Appendix B. All Plant Species Detected

Home , Acalypha rhomboidea, Acer palmatum, Ageratina aromatica, Agrimonia parviflora, Aira caryophyllea, Amelanchier arborea

National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Vegetation Community Monitoring at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, 2012

Natural Resource Data Series NPS/SECN/NRDS—2014/712

ON THE COVER The bright pink blossom of quill fameflower (Talinum teritifolium) on a granite outcrop atop Kennesaw Mountain at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park. Photograph by: Sarah C. Heath, SECN Botanist.

Vegetation Community Monitoring at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, 2012

Natural Resource Data Series NPS/SECN/NRDS—2014/712

Sarah Corbett Heath1 Michael W. Byrne2

1USDI National Park Service Southeast Coast Inventory and Monitoring Network Cumberland Island National Seashore 101 Wheeler Street Saint Marys, Georgia, 31558

2USDI National Park Service Southeast Coast Inventory and Monitoring Network 135 Phoenix Road Athens, GA 30605

October 2014

U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado

The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public.

The Natural Resource Data Series is intended for the timely release of basic data sets and data summaries. Care has been taken to assure accuracy of raw data values, but a thorough analysis and interpretation of the data has not been completed. Consequently, the initial analyses of data in this report are provisional and subject to change.

All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner.

This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data.

Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government.

This report is available in digital format from the Southeast Coast Network website (http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/secn), and the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/nrpm/). To receive this report in a format optimized for screen readers, please email [email protected].

Please cite this publication as:

Heath, S. C., and M. W. Byrne. 2014. Vegetation community monitoring at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, 2012. Natural Resource Data Series NPS/SECN/NRDS—2014/712. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado.

NPS 352/126791, October 2014

Contents Page Figures...... v Tables ...... v Executive Summary ...... vii List of Terms ...... ix Introduction ...... 1 Overview ...... 1 Monitoring Objectives ...... 1 Methods ...... 3 Study Area ...... 3 Sampling Design ...... 5 Sampling Methodology ...... 7 Plot Layout ...... 7 Findings...... 9 Literature Cited ...... 33 Appendix a. Plant Species Known to Occur at KEMO...... 35 Appendix B. All Plant Species Detected...... 61

iii

Figures Page Figure 1. Location of Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, GA...... 4 Figure 2. Spatially-balanced random sampling locations at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, 2012...... 6 Figure 3. Southeast Coast Network Vegetation Community Monitoring Protocol plot and subplot layout...... 8

Tables Page Table 1. Cover estimation coverage class, percent cover range, and value used for analyses...... 8 Table 2. New vascular plant species, subspecies, or varieties found at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, 2012...... 10 Table 3. Average canopy cover for vegetation monitoring macroplots at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, 2012...... 11 Table 4. Percentage of vegetation cover (relative cover) and frequency of occurrence of shrub species in vegetation monitoring sampling locations at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, 2012...... 12 Table 5. Percentage of area covered (absolute cover) and frequency of occurrence of shrub species sampled in vegetation monitoring sampling locations at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, 2012...... 15 Table 6. Percentage of vegetation cover (relative cover) and frequency of occurrence of groundcover species in vegetation monitoring sampling locations at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, 2012...... 17 Table 7. Percentage of area covered (absolute cover) and frequency of occurrence by groundcover species sampled in vegetation monitoring sampling locations at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, 2012...... 22 Table 8. Average canopy species size, measured as diameter (cm) at breast height (DBH) for species sampled in vegetation monitoring macroplots at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, 2012...... 27 Table 9. Seedling frequency for canopy and shrub species in vegetation monitoring macroplots at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, 2012...... 30 Table A-1. Vascular plant species known occur at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park (NPSpecies 2012) and species detected during 2012 monitoring efforts...... 35 Table B-1. Vascular plant species detected at each sampling location across all strata at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, 2012...... 63

Executive Summary In 2009, the National Park Service Southeast Coast Network (SECN) Inventory and Monitoring Network began collecting vegetation community data as part of the NPS Vital Signs monitoring program. Information collected under this Vital Sign will be used to help managers make better- informed decisions by understanding trends and variability related to plant species, frequency of occurrence, percent cover, diversity, and distribution in the groundcover, shrub, and canopy strata.

Within each stratum, vegetation communities were sampled using hybrid methods following the North Carolina Vegetation Survey nested-subplot design (Peet et al. 1998) within a circular plot similar to the Forest Inventory and Analysis protocol (Bechtold and Patterson 2005). This report summarizes vegetation community data collected at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park in 2012.

1. Data were collected at 29 sampling locations at the park from 4/17/2012 through 5/3/2012.

2. Monitoring efforts resulted in the addition of 16 species, subspecies, or varieties to the park’s species list.

3. Absolute canopy cover across the park was approximately 83.31%.

4. Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), common persimmon (Diospyros virginiana), and Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense) were the most frequently occurring species in the shrub stratum.

5. Sweetgum and common persimmon had the highest relative and highest absolute cover in the shrub stratum.

6. Muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia) and Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) had the highest relative cover in the groundcover stratum.

7. Muscadine grape and Japanese honeysuckle had the highest absolute cover in the groundcover stratum.

8. Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), Muscadine grape, and Japanese honeysuckle were the most frequently occurring species in the groundcover stratum.

9. Leaf litter was the most frequently occurring ground condition in the park, and also had the highest relative and absolute cover of all ground conditions.

10. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) had the largest average diameter at breast height (DBH) of any canopy species at the park where more than two individuals were measured, followed by tulip-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera).

11. Chinese privet had the highest estimated seedling densities in the park.

The full dataset, and associated metadata, can be acquired from the data store at http://irma.nps.gov.

vii

List of Terms Absolute cover: The total amount of ground surface that is covered by each species or group. This metric describes the amount of cover that each species or group represents in a stratum and is expressed as a percentage that can exceed 100% due to overlap. This metric is calculated as the total cover of each species or group divided by the total possible cover for a plot.

Canopy species: Woody species known to occur in the midstory or overstory of the canopy, or shrub species that grow greater than or equal to four centimeters DBH and are measureable at breast height (1.4 m).

Canopy stratum: The structural zone above 1.1 meters (i.e., elbow height of a typical observer per densiometer instructions), which consists of all live and dead plant material that affects the amount of light penetrating to the ground. This includes individual elements whose cover is also potentially measured and accounted for in the shrub- or groundcover-stratum measurements but exceeds 1.1 meters in height, is detected by the densiometer, and contributes to canopy cover. This stratum can also be referred to as the midstory, overstory, or sub-canopy.

Cover: The vertical projection of the outermost extent of a species, or the extent of the shadow cast by the species if the sun were directly overhead. Cover is also known as foliar cover.

DBH: Diameter at breast height, or 1.4 meters above the ground surface.

Frequency: The number of times a species or group is detected in a plot, expressed as a percentage. This provides information on the regularity with which a species or group is encountered.

Groundcover stratum: The structural zone that consists of all non-woody species (i.e., forbs and graminoids) and all woody species (i.e., shrubs and trees) with a DBH of less than four centimeters and seedlings 30 centimeters or less in height.

Relative cover: The cover of each species or group as a function of all other plant species that occurred in a plot. This metric describes the percentage of cover that each species represents out of the total vegetative cover in a stratum, is expressed as a percentage, and always sums to 100%. Relative cover is calculated as the total cover of each species or group divided by the sum of the cover of all other species that occur in a plot.

Seedlings: Woody dicotyledonous plants less than 30 centimeters in height.

Shrub stratum: All woody species greater than 30 centimeters in height with a DBH of less than four centimeters.

Stratum: A structural size category of vegetation at a site. These are the canopy, shrub, and groundcover layers.

Introduction Overview Vegetation communities are the primary drivers of a range of ecological processes and are integral to the proper function of park ecosystems. Moreover, vegetation communities integrate the biological and physical environment. They serve as the foundation for food webs and wildlife habitat for many species, and function as a carbon sink, produce oxygen, cycle nutrients and energy through an ecosystem. Additionally, plants influence the local climate, improve water quality, and moderate flooding and erosion. Determining trends in vegetation communities is vital to understanding the ecological processes occurring at a site and identifying stressors and their impacts.

Vegetation communities are dynamic with constant changes in composition, cover, distribution, and structure in response to natural or anthropogenic stressors. Disturbance is the primary stressor and regulating mechanism of Southeast Coast Network (SECN) vegetation communities. The timing, type, and extent of a disturbance generally evoke a distinguishable response in the species composition, diversity, and structure of the landscape (Foster et al. 1998; Turner et al. 1990). The primary natural disturbance processes in SECN parks are fire and weather (e.g., hurricanes and drought). Anthropogenic influences include fire suppression, landscape fragmentation, altered hydrology, and non-native species introduction.

The SECN parks host a diverse assemblage of vegetation communities. Approximately 180 vegetation associations (i.e., fine-resolution floristic description), as defined by the National Vegetation and Classification System (FGDC 2008), occur in the SECN. These include sparsely vegetated primary dune communities, late successional old-growth bottomland hardwood forest communities, and highly diverse herbaceous-dominated mesic pine savannah communities.

Given the widespread anthropogenic influences in SECN parks and the importance of vegetation communities, quantifying trends in vegetation cover, frequency, diversity, and distribution is a high priority (DeVivo et al. 2008). An evaluation of trends in these metrics provides a measure for assessing the ecological integrity and sustainability in southeastern systems and identifying the need for specific management activities on our park lands. The National Park Service Omnibus Management Act of 1998, and other reinforcing policies and regulations, require park managers “to establish baseline information and to provide information on the long-term trends in the condition of National Park System resources” (Title II, Sec. 204). The vegetation community monitoring data summarized herein is a tool to assist park managers in fulfilling this mandate.

This report summarizes vegetation community monitoring data collected as a part of the SECN Vital Signs Monitoring Program.

Monitoring Objectives To characterize the effects of landscape and local ecosystem drivers on vegetation communities, the SECN monitors several components of community structure, function, and composition. Each component illustrates community change dynamics, and data from the following five monitoring objectives are presented:

1. Determine trends in plant species richness and diversity in the groundcover, shrub, and canopy strata.

2. Determine trends in the percent cover of vegetation in the groundcover, shrub, and canopy strata.

3. Determine trends in the frequency of species in the groundcover stratum.

4. Determine trends in the diameter at breast height (DBH) of canopy species.

5. Determine trends in woody species seedling counts in the groundcover stratum.

Methods Study Area Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park (KEMO) is a 1,183-ha (2,923-ac) park in the metropolitan Atlanta area that includes the 551-m (1,808-ft) peak of Kennesaw Mountain, Little Kennesaw Mountain, and hundreds of acres of mixed hardwood-pine forests intermixed with a number of grassy fields (Figure 1). Forested areas generally consist of oaks (Quercus spp.), hickories (Carya spp.), and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda). Included are more than 35.4 km (22 mi) of designated hiking trails that attract hundreds of recreational visitors daily. The park’s location in the Atlanta metropolitan area makes it the second most visited battlefield in the National Park System and has earned it a position on the Secretary of Interior’s list of 25 most threatened parks.

Largely because of its proximity to Atlanta, major threats to natural resources exist at KEMO. The development of Cobb County and greater metro Atlanta makes the lands within KEMO relatively valuable for localized plant and animal communities. Cobb County has plans to expand roads and highways that traverse the park and pose a potential threat to both cultural and natural resources. Air pollution also poses a major threat to the park, which is located in a designated ozone nonattainment area. Vegetation in KEMO is considered at high risk of injury from ozone.

Additionally, there are minor threats from encroachment of adjacent landowners, non-native invasive plant species, and industrial air and water pollution. Since 1993, southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis) infestations have killed thousands of pine trees throughout the park and the resulting increase in fuels laying on the forest floor pose an increased fire risk. The mitigation of encroachments and the removal of non-native plants are ongoing programs.

Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park has 884 known vascular plant species, subspecies, and varieties (Appendix A).

Figure 1. Location of Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, GA.

Sampling Design To allow for park-wide inference, the park’s administrative boundary was used as the sampling frame, in which 29 permanent spatially-balanced random sampling locations were selected for monitoring vegetation, landbird, and vocal anuran communities (Figure 2). Sampling locations were selected using the Reversed Randomized Quadrant-Recursive Raster (RRQRR) algorithm (Theobald et al. 2007, as presented in Byrne et al. 2013). All sampling locations occur within naturally- vegetated areas suitable for co-located vital signs monitoring efforts (Byrne et al. 2013).

Vegetation communities were monitored at KEMO from 4/17/2012 through 5/3/2012.

Figure 2. Spatially-balanced random sampling locations at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, 2012.

Sampling Methodology Vegetation community measures were divided into three strata based on height: canopy, shrub, and groundcover. Within each stratum, vegetation communities were sampled using hybrid methods following the North Carolina Vegetation Survey nested-subplot design (Peet et al. 1998) within a circular plot similar to the Forest Inventory and Analysis protocol (Bechtold and Patterson 2005).

Plot Layout The layout consisted of a circular plot with a radius of 15 m within the 0.5-ha sampling location (i.e., plot array). Subplots were systematically placed along six transects that radiated out from the center point at azimuths of 0°/360°, 60°, 120°, 180°, 240°, and 300° (Figure 3). To avoid overlap, subplots originated four meters from the plot array (i.e., 0.5-ha grid) center point and extended away from the center point. Canopy cover, shrub cover, DBH, canopy species seedling frequency, and herbaceous cover were collected in the nested subplots within each plot. Canopy cover was measured from the center point of the 0.5-ha sampling location. Shrub coverage was measured in two 2-×-4-m shrub plots along each transect. Shrub plots were further subdivided into 2-×-2-m subplots to improve cover estimation accuracy and precision (solid gray shading; Figure 3). Shrub and herbaceous cover is estimated in one of eight coverage classes (Table 1) Groundcover coverage, groundcover nested frequency, and seedling frequency were measured in two 1-×-1-m groundcover plots (solid black shading; Figure 3) along each transect. Canopy species DBH was measured in three sections, each representing 1/3 of the total circular plot (hashed gray shading; Figure 3). A comprehensive species list was also compiled for all species occurring in the 0.5-ha sampling location. See Byrne and Corbett 2012; Byrne, Corbett, and Smrekar 2013; Corbett and Byrne 2012a; Corbett and Byrne 2012b; Corbett 2013 for detailed field methods.

0° 1 A

300° 11 2 A 60° A A B 3 BB B 12 A 4 A B BB

1m2

B B 10 A A 6 B B B A 9 A 240° A 8 5 120°

A 7 180°

Groundcover Plot Shrub Plot Canopy DBH Plot

Permanent Marker (Rebar) Figure 3. Southeast Coast Network Vegetation Community Monitoring Protocol plot and subplot layout identifying the juxtaposition of canopy cover, and canopy diameter, shrub, and groundcover plots within the circular array. Although not depicted, the above array is positioned at the center point of the 0.5-ha sampling location (i.e., plot array).

Table 1. Cover estimation coverage class, percent cover range, and value used for analyses.

Coverage Class Percent Cover Range Value Used for Analyses 0 0% 0.0 1 Trace (<1%) 0.5 2 1-5% 2.5 3 5-25% 15.0 4 25-50% 37.5 5 50-75% 62.5 6 75-95% 85.0 7 95-100% 97.5

Findings We detected 223 taxa during this monitoring effort (Appendix A), including 16 species, subspecies, and varieties not previously known to occur at the park (Table 2). We detected 53 occurrences with uncertain taxonomic affinity (Appendix A) that were identified only to genus, family, or higher taxa.

Highlights by monitoring objective include:

Plant species richness and diversity in the groundcover, shrub, and canopy strata.

• Sixteen species new to the park species list were detected.

Percent cover of vegetation in the groundcover, shrub, and canopy strata.

• Absolute canopy cover showed some variability across all sampling locations ( = 83.31%, SD = 17.56; Table 3). 푥̅ • Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) was the most frequently occurring shrub species (f = 63.33), followed by common persimmon (Diospyros virginiana; f = 60.00) and Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense; f = 50.00).

• Sweetgum had the highest relative cover of all shrub species ( = 13.10%, SD = 20.73; Table 4), while the common persimmon had the second highest relative cover of all shrub species 푥̅ ( = 8.16%, SD = 12.09; Table 4).

