9 55.3 59.6 molecular weight of polymer, the more It should be noted that at different values actively destruction process goes, that of the initial viscosity of the polymer should be considered at developing and solutions with increase of the UV implementing of the technology for exposure time the leveling of value  dissolving of polymers. happens, and after 60 sec. They become Mechanical effects on the flocculant rather close. Another interesting feature solutions by ultrasound cause mechanical was revealed i.e. the Magnaflokov degradation of polymers, that is also solutions 365, 525 and 1440 reduced their which is characterized by a decrease in initial viscosity to a 3d to the same value viscosity (Fig. 2). during a maximum period of exposure (t Besides, there are some peculiarities as = 240 sec.), regardless of their molecular more uniform in time decrease of this weight. Moreover, the higher the parameter for all flocculants except for M

426 365, for which, for example, after 60 seconds of ultrasonic exposure   was 42.2% (the rest  1.634%), Table. 1.

Fig. 2: The influence of the US Exposure on the Viscosity of the Polymer Solutions: 1  M365;2  M525; 3  M1440

3.Conclusions 4.References: The experimental results show that: 1 Midlman S. Polymer flow. - M.: Mir,  the viscosity of the polymer flocculant 1971. – 259 p. solutions is fairly reliable, though indirect  2  Grassie N., Scott G.. Polymer characteristic, with the help of which you Degradation and Stabilization. can evaluate the rate and extent of Translation from English  M.: Mir, degradation processes; 1988. – 446 p.  the determination of viscosity allows  3  Tugov I.I., Kostyrkina G.I. Physics adjusting the depth of degradation and Chemistry of Polymers.  M., process at preparing solutions by Khimiya, 1989 . – 432 p. selection of the process parameters that allow either eliminate or substantially reduce degradation of macromolecules in order to maintain a high activity of the flocculants at coal preparation.

427 Taishan Academic Forum – Project on Mine Disaster Prevention and Control Safety of Mining Engineering Buildings and Facilities Under Fem Analysis and Catastrophe Theory Pershin Vladimir Viktorovich, Nazarov Dmitriy Ivanovich Department of Construction of Underground Facilities and Mines, Mining Institute, T. F. Gorbachev Kuzbas State Technical University, City Kemerovo, 650000, Russia

Abstract: The analysis of bearing formulated in the papers [1, 2, 3] in the form structures of mining engineering of test problems, one of them is shown in buildings is conducted, the relationship Fig. 1, the base of the problem is linear between geometrically nonlinear FEM elastic rod, i.e.  l=N l/EA, where  l is - rod extension, N - longitudinal force analysis and catastrophe theory in the in the rod, l - length of the rod, EA - the dynamic fracture of facilities under static longitudinal stiffness of the rod. The loading is shown. deformation scheme of this structure is Keywords: FEM, geometrically shown in Fig. 2. nonlinear FEM analysis, structure frac- The example given and test problems [1] ture, bifurcation of structure joints, show that under the bifurcation the finite catastrophe theory. element method, solving problems in a 1.Introduction static setting, cannot be applied, and the Current economic conditions make bifurcation leads to the destruction of demand on the construction of mining structures. engineering buildings and facilities Fig. 3, 4 presents schemes and graphs for designed with the use of FEM analysis the analysis of bifurcations. program, Russian - Lira, ScadOffice, For the analysis of brittle (dynamic) foreign - ANSYS, Nastran, etc. Current fracture under static load, we consider the Russian legislation - ФЗ-384 structure shown in Fig. 5. “Regulations on safety of buildings and In accordance with the classical theory of facilities” requires to follow Standardized catastrophes [4], an example of the Regulations 16.13330.2011 “Steel codimension 1 bifurcation is shown in Construction (updated edition of Con- Fig. 6. struction Rules and Regulations II-23- However, when modeling the bifurcation 81*)” designing steel bearing structures taking into consideration the dynamic of buildings and facilities of the coal parameters of the system, namely, for the mining industry enterprises. paired ВСт3кп steel corner №10, 150 cm According to the given regulation it is long with a deviation of 7 cm, we obtain prescribed to perform the structural the critical force of ≈ 500 kilogram-force, analysis taking into account the geometric deflection before bifurcation - 3.172 cm, nonlinearity. However, the necessity of after bifurcation (point D in Fig. 6) considering the bifurcations in the corresponding to static load ≈ 4500 geometrically nonlinear analysis of kilogram-force. The impact energy under building structures is not regulated. bifurcation ≈ 100 joule/cm2, which 2.Work characteristic exceeds the impact energy absorbed by The problem of consideration of the steel ≈ 100 joule/cm2. bifurcations in FEM analysis was

© 2014. The authors - Published by Atlantis Press 428

The more comprehensive energy analysis (Chaplygin mechanics) and the variation of the singleton bifurcation may show point of the system energy (Lagrangian that the static equilibrium points of the mechanics) - do not match, which system (Newtonian mechanics), the indirectly indicates the nonholonomic minimum point of the system energy properties of the system.

Fig. 1: Scheme of the structure Fig. 2:Deformed scheme Ry I P N F H

B E G C A D 0 Yпр 2Yпр y L

K M

Fig. 3:Scheme of interaction between left Fig. 4:Determination of critical force for the right and right elements element position

Fig. 5: Scheme of the element bi- Fig. 6: Position bifurcation according to furcation model catastrophe theory

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Graph of external Py force energy changes and the deformation energy is shown in Fig. 7.

