Feature 101 etc. inevitably make us pause, wonder and reconsid- er. Indeed, it has been speculated that this universe Simulation Scenarios in the Star of ours is some form of computer simulation since Trek Universe Reject Solipsism forecasts by serious technologists and futur- ologists predict that enormous amounts of Victor Grech computing power will be available in the fu- ture [...] (t)hen it could be the case that [...] Introduction minds like ours do not belong to the original WE RARELY THINK to question the true nature of race but rather to people simulated by the reality, which seems unambiguous and clear to our advanced descendants of an original race. senses – a Materialist viewpoint. However, since (Bostrom 1) that which we sense and come to know comes about through a potentially fallible sensory interface, it The possibility of the mind being fooled into believ- may well be that the nature of reality is different ing in a false reality is an old SF trope, as famously to that which we perceive, experience, and take as depicted in Gunn’s The Joy Makers and more recently given. The Matrix Many thinkers have attempted to come to grips and Weir’s The Truman Show. with this contentious issue, and a short list includes inJones film suchet al haveas the posited Wachowski six hypothetical brothers’ simulation Plato, Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, Mill, Heidegger scenarios – that is, theoretical alternative constructs and many others. The essential questions are: what of simulated reality: physical presence, intercept, constitutes reality? Is reality comprised of objective matter and energy that are directly accessible to our In Star Trek (ST), reality can be altered in two ways: mind through our senses? Does this then provide throughavatar, android, non-Federation infinite regression, techniques and and monism. through an accurate description of the very quintessence of Federation holodeck technology. The former may be things rather than their possibly imperfect repre- further subdivided into procedures that deceive the sentation as offered to us through our senses? Or is mind and techniques that truly transform the very our perceived reality constructed of abstractions, fabric of reality. Examples of such simulations will - be investigated within the ST universe which has de- riences? Guba and Lincoln (104) have neatly sum- picted almost all of these scenarios. marisedwith thoughts and categorised reified as these subjective questions concrete as follows: expe The discussion will then focus on how mind may be duped through the senses and how the possibil- Ontologically: What is the nature and form of ity of humanity acquiring holodeck technology may reality, and what is there that can be discov- ered about it? Epistemologically: What is the nature of the Non-Federationhave both beneficial Techniques and harmful consequences. relationship between the knower and what Deliberate Mental Deception can be known? The Intercept Scenario proposes a situation where- Methodologically: How can the explorer dis- in although we are in complete control of our con- cover whatever it is believed can be discov- sciousness, the rest, including our bodies, are ar- ered? Matrix-type setting. Several schools of thought have endeavoured to an- tificialThis is constructs, precisely what existing happens solely to in Captain the mind, Picard a swer these questions, including idealism, existential- when an alien probe paralyses him and dumps his ism, pragmatism, phenomenology, logical positiv- consciouness into an alien setting, living out a life ism, metaphysical subjectivism, deconstructionism, in speed-up/acceleration as a member of an extinct and post-modernism (Stokes). Naturally, the very race. This process is an anachrony, one form of delib- characteristics of the arguments preclude any de- erate time distortion wherein narrative time is faster than time in the external world. After living out an finitive conclusions, but the increasing realism of 3D 28 SFRA Review 317 Summer 2016 SFRA Review 317 Summer 2016 29 high definition television and cinema, videogames, entire lifetime in twenty-five minutes of objective time, just before being returned to the Enterprise, of this. The inhabitants of this planet can read Picard is told, while still within the simulation, that our minds. They can create illusions out of a the aliens had person’s own thoughts, memories, and expe- riences, even out of a person’s own desires. hoped our probe would encounter some- Illusions just as real and solid as this table top one in the future. Someone who could be a and just as impossible to ignore. (Butler, “The teacher. Someone who could tell the others Cage”) about us. […] The rest of us have been gone for a thousand years. If you remember what The Original Series bridge crew also succumb to we were, and how we lived, then we’ll have - found life again. […] Now we live in you. Tell selves in the simulated western town of Tombstone them of us. (Lauritson, “The Inner Light”) (McEveety,aliens in a Monism“Spectre Scenario of the Gun”), when whereinthey find the them al- most voodoo-like belief that one has been shot by a An even subtler deception occurs when the Enter- pistol can be fatal, as happens to Enterprise naviga- prise is scanned by unknown technology and the memories