• Sweetgum푥̅ had the highest absolute cover in the shrub stratum ( = 3.20%, SD = 5.66; Table 5). Common persimmon had the second highest absolute cover ( = 1.70%, SD =3.22) in the 푥̅ shrub stratum (Table 5). 푥̅ • The exotic invasive shrub Chinese privet was fairly common, with an average relative cover of 6.0% (SD=12.14) and an average absolute cover of 1.65% (SD=4.85).

• Muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia) had the highest relative cover in the groundcover stratum ( = 30.40%, SD = 23.77), followed by the exotic invasive vine Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica; = 9.54%, SD = 8.52; Table 6). 푥̅ • Muscadine grape had the highest absolute푥̅ cover ( = 12.24%, SD = 12.29), while Japanese honeysuckle had the second highest absolute cover ( = 5.32%, SD =5.03; Table 7) in the 푥̅ groundcover stratum. 푥̅ • Leaf litter was the most common ground condition, with a relative cover of 91.57% (SD = 10.71; Table 6) and an absolute cover of 90.60% (SD = 10.51; Table 7).

Frequency of species in the groundcover stratum.

• Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quiquefolia; f=93.33), Muscadine grape (f = 90.00) and Japanese honeysuckle (f = 80.00) were the most frequently occurring species in the groundcover stratum, respectively (Table 6).

• Leaf litter was the most frequently occurring ground condition at the park (f = 100; Table 6).

Canopy species DBH.

• The largest tree detected on average where more than one individual was measured was Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda; = 38.53 cm, SD = 10.98; Table 8), followed by tulip-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera; = 32.52 cm, SD = 12.72; Table 8). 푥̅ Woody species seedling counts in푥̅ the groundcover stratum.

• Chinese privet had the highest estimated seedling density at the park where more than one seedling was detected (1.09/m2, SD = 1.78; Table 9).

Table 2. New vascular plant species, subspecies, or varieties found at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, 2012.

Order Family Species Nativity Ericales Styracaceae Halesia carolina Native Piperales Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia tomentosa Native Fagales Betulaceae Betula nigra Native Cornales Cornaceae Cornus foemina Native Asparagales Orchidaceae Cypripedium sp. Native Ericales Styracaceae Halesia diptera Native Ophioglossales Ophioglossaceae Ophioglossum sp. Native Asparagales Asparagaceae Ophiopogon japonicus Non-Native Pinales Pinaceae Pinus glabra Native Fagales Fagaceae Quercus pagoda Native Poales Poaceae Saccharum giganteum Native Asterales Asteraceae Senecio sp. Native Asterales Asteraceae Verbesina sp. Native Dipsacales Adoxaceae Viburnum dentatum Native Fabales Fabaceae Vicia dasycarpa Non-Native Malpighiales Violaceae Viola lanceolata Native

Table 3. Average canopy cover for vegetation monitoring macroplots at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, 2012. Data presented are pooled canopy cover averages across observers by sampling location.

Sampling Location Average Standard Deviation KEMO002 90.25 KEMO003 90.25 0.66 KEMO005 89.08 1.01 KEMO006 88.50 2.65 KEMO007 54.42 2.50 KEMO008 91.58 0.52 KEMO010 92.42 0.29 KEMO011 90.33 1.28 KEMO013 13.58 1.04 KEMO014 89.83 2.08 KEMO032 88.67 2.43 KEMO033 89.58 1.51 KEMO034 81.75 1.73 KEMO035 85.08 0.76 KEMO036 90.75 1.32 KEMO037 92.08 0.95 KEMO038 90.92 0.72 KEMO039 91.17 1.53 KEMO040 88.50 0.43 KEMO041 38.08 4.49 KEMO043 90.50 0.25 KEMO044 86.67 1.42 KEMO045 88.00 2.22 KEMO046 84.58 1.01 KEMO047 89.83 1.59 KEMO048 90.25 0.25 KEMO049 84.25 3.13 KEMO050 87.58 1.63 KEMO051 87.42 0.88 Park Average 83.31 17.56

Table 4. Percentage of vegetation cover (relative cover) and frequency of occurrence of shrub species in vegetation monitoring sampling locations at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, 2012. Relative cover is averaged across shrub plots at each sampling location, and park-wide calculations are averaged across all sampling locations.

Avg Species Freq Cover SD 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 14 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

Acer 43.33 3.31 5.69 6.43 2.37 10.14 6.53 5.43 24.06 8.15 6.21 17.39 1.79 4.28 0.49 6.11 rubrum

Acer 10.00 3.60 12.18 22.12 58.89 27.07 saccharum

Aesculus 6.67 0.87 4.07 4.05 22.09 pavia

Amelanchie 6.67 0.73 3.96 0.24 21.71 r arborea

Asimina 13.33 0.72 2.46 12.37 1.75 5.57 2.01 triloba

Calycanthu 6.67 1.17 4.90 9.62 25.37 s floridus

Carpinus 13.33 2.30 7.08 14.19 31.61 20.08 3.26 caroliniana

Carya alba 43.33 7.97 16.37 16.98 5.66 9.54 13.95 73.42 7.82 0.29 24.95 2.89 46.75 27.42 6.83 2.50

Carya 40.00 3.56 9.54 1.45 1.92 0.40 43.40 0.65 2.06 28.95 1.44 1.86 12.04 11.76 1.02 glabra

12 Celtis 33.33 4.58 11.80 4.74 13.05 38.89 10.89 52.58 6.02 1.86 1.39 1.95 6.11 laevigata

Cercis 10.00 0.31 1.02 3.61 1.34 4.28 canadensis

Chionanthu 10.00 1.06 4.51 1.34 6.50 24.07 s virginicus

Cornus 20.00 1.51 4.21 4.73 3.01 19.55 11.41 0.52 6.11 florida

Cornus 3.33 0.07 0.36 1.95 foemina

Crataegus 6.67 0.15 0.58 2.83 1.55 sp.

Crataegus 3.33 0.06 0.35 1.93 spathulata

Diospyros 60.00 8.16 12.09 3.37 5.93 38.68 10.14 4.65 12.82 7.59 35.50 8.25 9.02 46.49 15.53 14.55 2.34 15.25 1.95 5.36 7.35 virginiana

Elaeagnus 3.33 0.07 0.36 1.95 pungens

Euonymus 6.67 0.12 0.60 3.30 0.33 americanus

Fagus 13.33 1.79 6.30 3.87 5.43 32.61 11.78 grandifolia

Fraxinus 10.00 0.96 4.76 1.34 1.39 26.12 pennsylvanic a

Halesia 3.33 0.25 1.36 7.44 carolina

Table 4. (Continued.)

Avg Species Freq Cover SD 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 14 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

Halesia 3.33 0.07 0.36 1.95 diptera

Hamamelis 3.33 0.32 1.75 9.59 virginiana

Ilex decidua 3.33 0.06 0.33 1.79

Ilex opaca 3.33 0.71 3.90 21.38

Ilex sp. 6.67 0.07 0.29 0.78 1.39

Juglans 3.33 0.06 0.33 1.79 nigra

Juniperus 6.67 0.06 0.27 1.44 0.23 virginiana

Ligustrum 50.00 6.01 12.14 51.87 8.96 6.08 38.89 6.20 0.64 13.69 7.22 23.31 1.34 13.96 2.12 2.60 1.49 2.04 sinense

Lindera 20.00 1.91 6.22 5.66 8.39 4.65 33.02 3.57 2.14 benzoin

Liquidamba 63.33 13.10 20.73 14.32 1.44 9.88 25.47 5.66 29.73 11.61 3.01 10.08 81.41 11.43 1.03 24.06 3.62 42.47 18.93 75.00 17.84 6.11 r styraciflua

13 Liriodendro 13.33 1.30 5.77 2.37 1.34 3.62 31.57

n tulipifera

Magnolia 3.33 0.15 0.83 4.57 macrophylla

Magnoliopsida 6.67 0.10 0.40 1.68 1.44

Mahonia 6.67 0.11 0.44 1.45 1.95 bealei

Nandina 3.33 0.21 1.13 6.19 domestica

Nyssa 30.00 3.54 7.44 21.88 2.83 18.06 3.01 4.65 3.85 18.05 6.52 27.45 sylvatica

Ostrya 6.67 0.95 4.55 24.76 3.87 virginiana

Philadelphu 6.67 0.58 2.61 14.01 3.47 s inodorus

Pinus taeda 3.33 0.05 0.26 1.44

Prunus 33.33 1.77 4.22 5.19 2.88 8.49 0.94 11.11 18.99 0.31 0.33 4.28 0.49 serotina

Prunus sp. 6.67 0.45 1.90 9.91 3.61

Prunus 3.33 0.25 1.38 7.54 umbellata

Ptelea 13.33 2.05 6.38 11.73 26.53 1.86 21.53 trifoliata

Table 4. (Continued.)

Avg Species Freq Cover SD 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 14 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

Quercus 40.00 4.85 8.91 13.49 2.83 20.95 0.65 25.60 0.64 6.52 23.29 31.78 6.78 6.86 6.11 alba

Quercus 46.67 3.04 4.41 0.21 10.67 12.74 5.41 1.29 6.02 11.11 7.94 5.26 3.62 12.71 3.21 9.80 1.22 falcata

Quercus 10.00 0.53 1.73 4.73 3.51 7.76 nigra

Quercus 16.67 0.68 2.16 4.36 2.83 0.27 10.87 2.14 phellos

Quercus 23.33 1.71 4.48 3.61 0.65 1.03 19.81 9.72 4.23 12.25 prinus

Quercus 36.67 3.19 5.77 4.74 1.29 13.55 11.43 1.03 7.43 7.87 2.34 10.35 23.53 12.22 rubra

Quercus 16.67 0.54 1.34 2.83 1.68 2.06 5.26 4.28 stellata

Quercus 6.67 0.61 2.43 6.19 11.99 velutina

Rhus 3.33 0.22 1.19 6.50 copallinum

Rhus glabra 3.33 0.04 0.23 1.24

14 Rosa 6.67 0.23 1.04 5.58 1.44

multiflora

Sassafras 6.67 0.95 4.66 3.01 25.42 albidum

Symplocos 3.33 0.13 0.71 3.87 tinctoria

Ulmus alata 20.00 2.88 7.48 20.93 13.69 31.52 15.51 2.01 2.60

Ulmus rubra 3.33 0.42 2.32 12.71

Vaccinium 13.33 1.97 7.41 39.11 7.82 10.83 1.39 arboreum

Vaccinium 3.33 0.13 0.73 4.01 corymbosum

Vaccinium 3.33 0.45 2.47 13.55 stamineum

Viburnum 3.33 0.02 0.12 0.65 dentatum

Viburnum 3.33 0.02 0.12 0.64 nudum

Table 5. Percentage of area covered (absolute cover) and frequency of occurrence of shrub species sampled in vegetation monitoring sampling locations at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, 2012. Absolute cover is averaged across shrub plots at each sampling location, and park-wide calculations are averaged across all sampling locations.

Species Freq Avg SD 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 14 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 13 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

Acer rubrum 43.33 0.72 1.27 3.23 0.63 1.56 1.35 0.73 3.33 1.56 1.25 5.42 0.63 1.25 0.10 0.63

Acer saccharum 10.00 1.13 3.57 9.58 15.52 8.67

Aesculus pavia 6.67 0.36 1.88 0.63 10.31

Amelanchier arborea 6.67 0.10 0.53 0.10 2.92

Asimina triloba 13.33 0.15 0.42 1.25 0.63 1.88 0.63

Calycanthus floridus 6.67 0.41 1.64 4.17 8.13

Carpinus caroliniana 13.33 0.58 1.94 2.19 5.10 9.38 0.63

Carya alba 43.33 1.64 3.38 3.75 0.63 1.98 1.88 6.04 1.35 0.10 5.02 1.25 15.73 8.54 2.19 0.73

Carya glabra 40.00 0.88 2.23 0.73 0.83 0.10 4.79 0.10 0.21 10.31 0.63 0.63 5.42 2.50 0.10

Celtis laevigata 33.33 0.69 1.35 1.25 2.71 2.19 4.06 5.31 2.60 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63

Cercis canadensis 10.00 0.11 0.37 1.56 0.63 1.25

Chionanthus 10.00 0.48 2.02 0.63 2.81 10.83 virginicus

Cornus florida 20.00 0.23 0.64 0.73 0.63 2.71 2.19 0.10 0.63

Cornus foemina 3.33 0.02 0.11 0.63

Crataegus sp. 6.67 0.03 0.12 0.63 0.21 15 Crataegus 3.33 0.03 0.15 0.83 spathulata

Diospyros virginiana 60.00 1.70 3.22 1.46 1.56 4.27 2.10 0.63 2.08 0.63 6.15 0.83 1.25 16.56 3.13 4.90 0.73 0.75 0.63 1.88 1.56

Elaeagnus pungens 3.33 0.02 0.11 0.63

Euonymus 6.67 0.03 0.13 0.73 0.10 americanus

Fagus grandifolia 13.33 0.37 1.28 0.63 0.73 6.25 3.44

Fraxinus 10.00 0.30 1.39 0.63 0.63 7.63 pennsylvanica

Halesia carolina 3.33 0.09 0.48 2.60

Halesia diptera 3.33 0.02 0.11 0.63

Hamamelis 3.33 0.15 0.82 4.48 virginiana

Ilex decidua 3.33 0.02 0.11 0.63

Ilex opaca 3.33 0.07 0.40 2.19

Ilex sp. 6.67 0.02 0.12 0.10 0.63

Juglans nigra 3.33 0.02 0.11 0.63

Juniperus virginiana 6.67 0.02 0.12 0.63 0.10

Ligustrum sinense 50.00 1.65 4.85 26.04 1.98 0.94 2.19 0.83 0.10 5.10 0.73 3.23 0.63 6.04 0.10 0.83 0.52 0.21

Lindera benzoin 20.00 0.66 2.81 0.63 1.35 0.63 15.42 1.25 0.63

Liquidambar 63.33 3.20 5.66 7.19 0.63 2.60 5.63 0.63 4.58 1.88 0.63 1.35 13.23 1.98 0.10 3.33 0.73 13.23 6.06 26.25 5.21 0.63 styraciflua

Liriodendron 13.33 0.17 0.61 0.63 0.63 0.73 3.23 tulipifera

Table 5. (Continued.)

Species Freq Avg SD 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 14 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 13 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

Magnolia 3.33 0.07 0.36 1.98 macrophylla

Magnoliopsida 6.67 0.04 0.16 0.63 0.63

Mahonia bealei 6.67 0.05 0.17 0.73 0.63

Nandina domestica 3.33 0.02 0.11 0.63

Nyssa sylvatica 30.00 0.84 2.07 9.48 0.63 2.92 0.63 0.63 0.63 3.13 1.25 5.83

Ostrya virginiana 6.67 0.38 1.96 10.73 0.63

Philadelphus 6.67 0.25 1.13 6.06 1.56 inodorus

Pinus taeda 3.33 0.02 0.11 0.63

Prunus serotina 33.33 0.32 0.68 2.60 1.25 1.88 0.10 0.63 1.56 0.10 0.10 1.25 0.10

Prunus sp. 6.67 0.13 0.48 2.19 1.56

Prunus umbellata 3.33 0.09 0.51 2.81

Ptelea trifoliata 13.33 0.87 2.77 4.38 11.48 0.63 9.69

Quercus alba 40.00 0.92 1.78 6.77 0.63 3.23 0.10 5.31 0.10 1.25 4.69 1.56 1.98 1.46 0.63

Quercus falcata 46.67 0.55 0.85 0.10 2.81 2.81 0.83 0.21 1.25 0.63 1.38 1.88 0.73 0.63 0.94 2.08 0.13

Quercus nigra 10.00 0.10 0.33 0.73 0.73 1.56

Quercus phellos 16.67 0.19 0.57 2.19 0.63 0.13 2.19 0.63 16

Quercus prinus 23.33 0.56 1.50 1.56 0.10 0.10 6.67 4.38 1.35 2.60

Quercus rubra 36.67 0.75 1.34 1.25 0.21 2.81 1.98 0.10 2.50 3.54 0.73 3.02 5.00 1.25

Quercus stellata 16.67 0.15 0.42 0.63 0.63 0.21 1.88 1.25

Quercus velutina 6.67 0.16 0.78 0.63 4.27

Rhus copallinum 3.33 0.09 0.51 2.81

Rhus glabra 3.33 0.02 0.11 0.63

Rosa multiflora 6.67 0.11 0.49 2.60 0.63

Sassafras albidum 6.67 0.06 0.25 0.63 1.25

Symplocos tinctoria 3.33 0.02 0.11 0.63

Ulmus alata 20.00 0.75 1.89 2.81 5.10 6.04 6.98 0.63 0.83

Ulmus rubra 3.33 0.02 0.11 0.63

Vaccinium arboreum 13.33 0.71 2.77 14.58 1.35 4.69 0.63

Vaccinium 3.33 0.04 0.23 1.25 corymbosum

Vaccinium 3.33 0.07 0.40 2.19 stamineum

Viburnum dentatum 3.33 0.00 0.02 0.10

Viburnum nudum 3.33 0.00 0.02 0.10

Viburnum sp. 6.67 0.06 0.25 1.25 0.63

Table 6. Percentage of vegetation cover (relative cover) and frequency of occurrence of groundcover species in vegetation monitoring sampling locations at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, 2012. Relative cover is averaged across groundcover plots at each sampling location, and park-wide calculations are averaged across all sampling locations.

