Thèse Présentée Pour L'obtention Du Diplôme De

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Thèse Présentée Pour L'obtention Du Diplôme De N° d’ordre: 28/2017- C/ S.B République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene USTHB/Alger Faculté des Sciences Biologiques Thèse Présentée pour l’obtention du diplôme de: Doctorat 3ème cycle En: Sciences Biologiques Option: Génétique, Physiologie Moléculaire et Microbiologie des plantes Par: Melle SAAD Somia Thème Analyse de la diversité chimique par les composés phénoliques, Marrubium deserti De Noé. Etude ethnobotanique et propriétés médicinales Soutenu publiquement le: 27/04/2017, devant le jury composé de: M. AMIROUCHE Rachid Professeur à l’USTHB Président Mme OUAFI Saida Professeur à l’USTHB Directrice de thèse Mme CHABANE Djamila Professeur à l’USTHB Examinatrice Mme BELKEBIR Aicha Professeur à l’USTHB Examinatrice M. BAALI-CHERIF Djamel Professeur à l’ENSAA Examinateur M. ARAB Karim Professeur à l’UMBB Examinateur Remerciements Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont été effectués au sein du Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Zones Arides (LRZA), de la Faculté des Sciences Biologiques (FSB), de l’Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Bab Ezzouar, Alger. En premier lieu, je remercie Dieu le Tout Puissant de m’avoir donné le courage et la santé pour achever ce travail. L’encadrement scientifique de ce travail a été assuré par Mme OUAFI Saida, professeur à la FSB/USTHB. Je tiens vivement à lui exprimer ma profonde reconnaissance de m’avoir accueillie dans son équipe avec gentillesse, et bienveillance, pour sa disponibilité, sa patience, sa compréhension, ses qualités humaines et l’intérêt qu’elle a porté à mon sujet de recherche. Je la remercie pour la confiance qu’elle m’a témoignée, pour son soutien permanent et son dynamisme qui m’ont permis d’avancer dans mes recherches. Je remercie également Monsieur AMIROUCHE Rachid, professeur à la FSB/USTHB, pour l’honneur qu’il nous fait en acceptant de présider le jury de cette thèse et pour avoir ouvert notre formation doctorale. Ses grandes compétences et sa longue expérience dans le domaine de la recherche scientifique permettront assurément d’enrichir et d’améliorer ce travail. Veuillez trouver ici, Monsieur, le témoignage de mon profond respect. Je tiens à affirmer ma gratitude à Mme Chabane Djamila, professeur à la FSB/USTHB, en sa qualité de membre de notre équipe de recherche, connue pour sa rigueur scientifique, son humilité, et ses qualités humaines, d’avoir suivie et accepté d’examiner ce travail. Veuillez accepter chère professeur, mes sentiments sincères de reconnaissance. Je remercie aussi, Monsieur BAALI-CHERIF Djamel, professeur à l’Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique (ENSAA), pour avoir accepté d’examiner et d’honorer de sa présence effective le jury de cette thèse. Mes vifs remerciements également s’adresse à Madame BELKEBIR Aicha, professeur à la FSB/USTHB et à Monsieur ARAB Karim, professeur à l’Université M'Hamed Bougara de Boumerdès (UMBB), Boumerdès, pour avoir acceptés d’examiner ce travail. Vos remarques et critiques renforceront certainement la valeur de cette thèse. Veuillez accepter chers professeurs mes sentiments de gratitude. J’adresse mes sincères remerciements à Madame BOUGUEDOURA Nadia, professeur à l’USTHB et Directrice du laboratoire de recherche sur les zones arides (LRZA) pour ses encouragements et sa compréhension durant la réalisation de ce travail. Je n’oublie pas mes camarades doctorants de l’équipe du LRZA, MEGUELLATI Hassina, SAHAR Djamila, MOUHOUB Faiza, BOUGUEMRA Selma, BELHADI Fairouz, SELMANI Cherifa, ROUANE Asma, HARCHAOUI Lilya, BENAZI Lila, SEGHERI Mohammed et Redouane qui m’ont encouragé pendant les moments les plus difficiles, leur aide et leur bonne humeur a contribué à créer une ambiance de travail agréable. Je leurs adresse ici toute ma reconnaissance et mes sincères amitiés. Je leurs souhaite une bonne chance pour la suite de leurs travaux. Je tiens à remercier le personnel de notre laboratoire (LRZA) en particulier; Karima, Neila, Karima, Nabila et Kheira pour leur aide précieuse. Je tiens également à remercier M. ABDELLAOUI S. directeur de la station de l’INRF de Tamanrasset. Enfin, que toutes les personnes qui ont contribué de prés ou de loin à la réalisation de ce travail, trouvent ici ma sincère reconnaissance et mes remerciements. Dédicace Avec mes sentiments de gratitude les plus profonds, Je dédie ce modeste travail: A mes très chers parents, pour leur soutien inconditionnel tout au long de mes études et pour la confiance qu’ils m’ont toujours témoignée. A mes grandes mères A mes chers frères et sœurs; Sofiane, Walid, Ahmed Yazid, Marwa, Chaima et Anfel. A mes cousines et cousins en particulier, ma cousine Zeineb A mes tantes et mes oncles. Merci à Hanane; «mon âme sœur»; pour son amitié, son réconfort moral, sa disponibilité, son soutien dans les moments difficiles et pour tout ce qu’elle m’a appris. Grace à toi, ces six années m’ont paru un peu moins long, je te souhaite que du bonheur. A Nadjette, je t’exprime mes plus sincères remerciements pour le temps que tu