4 110

3 810

3 610 [Pcr(dyYcr) E1](dyYcr)

Ep(dy) 3 410

3 210

0 0 10 20 30 Fig. 7. Graph of external force energy changes dyand the deformation energy The building in city Prokopyevsk of this work occurred to be significant for Kemerovo region surveyed after its science, due to the specific destruction of fracture in 2011 by experts of Kuzbas structures. State Technical University and ООО The industrial-purpose building, single- «Kemerovostroyproekt» (LLC storey, single span, of 18х30m size and - "Kemerovo Construction Design”) may 8.34m height (see Fig.8). serve as an example of the structure The building was constructed in 2009 failure provoked by bifurcation of joints. according to the 08/10/2007 design made The aim was to develop guidelines and by the specialized licensed design working documents for the earliest organization. possible repair of the building. However,

Fig. 8：The general view of the building Climatic conditions are： — the normative wind pressure - 30 kg/m2 (II district);

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— the designed value of the snow cover occurred after one year of use, the weight - 240 kg/m2 (IV district); building was designed by a specialized — the designed temperature of the organization, with the endorsement of the coldest five days - 39о С; state examination with a permanent —seismic area - 7B. technical supervision of construction, Exterior walls are from sandwich panels. manufacturer of structures designs being Roof bearing structures are 18m span a specialized factory. gabled metal girders. The regulatory snow load wasn’t Columns - metal. exceeded during the operation period Foundations - piles with monolithic (according to the Prokopyevsk grillage. meteorological station). Dynamic effects, Runs along the upper girders are including those of seismic character were from rolled profiles. not observed either. Chord and column braces are of However, the deformation of bearing continuous-type bent steel square profiles. girders, the scheme of which is shown in Roofing is soft of rolled materials. Fig. 9, the destruction of four chord Roof insulation is mineral wool. elements, without the roof collapse (Fig. During the examination the causes of 10-11, the feature of which is brittle fracture of bearing structures were fracture of elements 6-7 (see Fig. 9) of studied. The fracture of the building four girders have occurred.

Fig. 9: Geometrical scheme of fractured girder

Fig. 10: Girder collapse character

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Fig. 11: Brittle fracture of lower chord Due to the uniqueness of the fracture, as theory applied to the FEM analysis of well as to exclude other causes of the limit state of bearing structures of mining structure fractures, a thorough inspection engineering buildings and facilities will was made. The survey resulted in provide, in our view, further development identification of the nearly two dozens of of science (at least – complete it with the defects according to Standardized real examples of the general theory of Regulations 13-102-2003 "Rules of bifurcations[4]) and increase the safety of surveying the bearing structures of mining industry buildings and facilities. buildings and facilities," but all marked 4.References defects were not the causes of the brittle [1] Nazarov D.I. Some features o geome- fracture of the lower chord. trically nonlinear problems // Automation Despite the sole cause of the dynamic and computerization in construction: col- effects – bifurcation of structure elements, lection of research papers of I Interna- a thorough examination and tional scientific conference. – Tula: Tula measurements were performed to exclude State University. 2000. – P. 96-99. other causes of structural collapse, as well [2] Nazarov D.I. About “fidelity” of as to develop the most optimal method of structural analysis by means of finite structure enforcement. element method // CAD systems and This example clearly shows the danger of graphics. – 2000. – № 7. – P. 53–59. non-use of catastrophe theory in FEM [3] Nazarov D.I. Catastrophe theory in analysis of bearing structures of buildings. the problems of condition analysis of 3.Conclusion mining engineering buildings and facili- The analysis conducted and the ties // Bulletin of Kuzbass State Technical previously mentioned test problems [1] University – № 2. – 2010 – P. 80-81. demonstrate that the FEM analysis, [4] Seydel Rüdiger. Practical bifurcation solving problems in a static setting is not and stability analysis / Berlin: Springer, applicable under bifurcation. 2010. The task of taking into consideration the bifurcation of joints of rods is not just relevant, but critical. Using catastrophe

432 Physical Basis of the Controlled Electrochemical Treatment of Soils from Oil Products PROSTOV Sergey M., GUCAL Maxim B., SHABANOV Evgeniy F. Mining Institute, T.F. Gorbachev Kuzbass State Technical University, 650000, Kemerovo, Russia,

Abstract: There are the main sources of boilers operating on solid fuels i.e. coal. pollution of soils Kuzbass are presented. Products of coal combustion (slag and The ranges of electrical resistivity of ash) are stored and kept on the ground solutions containing oil and contaminated surface what leads to contamination by the chemical elements contained in the soil, depending on the degree of ash and slag. contamination are presented There are 331 operating wastewater Keywords: specific electric resistivity, treatment facilities in the region, electrochemical treatment, control, oil including 164 industrial wastewater products. treatment facilities, 20 storm-water runoff 1.Introduction treatment facilities and 147 household Currently the problem of soil clearing sewage and mixed one with sewage. The from various pollutants of industrial capacity of the treatment facilities, after origin becoming increasingly urgent. The which the wastewater is discharged into most contaminated soils are in populated surface water bodies is over 760 million areas near highways, on the territories of cub ic meters. the industrial facilities, both operation It seems that a problem of development and abandon. Just a serious problem is of the controlled methods for purification the contamination of soil by radioactive of soil pollutants without prior removal of elements as a result of the nuclear the contaminated soil is urgent. industry. Also rather serious problem is Monitoring of the property changes of the contaminating of soils as a result of treated area allows timely adjustments to activity of atom industry. As ecotoxicants operating practices and optimization of can be heavy metals, oil and oil products, costs. In particular, the intensity of the cyanides, and organic chlorine electrochemical treatment is controlled by compounds. Concentration of toxicants electric current density, and in case of can exceed maximum allowable combination of the electrochemical concentration (MAC) in hundred times. process with biological one, they control In Kemerovo region general temperature of the processing zone. To environmental conditions are defined by increase the effectiveness of the treatment development industry and the methods it’s necessary to develop predominance of the urban population. efficient and not so efficient ways of geo- Industrial production is the leading sector control providing definition of the of the region economy with a geometrical parameters and substantiation predominance of the following industries of the optimal treatment modes for a zone in the regional economy: ferrous under treatment. To meet those metallurgy, coal and chemical industry. challenges to the greatest extent it’s In the region there is a great number of required to develop geo-electric methods