Species Avg SD Freq 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 14 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Acer rubrum 0.42 0.85 33.33 0.33 1.20 0.47 0.70 2.72 3.59 1.27 1.09 0.78 0.45 Acer 0.55 2.98 6.67 16.33 0.32 saccharum Aesculus 0.01 0.06 3.33 0.35 pavia Allium sp. 0.10 0.42 6.67 1.01 2.08 Amelanchier 0.01 0.07 3.33 0.40 arborea Andropogon 0.26 1.27 6.67 0.76 6.94 virginicus Antennaria 0.01 0.07 3.33 0.40 sp. Apiaceae 0.04 0.15 6.67 0.25 0.80 Arisaema 0.02 0.08 6.67 0.25 0.35 triphyllum Aristolochia 0.15 0.34 16.67 1.18 1.00 0.58 0.82 0.81 serpentaria Arundinaria 0.14 0.74 3.33 4.07 gigantea Asarum 0.35 1.29 10.00 3.56 0.72 6.24 canadense Asclepias sp. 0.01 0.07 3.33 0.41 17 Asplenium 0.31 0.87 16.67 0.50 3.01 0.28 3.21 2.25 platyneuron Asteraceae 0.34 1.08 13.33 4.50 1.69 3.78 0.23 Bignonia 0.04 0.11 10.00 0.42 0.29 0.40 capreolata Botrychium 0.01 0.05 3.33 0.25 dissectum Botrychium 0.24 0.66 23.33 1.49 0.66 0.23 0.07 0.35 1.09 3.18 virginianum Calycanthus 0.34 1.53 6.67 8.24 1.91 floridus Campsis 0.09 0.50 3.33 2.72 radicans Cardamine 0.07 0.38 3.33 2.08 sp. Carex sp. 0.03 0.15 6.67 0.76 0.29 Carpinus 0.14 0.76 3.33 4.16 caroliniana Carya alba 1.34 2.86 43.33 1.00 6.02 0.23 5.01 0.43 6.40 0.28 11.54 7.21 0.81 0.41 0.32 0.39 Carya glabra 1.53 4.61 26.67 0.50 11.76 3.11 1.69 2.08 2.65 22.84 1.29 Caryophyllacea 0.04 0.23 3.33 1.27 e Celtis 0.68 1.25 46.67 1.18 0.50 0.21 4.42 0.76 0.05 2.15 0.86 4.85 0.28 1.44 0.40 2.23 1.20 laevigata Cercis 0.02 0.08 6.67 0.16 0.42 canadensis Chasmanthiu 0.01 0.05 3.33 0.29 m laxum Chimaphila 0.02 0.09 6.67 0.35 0.39 maculata

Table 6. (Continued.)

Species Avg SD Freq 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 14 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Chionanthus 0.19 1.04 3.33 5.69 virginicus Cimicifuga 0.37 1.42 6.67 6.24 4.89 racemosa Clematis 0.18 0.69 6.67 3.23 2.08 virginiana Cocculus 0.33 0.80 16.67 0.63 2.08 2.78 2.40 1.91 carolinus Cornus 0.26 0.81 13.33 3.28 2.45 2.04 0.13 florida Crataegus 0.01 0.08 3.33 0.43 sp. Cyperaceae 0.77 2.02 23.33 7.06 0.50 0.21 2.31 0.47 5.71 6.94 Decumaria 1.46 4.25 13.33 7.70 14.21 17.52 4.41 barbara Desmodium 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21 sp. Dichantheliu 0.08 0.46 3.33 2.52 m sp. Dichondra 0.00 0.02 3.33 0.13 carolinensis Dioscorea 0.28 1.05 10.00 3.76 0.21 4.51 villosa Diospyros 1.38 1.97 53.33 0.25 1.18 1.56 1.73 7.03 3.28 1.43 6.40 1.73 4.21 0.82 0.85 4.33 0.81 1.91 3.88 18 virginiana

Duchesnea 0.01 0.08 3.33 0.42 indica Euonymus 0.01 0.06 3.33 0.32 alatus Euonymus 0.43 0.84 30.00 0.25 1.18 2.85 2.31 2.08 0.54 0.85 0.41 2.33 americanus Eupatorium 0.01 0.08 3.33 0.42 sp. Euphorbia 0.07 0.20 10.00 0.50 0.81 0.65 sp. Fabaceae 0.53 1.22 33.33 4.50 1.00 0.28 0.35 1.94 1.44 4.81 0.81 0.32 0.39 Filicopsida 0.26 1.01 10.00 2.58 5.00 0.34 Fraxinus 0.12 0.57 6.67 0.40 3.11 pennsylvanic a Fraxinus sp. 0.01 0.06 3.33 0.33 Galium 0.29 0.88 13.33 3.76 0.28 1.91 2.62 aparine Galium sp. 1.67 2.62 60.00 0.78 0.50 9.51 4.63 1.13 0.95 3.33 0.98 0.35 4.51 7.83 0.28 0.87 6.49 0.49 5.10 2.33 0.07 Gelsemium 0.01 0.05 3.33 0.29 sempervirens Geranium 0.04 0.13 10.00 0.63 0.15 0.28 carolinianum Gnaphalium 0.04 0.19 10.00 1.00 0.21 0.13 obtusifolium var. obtusifolium Hamamelis 0.01 0.06 3.33 0.35 virginiana

Table 6. (Continued.)

Species Avg SD Freq 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 14 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Juniperus 0.01 0.08 3.33 0.43 virginiana Lamiaceae 0.19 0.75 10.00 2.08 0.16 3.61 Lespedeza 0.05 0.27 6.67 1.48 0.13 cuneata Ligustrum 2.26 3.78 50.00 15.15 1.27 2.31 1.64 7.27 11.19 2.07 4.91 2.08 8.70 1.67 0.40 4.06 4.75 0.37 sinense Liliopsida 0.02 0.09 3.33 0.52 Lindera 0.72 2.73 10.00 12.50 8.67 0.39 benzoin Liquidambar 1.79 3.52 53.33 5.22 0.16 1.00 0.33 0.42 0.47 4.50 0.29 0.77 3.80 5.98 15.64 2.93 9.84 0.08 2.25 styraciflua Liriodendron 0.09 0.22 20.00 0.60 0.50 0.09 0.35 0.49 0.81 tulipifera Lonicera 9.54 8.52 80.00 13.66 7.29 24.11 12.49 3.81 26.77 5.42 4.15 20.42 8.67 0.86 8.69 11.24 23.49 17.68 0.54 6.94 4.47 11.40 6.09 12.10 25.78 11.66 18.35 japonica Lysimachia 0.16 0.58 10.00 3.00 1.00 0.82 sp. Magnoliopsida 0.44 0.82 33.33 0.04 2.31 0.88 2.58 1.07 0.29 2.08 0.82 0.85 2.40 Medicago 0.99 3.12 10.00 7.49 12.90 9.44 lupulina Melica 0.03 0.13 6.67 0.43 0.58 mutica

19 Microstegium 0.65 1.69 23.33 1.49 7.93 0.47 4.21 2.23 0.34 2.70 vimineum

Mitchella 0.65 2.97 13.33 16.14 0.35 2.72 0.37 repens Nyssa 0.25 0.97 6.67 2.72 4.65 sylvatica Opuntia sp. 0.30 1.62 3.33 8.88 Ostrya 0.11 0.45 6.67 2.35 0.82 virginiana Oxalis sp. 0.30 0.96 10.00 3.01 1.73 4.16 Oxalis stricta 0.09 0.32 13.33 0.50 0.21 0.38 1.67 Panicum sp. 1.38 2.48 50.00 2.35 0.21 0.33 3.21 0.76 0.95 11.19 0.63 4.08 5.13 3.33 5.61 0.41 2.33 0.75 Parthenocissus 4.75 6.53 93.33 9.19 5.18 0.78 3.50 0.25 3.37 5.42 0.88 3.89 3.28 0.72 4.39 1.07 13.26 8.56 1.11 6.85 4.35 0.17 2.00 33.91 4.89 1.63 1.79 11.78 1.49 1.17 7.57 quinquefolia Passiflora 0.10 0.38 10.00 1.98 0.35 0.64 lutea Philadelphus 0.06 0.30 3.33 1.67 inodorus Physalis sp. 0.01 0.08 3.33 0.43 Pinus 0.09 0.31 10.00 0.83 0.58 1.40 echinata Pinus taeda 0.91 1.61 50.00 1.74 0.16 0.60 1.52 1.32 4.02 0.03 0.56 0.29 1.71 2.88 4.89 6.32 0.81 0.39 Plantago 0.29 1.12 6.67 4.02 4.78 lanceolata Poaceae 6.18 12.22 30.00 20.48 31.92 6.22 42.17 35.28 3.46 4.89 13.33 27.64 Polygonatum 0.23 0.78 16.67 0.50 0.23 1.94 0.32 3.88 biflorum Polystichum 0.55 2.09 6.67 7.45 8.92 acrostichoides

Table 6. (Continued.)

Species Avg SD Freq 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 14 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Prenanthes 0.08 0.38 10.00 0.09 0.29 2.08 sp. Prunus 0.65 0.91 60.00 0.55 1.18 1.56 0.50 0.21 0.33 2.08 0.60 0.98 0.72 0.21 0.29 3.43 0.85 2.44 0.64 0.39 2.62 serotina Prunus sp. 0.02 0.07 6.67 0.06 0.40 Ptelea 0.22 0.92 6.67 1.67 4.81 trifoliata Pycnanthemum 0.18 0.63 10.00 2.58 0.28 2.40 albescens Quercus alba 0.97 1.98 36.67 1.49 0.50 8.03 0.47 5.16 0.72 1.07 2.08 0.54 5.13 3.88 Quercus 1.02 2.79 26.67 5.99 1.27 12.50 1.07 0.82 0.85 0.41 7.75 falcata Quercus 0.21 0.78 13.33 4.17 0.72 1.07 0.35 nigra Quercus 0.14 0.71 10.00 0.25 0.07 3.88 phellos Quercus 0.25 1.01 6.67 5.05 2.40 prinus Quercus 0.40 1.46 13.33 1.18 1.07 1.88 7.75 rubra Quercus sp. 1.47 5.89 33.33 1.56 0.99 3.01 0.47 0.05 32.33 2.45 0.32 0.39 2.62 Quercus 0.19 1.04 6.67 0.06 5.71 stellata Quercus 0.23 1.06 6.67 1.18 5.71 20 velutina

Rosa 0.08 0.38 6.67 2.08 0.28 multiflora Rubiaceae 0.03 0.11 6.67 0.50 0.40 Rubus 0.17 0.64 6.67 2.54 2.50 argutus Rubus sp. 1.03 1.85 36.67 3.23 0.50 0.33 2.39 3.32 1.88 6.31 5.77 0.40 1.91 4.82 Rubus 0.05 0.27 3.33 1.48 trivialis Ruellia 0.25 0.84 13.33 1.00 1.48 0.82 4.33 caroliniensis Rumex 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21 acetosella Salvia lyrata 0.29 1.13 10.00 3.00 5.50 0.13 Sanicula 0.37 1.15 23.33 0.75 4.63 0.47 0.29 0.07 4.46 0.37 canadensis Sassafras 0.11 0.39 13.33 0.50 0.33 2.08 0.39 albidum Scutellaria 0.16 0.89 3.33 4.89 sp. Senecio sp. 0.22 0.95 6.67 1.64 5.00 Smilacina 0.07 0.38 3.33 2.08 racemosa Smilax 0.04 0.17 6.67 0.38 0.86 bona-nox Smilax 2.69 5.10 70.00 3.23 2.35 4.67 0.73 6.25 0.47 0.23 5.15 0.63 0.35 0.35 5.06 26.09 4.27 0.14 8.14 1.46 0.41 0.78 8.53 1.50 glauca Smilax 2.31 4.70 36.67 3.48 15.29 3.00 4.91 3.28 4.89 5.13 3.33 0.68 20.67 4.49 rotundifolia

Table 6. (Continued.)

Species Avg SD Freq 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 14 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Smilax sp. 0.56 1.43 36.67 1.18 0.21 0.33 2.08 0.20 7.46 0.29 0.70 1.67 0.98 1.66 Solanum 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21 carolinense Solidago sp. 0.10 0.38 6.67 1.48 1.51 Stellaria 0.14 0.50 13.33 0.21 0.13 1.67 2.25 media Thalictrum 0.09 0.37 10.00 2.02 0.35 0.32 thalictroides Tiarella 0.17 0.63 6.67 2.58 2.40 cordifolia Toxicodendron 2.49 4.64 63.33 5.22 0.78 14.99 0.21 1.06 5.41 2.85 0.23 1.00 1.75 2.43 3.80 0.72 0.41 14.01 2.37 17.09 0.13 0.37 radicans Tradescantia 0.58 2.76 6.67 14.99 2.40 ohiensis Trifolium sp. 0.07 0.27 6.67 1.27 0.76 Triodanis 0.01 0.05 3.33 0.28 perfoliata Ulmus alata 0.28 0.56 30.00 0.50 0.47 2.58 1.09 0.85 0.80 0.41 0.96 0.75 Uvularia sp. 0.12 0.64 3.33 3.53 Vaccinium 0.23 0.98 6.67 5.16 1.67 arboreum Vaccinium 0.17 0.94 3.33 5.13 stamineum

21 Viburnum sp. 0.13 0.50 6.67 1.41 2.43

Vicia 0.20 1.08 3.33 5.92 dasycarpa Vicia sp. 0.21 1.13 3.33 6.17 Viola bicolor 0.01 0.04 6.67 0.21 0.13 Viola sp. 0.72 1.29 46.67 3.53 4.30 0.13 0.09 0.75 0.06 0.35 0.35 2.72 0.72 3.61 0.41 2.29 2.44 Vitaceae 0.08 0.44 3.33 2.40 Vitis 30.40 23.77 90.00 12.92 14.12 44.32 5.99 1.27 8.92 52.50 42.17 44.63 45.94 50.07 71.43 51.30 36.82 6.24 4.89 36.41 52.14 25.25 0.40 54.89 82.39 3.82 34.26 49.81 32.95 46.07 rotundifolia Ground Condition Bare Ground 3.44 4.63 70.00 1.69 15.77 14.23 13.07 0.21 2.73 8.71 0.21 1.26 2.53 6.99 0.64 1.28 8.11 3.12 0.21 7.58 3.41 0.64 3.73 7.11 Exposed 3.34 9.25 43.33 1.70 1.24 3.40 1.68 22.79 1.49 4.18 45.56 0.63 13.05 1.36 0.21 3.02 Rock Leaf 91.57 10.71 100.00 95.57 100.00 98.30 82.99 82.38 77.43 98.07 95.17 91.29 99.79 93.08 89.66 70.22 99.15 98.30 98.72 98.72 95.62 95.62 90.23 51.32 97.89 79.37 95.23 99.15 100.00 95.02 92.89 97.47 88.33 Litter/Duff Open Water 0.10 0.54 3.33 2.97 Tree Base 0.98 2.16 30.00 1.27 0.21 4.40 7.81 1.28 0.21 4.38 2.53 7.44 Upland Non- 0.57 1.27 36.67 1.48 6.53 1.50 0.42 1.26 0.21 0.21 1.66 1.27 1.24 1.21 Vascular/ Lichen

Table 7. Percentage of area covered (absolute cover) and frequency of occurrence by groundcover species sampled in vegetation monitoring sampling locations at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, 2012. Absolute cover is averaged across groundcover plots at each sampling location, and park-wide calculations are averaged across all sampling locations.