m’as consacré malgré tes diverses occupations; tu as toujours été disponible pour partager avec moi ton expérience, tes encouragements, ton aide et enfin ta gentillesse au quotidien, merci pour ton amitié. Sois assurée de ma profonde gratitude. A vrai dire, je ne sais pas comment te remercier Nedjma pour ton amitié, j’en suis très honorée. Un mot particulier à ma chère Asma. Merci pour ta patience et ta présence. Tu es une précieuse amie. Un merci spécial à Kherfi Hamza qu’il trouve ici l’expression de ma plus profonde gratitude. J’adresse aussi, un merci particulier à Zaineb et Aicha pour leur amitié, leurs encagements, leur sympathie et leur bonne humeur. Je garde un excellent souvenir et j’espère vous en avoir laissé de bons. A tous ceux qui m’aiment Résumé Ce travail consiste à documenter les utilisations traditionnelles d’une plante médicinale Algérienne; Marrubium deserti De Noé, à extraire et à identifier les composés phénoliques contenus dans sa partie aérienne récolté de deux régions; une semi aride (Biskra) et l’autre aride (Tamanrasset); à évaluer sa toxicité et ses activités biologiques. Une enquête ethnobotanique auprès de la population locale de Biskra a montré que cette plante est utilisée dans le traitement de plusieurs maladies (fièvre, pathologies digestives, algies diverses…etc.). Les analyses quantitatives des phénols totaux et différentes fractions polyphénoliques (les flavones- flavonols, les aglycones libres, les anthocyanes, les C-glycosides et les hétérosides flavoniques) et l’infusé de la partie aérienne recueillie des deux régions révèlent la présence de quantités moyennement importante. Les résultats de la recherche de la diversité chimique par ACP et CAH montrent une forte variabilité intra-spécifique entre les individus de M. deserti De Noé. Les analyses qualitatives par CLHP ont permis de révéler et identifier trois flavonols (quercétine, kaempférol et isorhamnétine), deux flavones (lutéoline et apigénine), une flavanone (hespéridine), deux acides hydroxybenzoïques (acide iso-vanillique et acide syringique), trois acides hydroxycinnamiques (acide caféique, acide férulique et acide trans- cinnamique), un aldéhyde aromatique (vanilline), six C-glycosides (orientine, iso-orientine, vitexine, iso-vitexine, naringénine-6-C-glucoside et naringénine di-C-glucoside et trois O- glycosides (rutine, cynaroside et monoside de kaempférol). L’étude de la toxicité aiguë de M. deserti De Noé par voie orale chez les souris montre une DL50 supérieure à 11000 mg/kg pour l’infusé et supérieure à 500 mg/kg de p.c. pour les trois extraits polyphénoliques (ExEth, ExButOH et ExHét), toutefois l'étude de la toxicité subaiguë de l’infusé chez les rats a révélée des perturbations dans la croissance corporel, dans les poids des organes et dans quelques paramètres hématologiques et biochimiques liés aux fonctions hépatique et rénale. L’étude biologique a montré que l’infusé et les trois extraits polyphénoliques possèdent des effets anti-inflammatoire, analgésique (périphérique et centrale) et antipyrétique. Ces résultats confirment et valident l’indication thérapeutique traditionnelle auprès de la population locale de la partie aérienne de M. deserti De Noé. Mots clés: Marrubium deserti De Noé, Biskra, Tamanrasset, infusé, polyphénols, CLHP, toxicité, anti-inflammatoire, analgésique, antipyrétique. Liste des figures Figure 01: Carte de répartition géographique mondiale de la famille des Lamiaceae 4 Figure 02: Caractéristiques morphologiques de la famille des Lamiaceae 5 Figure 03: Caractéristiques morphologiques de Marrubium vulgare 7 Figure 04: Grandes lignes de la biosynthèse des principaux groupes des composés 15 phénoliques Figure 05: Structure de base d’un flavonoïde 19 Figure 06: Structure de flavones flavonols 20 Figure 07: Structure de flavanone et dihydroflavonls 20 Figure 08: Structure de flavan-3-ols et favan-3,4-diols 21 Figure 09: Structure d’anthocyanidines 21 Figure 10: Structure chimique de chalcones et aurones 22 Figure 11: Structure chimique d’isoflavones 22 Figure 12: Grandes lignes de la biosynthèse de quelques classes de flavonoïdes 24 Figure 13: Exemple des tanins hydrolysables et tanins condensés 25 Figure 14: Principaux monomères constituant la lignine 26 Figure 15: Situation géographique des deux régions d’études Biskra et Tamanrasset 29 Figure 16: Vue externe des zones de récolte de M. deserti De Noé 31 Figure 17: Localisation géographique des communes (strates) de l’enquête 32 ethnobotanique réalisée dans la wilaya de Biskra Figure 18: Protocole expérimental d’extraction, de dosage et d’identification 36 des aglycones flavoniques de M. deserti De Noé Figure 19: Protocole expérimental d’extraction, de dosage et d’identification 38 des aglycones libres de M. deserti De Noé Figure 20: Protocole expérimental d’extraction, de dosage et d’identification 39 des hétérosides flavoniques de M. deserti De Noé Figure 21: Aspect morphologique de M. deserti De Noé 55 Figure 22: Place de la phytothérapie dans la wilaya de Biskra 56 Figure 23: Répartition de la population questionnée selon le sexe 56 Figure 24: Répartition de l’utilisation de M.
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