433 of control, based on the parameters of the Kuzbass region are: electric fields due to the physical - Facilities for industrial wastewater and properties and composition of soils. sewage (groundwater filters); 2.Work description - Fuel stations; The Kuzbass coal industry presents 62 - Boilers and power plants; underground mines, 57 open pits and 49 - Dry and slurry dumps; preparation plants and units. Their - Sludge pits of preparation plants. production capacity is 245 million tons of The number of objects, the sources of soil coal per year in coal mining and 166 contamination, in one of the largest coal million tons in processing. producers of OJSC UK’Kuzbassrazrezu The main sources of soil contamination at gol’ are shown in Table 1. the mining and processing sites in the Table 1: Sources of pollution in the OJSC UK’Kuzbassrazrezugol’

Oil and Prepar- Groundwater- Bo Slud Dry lubricant ation filters Slurry Open pit il- -ge dum warehou- Comp- pits er plants pits -ped se lexes Kedrovskiy 1 1 1 2 3 2 1 4 Mokhovskiy 3 3 - 2 1 2 2 7 Bachatskiy 2 1 2 1 - 2 - 4 Krasnobrodskiy 3 5 1 2 2 2 - 9 Taldinskiy 3 3 - 1 1 1 1 11 Kaltanskiy 2 2 - - 5 2 - 7 OJSC UK’Kuzbassr- 14 15 4 8 12 11 4 42 azrezugol’ ОАО The electrochemical method is a  potentially promising treatment method V   grad (1) out of the existing methods of cleaning  soil from industrial pollutants (Fig.1). A where V - average capillary flow rate as distinctive feature of this method that it per the cross section, m/s;  - total can be used for cleaning soils with low dialectical permeability, F/m;  - filtration capacity on-situ, without a notch and moving of soil. dynamic coefficient of viscosity, Pa·s;  The physical basis of this method is the - electric kinetic potential, V;  - electro osmotic movement of eco- potential of outer electric field, V. toxicants under the Helmholtz- On the basis of the dimensional analysis, Smoluchowski equation: the dependence of the effective rate for the module Vэф (rate of flow) was obtained:

m2 R m V  C E  E  K E , (2) ЩТ 0   щ

434 where С - constant;  - specific volume hydraulic radius of pores, m; КЭ - 0 coefficient of electro osmotic activity, of charge density of the ions of diffuse m2/(V·s); Е – field density, V/m. layer, C/m3; т – soil porosity; R –

Fig. 1:Classification of contaminated soil treatment methods During cleaning the pollutants move О along the electric field lines, the structure Й    Б, (3) of which is determined by the location of m W the electrodes; the rate of pollutants’ where Й – porosity (pore porosity); movement depends on the field intensity, W– moisture saturation coefficient of allowing monitoring the cleaning process and managing it. Initial concentrations of pores and cracks; Б – SER of the eco-toxicants can be reduced from 10-50 solution filling the pore space, Ωm; О, mg / kg to 1.10 mg / kg, which is well within the existing norms.  ,  ,  – empirical parameters The main test parameters of the geo- depended on the structural and textural electric method are: specific electrical features of the studied soils (rocks); О – resistivity (SER), dielectric and magnetic permeability, electric strength, potentials parameter that takes into account a of steady and unsteady natural electric surface conductivity of clay micro-layer fields. on the pore surface;  – parameter Effective SER of the moisture saturated depending on the type of geological rock, which is a three-phase medium, is deposits;  – parameter defined by descried by the empirical dependence [1]: structure of pore structure (mainly by sinuous channels);  – parameter

435 depending on wettability of the pore surface by solution.

Table 2: Predictive values of structural parameters  и  Parameter  Sand clay Clay loam Clay Type of soil ( m = 0,314; ( m = 0,296; ( m = 0,324; W = 0,187) W = 0,227) W = 0,189) Parameter  1,8 2,2 2,6 1,8 2,2 2,6 1,8 2,2 2,6 10,0 0,59 1,15 1,72 0,30 0,79 1,27 0,62 1,21 1,80

5,0 1,18 1,74 2,32 0,87 1,36 1,84 1,23 1,82 2,41     Й    2,0 1,96 2,51 3,13 1,62 2,11 2,60 2,05 2,64 3,23 Б   1,5 2,20 2,77 3,34 1,69 2,35 2,83 2,30 2,89 3,84