Species Avg SD Freq 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 14 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Acer rubrum 0.14 0.25 33.33 0.21 0.25 0.21 0.42 0.21 0.88 0.83 0.67 0.42 0.25 Acer 0.15 0.80 6.67 4.38 0.21 saccharum Aesculus 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21 pavia Allium sp. 0.10 0.37 6.67 1.67 1.25 Amelanchier 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21 arborea Andropogon 0.22 0.97 6.67 1.25 5.21 virginicus Antennaria sp. 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21 Apiaceae 0.02 0.09 6.67 0.25 0.42 Arisaema 0.01 0.05 6.67 0.21 0.21 triphyllum Aristolochia 0.04 0.10 16.67 0.21 0.21 0.42 0.21 0.21 serpentaria Arundinaria 0.08 0.46 3.33 2.50 gigantea Asarum 0.24 0.88 10.00 3.17 0.21 3.75 canadense Asclepias sp. 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21

22 Asplenium 0.17 0.45 16.67 0.42 1.46 0.21 1.67 1.25 platyneuron

Asteraceae 0.33 1.20 13.33 1.88 1.67 6.25 0.21 Bignonia 0.02 0.05 10.00 0.04 0.21 0.21 capreolata Botrychium 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21 dissectum Botrychium 0.14 0.44 23.33 1.25 0.42 0.21 0.04 0.21 0.08 2.08 virginianum Calycanthus 0.09 0.34 6.67 1.46 1.25 floridus Campsis 0.05 0.27 3.33 1.46 radicans Cardamine sp. 0.04 0.23 3.33 1.25 Carex sp. 0.05 0.23 6.67 1.25 0.21 Carpinus 0.08 0.46 3.33 2.50 caroliniana Carya alba 0.43 0.93 43.33 0.42 1.25 0.21 1.46 0.21 1.25 0.21 3.33 3.75 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 Carya glabra 0.45 1.17 26.67 0.42 2.08 0.83 1.67 0.21 1.92 5.83 0.42 Caryophyllaceae 0.04 0.23 3.33 1.25 Celtis 0.35 0.64 46.67 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.92 1.25 0.04 1.04 0.63 2.92 0.21 0.42 0.21 1.46 0.67 laevigata Cercis 0.01 0.05 6.67 0.04 0.25 canadensis Chasmanthiu 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21 m laxum Chimaphila 0.01 0.05 6.67 0.21 0.21 maculata Chionanthus 0.10 0.54 3.33 2.96 virginicus

Table 7. (Continued.)

Species Avg SD Freq 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 14 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Cimicifuga 0.17 0.71 6.67 3.75 1.25 racemosa Clematis 0.13 0.54 6.67 2.71 1.25 virginiana Cocculus 0.21 0.52 16.67 0.46 1.25 2.08 1.25 1.25 carolinus Cornus florida 0.19 0.62 13.33 2.92 1.46 1.25 0.04 Crataegus sp. 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21 Cyperaceae 0.33 1.01 23.33 1.25 0.21 0.21 1.46 0.21 1.46 5.21 Decumaria 0.99 2.82 13.33 6.46 8.96 11.46 2.71 barbara Desmodium 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21 sp. Dichanthelium 0.14 0.76 3.33 4.17 sp. Dichondra 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21 carolinensis Dioscorea 0.12 0.50 10.00 0.67 0.21 2.71 villosa Diospyros 0.56 0.81 53.33 0.21 0.21 0.42 1.71 1.46 2.92 0.42 1.25 1.25 2.50 0.21 0.21 1.25 0.21 1.25 1.25 virginiana Duchesnea 0.01 0.08 3.33 0.42 indica

23 Euonymus 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21 alatus

Euonymus 0.21 0.47 30.00 0.21 0.21 1.25 1.67 1.25 0.04 0.21 0.21 1.25 americanus Eupatorium 0.01 0.08 3.33 0.42 sp. Euphorbia sp. 0.02 0.06 10.00 0.21 0.21 0.21 Fabaceae 0.25 0.60 33.33 1.88 0.21 0.25 0.21 1.46 0.42 2.50 0.21 0.21 0.21 Filicopsida 0.17 0.71 10.00 1.25 3.75 0.21 Fraxinus 0.06 0.31 6.67 0.21 1.67 pennsylvanica Fraxinus sp. 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21 Galium 0.12 0.36 13.33 0.67 0.21 1.25 1.46 aparine Galium sp. 1.08 1.95 60.00 0.21 0.21 9.38 2.92 1.88 0.42 2.96 0.71 0.21 2.71 2.00 0.21 0.25 3.38 0.25 3.33 1.25 0.04 Gelsemium 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21 sempervirens Geranium 0.04 0.13 10.00 0.63 0.25 0.21 carolinianum Gnaphalium 0.03 0.09 10.00 0.42 0.21 0.21 obtusifolium var. obtusifolium Hamamelis 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21 virginiana Juniperus 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21 virginiana Lamiaceae 0.11 0.40 10.00 1.25 0.04 1.88 Lespedeza 0.06 0.27 6.67 1.46 0.21 cuneata

Table 7. (Continued.)

Species Avg SD Freq 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 14 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Ligustrum 1.43 2.69 50.00 12.71 1.25 1.46 2.71 6.46 5.42 1.50 2.92 1.25 0.67 1.25 0.21 2.08 2.92 0.21 sinense Liliopsida 0.02 0.08 3.33 0.46 Lindera 0.22 0.97 10.00 1.25 5.21 0.21 benzoin Liquidambar 0.83 1.61 53.33 4.38 0.04 0.42 0.21 0.04 0.21 4.00 0.08 0.46 0.29 1.46 4.00 1.92 6.04 0.04 1.25 styraciflua Liriodendron 0.06 0.14 20.00 0.50 0.21 0.04 0.21 0.25 0.50 tulipifera Lonicera 5.32 5.03 80.00 11.46 1.29 6.46 5.21 3.75 16.88 1.13 6.88 8.96 7.71 0.25 4.21 8.13 13.96 10.63 0.04 5.21 1.29 2.92 3.13 7.92 15.83 6.25 10.21 japonica Lysimachia 0.06 0.23 10.00 1.25 0.21 0.21 sp. Magnoliopsida 0.25 0.50 33.33 0.04 1.46 1.46 1.25 0.21 0.21 1.25 0.21 0.21 1.25 Medicago 1.05 3.63 10.00 3.13 12.71 15.63 lupulina Melica mutica 0.02 0.08 6.67 0.21 0.42 Microstegium 0.41 1.06 23.33 1.25 5.00 0.42 2.50 1.46 0.21 1.50 vimineum Mitchella 0.30 1.31 13.33 7.08 0.21 1.46 0.21 repens Nyssa 0.06 0.28 6.67 0.21 1.50 sylvatica

24 Opuntia sp. 0.22 1.22 3.33 6.67

Ostrya 0.02 0.08 6.67 0.42 0.21 virginiana Oxalis sp. 0.17 0.56 10.00 1.46 1.25 2.50 Oxalis stricta 0.08 0.25 13.33 0.21 0.21 0.63 1.25 Panicum sp. 0.62 1.17 50.00 0.42 0.21 0.21 0.67 1.25 0.42 5.42 0.46 1.04 1.25 2.50 2.92 0.21 1.25 0.42 Parthenocissu 2.28 2.85 93.33 7.71 0.92 0.21 1.46 0.25 2.13 1.13 1.46 1.71 2.92 0.21 2.13 0.21 9.58 5.08 0.67 1.75 0.33 0.04 1.50 9.79 2.54 0.42 0.92 7.71 0.92 0.63 4.21 s quinquefolia Passiflora 0.06 0.24 10.00 1.25 0.21 0.42 lutea Philadelphus 0.04 0.23 3.33 1.25 inodorus Physalis sp. 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21 Pinus 0.05 0.18 10.00 0.08 0.42 0.92 echinata Pinus taeda 0.33 0.54 50.00 1.46 0.04 0.25 1.50 0.83 0.83 0.04 0.50 0.08 0.33 1.71 0.38 1.54 0.21 0.21 Plantago 0.40 1.59 6.67 3.96 7.92 lanceolata Poaceae 5.21 14.05 30.00 8.54 31.46 1.29 69.79 17.08 2.50 1.25 10.00 14.38 Polygonatum 0.11 0.34 16.67 0.21 0.21 1.46 0.21 1.25 biflorum Polystichum 0.40 1.51 6.67 6.25 5.63 acrostichoides Prenanthes 0.05 0.23 10.00 0.08 0.21 1.25 sp. Prunus 0.24 0.34 60.00 0.46 0.21 0.42 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.13 0.88 0.21 0.04 0.21 0.88 0.21 0.63 0.42 0.21 1.46 serotina Prunus sp. 0.01 0.04 6.67 0.04 0.21 Ptelea 0.13 0.50 6.67 1.25 2.50 trifoliata

Table 7. (Continued.)

Species Avg SD Freq 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 14 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Pycnanthemum 0.09 0.32 10.00 1.25 0.21 1.25 albescens Quercus alba 0.40 0.93 36.67 1.25 0.21 1.67 0.21 4.58 0.21 0.21 1.25 0.04 1.25 1.25 Quercus 0.28 0.68 26.67 2.50 1.25 1.25 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 2.50 falcata Quercus nigra 0.03 0.10 13.33 0.42 0.21 0.21 0.21 Quercus 0.05 0.23 10.00 0.21 0.04 1.25 phellos Quercus 0.09 0.34 6.67 1.46 1.25 prinus Quercus rubra 0.11 0.46 13.33 0.21 0.21 0.46 2.50 Quercus sp. 0.46 1.72 33.33 0.42 0.63 0.63 0.21 0.04 9.42 0.63 0.21 0.21 1.46 Quercus 0.05 0.27 6.67 0.04 1.46 stellata Quercus 0.06 0.27 6.67 0.21 1.46 velutina Rosa 0.05 0.23 6.67 1.25 0.21 multiflora Rubiaceae 0.01 0.05 6.67 0.21 0.21 Rubus argutus 0.15 0.56 6.67 2.50 1.88 Rubus sp. 0.67 1.20 36.67 2.71 0.21 0.21 3.96 1.46 1.67 3.75 1.67 0.21 1.25 2.96 Rubus trivialis 0.05 0.27 3.33 1.46 Ruellia 0.11 0.35 13.33 0.42 1.46 0.21 1.25 25 caroliniensis Rumex 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21 acetosella Salvia lyrata 0.23 1.01 10.00 1.25 5.42 0.21 Sanicula 0.24 0.74 23.33 0.63 2.92 0.21 0.21 0.04 2.92 0.21 canadensis Sassafras 0.03 0.07 13.33 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 albidum Scutellaria sp. 0.04 0.23 3.33 1.25 Senecio sp. 0.22 0.83 6.67 2.71 3.75 Smilacina 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21 racemosa Smilax 0.03 0.13 6.67 0.63 0.42 bona-nox Smilax glauca 0.66 0.82 70.00 2.71 0.42 1.25 0.46 0.63 0.21 0.21 1.50 0.46 0.21 0.21 1.29 2.00 1.04 0.04 2.08 0.75 0.25 0.42 2.75 0.83 Smilax 1.08 2.01 36.67 2.92 2.71 1.25 8.13 2.92 1.25 1.25 2.50 0.42 6.67 2.50 rotundifolia Smilax sp. 0.18 0.38 36.67 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.04 1.46 0.21 0.42 1.25 0.25 1.08 Solanum 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21 carolinense Solidago sp. 0.13 0.52 6.67 1.46 2.50 Stellaria 0.10 0.32 13.33 0.21 0.21 1.25 1.25 media Thalictrum 0.06 0.27 10.00 1.46 0.21 0.21 thalictroides Tiarella 0.08 0.32 6.67 1.25 1.25 cordifolia Toxicodendro 1.52 2.91 63.33 4.38 0.21 6.25 0.21 0.67 8.96 1.25 0.21 0.29 1.04 1.46 0.29 0.21 0.21 9.17 1.46 9.17 0.04 0.21 n radicans

Table 7. (Continued.)

Species Avg SD Freq 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 14 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Tradescantia 0.42 2.06 6.67 11.25 1.25 ohiensis Trifolium sp. 0.08 0.32 6.67 1.25 1.25 Triodanis 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21 perfoliata Ulmus alata 0.12 0.27 30.00 0.21 0.21 1.25 0.08 0.21 0.42 0.21 0.63 0.42 Uvularia sp. 0.02 0.11 3.33 0.63 Vaccinium 0.13 0.50 6.67 2.50 1.25 arboreum Vaccinium 0.04 0.23 3.33 1.25 stamineum Viburnum sp. 0.09 0.34 6.67 1.25 1.46 Vicia 0.19 1.07 3.33 5.83 dasycarpa Vicia sp. 0.34 1.86 3.33 10.21 Viola bicolor 0.01 0.05 6.67 0.21 0.21 Viola sp. 0.34 0.67 46.67 0.63 2.71 0.21 0.04 0.67 0.04 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 1.88 0.21 1.50 1.50 Vitaceae 0.04 0.23 3.33 1.25 Vitis 12.24 12.29 90.00 10.83 2.50 11.88 2.50 1.25 5.63 5.25 8.75 19.58 40.83 14.58 13.96 37.08 21.88 3.75 1.25 2.79 12.71 7.29 0.21 14.04 42.29 2.50 21.04 26.71 10.63 25.63 rotundifolia Ground Groundition Bare Ground 3.45 4.69 70.00 1.67 15.83 13.96 13.75 0.21 2.71 8.63 0.21 1.25 2.50 7.92 0.63 1.25 8.13 2.71 0.21 7.50 3.13 0.63 3.75 7.08

26 Exposed Rock 3.24 8.58 43.33 1.67 1.25 3.33 1.67 25.83 1.46 4.17 39.58 0.63 12.92 1.25 0.21 3.13

Leaf 90.60 10.51 100.00 94.38 97.50 96.46 83.33 80.83 81.46 95.42 94.38 90.42 97.50 92.50 88.54 79.58 97.50 96.46 96.46 96.46 95.42 95.42 90.42 44.58 96.46 78.54 87.29 97.50 97.50 95.42 92.50 96.46 91.46 Litter/Duff Open Water 0.10 0.57 3.33 3.13 Tree Base 0.99 2.18 30.00 1.25 0.21 4.38 7.71 1.25 0.21 4.38 2.50 7.71 Upland Non- 0.58 1.32 36.67 1.46 6.88 1.46 0.42 1.25 0.21 0.21 1.67 1.25 1.25 1.25 Vascular/ Lichen

Table 8. Average canopy species size, measured as diameter (cm) at breast height (DBH) for species sampled in vegetation monitoring macroplots at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, 2012. Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of individual trees measured within each plot. DBH measurements are averaged across DBH plots at each sampling location, and park-wide calculations are averaged across all sampling locations.