of the entire ship’s crew are selectively acting the roles of Billy Clanton and the McLaury and partially erased. They retain practical skills and brotherstor Chekov. against The crewimaginary thus find Earp themselves brothers and forcibly Doc knowledge but expunged is all knowledge of per- sonal identity, the identities of anyone else, and the Fortunately, Spock realises the nature of their pre- ship’s mission. The ship’s computer is also affected dicament:Holliday in the infamous gunfight at the O.K. Corral. in this discriminating way, and an alien joins the - A fact, Captain. Physical laws simply can- fest (including a false entry that adds the alien as a not be ignored. Existence cannot be with- high-rankingbridge crew. Aftercrew significantmember) effort,and an the altered crew maniship’s out them. [...] we are faced with a staggering mission are located within the computer. The false contradiction. The tranquilliser you created mission, spurred on by the alien, is an attack on an- should have been effective. [...] His mind other alien command and control centre while main- killed him. [...] Physical reality is consistent taining communications silence. However, the alien with universal laws. Where the laws do not defences are no match for the Enterprise which sails operate, there is no reality. All of this is un- into close proximity to the command centre against real. [...] We judge reality by the response completely ineffective resistance. It is at this point of our senses. Once we are convinced of the that the crew balks and refuses to carry out their reality of a given situation, we abide by its fraudulent order (Landau, “Conundrum”). rules. We judged the bullets to be solid, the Some alien species appear to be able to alter the guns to be real, therefore they can kill. [...] perception of the nature of reality by mental means Chekov is dead because he believed the bul- alone, thus producing the Monism Scenario, such lets would kill him. [...] I know the bullets are “that although we are in control of our own con- unreal, therefore they cannot harm me. [...] sciousness, our bodies and the material world that The smallest doubt would be enough to kill you. (McEveety, “Spectre of the Gun”) ST, the initial pilot, clear- lysurrounds demonstrates us are this an when artificial the construction”Enterprise crew (Jones en- Spock hypnotically convinces his colleagues of the counter2). The very aliens first with episode incredible of mental abilities. They unreality of the situation through a mind-meld, al- are able to create

a perfect illusion. They had us seeing just lowingThe the bullets crew areto survive unreal. the Without gunfight: body. They what we wanted to see, human beings who’d are illusions only. Shadows without sub- survived with dignity and bravery, everything stance. They will not pass through your body, entirely logical, right down to the building of for they do not exist. [...] Unreal. Appearances the camp, the tattered clothing, everything. only. [...] Nothing but ghosts of reality. They Now let’s be sure we understand the danger are lies. Falsehoods. Spectres without body. 28 SFRA Review 317 Summer 2016 SFRA Review 317 Summer 2016 29 They are to be ignored. (McEveety, “Spectre of the Gun”) “The Nexus,” a non-sentient natural phenomenon, an Both Kirk and Picard find themselves trapped in Deliberate Reworking of Reality energy ribbon [...] travelling through the uni- Reality may be refabricated through the use of vague- verse. It’s a doorway to another place [...] It’s ly described machinery resulting in a Physical Pres- a place that I’ve tried very, very hard to for- ence Scenario, as used by the Trelane in “The Squire get. [...] It was like being inside joy. As if joy of Gothos” (McDougall) and by Barash in “Future was something tangible [...] and you could Imperfect” (Landau). In both episodes, Trelane and wrap yourself in it like a blanket. And never Barash abuse their technology and it transpires that in my entire life have I been as content. [...] both are equivalent to immature, small children. The I would have done anything, [...] anything to latter is an even more complex scenario as Barash get back there. But once I realised that wasn’t and his devices bury Riker, the Enterprise - possible I learned to live without that. If you go, you’re not going to care about anything. totally different realities, which he has to individual’s first of- [...] All you’ll want is to stay in the Nexus. And lyficer, penetrate. in several The Matryoshka-like reason why Barash layers sought of nested to retain and you’re not going to want to come back. (Car- Riker is that although “(t)he neural scanners read son, Star Trek: Generations) my mind, give me everything I want. [...] the scan- ners to protect me, [...] give me anything I wanted” This is because the Nexus creates Physical Presence Scenarios that permit each individual trapped with- “It’s been so long. I just want somebody real.” This is in it to bring their imagination to life, an even more (Landau, “Future Imperfect”), this was insufficient: powerful ability than active dreaming (Carson, Star the possibility that existence may be an amalgam of Trek: Generations). severalan example nested of scenariosthe the Infinite as already Regression described Scenario, above, or others that are