1,2 2,40 2,95 3,53 2,04 2,53 3,02 2,50 3,09 4,46

Table 2 presents estimated values of the parameters and , obtained due to the   presents similar SER м dependences of motor oil and gasoline. From these use of the true range Й / Б at geo- data, it’ clear that that all oil products are control of the wetted rocks, as well as electrically very contrast because their average values of physical and technical SER 3 times higher, at least, than parameters m and W for clay ground resistivity of natural water solutions. of Kuzbass, given in the article [2], for the Since the formation of stable, major types of clay-bearing soils. homogeneous oil-water slurry is very For further analysis of the process of difficult, for further theoretical estimation, electrochemical treatment of the a logarithmic dependence of the average contaminated soils the information for the two-component medium, allowing regarding electro physical and calculation of the required resistivity with electrochemical properties of natural higher accuracy[3] was used: water solutions and liquids containing lg   V lg   V lg  , (4) contaminants saturated soils is required. б м H щ щ An experimental study of the electrical where б , H , щ - SER accordingly properties of electrolyte solutions weighted, oil and electrolyte; V , V – containing oil, and measurement at a м щ constant and alternating electric current is volume of oil and the electrolyte in the carried out. solution, respectively. Fig.2 presents measurements of specific Substituting the data from Fig. 2, 3 into equation (4), the dependencies on the electrical resistance (SER) щ of NaCl average weighted values  of the oil solution depending on the concentration б of the salt in the solution, and the AC content Vм / Vщ for DC (Fig. 4) and AC frequency; and Fig. 3 (Fig. 5) currents were obtained.

436 1 –direct current (DC);2 – alternating current (AC), f=10 Hz; 3 – 200 Hz;4 - 1000 Hz

Fig. 2. Dependence of SER solution щ from salt С concentration in solution

- G-Energy F Synth 0W-40; - Mobil Synt S 5W-40; - Shell Helix Ultra (worked out); - Shell Helix Ultra; - gasoline Ai-92

Fig. 3：Dependence of SER  м of motor oil from frequency of alternative current

- saturated solution; - salt concentration in solution С = 50 g/l; - С = 10 g/l; - С = 0,5 g/l; - С = 0,1 g/l

Fig. 4： Dependence of the average weighted values б from relatively to the content of oil products on DC

437 （a） （b） - f= 10 Hzц; - 60 Hz; - 200Hz; - 500Hz; - 1000 Hz Fig. 5：SER average weighted depending on the frequency of the alternating current and salt concentration in electrolyte С = 0,5 g/l (a); 50 g/l (b) To implement the theoretical dependence 3.Conclusion (3) following assumptions were made. The analysis of the results led to the According to studies of V.N. Kobranovoy following conclusions. [4] a parameter value  can be taken as 1 1. SER of natural liquids and oily for sand and clay deposits of the same pollutants saturating soil, are electrically type. Parameter  of the surface contrasting, and several times different in О the direction of the contaminant, which conductivity can also assumed as 1, allows to determine sufficiently the because if contaminated by oil products is geometrical parameters of the zone of the likely to form oil film of little- contaminated soil and the degree of its conductivity on the surface of the solid contamination. particles of the soil. 2. For the diagnosis of geometrical Given the ranges of the structural parameters of the contaminated areas and parameters  and  shown in Table. 2, control over spreading of the eco-toxicant, the dependence of the efficient SER it’s expedient to develop methods of changes of the main clay of the electrical and geo-electric exploration on Quaternary deposits in Kuzbass were direct and alternating current, which calculated. They are partially shown on improves the accuracy of control, and let Fig. 6. apply contact, contactless and borehole- These given dependences allowed free methods of measurements. forming a database for interpretation of 3. Defined dependences and ranges of the the experimental sounding if the relation changes of electro-physical parameters of V / V changes at monitoring as per the rocks and soils, depending on SER of the м щ pollutant solution allow us to develop value  Й. methods and techniques to control the process of electrochemical contaminated soils treatment.

438 (a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f) - W = 0,1; - W = 0,2; - W = 0,4; - W = 0,6; - W = 0,8

Fig.6:Dependence the of the efficient SER changes  Й of Kuzbass soils from moisture saturation

coefficient of pores and cracks W, relative content of oil in average weighted Vм /Vщ and salt concentration in electrolyte С, g/l: sand clay – С=0,5 (а), С=50 (b); clay loam - С=0,5 (c), С=50 (d);clay - С=0,5 (e), С=50 (f):

4.References Bakhaeva; RANS. - Tomsk Univ. [1] Prostov S.M. Geo-electrical control of University Press, 2005. – 127 p. strengthen clay rocks zones / SM Simple, VA Haymaylyainen, MV Gutsal, SP

439 [2] Stumpf, G.G. Physical and technical ed., Rev. and add. / V.V. Rzhevskiy G.Y. properties of rocks and coals of Kuznetsk Novik. - Moscow.: Nedra, 1984. - 359 p. Basin / G.G. Stumpf, A. Ryzhkov, VA [4] Kobranova V.N. Physical properties Shalamanov, A.I. Petrov. - Moscow.: of rocks. - Moscow.: Gos. scientific and Nedra, 1994. - 447 p. engineering. ed of oil and mining fuel [3] Rzhevskiy V.V. Basic physics of literature, 1962. – 490p. rocks: the textbook for high schools. 4th-

440 Justification Complex Purification Technology Open-pit Mines Wastewater TYULENEV M.A., LESIN Y.V. Mining Institute, T.F. Gorbachov Kuzbass State Technical University, 65000 Kemerovo, Russia

In 2012 the total volume of coal mining tons, including 116 million tons (60.3%) in the Kuzbass was about 200 million produced on open way, Fig.1. In 2013, it was produced 203 million tons environment than underground. The most of coal. In addition, there is no reason to significant impact has opened a way to believe that in the near future volume of develop on the hydrosphere and land coal will declines. Accordingly, the resources, where the share of the total volume of wastewater discharged by environmental damage to all elements of enterprises will increase. So, from 2006 the biosphere is 66.4% versus 33.6% for to 2009, there was an increase of polluted underground mining. water discharge coal mines from 217 to The main contaminants quarry waters 245 million m3. Therefore, the problem of Kuzbass mines are suspended solids, oil, water pollution mines governmental iron, etc. For an example, Table. 1 shows waters and career is very important. the composition of the water discharged Despite its advantages, open coal mining from the sectors of the open-pit mine does more than the damage to the “Chernigovets”.