Species Avg SD 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 14 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 46 47 48 49 50 51 Acer rubrum 12.70 3.30 15.40 7.00 18.80 8.10 5.30 7.43 7.17 20.30 32.67 13.20 4.30 (4) (1) (2) (1) (2) (6) (3) (2) (3) (1) (1) Aesculus pavia 5.15 1.20 5.15 (2) Amelanchier 4.20 4.20 arborea (1) Calycanthus 4.40 4.40 floridus (1) Carpinus 7.06 2.67 7.10 7.19 7.56 6.40 caroliniana (1) (10) (5) (1) Carya alba 14.92 7.57 11.57 26.53 10.30 8.84 13.63 7.00 21.30 7.74 24.00 24.73 8.53 (3) (3) (1) (8) (12) (1) (1) (11) (1) (6) (3) Carya glabra 17.06 9.02 19.87 12.95 21.03 16.27 21.04 14.85 13.43 (15) (2) (4) (15) (5) (2) (4) Celtis laevigata 9.50 9.50 (1) Cornus florida 8.66 3.95 5.20 8.00 6.20 8.33 9.60 14.44 8.83 5.05 15.40 11.90 9.15 9.10 4.60 6.80 10.70 5.20 (2) (1) (1) (6) (4) (5) (3) (2) (1) (1) (2) (2) (1) (1) (1) (1) Diospyros 9.24 3.53 16.15 6.60 4.98 virginiana (2) (1) (15) Fagus 9.59 6.46 8.17 5.50 19.23 11.04 4.00 27 grandifolia (3) (1) (3) (9) (1) Fraxinus 20.29 13.88 41.66 9.10 10.10 pennsylvanica (5) (2) (1) Halesia 4.00 4.00 carolina (1) Juniperus 14.60 15.60 13.60 virginiana (1) (1) Liquidambar 16.81 9.89 17.39 5.10 18.75 11.30 7.43 18.40 26.00 17.53 18.23 12.43 6.90 57.80 8.40 12.28 14.19 styraciflua (20) (1) (4) (3) (14) (1) (3) (3) (3) (19) (1) (1) (10) (11) (14) Liriodendron 32.52 12.72 30.61 56.20 6.63 29.30 38.98 25.50 34.80 19.23 34.38 19.40 62.90 13.48 7.74 22.30 45.46 81.50 27.27 29.70 tulipifera (8) (1) (4) (3) (6) (1) (3) (8) (4) (3) (1) (4) (5) (1) (9) (1) (3) (1) Morus rubra 8.65 12.50 4.80 (1) (1) Nyssa 7.25 1.45 5.55 9.00 5.17 8.20 11.10 6.20 6.35 6.98 6.70 sylvatica (2) (1) (3) (3) (1) (1) (2) (5) (1) Oxydendrum 23.47 5.59 8.50 25.20 36.70 arboreum (1) (2) (2) Pinus echinata 32.03 8.87 30.75 32.17 39.90 25.30 (4) (3) (2) (1) Pinus glabra 38.00 38.00 (1) Pinus taeda 38.53 10.98 43.13 39.12 35.98 30.80 24.95 59.62 23.88 38.80 45.20 35.55 43.60 39.19 41.02 (4) (5) (5) (1) (4) (5) (6) (1) (1) (2) (6) (9) (6) Prunus 10.95 3.63 6.20 5.80 10.25 11.60 10.30 10.85 21.90 19.20 18.00 7.30 4.20 8.80 12.40 6.50 serotina (1) (1) (2) (1) (1) (2) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (2) (1) Quercus alba 11.25 3.81 5.50 6.58 7.27 19.60 17.48 8.65 15.00 8.90 15.68 19.03 8.50 5.30 8.70 (4) (5) (17) (3) (6) (2) (1) (2) (4) (7) (8) (1) (1) Quercus 23.88 9.12 35.85 28.20 7.15 24.30 falcata (2) (1) (2) (1)

Table 8. (Continued).

Species Avg SD 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 14 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 46 47 48 49 50 51 Quercus 23.50 36.10 10.90 marilandica (1) (1) Quercus nigra 22.85 7.10 38.60 (1) (1) Quercus prinus 21.02 9.59 50.20 11.08 20.75 13.90 27.03 5.90 28.50 4.50 8.68 39.70 (1) (5) (2) (1) (4) (1) (5) (1) (4) (1) Quercus rubra 20.75 8.80 4.10 8.55 26.10 13.00 26.20 10.63 47.60 20.50 17.60 32.00 21.93 (2) (2) (3) (1) (1) (3) (2) (3) (3) (4) (6) Quercus 18.70 2.97 23.40 10.50 22.60 10.88 26.10 stellata (2) (1) (1) (4) (1) Quercus 21.26 13.66 41.35 8.20 5.00 30.50 velutina (4) (1) (1) (1) Sassafras 7.50 11.70 5.60 5.20 albidum (1) (1) (1) Ulmus alata 9.11 4.72 6.00 5.45 12.30 8.68 8.85 13.40 (1) (6) (6) (8) (2) (3) Vaccinium 5.92 1.04 4.94 6.90 arboreum (7) (2) Vaccinium 4.50 4.50 stamineum (1) Acer rubrum 7.73 0.49 4.55 10.90 (dead) (2) (1) Aesculus pavia 4.50 4.50 (dead) (1)

28 Carya alba 5.20 5.20

(dead) (1) Carya sp. 11.00 11.00 (dead) (1) Cornus florida 7.95 7.30 6.70 8.80 4.80 9.50 10.60 (dead) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Diospyros 8.00 8.00 virginiana (1) (dead) Liquidambar 4.40 0.42 4.40 styraciflua (2) (dead) Liriodendron 22.26 12.17 8.25 29.30 9.00 42.50 tulipifera (2) (3) (1) (1) (dead) Morus rubra 12.00 12.00 (dead) (1) Nyssa 4.60 4.60 sylvatica (1) (dead) Oxydendrum 14.50 14.50 arboreum (1) (dead) Pinus echinata 17.15 6.08 14.50 19.80 (dead) (2) (1) Pinus taeda 37.82 2.99 26.18 38.60 39.50 47.00 (dead) (4) (1) (1) (1) Pinus 12.75 1.48 12.75 virginiana (2) (dead)

Table 8. (Continued).

Species Avg SD 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 14 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 46 47 48 49 50 51 Prunus 8.51 3.75 8.25 4.90 8.90 (1) 12.00 serotina (2) (1) (1) (dead) Quercus alba 14.35 4.74 14.35 (dead) (2) Quercus prinus 33.95 18.31 33.95 (dead) (2) Quercus rubra 6.80 4.00 9.60 (dead) (1) (1) Quercus sp. 15.50 5.50 9.90 38.30 8.30 (dead) (1) (1) (1) (1) Quercus 29.00 29.00 velutina (1) (dead) Ulmus alata 9.80 1.99 7.20 7.70 14.50 (dead) (4) (1) (1) Vaccinium 4.00 4.00 arboreum (1) (dead)

Table 9. Seedling frequency for canopy and shrub species in vegetation monitoring macroplots at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, 2012. Seedling frequency is averaged across groundcover plots at each sampling location, and park-wide calculations are averaged across all sampling locations.

Seedlings Species Total per m2 SD 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 14 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Acer rubrum 48 0.40 0.36 0.08 0.50 0.17 0.25 0.08 0.75 0.33 1.25 0.25 0.33 Acer 14 0.58 0.71 1.08 0.08 saccharum Aesculus 2 0.17 0.17 pavia Amelanchier 1 0.08 0.08 arborea Calycanthus 12 0.50 0.35 0.75 0.25 floridus Carpinus 2 0.17 0.17 caroliniana Carya alba 27 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.08 0.25 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.58 0.42 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 Carya glabra 43 0.45 0.35 0.17 0.50 0.33 0.42 0.08 0.83 1.08 0.17 Celtis 60 0.36 0.26 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.67 0.75 0.08 0.42 0.33 0.67 0.33 0.17 0.08 0.67 0.58 laevigata Cercis 3 0.13 0.06 0.08 0.17 canadensis Chionanthus 11 0.92 0.92 virginicus Cornus 15 0.31 0.18 0.50 0.42 0.25 0.08 florida

30 Crataegus 1 0.08 0.08

sp. Diospyros 31 0.16 0.11 0.17 0.08 0.17 0.42 0.17 0.42 0.17 0.08 0.08 0.17 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.25 virginiana Euonymus 1 0.08 0.08 alatus Euonymus 29 0.27 0.28 0.08 0.25 0.17 1.00 0.17 0.08 0.17 0.17 0.33 americanus Fraxinus 5 0.21 0.18 0.08 0.33 pennsylvanica Fraxinus sp. 1 0.08 0.08 Hamamelis 2 0.17 0.17 virginiana Juniperus 1 0.08 0.08 virginiana Ligustrum 197 1.09 1.78 7.33 0.25 0.67 1.00 1.50 1.17 1.17 0.75 0.08 0.92 0.25 0.08 0.50 0.67 0.08 sinense Lindera 20 0.56 0.75 0.17 1.42 0.08 benzoin Liquidambar 148 0.77 0.95 3.08 0.08 0.92 0.33 0.08 0.33 0.67 0.25 0.50 0.58 0.33 1.08 0.83 3.08 0.08 0.08 styraciflua Liriodendron 24 0.33 0.36 0.50 0.08 0.08 0.17 0.17 1.00 tulipifera Magnoliopsida 5 0.14 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.25 Nyssa 4 0.17 0.12 0.08 0.25 sylvatica Ostrya 3 0.13 0.06 0.17 0.08 virginiana Philadelphus 3 0.25 0.25 inodorus

Table 9. (Continued).

Seedlings Species Total per m2 SD 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 14 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Pinus 29 0.81 0.55 0.17 1.08 1.17 echinata Pinus taeda 129 0.72 1.12 0.33 0.08 0.25 0.75 0.58 1.33 0.08 0.58 0.17 0.75 4.58 0.50 0.58 0.08 0.08 Prunus 47 0.22 0.17 0.42 0.08 0.17 0.17 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.25 0.50 0.25 0.08 0.08 0.67 0.17 0.33 0.17 0.08 0.25 serotina Prunus sp. 2 0.08 0.00 0.08 0.08 Ptelea 6 0.25 0.24 0.08 0.42 trifoliata Quercus alba 33 0.25 0.32 0.08 0.08 0.58 0.08 1.08 0.08 0.08 0.17 0.08 0.33 0.08 Quercus 17 0.18 0.10 0.33 0.17 0.17 0.08 0.08 0.17 0.08 0.33 falcata Quercus 5 0.10 0.04 0.17 0.08 0.08 0.08 nigra Quercus 3 0.08 0.00 0.08 0.08 0.08 phellos Quercus 8 0.33 0.35 0.58 0.08 prinus Quercus 8 0.17 0.12 0.08 0.08 0.33 0.17 rubra Quercus sp. 60 0.50 1.00 0.17 0.25 0.33 0.08 0.08 3.33 0.42 0.08 0.08 0.17 Quercus 6 0.25 0.24 0.08 0.42 stellata Quercus 5 0.21 0.06 0.17 0.25 31 velutina Rosa 5 0.42 0.42 multiflora Ruellia 1 0.08 0.08 caroliniensis Sassafras 5 0.10 0.04 0.08 0.08 0.17 0.08 albidum Ulmus alata 14 0.13 0.06 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.17 0.08 0.17 0.08 0.25 0.17 Vaccinium 4 0.17 0.12 0.25 0.08 arboreum Vaccinium 2 0.17 0.17 stamineum Viburnum sp. 7 0.29 0.06 0.33 0.25

Literature Cited Bechtold, W. A., and P. L. Patterson, editors. 2005. The enhanced forest inventory and analysis program—national sampling design and estimation procedures. General Technical Report SRS-80. USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC. 85 pp.

Byrne, M. W. 2009. Sampling-point generation for SECN monitoring protocols: Generating a spatially-balanced random sample with the RRQRR tool in ArcGIS 9.1. Draft Standard Operating Procedure Version 1.0, last updated March 2009.

Byrne, M. W., and S. L. Corbett. 2012. Vegetation monitoring methodology. Southeast Coast Network Standard Operating Procedure NPS/SECN/SOP-1.4.10.

Byrne, M. W., S. L. Corbett, and B. D. Smrekar. 2013. Installation and relocation of permanent terrestrial monitoring sampling locations. Southeast Coast Network Standard Operating Procedure NPS/SECN/SOP-1.4.19. National Park Service, Athens, Georgia.

Corbett, S. L., and M. W. Byrne. 2012a. Botanical identification training and pre-requisites for seasonal field staff. Southeast Coast Network Standard Operating Procedure NPS/SECN/SOP- 1.4.07 National Park Service, Athens, Georgia.

Corbett, S. L., and M. W. Byrne. 2012b. Constructing a standard 1-m2 sampling frame for vegetation monitoring. Southeast Coast Network Standard Operating Procedure NPS/SECN/SOP-1.4.8. National Park Service, Athens, Georgia.

Corbett, S. L. 2013. Handling, collection, and temporary archiving of botanical specimens expected to be used for consumptive analysis. Southeast Coast Network Standard Operating Procedure NPS/SECN/SOP-1.4.14. National Park Service, Athens, Georgia.

DeVivo, J. C., C. J. Wright, M. W. Byrne, E. DiDonato, and T. Curtis. 2008. Vital signs monitoring in the Southeast Coast Inventory & Monitoring Network. Natural Resource Report NPS/SECN/NRR—2008/061. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado.

Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC). 2008. National vegetation classification standard, version 2. FGDC-STD-005-2008. Available online: http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/project/FGDC-standards- projects/vegetation.

Foster, D. R., G. Motzkin, and B. Slater. 1998. Land-use history as long-term broad-scale disturbance: regional forest dynamics in central New England. Ecosystems 1:96-119.

National Park Service Biodiversity Database (NPSpecies). Secure online version. Available at: https://science1.nature.nps.gov/npspecies/web/main/start (Park list: accessed 1/13/2012).

Peet R. K., T. R. Wentworth, and P. S White. 1998. A flexible, multipurpose method for recording vegetation composition and structure. Castanea 63:262-274.

Theobald, D. M., D. L. Stevens, D. White, N. S. Urquhart, A. R. Olsen, and J. B. Norman. 2007. Using GIS to generate spatially balanced random survey designs for natural resource applications. Environmental Management 40:134-146.

Turner, II, B. L., W. C. Clark, R. W. Kates, J. F. Richards, J. T. Mathews, and W. B. Meyer, editors. 1990. The earth as transformed by human action: Global and regional changes in the biosphere over the past 300 years. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Appendix A. Plant Species Known to Occur at KEMO.

Table A-1. Vascular plant species known occur at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park (NPSpecies 2012) and species detected during 2012 monitoring efforts.

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Alismatales Alismataceae Alisma subcordatum X Alismatales Alismataceae Sagittaria latifolia X Alismatales Araceae Arisaema triphyllum X X Apiales Apiaceae Angelica venenosa X Apiales Apiaceae Chaerophyllum tainturieri X Apiales Apiaceae Cicuta maculate X Apiales Apiaceae Conium maculatum X Apiales Apiaceae Daucus carota X Apiales Apiaceae Eryngium yuccifolium X Apiales Apiaceae Oxypolis rigidior X Apiales Apiaceae Sanicula canadensis X X Apiales Apiaceae Sanicula smallii X Apiales Apiaceae Thaspium barbinode X Apiales Apiaceae Thaspium pinnatifidum X Apiales Apiaceae Thaspium trifoliatum X Apiales Apiaceae Torilis arvensis X Apiales Apiaceae unknown Apiaceae X X Apiales Apiaceae Zizia aptera X Apiales Araliaceae Aralia spinosa X Apiales Araliaceae Hedera helix X X Aquifoliales Aquifoliaceae Ilex opaca X X Aquifoliales Aquifoliaceae Ilex sp. X X Aquifoliales Aquifoliaceae Ilex verticillata X X Aquifoliales Aquifoliaceae Ilex vomitoria X Aristolochiales Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia serpentaria X X Aristolochiales Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia tomentosa X Asparagales Amaryllidaceae Allium canadense X Asparagales Amaryllidaceae Allium cuthbertii X Asparagales Amaryllidaceae Allium sp. X X Asparagales Amaryllidaceae Allium vineale X Asparagales Amaryllidaceae Narcissus pseudonarcissus X Asparagales Amaryllidaceae Nothoscordum bivalve X Asparagales Asparagaceae Asparagus officinalis X Asparagales Asparagaceae Liriope spicata X Asparagales Asparagaceae Maianthemum racemosum X Asparagales Asparagaceae Manfreda virginica X Asparagales Asparagaceae Muscari neglectum X

Table A-1. (Continued).

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Asparagales Asparagaceae Ophiopogon japonicus X Asparagales Asparagaceae Polygonatum biflorum X X Asparagales Asparagaceae Schoenolirion croceum X Asparagales Asparagaceae Smilacina racemosa X X Asparagales Asparagaceae Yucca filamentosa X X Asparagales Hypoxidaceae Hypoxis curtissii X Asparagales Hypoxidaceae Hypoxis hirsuta X X Asparagales Iridaceae Belamcanda chinensis X Asparagales Iridaceae Iris cristata X Asparagales Iridaceae Iris verna X Asparagales Iridaceae Sisyrinchium albidum X Asparagales Iridaceae Sisyrinchium angustifolium X Asparagales Iridaceae Sisyrinchium mucronatum X Asparagales Iridaceae Sisyrinchium nashii X Asparagales Iridaceae Sisyrinchium rosulatum X Asparagales Orchidaceae Aplectrum hyemale X Asparagales Orchidaceae Corallorrhiza odontorhiza X Asparagales Orchidaceae Cypripedium sp. X Asparagales Orchidaceae Cypripedium sp. X Asparagales Orchidaceae Goodyera pubescens X X Asparagales Orchidaceae Hexalectris spicata X Asparagales Orchidaceae Liparis liliifolia X Asparagales Orchidaceae Malaxis unifolia X X Asparagales Orchidaceae Platanthera clavellata X Asparagales Orchidaceae Spiranthes cernua X Asparagales Orchidaceae Spiranthes lacera var. gracilis X Asparagales Orchidaceae Tipularia discolor X X Asparagales Xanthorrhoeaceae Hemerocallis fulva X Asterales Asteraceae Achillea millefolium X Asterales Asteraceae Ageratina aromatica X Asterales Asteraceae Ambrosia artemisiifolia X Asterales Asteraceae Ambrosia trifida X Asterales Asteraceae Antennaria plantaginifolia X Asterales Asteraceae Antennaria solitaria X Asterales Asteraceae Antennaria sp. X X Asterales Asteraceae Arnoglossum atriplicifolium X Asterales Asteraceae Aster dumosus X Asterales Asteraceae Aster laevis X Asterales Asteraceae Aster patens X

Table A-1. (Continued).