inconceivable, resulting in a set of Federation Techniques – The Holodeck “simulations within simulations” that have limitless The holodeck in ST is a device that combines sev- potential regarding the total number of worlds or eral individual and programmable ST technologies: universes that might be nested within each other. Alien beings may also be able to distort or change (Grech, “The Trick”). In this way, objects or living reality without any obvious reliance on equipment. creaturesreplication, and transportation reality itself are and simulated, shaped force deceiving fields In “Where Silence Has Lease” (Kolbe), Nagilum, an amorphous being in a self-enclosed universe, is ca- and immerses individuals “in a virtual environment pable of generating the illusion of sentient beings thatall five is sosenses. realistic This it is cannot a Physical be distinguished Presence Scenario from that mimic members of the Enterprise crew. the true physical environment” (Jones 2). Indeed, However, the ultimate manipulators of reality are this technology goes beyond simulation: the “Q” species who are literally supernatural, and hence best able to create Physical Presence Scenari- Riker: I didn’t believe these simulations could os. They are immortal and unbounded by space and be this real. time. The Q are also able to surmount all physical Data: Much of it is real, sir. If the transporters universal constraints including natural laws, such as can convert our bodies to an energy beam, the ability to create matter and energy. This allows then back to the original pattern again. (Co- ST the potential rey, “Encounter at Farpoint”) bethe played first Q on that humanity. is encountered Picard accuses in him: “you’re Holodecks can be used to fool individuals or even en- nextfor an of almost kin to infinitechaos.” numberTo which of Q Loki-like retorts: tricks“I add to a tire races when built to a large enough scale (Frakes, little excitement, a little spice to your lives, and all Star Trek: Insurrection). you do is complain. Where’s your adventurous spir- The holodeck itself also provides the possibility of it, your imagination. [...] Think of the possibilities” (Bowman, “Q Who”). and this is experienced when a being who reaches Indifferent Simulations sentiencethe recreation in the of holodeck the Infinite takes Regression control of the Scenario, Enter- 30 SFRA Review 317 Summer 2016 SFRA Review 317 Summer 2016 31 prise and the only way to terminate this control is would normally receive and process sensory inputs, to deceive him into a simulation within a simulation. which are then collated and witnessed by the con- Captain Picard then muses that “our reality may [...] scious mind. just be an elaborate simulation running inside a lit- Most sensory impressions (excluding olfaction) tle device sitting on someone’s table” (Singer, “Ship pass through a brain structure called the thalamus in a Bottle”). which is located under the cerebral cortex. The thal- Two other scenarios have not been mentioned, the Android and Avatar scenarios. to the appropriate part of the cerebral cortex. For ex- ample,amus selectively in the case filters of vision, these electrical signals and impulses relays themrelay The Android Scenario signals from the eyes to the thalamus and thence to This particular scenario exists ubiquitously in ST the occipital cortex at the back of the head where since Data and holograms are synthetic creations, visual processing is actually carried out and is then simulated individuals (rather than environments) viewed by the conscious mind which is located more who theoretically have limits and parameters that anteriorly in the cerebral coretex. are not only physical, but also mental and psycho- In some of the abovementioned narratives, only logical. However, a recurring theme associated with the illusion of the substance exists and such chime- these characters is their ability to transcend their programming and become more than the sum of of false data either directly to the senses, at the tha- their parts – an emergent property (Grech, “The Pin- lamicras may level, be createdor precisely by the to unspecifiedthe appropriate presentation locus in occhio Syndrome”). As the Emergency Medical Holo- the cerebral cortex. gram is told by his own creator, “You have exceeded To a greater or lesser extent, these possibilities also the sum of your programming. You’ve accomplished support the Cartesian tenet of doubt. The rational- far more than I would have ever predicted” (Kroeker ist philosopher René Descartes (1596-1650) argued “Endgame”). that knowledge is gained from the senses, which may mislead even under ordinary circumstances. The Avatar Scenario The opportunity for error is therefore greatly multi- This is not depicted in ST, possibly because it is the plied by the possibilities shown in these narratives. antithesis of humanism, a strongly held belief of Moreover, simulations may encourage philosophic Gene Roddenberry, ST’s creator (Alexander 14). This solipsism, the conjecture that only the self exists, as scenario posits the possibility that our bodies are speculated by the presocratic Greek sophist, Gorgias extremely realistic avatars imperceptibly controlled of Leontini (c. 483–375 BC). This may, in turn, lead to by external beings. Thus, we have no consciousness vulgar