Fig. 1: Dynamics of mining of coal in Kuzbass

441 Table 1:Consist of water discharged from the sectors of the open-pit mine “Chernigovets”

Sectors Indexes 1 6 7 8 Color grey grey grey grey Transparency, cm 2,0 6,5 5,3 4,5 Suspended solids, mg/l 52 200 31 11 Ammonia Nitrogen, mg/l 1,0 1,0 2,0 1,0 Chlorides, mg/l 8,0 14,0 5,0 7,0 Sulfates, mg/l 35,9 40,5 29,1 34,3 Iron, mg/l 0,11 0,88 0,8 0,8 Stiffness, mEq/l 6,5 6,5 5,7 3,3 Calcium, mg/l 2,8 2,8 4,0 3,0 Magnesium, mg/l 3,7 3,7 1,7 0,3 Petroleum products, mg/l 0 0,08 0 0,04 pH 7,0 7,0 7,0 7,0 description of existing technology can be To date, relatively deeply explored career summarized as follows. cleaning wastewater suspended solids, which are the main contaminants. Back in Mining waste - overburden - no pre- the late 1970s in conjunction with sorting and preparation of artificial sleeps Kuzbass Politechnical Institute workers off filter array with the calculated began the development of production parameters. In fact, artificial filter array is technology open-pit mining wastewater a bedrock dump, backfilled by peripheral purification by filtration through artificial technology with vehicles and a bulldozer. filter arrays of mining waste – The difference is that being part of AFA overburden (AFA). This technique [1] in path length calculation necessary filtering the future is widespread not only in the on the basis of the concentration of Kuzbass region, but also in sections of suspended matter in the polluted water; the Far East, Sakhalin, etc. Later this tests the ability of the transmission of all method was improved, in particular, has incoming water through the array; been proposed and is protected by patents defined lifetime of the array and other of a Russian Federation design artificial parameters. filter array with waterproof jumpers [2], Currently, most design institutes and provides increasing degree of purification project organizations are calculated[4] of water from suspended solids with no AFA parameters according to the additional cost. Also in [3] the mass- "Guidelines on calculation of AFA", transfer of dispersed particles in approved by Ministry of Coal Industry of wastewater filtration described. the USSR. As an example, on Fig. 2 Due to the deteriorating environmental location of AFA, currently existing on situation in industrialized regions, as well open-pit mine “Prokopievsky”. The main as increased penalties for discharge of advantages of this method of cleaning insufficiently treated effluent very urgent quarry waters are low capital and problem of development of technology operating costs. Cost of construction of integrated wastewater purification career such an array is comparable to the cost of at which the cleaning is not only from the dumping. main contaminant - suspended solids, but In our paper, we propose to use AFA to also from other impurities. Brief clean up oil without increasing capital

442 costs for the construction of sewage activated carbon, zeolites, shungites and treatment plants. synthetic filter materials. To the main The most common methods of purifying drawback of this technology, in our view, water using the effect of the oil should include the increase in value of the adsorption filter, i.e. technology involves water purification. the use of various kinds of adsorbents -

Fig. 2: Location of AFA in the area of “Prokopievsky” open-pit mine According to the analysis of career In our opinion, this is due to the fact that wastewater after cleaning through AFA coal is a powerful adsorbent. Sorption (laboratory "West Siberia Geology", etc.), capacity of the activated carbon can be up it was concluded that the content of to 250 mg/g or more. Sorption capacity of virtually all contaminants in varying coals up to 10 mg/L [5], and found that the degree-reduced. In other words, we have lower the degree of metamorphism of a qualitative picture of a suitable origin - coal, the higher its sorption capacity. the effectiveness of AFA is provided not We made calculations cleaning efficiency only in the cleaning of suspended solids. effluent from oil in artificial filter arrays Therefore, conducted laboratory studies with different amounts of water discharge, to-setting nature of the change of oil the oil content in the treated water and the products. percentage of coal in the AFA. Found that in the case when the AFA In the conduct of open pit mining loss sleeps off entirely from the overburden rate of coal can vary from 5-6% to 15% (sandstone, siltstone, claystone, mudstone) or more. The loss of coal depends on the - reduced oil content minimum. If AFA room is switched coal seams, their present carbonaceous rocks and coal disturbance, structure, and used formed in the conduction of mining excavation equipment. For example, operations , the oil content will decrease when developing thick beds of simple sharply . structure with steep bedding, using hydraulic excavators losses amount to 6-

443 7%, while at working inclined strata petroleum products. Fig. 3 shows complex structure with 1-3 sublayers of examples of the dependences obtained the overburden inside them, complicated required volume of the filter array VAFA disjunctive violations, the loss rate up to the percentage of coal in it with different 20%. Accordingly, if the construction of concentrations of oil Coil at constant AFA use overburden coming from the annual volume of discharge (17.1 million mining faces, the share of coal in the m3 - the data in the open-pit mine AFA will increase significantly, which "Kedrovsky"). will provide a more efficient cleanup for