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Asterales Asteraceae Aster sp. X Asterales Asteraceae Bidens bipinnata X Asterales Asteraceae Bidens frondosa X Asterales Asteraceae Bidens tripartite X Asterales Asteraceae Brickellia eupatorioides X Asterales Asteraceae Chrysogonum virginianum X Asterales Asteraceae Chrysogonum virginianum var. X austral Asterales Asteraceae Chrysopsis mariana X Asterales Asteraceae Cirsium horridulum X Asterales Asteraceae Cirsium sp. X X Asterales Asteraceae Conyza Canadensis X Asterales Asteraceae Coreopsis auriculata X Asterales Asteraceae Coreopsis lanceolata X Asterales Asteraceae Coreopsis major X Asterales Asteraceae Croptilon divaricatum X Asterales Asteraceae Dahlia pinnata X Asterales Asteraceae Doellingeria infirma X Asterales Asteraceae Echinacea purpurea X Asterales Asteraceae Eclipta prostrate X Asterales Asteraceae Elephantopus carolinianus X Asterales Asteraceae Elephantopus tomentosus X X Asterales Asteraceae Erechtites hieracifolia X Asterales Asteraceae Erigeron annuus X Asterales Asteraceae Erigeron Canadensis X Asterales Asteraceae Erigeron philadelphicus X Asterales Asteraceae Erigeron pulchellus X Asterales Asteraceae Erigeron strigosus X Asterales Asteraceae Eupatorium album X Asterales Asteraceae Eupatorium capillifolium X Asterales Asteraceae Eupatorium compositifolium X Asterales Asteraceae Eupatorium fistulosum X Asterales Asteraceae Eupatorium hyssopifolium var. X hyssopifolium Asterales Asteraceae Eupatorium hyssopifolium var. X laciniatum Asterales Asteraceae Eupatorium maculatum X Asterales Asteraceae Eupatorium perfoliatum X Asterales Asteraceae Eupatorium rugosum X Asterales Asteraceae Eupatorium serotinum X

Table A-1. (Continued).

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Asterales Asteraceae Eupatorium sessilifolium X Asterales Asteraceae Eupatorium sp. X X Asterales Asteraceae Eurybia divaricate X Asterales Asteraceae Euthamia minor X Asterales Asteraceae Facelis retusa X Asterales Asteraceae Gamochaeta pensylvanica X Asterales Asteraceae Gamochaeta purpurea X Asterales Asteraceae Gnaphalium obtusifolium var. X X obtusifolium Asterales Asteraceae Helenium amarum X Asterales Asteraceae Helianthus divaricatus X Asterales Asteraceae Helianthus hirsutus X Asterales Asteraceae Helianthus microcephalus X Asterales Asteraceae Helianthus porter X Asterales Asteraceae Helianthus sp. X Asterales Asteraceae Helianthus tuberosus X Asterales Asteraceae Helianthus X laetiflorus X Asterales Asteraceae Heterotheca graminifolia X Asterales Asteraceae Heterotheca nervosa X Asterales Asteraceae Heterotheca subaxillaris X Asterales Asteraceae Hieracium gronovii X Asterales Asteraceae Hieracium paniculatum X Asterales Asteraceae Hieracium venosum X Asterales Asteraceae Hypochaeris radicata X Asterales Asteraceae Ionactis linariifolius X Asterales Asteraceae Krigia caespitosa X Asterales Asteraceae Krigia sp. X Asterales Asteraceae Krigia virginica X X Asterales Asteraceae Kuhnia eupatorioides X Asterales Asteraceae Lactuca biennis X Asterales Asteraceae Lactuca Canadensis X Asterales Asteraceae Lactuca graminifolia X Asterales Asteraceae Lactuca serriola X Asterales Asteraceae Lactuca sp. X Asterales Asteraceae Leucanthemum vulgare X Asterales Asteraceae Liatris aspera X Asterales Asteraceae Liatris graminifolia X Asterales Asteraceae Liatris scariosa X Asterales Asteraceae Liatris spicata X

Table A-1. (Continued).

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Asterales Asteraceae Liatris squarrosa X Asterales Asteraceae Mikania scandens X Asterales Asteraceae Packera anonyma X Asterales Asteraceae Packera glabella X Asterales Asteraceae Packera tomentosa X Asterales Asteraceae Parthenium integrifolium X Asterales Asteraceae Pityopsis aspera X Asterales Asteraceae Pityopsis graminifolia X Asterales Asteraceae Pluchea camphorate X Asterales Asteraceae Prenanthes altissima X Asterales Asteraceae Prenanthes serpentaria X Asterales Asteraceae Prenanthes sp. X X Asterales Asteraceae Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium X Asterales Asteraceae Pyrrhopappus carolinianus X Asterales Asteraceae Rudbeckia hirta X Asterales Asteraceae Rudbeckia laciniata X Asterales Asteraceae Rudbeckia sp. X X Asterales Asteraceae Senecio sp. X Asterales Asteraceae Sericocarpus asteroides X Asterales Asteraceae Silphium asteriscus var. laevicaule X Asterales Asteraceae Silphium compositum X Asterales Asteraceae Smallanthus uvedalius X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago altissima X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago arguta var. caroliniana X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago argute X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago bicolor X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago Canadensis X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago curtisii X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago erecta X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago flexicaulis X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago leavenworthii X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago nemoralis X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago odora X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago petiolaris X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago sp. X X Asterales Asteraceae Sonchus asper X Asterales Asteraceae Sonchus oleraceus X Asterales Asteraceae Symphyotrichum concolor X Asterales Asteraceae Symphyotrichum divaricatum X

Table A-1. (Continued).

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Asterales Asteraceae Symphyotrichum dumosum X Asterales Asteraceae Symphyotrichum patens X Asterales Asteraceae Symphyotrichum pilosum X Asterales Asteraceae Symphyotrichum puniceum X Asterales Asteraceae Symphyotrichum racemosum X Asterales Asteraceae Symphyotrichum undulatum X Asterales Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale X Asterales Asteraceae Tetragonotheca helianthoides X Asterales Asteraceae unknown Asteraceae X X Asterales Asteraceae Verbesina sp. X Asterales Asteraceae Vernonia flaccidifolia X Asterales Asteraceae Vernonia glauca X Asterales Asteraceae Vernonia noveboracensis X Asterales Asteraceae Youngia japonica X Asterales Campanulaceae Campanula divaricata X Asterales Campanulaceae Lobelia amoena var. glandulifera X Asterales Campanulaceae Lobelia cardinalis X Asterales Campanulaceae Lobelia siphilitica X Asterales Campanulaceae Lobelia spicata X Asterales Campanulaceae Specularia perfoliata X Asterales Campanulaceae Triodanis perfoliata X X Boraginales Boraginaceae Buglossoides arvensis X Boraginales Boraginaceae Hydrophyllum virginianum X Boraginales Boraginaceae Lithospermum caroliniense X Boraginales Boraginaceae Myosotis verna X Brassicales Brassicaceae Alliaria petiolata X Brassicales Brassicaceae Arabidopsis thaliana X Brassicales Brassicaceae Arabis canadensis X Brassicales Brassicaceae Arabis missouriensis X Brassicales Brassicaceae Brassica rapa X Brassicales Brassicaceae Capsella bursa-pastoris X Brassicales Brassicaceae Cardamine bulbosa X Brassicales Brassicaceae Cardamine diphylla X Brassicales Brassicaceae Cardamine hirsuta X Brassicales Brassicaceae Cardamine sp. X X Brassicales Brassicaceae Draba aprica X Brassicales Brassicaceae Draba brachycarpa X Brassicales Brassicaceae Draba verna X Brassicales Brassicaceae Lepidium virginicum X

Table A-1. (Continued).

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Brassicales Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum X Brassicales Brassicaceae Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum X Brassicales Brassicaceae Sisymbrium officinale X Brassicales Brassicaceae Thlaspi arvense X X Brassicales Brassicaceae unknown Brassicaceae X X Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae Amaranthus spinosus X Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae Chenopodium album X Caryophyllales Cactaceae Opuntia ficus-indica X Caryophyllales Cactaceae Opuntia humifusa X Caryophyllales Cactaceae Opuntia sp. X X Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Caryophyllaceae, unknown X X Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Cerastium glomeratum X Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Cerastium nutans X Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Dianthus armeria X X Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Holosteum umbellatum X Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Minuartia uniflora X Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Saponaria officinalis X Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Silene antirrhina X Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Silene stellata X Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Silene virginica X X Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Stellaria media X X Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Stellaria pubera X Caryophyllales Molluginaceae Mollugo verticillata X Caryophyllales Montiaceae Talinum teretifolium X Caryophyllales Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca americana X Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Polygonum aviculare X Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Polygonum caespitosum var. X longisetum Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Polygonum hydropiperoides X Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Polygonum lapathifolium X Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Polygonum pensylvanicum X Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Polygonum punctatum X Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Polygonum sagittatum X Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Polygonum scandens var. X cristatum Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Polygonum sp. X X Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Rumex acetosella X X Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Rumex crispus X Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Rumex hastatulus X

Table A-1. (Continued).

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Rumex obtusifolius X Caryophyllales Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea X Celastrales Celastraceae Euonymus alatus X X Celastrales Celastraceae Euonymus americana X X Celastrales Celastraceae Euonymus atropurpureus X Commelinales Commelinaceae Commelina communis X Commelinales Commelinaceae Commelina erecta X Commelinales Commelinaceae Commelina virginica X Commelinales Commelinaceae Murdannia keisak X Commelinales Commelinaceae Tradescantia hirsuticaulis X Commelinales Commelinaceae Tradescantia ohiensis X X Commelinales Commelinaceae Tradescantia virginiana X Cornales Cornaceae Cornus amomum X Cornales Cornaceae Cornus florida X X Cornales Cornaceae Cornus foemina X Cornales Hydrangeaceae Decumaria barbara X X Cornales Hydrangeaceae Hydrangea arborescens X Cornales Hydrangeaceae Philadelphus hirsutus X Cornales Hydrangeaceae Philadelphus inodorus X X Cornales Nyssaceae Nyssa sylvatica X X Cornales Nyssaceae Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora X X Cornales Nyssaceae Nyssa sylvatica var. sylvatica X Cupressales Cupressaceae Juniperus virginiana X X Dioscoreales Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea oppositifolia X Dioscoreales Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea villosa X X Dipsacales Adoxaceae Sambucus canadensis X Dipsacales Adoxaceae Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis X Dipsacales Adoxaceae Viburnum acerifolium X Dipsacales Adoxaceae Viburnum dentatum X Dipsacales Adoxaceae Viburnum lantanoides X Dipsacales Adoxaceae Viburnum prunifolium X Dipsacales Adoxaceae Viburnum sp. X X Dipsacales Caprifoliaceae Lonicera flava X Dipsacales Caprifoliaceae Lonicera fragrantissima X Dipsacales Caprifoliaceae Lonicera japonica X X Dipsacales Caprifoliaceae Lonicera maackii X Dipsacales Caprifoliaceae Lonicera sempervirens X Dipsacales Caprifoliaceae Symphoricarpos orbiculatus X Dipsacales Valerianaceae Valerianella radiata X

Table A-1. (Continued).

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens capensis X Ericales Diapensiaceae Galax urceolata X Ericales Ebenaceae Diospyros virginiana X X Ericales Ericaceae Chimaphila maculata X X Ericales Ericaceae Epigaea repens X Ericales Ericaceae Gaylussacia dumosa X Ericales Ericaceae Gaylussacia frondosa X Ericales Ericaceae Kalmia latifolia X Ericales Ericaceae Monotropa uniflora X Ericales Ericaceae Oxydendrum arboreum X X Ericales Ericaceae Rhododendron calendulaceum X Ericales Ericaceae Rhododendron canescens X X Ericales Ericaceae Rhododendron catawbiense X Ericales Ericaceae Rhododendron periclymenoides X Ericales Ericaceae Vaccinium arboreum X X Ericales Ericaceae Vaccinium corymbosum X X Ericales Ericaceae Vaccinium pallidum X Ericales Ericaceae Vaccinium stamineum X X Ericales Polemoniaceae Ipomopsis rubra X Ericales Polemoniaceae Phlox amoena X Ericales Polemoniaceae Phlox glaberrima X Ericales Polemoniaceae Phlox pilosa X Ericales Primulaceae Lysimachia ciliata X Ericales Primulaceae Lysimachia lanceolata var. X lanceolata Ericales Primulaceae Lysimachia quadrifolia X Ericales Primulaceae Lysimachia sp. X X Ericales Primulaceae Lysimachia tonsa X Ericales Sapotaceae Sideroxylon lycioides X Ericales Styracaceae Halesia carolina X Ericales Styracaceae Halesia diptera X Ericales Styracaceae Styrax grandifolius X X Ericales Symplocaceae Symplocos tinctoria X X Fabales Fabaceae Albizia julibrissin X X Fabales Fabaceae Amorpha fruticosa X Fabales Fabaceae Amphicarpaea bracteata X Fabales Fabaceae Baptisia alba X Fabales Fabaceae Baptisia tinctoria X Fabales Fabaceae Cassia fasciculata X

Table A-1. (Continued).

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Fabales Fabaceae Cassia nictitans X Fabales Fabaceae Centrosema virginianum X Fabales Fabaceae Cercis canadensis X X Fabales Fabaceae Chamaecrista fasciculata X Fabales Fabaceae Chamaecrista nictitans var. X nictitans Fabales Fabaceae Chamaecrista sp. X Fabales Fabaceae Clitoria mariana X Fabales Fabaceae Crotalaria sp. X Fabales Fabaceae Desmodium floridanum X Fabales Fabaceae Desmodium lineatum X Fabales Fabaceae Desmodium marilandicum X Fabales Fabaceae Desmodium nudiflorum X Fabales Fabaceae Desmodium paniculatum X Fabales Fabaceae Desmodium rotundifolium X Fabales Fabaceae Desmodium sp. X X Fabales Fabaceae Desmodium strictum X Fabales Fabaceae Desmodium viridiflorum X Fabales Fabaceae Galactia volubilis X Fabales Fabaceae Gleditsia triacanthos X Fabales Fabaceae Lathyrus latifolius X Fabales Fabaceae Lespedeza angustifolia X Fabales Fabaceae Lespedeza capitata X Fabales Fabaceae Lespedeza cuneata X X Fabales Fabaceae Lespedeza procumbens X Fabales Fabaceae Lespedeza repens X Fabales Fabaceae Lespedeza violacea X Fabales Fabaceae Lespedeza virginica X Fabales Fabaceae Medicago lupulina X X Fabales Fabaceae Medicago sp. X Fabales Fabaceae Melilotus alba X Fabales Fabaceae Melilotus officinalis X Fabales Fabaceae Mimosa microphylla X X Fabales Fabaceae Phaseolus polystachios X Fabales Fabaceae Psoralea psoralioides X Fabales Fabaceae Pueraria montana var. lobata X X Fabales Fabaceae Rhynchosia tomentosa X Fabales Fabaceae Robinia pseudoacacia X Fabales Fabaceae Stylosanthes biflora X

Table A-1. (Continued).