solipsism, an extreme egoistic self-absorption other that of the contoller. Roddenberry was a hu- and self-indulgence of one’s feelings and desires. manist, believing both that we should assign prime Bishop George Berkeley (1685-1763) was an Irish importance to human rather than divine and super- philosopher, a contemporary of Newton and the natural matters and that the search for truth through father of philosophical idealism. Berkeley argues - against our inherent intuitions and contends that nario would completely contravene the ST ethos. objects we see are in reality immaterial, and that reason and the scientific method is central. This sce nothing exists outside of the mind and its observ- Discussion ing senses. This is known as Idealism, a philosophi- cal concept that states that reality as we percieve been the subject of protracted debate and include it is a mental construction. This notion dates back theThe possibilitytrue nature that of reality all is notand what its very it seems.definition This have ar- to ancient Grecian times. The pre-Socratic philoso- gument is strengthened by the abovementioned ST pher Anaxagoras (c. 500- 428 BC) argued that Nous episodes which emphasise the impermanence of (Mind) not only created the physical universe but seeming actuality and the ease with which the mind was also the ordering force behind it. More recently, may be deceived with objects that only appear to be Berkeley proposed an Inconceivability Argument authentic. As shown above, these strategies may in- which can be summarised as esse est percipi (to be volve false inputs through the senses or the direct is to be perceived). This is the view that the physical stimulation of the appropriate brain centres that universe is merely a perception since according to 30 SFRA Review 317 Summer 2016 SFRA Review 317 Summer 2016 31 Berkeley it is impossible to attempt to conceive of an In short, the attitude toward the holodeck is that object existing independent of anybody observing it. “(t)here’s nothing wrong with a healthy fantasy life, Berkeley further argued that our perceptions are as long as you don’t let it take over”, a Heinleinian at- produced for us by God, who is omnipotent and omnipresent and perceives everything at all times. 1873), who felt that we should lead lives as we see Hence, even objects unobserved by us maintain titude that was prefigured by John Stuart Mill (1806- their existence in our absence. The Supreme Being Indeed, “as far as I’m concerned what you do in the is therefore also directly responsible for our ideas. holodeckfit unless is we your impinge own business, on the happiness as long as ofit doesn’t others. This theistic organisational viewpoint is very infre- interfere with your work” (Bole, “Hollow Pursuits”). quently acknowledged in ST and is obliquely alluded This technology is therefore viewed as being ethical- to by Picard: ly neutral: “it was not the machine, but what one did with the machine that was its meaning or message” Considering the marvellous complexity of (McLuhan 7). our universe, its clockwork perfection, its The holodeck may also be used for educational and balances of this against that, matter, energy, research purposes, including meeting simulations of gravitation, time, dimension, I believe that famous minds such as Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein our existence must be more than either of and Steven Hawking (Singer, “Descent”). Moreover, these philosophies. That what we are goes recreations of individuals may also help solve sci- beyond Euclidian and other practical mea- suring systems and that our existence is part Trap”). of a reality beyond what we understand now entific/engineeringHowever, activity in difficulties the holodeck (Beaumont, appears “Booby to be as reality. (Kolbe, “Where Silence Has Lease”) controlled by inexplicit moral rules. For example, in Deep Space 9, in Quark’s bar, sexual holo-adventures Of all of the abovementioned tropes, the holodeck appear to be available for a price, but it is not al- is the only technology conceivably within human- lowed to duplicate real persons within the holodeck ity’s grasp. A common use for the holodeck is the for such activities as “(i)t is kind of unusual, recreat- Epicurean penchant for starship crews to relax sen- ing people you already know” (Frakes, “Meridian”). sibly. Epicurus (341-271 BC) advocated the pursuit However, a laudable exception is shown to be life of happiness and taught that temperance and pru- dence are crucial strictures that also apply inside the stranded starship Voyager enters pon farr, a physi- holodeck. ologicalsaving when condition a Vulcan that science occurs officerevery seven(Tuvok) years on thefor Thus, the holodeck permits individuals or groups males of this species wherein they must mate with of individuals to enter novels (Scanlan, “The Big their wife or die. Tom Paris, the ship’s helmsman, Goodbye”), recreate historical events such as the Bat- offers to program the holodeck to simulate Tuvok’s tle of the Alamo (Vejar, “The Changing Face of Evil”) wife: and the Battle of Britain (Livingston, “Homefront”), watch past famous baseball games (Lobl, “For The Tuvok: I am a married man. Uniform”), provide the opportunity for calisthenics Paris: It’s the holodeck, Tuvok. It doesn’t (Mayberry, “Code of