Fig. 3. Dependencies required volume of the filter array VAFA percentage in it coal at different concentrations of oil products Coil. Thus, we can control the degree of dispersed particles in water filtration in purification of water, changing the macro-grained media. / Journal of Mining composition of the rocks used for the Science. Vol. 46. No. 1, 2010. P. 78-81. construction of artificial filter array. [in English] References [4] Tyulenev M.A., Lesin Y.V. Waste [1] Certificate 1223958 USSR, MKI B01 water technology on the open-pit mibes D23/10. A method of manufacturing a of Kuzbass / Mining Information- water filter / Ryzhkov Y.A., Lesin Y.V., Analytical-newsletter. Separate issue Kretov B.K. etc. - Publ. 04/15/86. - Bull. number 6. Mining engineer 3. Industrial Number 14 / / Opening. Invention. - 1986. safety and labor protection / Moscow. - - № 14. - S. 24. [in Russian] 2012. - № OV6. - P. 104-109. [in Russian] [2] Russian Federation Patent number [5] Smirnov A.D. Sorption purification of 2225743, MPK7 B01 D24/20. A method water. - L., Chemistry. 1982. - P. 92. [in of manufacturing a water filter / Yu.V. Russian] Lesin, M.A. Tyulenev etc. - Publ. 20.03.2004. - Bull. Number 8. [in Russian] [3] Lesin Yu.V., Luk’yanova S.Yu., and Tyulenev M.A. Mass transfer of

444 Taishan Academic Forum – Project on Mine Disaster Prevention and Control Solid Fuel Obtaining by Processing of Coal Enterprises Technogenic Materials Ushakov Andrey G., Ushakova Elena S., Ushakov Gennady V. Chemical Technology of Solid Fuel of Oil and Gas Technologies Institute, T.F. Gorbachev Kuzbass State Technical University, 650000 Kemerovo, Russia

Abstract: The work is devoted to the – Coal dust, formed at the enterprises of problem of wastes processing and utiliza- the coal industry; tion of coal-mining and coal processing – Coal screenings, produced at the enter- enterprises. It is proposed to use coal- prises of the fuel and energy sector in the classification of coals and the allocation waste in solid composite fuel technolo- of factions, suitable for burning in boilers; gies with the use of innovative binder – Coal sludge – high-ash and micro dis- based on the activated sludge biological persed particles, which is a waste of tech- treatment facilities. Technological nological processes of production of coal. scheme of developed technology is pre- Coal technological wastes are formed in sented. the activities of the coal-mining enter- Keywords: coal-mining and coal prises – mines, cuts, and also concentrat- processing wastes, solid composite fuel, ing factories. Sometimes, increasing binder. gross coal production leads to increases loss is more than 50 %. The technical 1.Introduction It is known that the enterprises of the fuel condition of many coal preparation plants and energy sector, as extractive resources and their technology are such that the and the receiving of them energy, are the waste coal content of coal reaches 25- main sources of anthropogenic impact on 26 %. One of the negative impacts of coal ecosystems. Intensive development of cuts is air pollution by industrial emis- coal mining and coal processing enter- sions (from explosions, internal combus- prises have an impact on the lithosphere, tion engines and other) and dust particles from the surface of the boards of mines causing the increase of volumes of solid [4, 5] carbon-containing wastes with a high and waste dumps . percentage of coal sludge materials, Such amount of waste is an important screenings and dust. For example, in the energy resource that can be the founda- mining industry of Russia the total mass tion of organization of new kinds of of all unprocessed waste reaches 45 bil- molded fuel production. lion tons, and the total area occupied for But for obtaining high-quality fuel gra- its storage, more than 250 thousand hec- nules with high consumer properties that tares of land [1]. It is estimated that the meet the requirements of durability, abra- extent of the formation of solid combust- sion, size, and so on, it is needed for ible waste in various industries can be binding substance, which largely depend from 30 up to 70 % from the basic vo- on the final properties of the product. The lume of production. choice binder is an important step in de- termining many of the properties of the 2.Characteristic of the work Considering the enterprises of a coal min- received granules. The parameters that ing is possible to allocate the following define the properties of the binder are the kinds of waste coal [2,3]: chemical nature, composition, and their physical properties.

© 2014. The authors - Published by Atlantis Press 445 Varieties used binder is quite wide. They molding process and most importantly can be divided into two broad classes [6, 7]: inexpensive as the economic component – Organic – concentrates of sulfitno-spirit in any technology in many respects is bards, oil bitumen, pitches and resin oil crucial. and coal origin, and so on; Products of processing excessive active – Inorganic – liquid glass, cement, clay, silt inevitably formed on the stations of gypsum binder, bentonite, etc. biological treatment of industrial and Binder requirements to ensure the quality domestic wastewater can use as such sub- of molding process [8]: stances. 1. High output of fuel (95-98 %) neces- In T.F. Gorbachev Kuzbass State Tech- sary strength to the required nical University studies for obtaining standards. solid composite fuel based on waste of 2. Environmental security: the absence of the coal enterprises (table 1) and exces- harmful substances in the composition of sive active silt, held microbiological the binder or the absence of their emis- processing (table 2). sion during the subsequent operation of Two types of mixtures for the production the obtained product. of fuel granules are reviewed: 3. Reliable and stable operation of main 1. Coal waste/binder. and auxiliary equipment for transporta- 2. Coal waste/binder with modifying ad- tion by pipeline raw materials and prod- ditives. ucts, mixing, forming processes. To study the influence of the modifying 4. Getting formed fuel that complies with additives on the properties of granules the requirements of the energy and pelletization progress the mixture companies. was introduced shredded paper weight The analysis of binder properties shows (table 3). that they do not meet all the above re- The basic properties of the received gra- quirements. nules are given in table 4. Thus, there is the problem of search of The results of laboratory studies are the the optimal binder, which is also easily technological processing scheme of fuel accessible to the implementation of the pellets producing (figure). Table 1. Properties of coal waste