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Fabales Fabaceae Tephrosia spicata X Fabales Fabaceae Tephrosia virginiana X Fabales Fabaceae Trifolium arvense X Fabales Fabaceae Trifolium aureum X Fabales Fabaceae Trifolium campestre X Fabales Fabaceae Trifolium carolinianum X Fabales Fabaceae Trifolium dubium X Fabales Fabaceae Trifolium pratense X Fabales Fabaceae Trifolium repens X Fabales Fabaceae Trifolium sp. X X Fabales Fabaceae unknown Fabaceae X X Fabales Fabaceae Vicia caroliniana X Fabales Fabaceae Vicia dasycarpa X Fabales Fabaceae Vicia sativa X Fabales Fabaceae Vicia sativa ssp. nigra X Fabales Fabaceae Vicia sp. X X Fabales Fabaceae Vicia tetrasperma X Fabales Fabaceae Vicia villosa X Fabales Fabaceae Wisteria frutescens X Fabales Polygalaceae Polygala curtissii X Fabales Polygalaceae Polygala polygama X Fagales Betulaceae Alnus serrulata X Fagales Betulaceae Betula nigra X Fagales Betulaceae Carpinus caroliniana X X Fagales Betulaceae Corylus americana X Fagales Betulaceae Ostrya virginiana X X Fagales Fagaceae Castanea dentata X Fagales Fagaceae Castanea pumila X Fagales Fagaceae Fagus grandifolia X X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus alba X X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus coccinea X X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus falcata X X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus lyrata X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus marilandica X X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus michauxii X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus nigra X X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus pagoda X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus phellos X X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus prinus X X

Table A-1. (Continued).

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Fagales Fagaceae Quercus rubra X X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus sp. X X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus stellata X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus velutina X X Fagales Juglandaceae Carya alba X X Fagales Juglandaceae Carya cordiformis X Fagales Juglandaceae Carya glabra X X Fagales Juglandaceae Carya ovata X X Fagales Juglandaceae Carya pallida X X Fagales Juglandaceae Carya sp. X X Fagales Juglandaceae Juglans nigra X X Gentianales Apocynaceae Amsonia tabernaemontana X Gentianales Apocynaceae Apocynum cannabinum X Gentianales Apocynaceae Asclepias amplexicaulis X Gentianales Apocynaceae Asclepias purpurascens X Gentianales Apocynaceae Asclepias sp. X X Gentianales Apocynaceae Asclepias syriaca X Gentianales Apocynaceae Asclepias tuberosa X Gentianales Apocynaceae Asclepias variegata X Gentianales Apocynaceae Asclepias verticillata X Gentianales Apocynaceae Catharanthus roseus X Gentianales Apocynaceae Gonolobus suberosa X Gentianales Apocynaceae Matelea decipiens X X Gentianales Apocynaceae Matelea sp. X X Gentianales Apocynaceae Vinca major X Gentianales Apocynaceae Vinca minor X Gentianales Gelsemiaceae Gelsemium sempervirens X X Gentianales Gentianaceae Obolaria virginica X Gentianales Loganiaceae Spigelia marilandica X Gentianales Rubiaceae Cephalanthus occidentalis X X Gentianales Rubiaceae Diodia teres X Gentianales Rubiaceae Diodia virginiana X Gentianales Rubiaceae Galium aparine X X Gentianales Rubiaceae Galium circaezans X Gentianales Rubiaceae Galium hispidulum X Gentianales Rubiaceae Galium sp. X X Gentianales Rubiaceae Galium tinctorium X Gentianales Rubiaceae Gardenia angusta X Gentianales Rubiaceae Houstonia caerulea X

Table A-1. (Continued).

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Gentianales Rubiaceae Houstonia longifolia X Gentianales Rubiaceae Houstonia purpurea X Gentianales Rubiaceae Houstonia pusilla X Gentianales Rubiaceae Houstonia serpyllifolia X Gentianales Rubiaceae Mitchella repens X X Gentianales Rubiaceae Rubiaceae, unknown X X Gentianales Rubiaceae Sherardia arvensis X Geraniales Geraniaceae Geranium carolinianum X X Geraniales Geraniaceae Geranium maculatum X Geraniales Geraniaceae Geranium pusillum X Lamailes Plantaginaceae Nuttallanthus canadensis x X Lamiales Acanthaceae Ruellia caroliniensis X X Lamiales Bignoniaceae Bignonia capreolata X X Lamiales Bignoniaceae Campsis radicans X X Lamiales Bignoniaceae Catalpa speciosa X Lamiales Lamiaceae Blephilia ciliata X Lamiales Lamiaceae Callicarpa americana X Lamiales Lamiaceae Collinsonia canadensis X Lamiales Lamiaceae Collinsonia verticillata X Lamiales Lamiaceae Glechoma hederacea X Lamiales Lamiaceae Lamium amplexicaule X Lamiales Lamiaceae Lamium purpureum X Lamiales Lamiaceae Monarda clinopodia X Lamiales Lamiaceae Monarda fistulosa X Lamiales Lamiaceae Monarda punctata X Lamiales Lamiaceae Mosla dianthera X Lamiales Lamiaceae Perilla frutescens X Lamiales Lamiaceae Prunella vulgaris X Lamiales Lamiaceae Pycnanthemum albescens X X Lamiales Lamiaceae Pycnanthemum curvipes X Lamiales Lamiaceae Pycnanthemum incanum X Lamiales Lamiaceae Pycnanthemum muticum X Lamiales Lamiaceae Pycnanthemum tenuifolium X Lamiales Lamiaceae Salvia azurea X Lamiales Lamiaceae Salvia lyrata X X Lamiales Lamiaceae Salvia urticifolia X Lamiales Lamiaceae Satureja calamintha var. nepeta X Lamiales Lamiaceae Scutellaria elliptica X Lamiales Lamiaceae Scutellaria integrifolia X

Table A-1. (Continued).

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Lamiales Lamiaceae Scutellaria sp. X X Lamiales Lamiaceae Stachys sp. X Lamiales Lamiaceae Teucrium canadense X Lamiales Lamiaceae Trichostema dichotomum X Lamiales Lamiaceae Trichostema setaceum X Lamiales Lamiaceae unknown Lamiaceae X X Lamiales Linderniaceae Lindernia monticola X Lamiales Oleaceae Chionanthus virginicus X X Lamiales Oleaceae Fraxinus americana X Lamiales Oleaceae Fraxinus pennsylvanica X X Lamiales Oleaceae Fraxinus sp. X X Lamiales Oleaceae Ligustrum sinense X X Lamiales Orobanchaceae Agalinis obtusifolia X Lamiales Orobanchaceae Aureolaria flava X Lamiales Orobanchaceae Aureolaria virginica X Lamiales Paulowniaceae Paulownia tomentosa X Lamiales Phrymaceae Mazus pumilus X Lamiales Phrymaceae Mimulus ringens X Lamiales Phrymaceae Phryma leptostachya X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Digitalis purpurea X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Nuttallanthus canadensis X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Penstemon australis X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Penstemon laevigatus X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Penstemon pallidus X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Plantago aristata X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata X X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Plantago major X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Plantago rugelii X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Plantago virginica X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Veronica arvensis X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Veronica hederifolia X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Veronica officinalis X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Veronica spicata X Lamiales Scrophulariaceae Verbascum thapsus X X Lamiales Verbenaceae Verbena rigida X Lamiales Verbenaceae Verbena urticifolia X Laurales Calycanthaceae Calycanthus floridus X X Laurales Calycanthaceae Calycanthus floridus var. glaucus X Laurales Lauraceae Lindera benzoin X X

Table A-1. (Continued).

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Laurales Lauraceae Sassafras albidum X X Liliales Colchicaceae Uvularia grandiflora X Liliales Colchicaceae Uvularia perfoliata X Liliales Colchicaceae Uvularia sessilifolia X Liliales Colchicaceae Uvularia sp. X X Liliales Liliaceae Erythronium americanum X Liliales Liliaceae Lilium lancifolium X Liliales Liliaceae Lilium michauxii X Liliales Liliaceae Medeola virginiana X Liliales Liliaceae Ornithogalum umbellatum X Liliales Melanthiaceae Amianthium muscitoxicum X Liliales Melanthiaceae Chamaelirium luteum X Liliales Melanthiaceae Melanthium virginicum X Liliales Melanthiaceae Trillium catesbaei X Liliales Melanthiaceae Trillium erectum var. vaseyi X Liliales Melanthiaceae Trillium lancifolium X Liliales Melanthiaceae Trillium rugelii X Liliales Melanthiaceae Trillium sessile X Liliales Melanthiaceae Trillium sp. X X Liliales Smilacaceae Smilax bona-nox X X Liliales Smilacaceae Smilax ecirrata X Liliales Smilacaceae Smilax glauca X X Liliales Smilacaceae Smilax laurifolia X Liliales Smilacaceae Smilax rotundifolia X X Liliales Smilacaceae Smilax sp. X X Lycopodiales Lycopodiaceae Lycopodium digitatum X Magnoliales Annonaceae Asimina parviflora X Magnoliales Annonaceae Asimina triloba X X Magnoliales Magnoliaceae Liriodendron tulipifera X X Magnoliales Magnoliaceae Magnolia acuminata X Magnoliales Magnoliaceae Magnolia grandiflora X Magnoliales Magnoliaceae Magnolia macrophylla X X Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae Acalypha gracilens X Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae Acalypha rhomboidea X Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae Acalypha sp. X Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce hyssopifolia X Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce maculata X Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce nutans X Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae Croton glandulosus X

Table A-1. (Continued).

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae Croton glandulosus var. X septentrionalis Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae Croton monanthogynus X Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae Croton sp. X Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae Croton willdenowii X Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia corollata X Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia pubentissima X Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia sp. X X Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae Tragia urticifolia X Malpighiales Hypericaceae Hypericum gentianoides X Malpighiales Hypericaceae Hypericum hypericoides X Malpighiales Hypericaceae Hypericum hypericoides ssp. X multicaule Malpighiales Hypericaceae Hypericum mutilum X Malpighiales Hypericaceae Hypericum prolificum X Malpighiales Hypericaceae Hypericum punctatum X Malpighiales Hypericaceae Hypericum sp. X X Malpighiales Linaceae Linum striatum X Malpighiales Passifloraceae Passiflora incarnata X Malpighiales Passifloraceae Passiflora lutea X X Malpighiales Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus caroliniensis X Malpighiales Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus urinaria X Malpighiales Salicaceae Populus deltoides X Malpighiales Salicaceae Salix caroliniana X Malpighiales Salicaceae Salix nigra X Malpighiales Violaceae Viola bicolor X X Malpighiales Violaceae Viola eriocarpon X Malpighiales Violaceae Viola hastata X Malpighiales Violaceae Viola lanceolata X Malpighiales Violaceae Viola palmata X Malpighiales Violaceae Viola palmata var. triloba X Malpighiales Violaceae Viola pedata X Malpighiales Violaceae Viola sororia X Malpighiales Violaceae Viola sp. X X Malpighiales Violaceae Viola tripartita X Malpighiales Violaceae Viola walteri X Malpighiales Violaceae Viola X primulifolia X Malvales Cistaceae Lechea racemulosa X Malvales Malvaceae Hibiscus syriacus X

Table A-1. (Continued).

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Malvales Malvaceae Modiola caroliniana X Malvales Malvaceae Sida rhombifolia X Malvales Malvaceae Sida sp. X Malvales Malvaceae Sida spinosa X Myrtales Melastomataceae Rhexia mariana X Myrtales Onagraceae Gaura filipes X Myrtales Onagraceae Ludwigia alternifolia X Myrtales Onagraceae Ludwigia decurrens X Myrtales Onagraceae Oenothera biennis X Myrtales Onagraceae Oenothera fruticosa X N/A N/A unknown Filicopsida (division) X X N/A N/A unknown Magnoliopsida (division) X X Ophioglossales Ophioglossaceae Botrychium biternatum X Ophioglossales Ophioglossaceae Botrychium dissectum X X Ophioglossales Ophioglossaceae Botrychium sp. X Ophioglossales Ophioglossaceae Botrychium virginianum X X Ophioglossales Ophioglossaceae Ophioglossum sp. X Osmundales Osmundaceae Osmunda cinnamomea X X Osmundales Osmundaceae Osmunda claytoniana X Osmundales Osmundaceae Osmunda regalis X X Oxalidales Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata X Oxalidales Oxalidaceae Oxalis lyonii X Oxalidales Oxalidaceae Oxalis sp. X X Oxalidales Oxalidaceae Oxalis stricta X X Oxalidales Oxalidaceae Oxalis violacea X Pinales Pinaceae Pinus echinata X X Pinales Pinaceae Pinus glabra X Pinales Pinaceae Pinus rigida X Pinales Pinaceae Pinus sp. X Pinales Pinaceae Pinus strobus X Pinales Pinaceae Pinus taeda X X Pinales Pinaceae Pinus virginiana X X Piperales Aristolochiaceae Asarum arifolium X Piperales Aristolochiaceae Asarum canadense X X Piperales Aristolochiaceae Hexastylis arifolia X Poales Cyperaceae Bulbostylis capillaris X Poales Cyperaceae Carex caroliniana X Poales Cyperaceae Carex cherokeensis X Poales Cyperaceae Carex complanata X

Table A-1. (Continued).

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Poales Cyperaceae Carex digitalis X Poales Cyperaceae Carex festucacea X Poales Cyperaceae Carex frankii X Poales Cyperaceae Carex lupulina X Poales Cyperaceae Carex lurida X Poales Cyperaceae Carex muehlenbergii X Poales Cyperaceae Carex nigromarginata X Poales Cyperaceae Carex normalis X Poales Cyperaceae Carex pensylvanica X Poales Cyperaceae Carex sp. X X Poales Cyperaceae Carex stipata X Poales Cyperaceae Carex texensis X Poales Cyperaceae Carex tribuloides X Poales Cyperaceae Cyperus flavescens X Poales Cyperaceae Cyperus retrofractus X Poales Cyperaceae Cyperus sp. X Poales Cyperaceae Cyperus squarrosus X Poales Cyperaceae Cyperus strigosus X Poales Cyperaceae Eleocharis obtusa X Poales Cyperaceae Kyllinga pumila X Poales Cyperaceae Rhynchospora microcephala X Poales Cyperaceae Rhynchospora sp. X Poales Cyperaceae Scirpus atrovirens X Poales Cyperaceae Scirpus cyperinus X Poales Cyperaceae Scirpus georgianus X Poales Cyperaceae Scleria triglomerata X X Poales Cyperaceae unknown Cyperaceae X X Poales Juncaceae Juncus acuminatus X Poales Juncaceae Juncus effusus X Poales Juncaceae Juncus marginatus X Poales Juncaceae Juncus sp. X X Poales Juncaceae Juncus tenuis X Poales Juncaceae Luzula acuminata X Poales Juncaceae Luzula bulbosa X Poales Poaceae Agrostis hyemalis X X Poales Poaceae Aira caryophyllea X Poales Poaceae Andropogon glomeratus var. X glomeratus Poales Poaceae Andropogon scoparius X

Table A-1. (Continued).

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Poales Poaceae Andropogon sp. X Poales Poaceae Andropogon ternarius X Poales Poaceae Andropogon virginicus X X Poales Poaceae Anthoxanthum odoratum X Poales Poaceae Aristida dichotoma X Poales Poaceae Aristida oligantha X Poales Poaceae Aristida purpurascens X Poales Poaceae Arthraxon hispidus X Poales Poaceae Arthraxon hispidus var. X cryptatherus Poales Poaceae Arundinaria gigantea X X Poales Poaceae Avena fatua var. sativa X Poales Poaceae Brachyelytrum erectum X Poales Poaceae Briza minor X Poales Poaceae Bromus commutatus X Poales Poaceae Bromus secalinus X Poales Poaceae Bromus tectorum X Poales Poaceae Chasmanthium latifolium X Poales Poaceae Chasmanthium laxum X X Poales Poaceae Chasmanthium laxum var. laxum X Poales Poaceae Chasmanthium sessiliflorum X Poales Poaceae Cinna arundinacea X Poales Poaceae Cynodon dactylon X Poales Poaceae Dactylis glomerata X Poales Poaceae Danthonia sericea X Poales Poaceae Danthonia spicata X Poales Poaceae Dichanthelium aciculare X Poales Poaceae Dichanthelium clandestinum X Poales Poaceae Dichanthelium commutatum X Poales Poaceae Dichanthelium depauperatum X Poales Poaceae Dichanthelium dichotomum X Poales Poaceae Dichanthelium latifolium X Poales Poaceae Dichanthelium laxiflorum X Poales Poaceae Dichanthelium linearifolium X Poales Poaceae Dichanthelium ravenelii X Poales Poaceae Dichanthelium scabriusculum X Poales Poaceae Dichanthelium scoparium X Poales Poaceae Dichanthelium sp. X X Poales Poaceae Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon X

Table A-1. (Continued).