Honour”) and set the stage for a count. romantic date (Beaumont, “Booby Trap”). Tuvok: Is that what you tell your wife? Individuals may even become strongly attracted to Paris: No, of course not. [...] You wouldn’t be completely simulated holographic characters who breaking your vows if it’s a hologram of your have no real life counterparts. Riker, for example, wife (McNeill, “Body and Soul”). is captivated by a holographic woman, who muses “A dream? Is that what this is? Is that what I am?” Moreover Voyager’s captain Janeway deems it inap- Riker confesses to his captain: “It’s uncanny. I could propriate to romantically and/or sexually consort develop feelings for Minuet, exactly as I would for with her subordinates, and she therefore programs any woman.” To which Picard replies “Doesn’t love a virtual lover. However, he is too compliant for her always begin that way? With the illusion being more wishes, so she locks herself out of the holodeck con- real than the woman?” (Lynch, “11001001”). trols, in essence giving the character a modicum of 32 SFRA Review 317 Summer 2016 SFRA Review 317 Summer 2016 33 free will. nial, claiming that “There is nothing wrong with me The comfortable simulations of the holodeck may [...] this isn’t a relapse of [...] holo-addiction” (ibid), also lead to holo-addiction, which is usually an es- cape mechanism that is symptomatic of deep psy- A common thread that runs through all of the chological problems wherein the addictee spends abovebefore is finally the presupposition acknowledging that his aproblem. simulation “(i)sn’t time in manufactured realities within the holodeck real [...] Nothing here is. [...] Nothing here matters,” in preference to the real external reality (Bole, “Hol- as opposed to the real world, outside of a simulation, low Pursuits”). because in the real world, “while you’re there, you In Star Trek: The Next Generation, a recurring char- can make a difference” (Carson, Star Trek: Genera- acter has severe issues with holo-addiction. The in- tions). dividual in question is a Lt. Barclay, whose name is almost certainly an allusion to Berkeley. Barclay’s challenge is inbuilt in the holodeck, which incorpo- addiction stems from his “history of seclusive ten- ratesIndeed, safety-protocols wish-fullfillment that are and designed a complete to protect lack of dencies [...] he’s always late. The man’s nervous. No- the users. Weapons therefore cannot wound or kill body wants to be around this guy”. This is because and falls are cushioned and so on (Scanlan, “The Big Goodbye”). However, ST’s Federation champions ex- and ultimately predictable simulated environment ploration, even at the cost of some risk, and like Kirk ofBarclay the holodeck is far more than confident in the rough inside and thetumble controlled of real ensconced within the Nexus, the removal of true ob- life. His superior observes: “[y]ou’re going to be able stacles and satisfaction guaranteed without effort is to write the book on holoaddiction” and he is forced regarded with contempt. to undergo psychological counselling after being Conversely, when holographic characters gain sen- caught programming the holodeck with droll simu- tience, they only appear real when they interact with lations of fellow crew members that the real-life ver- the real world and make a difference. For example, sions found objectionable (Star Trek: The Next Gen- the Emergency Medical Hologram (doctor) on Voy- eration). ager becomes a vital and actively contributing senior Barclay resurfaces in Voyager, where he reveals member of the crew when the human doctor dies. that he never fully unpacked and moved into his In conclusion, in the epicurean ST universe, simu- apartment, admitting that “(f)or some reason I nev- lations are seen as tolerable in small doses with ethi- er slept in my apartment as comfortably as I did in cal and suitable goals, such as reasonable recreation and for the purposes of work-related simulations, Fortunately, Barclay has some insight, confessing but abhorrent when overused and abused merely tomy his holographic psychologist quarters” “I’ve lost (Vejar, myself “Pathfinder”). [...] I wanted to, for the achievement of one’s self-satisfaction, there- by rejecting any solipsistic tendencies. to work. [...] I needed someone to, er bounce ideas offer, fineof. Someone tune my to plan, help so, focus I er, my just thoughts. went right [...] went back back to the Holodeck [...] They’re the only people Works Cited that I can talk to. [...] (T)hey help me with my work [...] If an obsession helps me to do my job better, it’s “11001001.” Dir. Paul Lynch. Star Trek: The Next Gen- eration. Paramount. February 1988. exchange [...] more important than my psychological “Body and Soul.” Dir. Robert Duncan McNeill. Star condition”a sacrifice I am willing to make. A little instability in Trek: Voyager. Paramount. November 2000. But the down side is that Barclay gets “the days “Booby Trap.” Dir. Gabrielle Beaumont. Star Trek: mixed up” and fails to complete assigned work and The Next Generation. Paramount October 1989. attend important appointments. His psychologist “Code of Honour.” Dir Russ Mayberry. Star Trek: The accuses him: “Poker? Massages? Sleeping in holo- Next Generation. Paramount May 1987. graphic quarters? 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