Parameter Coal slurry Coal screenings Moisture content (Wa), % 1.6 5.3 Ash value (Ad), % 37.7 15.9 Fractional composition, %: +1 mm 11.9 73.4 1-0,7 mm 5.8 14.4 0,7-0,5 mm 6.6 4.3 – 0,5 mm 75.7 7.9 d The calorific value (Qв ), MJ/kg 22.5 24.0

Table 2. Characteristics of activated sludge Moisture content (Wa), % Ash value (Ad), % Density, кг/м3 S content, % 80-90 25-35 1025-1070 0.02-0.05

446 Table 3. Formulation of fuel pellets with modifying additives

Mixture The components, % wt. 1 2 Coal screenings 17 16 Coal slurry 44 44 Fermented active sludge 39 38 Shredded paper – 2

Table 4. Characteristics of fuel granules Mixture Parameter 1 2 Ash value (Ad), % 21 26 Resistance to abrasion, % 46.3 72.2 d The calorific value (Qs ), MJ/kg 21.9 22.0

According to the scheme: active sludge also being boiler plants, supplying the treatment plants loaded into the hopper 5, population with hot water, diesel electric- where gyratory pump pumped into the al. digester 1, which is subjected to anaerob- The remaining in the digester at the end ic digestion with production of biogas. of the processing period fermented mass The scheme provides 3 digester, running by pump 2 is pumped into the capacity in parallel. The total period of fermenta- for the preparation of molding mixture, tion is 16 days. which is served in the granulator 7. For optimal humidity of the mixture into Received pellets come in a tumble dryer, the digester add water, dosing is carried dried granules sent for packaging and out automatically (weight batchers). The next to the consumer. digestion process is carried out at period- 3.Conclusion ic stirring. The effectiveness of anaerobic Thus, getting molded fuel based on waste digestion is determined by the tempera- of the coal enterprises using organic ture of fermentation mixture. Optimum binder will solve the problem of waste, temperature of the mixture in the device and is accompanied by positive economic is 37ºС. effect. So for heating the heat carrier up The biogas generated in the process of to the same temperature (60oC) , the fermentation, enters the tank 6, where it is combustion of various raw materials are collected and then used for technological spent 2 kg of firewood, 1.3 kg of coal and needs. 1.4 kg developed granules. Designed fuel Biogas should be cleaned from acid gases can be used for heating of private houses before using. Designed site cleanup (not and cottages, small and medium-sized shown) using ammonia water, in which boiler-houses. the acid gases (carbon dioxide, hydrogen It is established that the cost of pilot pro- sulfide) contact with ammonia – formed duction of 1 ton of fuel pellets on the ammonium salts, used in various indus- experimental industrial plant with a ca- tries. After cleaning, biogas, containing pacity of 2 500 tons/year of pellets will mainly methane (up to 98-99 %), it is be 2 380 rubles. If scaling up power and proposed to use for space heating and so industrial plants are conducted, produc- on, in the home. Consumers of biogas are tion costs will be reduced by 75 %.

447

448 4.References framework of the Russian scientific and [1] Klimov S.A.,Fraiman G.B., Gruzinov social program for youth and schoolchild- G.P. Complex oil shale using. – Lipeck, ren Step into the Future – Tomsk, 1999. – 2000. – 179 p. p. 354-355. [2] Shapchenova O.A. The influence of [5] Klika Z., Bartonova L. The effect of anthropogenic emissions Berezovskaya different modes of Czech Republic ther- GRES-1 on biological activity of soils // mal power plants on the behavior of sul- Environmental Risk: Materials of the 2nd fur and minerals coal combustion // De- all-Russian conference. – Irkutsk, 2001. – velopment of Coal Chemistry and Chemi- p. 182-185. stry of Carbon Materials in the XXI Cen- [3] Volkova A.V. The influence of heat- tury: Theses of reports of Scientific power engineering on the environment // Council Enlarged sessions, 2003. – M., Modern problems of technical, natural 2003. – p. 41. Sciences and Humanities: Materials of [6] Elishevich A.T. Briquetting of coal the all-Russian conference. P. 1. – Gyb- with a binder. – M., 1972. – 216 p. kin, 2007. – p. 88-91. [7] Krohin V.N. Briquetting of coal. – [4] Glazkova A.V., Stroinova V.N. Air M.: 1984. – 224 p. pollution from thermal power plants // [8] Lobuch A.M. Briquetting coke Problems of geology and exploration of breeze with a binder and coking partially mineral resources: Proceedings of the 3rd briquetted charge in the manufacture of academician M.A. Usova International metallurgical coke: The dissertation for scientific symposium of students, post- PhD. – Ufa, 2000. – 180 p. graduates and young scientists in the

449 Taishan Academic Forum – Project on Mine Disaster Prevention and Control Experience for Coal Mine Methane Utilization to Generate Thermal and Electric Power TAILAKOV Oleg V., ZASTRELOV Denis. N., UTKAEV Evgeniy A., SMYSLOV Alexey I., KORMIN Alexey N. Institute of Coal SB RAS 650000 Kemerovo, Russia

Abstract: Here an experience on methane (CMM) can be processed for utilization of coal mine methane (CMM) generation of thermal and electric power, to generate thermal and electric power at which can be used by coal companies for Kuzbass coal mines is given. A process own needs and/or delivered to an outside customers [1]. model of CMM utilization is presented in 2.Work description the form of a Petri net. Nevertheless, several projects on CMM Keywords: coal mine methane, thermal utilization were fulfilled in Kuzbass. power, electric power, power generating Mine ‘Krasnogorskaya’ in Prokopyevsk plant. introduced modular boiler of 0.7 MW 1.Introduction capacity for thermal power generation Nowadays, the majority coal mines of (Fig. 1). The equipment allows using air- Russian mainly release methane into the methane mixture with a methane atmosphere and almost never utilize it. concentration not lower 25%. Whereas, the extracted coal mine

Fig. 1: Modular Boiler at ‘Krasnogorskaya’ mine At the mine gas generating plant of 0.9 sufficient work of the generator the MW capacity for electric power concentration of methane in air methane generation was put into operation. For should be not lower 35%. This plant has

© 2014. The authors - Published by Atlantis Press 450 been operating at the mine since 2009 (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2: Gas Generating Plant at ‘S.M. Kirov’ mine In 2012 ‘Komsomolets’ mine two sources of air-methane: low (less implemented a project for methane than 3.5%) and high (over 25%) utilization by generation unit with the set concentration of methane was electrical capacity of 0.4 MW (Fig. 3). successfully tested. The technology of simultaneously use of

Fig. 3: Generating station at ‘Komsomolets’ mine Enhancement of degassing systems production is pumping of carbon dioxide efficiency, introduction of modern into coal seams to release methane [3]. methods of methane extraction [2] would Due to gradual development of CMM improve the volume of the extracted air utilization projects at the coal mines, the methane. One of the possible issue of assessment of the efficiency of intensification methods for methane power plants and reducing possible

451 downtime is very urgent. To evaluate the units, final set of transitions T = {t1, t2, ..., performance of CMM utilization projects tn}, characterizing the process of the it is possible to use directed graphs, thermal power generation, connected by which will display the structure of the arcs: I - input function, O - output investigated systems, technological function, which reflects the equipment process of CMM utilization, and work, and also has primary marking M0, economic models to describe their main which corresponds ventilation air economic data for CMM utilization methane and thermal power at the initial projects. stage of work of the modular boiler. The process model of CMM utilization is Operation of the network N is carried out presented in the form of a Petri net N = by means of switching transitions. {P, T, I, O, M0}, which consists of a finite Through the use of mathematical Petri net, set of positions P = {p1, p2, ..., pm}, a directed graph N1 (Fig. 4) was built. corresponding to the main technological

Fig. 4: Network N1, reflecting the utilization process of CMM in the modular boiler

The methane utilization process is methane is fed to a gas burner p7, where characterized as follows: Air methane is methane is mixed with air to achieve the extracted by vacuum pumping unit p3, required quality. On the next stage the then it is fed to the condensate collector gas mixture is fed into the furnace p8, number 1 p4 for cleaning from dust and where methane is combusted generating moisture, then to the condensate collector thermal power. Part of the thermal energy number 2 p5 for further purification and is used for own needs of the boiler, the then to the gas pressure controller p6, remaining energy is fed into the shower which smooth out pressure kick in a facilities of the mine p10. (Table 1) pipeline. Free of dust and moisture air

452 Table 1: Interpretation of items P and transitions T net N1

Позиции P Переходы T

p1 – gas pipeline; t1 – methane production; p2 – switchboard; t2 – electricity to a switchboard; p3 – vacuum pump unit; t3 – methane to vacuum-pumping station; p4 – condensate collector №1; t4 – methane feeding; p5 – condensate collector №2; t5 – methane cleaning; p6 – gas pressure control; t6 – further purification of methane; p7 – burner; t7 – smoothing out pressure kick in pipeline; p8 – furnace; t8 – mixing methane and air; p9 – chimney; t9 – feeding of exhausted air to chimney; p10 – system of heat consumption; t10 – thermal power to thermal consumer grid. p11 – meter.

3.Conclusions 4.References The designed directed graph of CMM [1] Backhaus C., Bezpflyug V.A., utilization process in modular boiler for Mazanik EV, Hoppe C. Experience of generation of thermal power conducts implementing mobile Thermal Power numerical experiments and performs Plants on CMM // Coal. - 2009. - № 11 - assessment of the properties of the 50-53p. network model. The simulation results [2] Polevshikov G.Y., Kozyreva E.N., can be used to adjust the technological Shankevich M.V. Enhancement of modes of modular boiler to improve the efficiency of the integrated degassing efficiency and sustainability of the management at coal face operations // equipment. Bulletin of the science center on safety in Introduction of the energy efficient coal industry. Scientific and Technical technologies based on CMM utilization Journal, Kemerovo, 2012. - № 2. - 20-27p. allows efficient use of valuable energy [3] Tailakov O.V., Zastrelov D.N., resources to generate, for example, Tailakov V.O., Kormin A.N. Capture and thermal and electric power. Successful storage of carbon dioxide at Kuzbass coal examples of such projects in Kuzbass seams // Gas Industry № 12/699/2013, allow further development utilization of Moscow: Publishing House ‘Gasoil coal mine methane. press’ 2013. - 86 – 87p.

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