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Poales Poaceae Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon var. X isophyllum Poales Poaceae Digitaria ciliaris X Poales Poaceae Digitaria ischaemum X Poales Poaceae Digitaria sanguinalis X Poales Poaceae Echinochloa colona X Poales Poaceae Echinochloa crus-galli X Poales Poaceae Eleusine indica X Poales Poaceae Elymus virginicus X Poales Poaceae Eragrostis curvula X Poales Poaceae Eragrostis hirsuta X Poales Poaceae Eragrostis spectabilis X Poales Poaceae Festuca rubra X Poales Poaceae Festuca subverticillata X Poales Poaceae Glyceria striata X Poales Poaceae Gymnopogon ambiguus X Poales Poaceae Holcus lanatus X Poales Poaceae Hordeum pusillum X Poales Poaceae Hystrix patula X Poales Poaceae Leersia oryzoides X Poales Poaceae Lolium arundinaceum X Poales Poaceae Lolium perenne X Poales Poaceae Lolium pratense X Poales Poaceae Melica mutica X X Poales Poaceae Microstegium vimineum X X Poales Poaceae Muhlenbergia capillaris X Poales Poaceae Muhlenbergia schreberi X Poales Poaceae Panicum anceps X Poales Poaceae Panicum capillare X Poales Poaceae Panicum dichotomiflorum X Poales Poaceae Panicum philadelphicum X Poales Poaceae Panicum sp. X X Poales Poaceae Panicum virgatum X Poales Poaceae Paspalum dilatatum X Poales Poaceae Paspalum laeve X Poales Poaceae Paspalum sp. X Poales Poaceae Paspalum urvillei X Poales Poaceae Phragmites australis X Poales Poaceae Phyllostachys aurea X

Table A-1. (Continued).

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Poales Poaceae Piptochaetium avenaceum X Poales Poaceae Poa annua X Poales Poaceae Poa compressa X Poales Poaceae Poa cuspidata X Poales Poaceae Poa pratensis X Poales Poaceae Saccharum alopecuroidum X Poales Poaceae Saccharum giganteum X Poales Poaceae Setaria glauca X Poales Poaceae Setaria parviflora X Poales Poaceae Setaria pumila X Poales Poaceae Sorghastrum elliottii X Poales Poaceae Sorghastrum nutans X Poales Poaceae Sorghum halepense X Poales Poaceae Sphenopholis obtusata X Poales Poaceae Sporobolus compositus var. X clandestinus Poales Poaceae Sporobolus indicus X Poales Poaceae Sporobolus indicus var. indicus X Poales Poaceae Tridens flavus X Poales Poaceae Tridens flavus var. flavus X Poales Poaceae Tripsacum dactyloides X Poales Poaceae Tripsacum sp. X Poales Poaceae Triticum aestivum X Poales Poaceae unknown Poaceae X X Poales Poaceae Vulpia octoflora X Poales Poaceae Zea mays ssp. mays X Poales Typhaceae Sparganium americanum X Poales Typhaceae Typha latifolia X Poales Xyridaceae Xyris fimbriata X Polypodiales Aspleniaceae Asplenium montanum X Polypodiales Aspleniaceae Asplenium pinnatifidum X X Polypodiales Aspleniaceae Asplenium platyneuron X X Polypodiales Aspleniaceae Asplenium resiliens X Polypodiales Blechnaceae Woodwardia areolata X X Polypodiales Dennstaedtiaceae Dennstaedtia punctilobula X Polypodiales Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium aquilinum X X Polypodiales Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris marginalis X Polypodiales Dryopteridaceae Polystichum acrostichoides X X Polypodiales Onocleaceae Onoclea sensibilis X X

Table A-1. (Continued).

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Polypodiales Polypodiaceae Pleopeltis polypodioides X X Polypodiales Polypodiaceae Polypodium virginianum X Polypodiales Pteridaceae Adiantum pedatum X Polypodiales Pteridaceae Cheilanthes lanosa X Polypodiales Pteridaceae Cheilanthes tomentosa X Polypodiales Pteridaceae Pellaea atropurpurea X Polypodiales Thelypteridaceae Macrothelypteris torresiana X Polypodiales Thelypteridaceae Phegopteris hexagonoptera X Polypodiales Thelypteridaceae Thelypteris noveboracensis X Polypodiales Thelypteridaceae Thelypteris sp. X Polypodiales Woodsiaceae Athyrium filix-femina ssp. X asplenioides Polypodiales Woodsiaceae Woodsia obtusa X Proteales Platanaceae Platanus occidentalis X Ranunculales Berberidaceae Berberis thunbergii X Ranunculales Berberidaceae Mahonia bealei X X Ranunculales Berberidaceae Nandina domestica X X Ranunculales Berberidaceae Podophyllum peltatum X Ranunculales Menispermaceae Cocculus carolinus X X Ranunculales Papaveraceae Corydalis flavula X Ranunculales Papaveraceae Sanguinaria canadensis X X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Actaea pachypoda X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Anemone quinquefolia X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Anemone virginiana X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Aquilegia canadensis X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Cimicifuga racemosa X X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Clematis viorna X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Clematis virginiana X X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Ranunculus abortivus X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Ranunculus bulbosus X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Ranunculus carolinianus X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Ranunculus hispidus X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Ranunculus recurvatus X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Ranunculus sardous X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Ranunculus sceleratus X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Ranunculus sp. X X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Thalictrum dioicum X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Thalictrum thalictroides X X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Xanthorhiza simplicissima X

Table A-1. (Continued).

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Rosales Cannabaceae Celtis laevigata X X Rosales Cannabaceae Celtis occidentalis X Rosales Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus pungens X X Rosales Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus umbellata X Rosales Moraceae Broussonetia papyrifera X Rosales Moraceae Maclura pomifera X Rosales Moraceae Morus alba X Rosales Moraceae Morus rubra X X Rosales Rhamnaceae Ceanothus americanus X Rosales Rosaceae Agrimonia parviflora X Rosales Rosaceae Agrimonia rostellata X Rosales Rosaceae Amelanchier arborea X X Rosales Rosaceae Amelanchier arborea var. laevis X Rosales Rosaceae Aruncus dioicus X Rosales Rosaceae Crataegus flabellata X Rosales Rosaceae Crataegus flava X Rosales Rosaceae Crataegus marshallii X Rosales Rosaceae Crataegus sp. X X Rosales Rosaceae Crataegus spathulata X X Rosales Rosaceae Crataegus uniflora X Rosales Rosaceae Duchesnea indica X X Rosales Rosaceae Fragaria virginiana X Rosales Rosaceae Geum canadense X Rosales Rosaceae Malus angustifolia X Rosales Rosaceae Photinia melanocarpa X Rosales Rosaceae Porteranthus trifoliatus X Rosales Rosaceae Potentilla canadensis X X Rosales Rosaceae Potentilla recta X Rosales Rosaceae Potentilla simplex X Rosales Rosaceae Prunus americana X Rosales Rosaceae Prunus angustifolia X Rosales Rosaceae Prunus persica X Rosales Rosaceae Prunus serotina X X Rosales Rosaceae Prunus serotina var. serotina X Rosales Rosaceae Prunus sp. X X Rosales Rosaceae Prunus umbellata X X Rosales Rosaceae Pyrus communis X Rosales Rosaceae Rosa carolina X Rosales Rosaceae Rosa multiflora X X

Table A-1. (Continued).

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Rosales Rosaceae Rosa odorata X Rosales Rosaceae Rubus argutus X X Rosales Rosaceae Rubus bifrons X Rosales Rosaceae Rubus flagellaris X Rosales Rosaceae Rubus occidentalis X Rosales Rosaceae Rubus sp. X X Rosales Rosaceae Rubus trivialis X X Rosales Rosaceae Waldsteinia fragarioides X Rosales Ulmaceae Ulmus alata X X Rosales Ulmaceae Ulmus americana X X Rosales Ulmaceae Ulmus rubra X X Rosales Urticaceae Boehmeria cylindrica X X Rosales Urticaceae Pilea pumila X Santalales Santalaceae Phoradendron leucarpum X Santalales Santalaceae Pyrularia pubera X Sapindales Anacardiaceae Rhus copallinum X X Sapindales Anacardiaceae Rhus glabra X X Sapindales Anacardiaceae Toxicodendron pubescens X Sapindales Anacardiaceae Toxicodendron radicans X X Sapindales Meliaceae Melia azedarach X Sapindales Rutaceae Poncirus trifoliata X Sapindales Rutaceae Ptelea trifoliata X X Sapindales Rutaceae Zanthoxylum americanum X Sapindales Sapindaceae Acer negundo X X Sapindales Sapindaceae Acer palmatum X Sapindales Sapindaceae Acer rubrum X X Sapindales Sapindaceae Acer saccharum X X Sapindales Sapindaceae Acer sp. X Sapindales Sapindaceae Aesculus pavia X X Sapindales Sapindaceae Aesculus X mutabilis X Sapindales Simaroubaceae Ailanthus altissima X Saxifragales Altingiaceae Liquidambar styraciflua X X Saxifragales Crassulaceae Diamorpha smallii X Saxifragales Crassulaceae Hylotelephium erythrostictum X Saxifragales Crassulaceae Sedum pusillum X Saxifragales Hamamelidaceae Hamamelis virginiana X X Saxifragales Hamamelidaceae Loropetalum chinense X Saxifragales Iteaceae Itea virginica X Saxifragales Penthoraceae Penthorum sedoides X

Table A-1. (Continued).

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Saxifragales Saxifragaceae Heuchera americana X Saxifragales Saxifragaceae Heuchera villosa X Saxifragales Saxifragaceae Saxifraga virginiensis X Saxifragales Saxifragaceae Tiarella cordifolia X X Schizaeales Lygodiaceae Lygodium japonicum X Selaginellales Selaginellaceae Selaginella rupestris X Solanales Convolvulaceae Calystegia spithamaea X Solanales Convolvulaceae Cuscuta pentagona X Solanales Convolvulaceae Dichondra carolinensis X X Solanales Convolvulaceae Ipomoea hederacea X Solanales Convolvulaceae Ipomoea hederifolia X Solanales Convolvulaceae Ipomoea lacunosa X Solanales Convolvulaceae Ipomoea pandurata X Solanales Convolvulaceae Ipomoea purpurea X Solanales Convolvulaceae Ipomoea sp. X X Solanales Solanaceae Physalis sp. X X Solanales Solanaceae Physalis virginiana X Solanales Solanaceae Solanum carolinense X X Solanales Solanaceae Solanum carolinense var. X carolinense Solanales Solanaceae Solanum ptychanthum X Vitales Vitaceae Parthenocissus quinquefolia X X Vitales Vitaceae Vitis aestivalis X X Vitales Vitaceae Vitis cinerea var. baileyana X Vitales Vitaceae Vitis labrusca X Vitales Vitaceae Vitis rotundifolia X X

Appendix B. All Plant Species Detected.

Table B-1. Vascular plant species detected at each sampling location across all strata at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, 2012.

Species 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 14 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Acer negundo X X Acer rubrum X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Acer saccharum X X X X X X Aesculus pavia X X X X X Agrostis hyemalis X Albizia julibrissin X Allium sp. X X X X X Amelanchier arborea X X X X Andropogon virginicus X X Antennaria sp. X X X Apiaceae X X X X X Arisaema triphyllum X X X X X Aristolochia X X X X X X X X X X X X X X serpentaria Aristolochia tomentosa X Arundinaria gigantea X X Asarum canadense X X X X X X Asclepias sp. X X X X X X Asimina triloba X X X X X X X X X X X X Asplenium X pinnatifidum Asplenium platyneuron X X X X X X X X 63 Asteraceae X X X X X X X X Betula nigra X Bignonia capreolata X X X X X X X Boehmeria cylindrica X Botrychium dissectum X X Botrychium X X X X X X X X virginianum Brassicaceae X Calycanthus floridus X X X X X Campsis radicans X X X Cardamine sp. X Carex sp. X X X X X X X Carpinus caroliniana X X X X X Carya alba X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Carya glabra X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Carya ovata X Carya pallida X Carya sp. X X Caryophyllaceae X X Celtis laevigata X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Cephalanthus X occidentalis Cercis canadensis X X X X Chasmanthium laxum X X Chimaphila maculata X X X X X Chionanthus virginicus X X X X X

Table B-1. (Continued).

Species 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 14 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Cimicifuga racemosa X X Cirsium sp. X Clematis virginiana X X Cocculus carolinus X X X X X X X X Cornus florida X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Cornus foemina X Crataegus sp. X X X X X X Crataegus spathulata X Cyperaceae X X X X X X X X X X X X Cypripedium sp. X X Decumaria barbara X X X X X Desmodium sp. X X Dianthus armeria X X Dichanthelium sp. X Dichondra carolinensis X Dioscorea villosa X X X X X X X Diospyros virginiana X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Duchesnea indica X Elaeagnus pungens X X X X X Elephantopus X X 64 tomentosus Euonymus alatus X Euonymus americanus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Eupatorium sp. X X Euphorbia sp. X X X X X X X Fabaceae X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Fagus grandifolia X X X X X X X X X X X Filicopsida X X X X X X Fraxinus X X X X X X pennsylvanica Fraxinus sp. X Galium aparine X X X X X X Galium sp. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Gelsemium X sempervirens Geranium X X X carolinianum Gnaphalium X X X obtusifolium var. obtusifolium Goodyera pubescens X X X X X X Halesia carolina X X Halesia diptera X Hamamelis virginiana X Hedera helix X Hypericum sp. X X Hypoxis hirsuta X

Table B-1. (Continued).

Species 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 14 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Ilex decidua X Ilex opaca X X X X X X X Ilex sp. X X Ilex verticillata X X Ipomoea sp. X Juglans nigra X X X X Juncus sp. X Juniperus virginiana X X X X X X X Krigia virginica X Lamiaceae X X X X X Lespedeza cuneata X X Ligustrum sinense X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Liliopsida X Linaria canadensis X Lindera benzoin X X X X X X X Liquidambar X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X styraciflua Liriodendron tulipifera X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Lonicera japonica X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Lysimachia sp. X X X X 65 Magnolia macrophylla X X X Magnoliopsida X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Mahonia bealei X X X X X X Malaxis unifolia X X X Matelea decipiens X Matelea sp. X Medicago lupulina X X X Melica mutica X X X X Microstegium X X X X X X X X X X vimineum Mimosa microphylla X Mitchella repens X X X X X Morus rubra X X X X X X X Nandina domestica X X X X X X X X Nyssa sylvatica X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Nyssa sylvatica var. X biflora Onoclea sensibilis X X X Ophioglossum sp. X Ophiopogon japonicus X Opuntia sp. X X Osmunda X cinnamomea Osmunda regalis X Ostrya virginiana X X X X X Oxalis sp. X X X Oxalis stricta X X X X X X X X

Table B-1. (Continued).

Species 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 14 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Oxydendrum X X X X X X arboreum Panicum sp. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Parthenocissus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X quinquefolia Passiflora lutea X X X X X X X Philadelphus inodorus X X Physalis sp. X Pinus echinata X X X X X X X X X X X X Pinus glabra X Pinus taeda X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Pinus virginiana X Plantago lanceolata X X Pleopeltis X polypodioides Poaceae X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Polygonatum biflorum X X X X X X X X X Polygonum sp. X Polystichum X X X X X X X X X X X acrostichoides Potentilla canadensis X 66 Prenanthes sp. X X X X

Prunus serotina X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Prunus sp. X X X X Prunus umbellata X Ptelea trifoliata X X X X Pteridium aquilinum X Pueraria montana var. X lobata Pycnanthemum X X X X albescens Quercus alba X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Quercus coccinea X X X X X Quercus falcata X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Quercus marilandica X X X Quercus nigra X X X X X X X X X X X Quercus pagoda X Quercus phellos X X X X X X X X Quercus prinus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Quercus rubra X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Quercus sp. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Quercus stellata X X X X X X X X X X X Quercus velutina X X X X X X X X X Ranunculus sp. X Rhododendron X X X canescens Rhus copallinum X

Table B-1. (Continued).

Species 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 14 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Rhus glabra X X Rosa multiflora X X Rubiaceae X X X X Rubus argutus X X Rubus sp. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Rubus trivialis X Rudbeckia sp. X Ruellia caroliniensis X X X X Rumex acetosella X Saccharum giganteum X Salvia lyrata X X X Sanguinaria X X canadensis Sanicula canadensis X X X X X X X X X X X Sassafras albidum X X X X X X X X X X X X Scleria triglomerata X Scutellaria sp. X Senecio sp. X X X X X X X Silene virginica X Smilacina racemosa X 67 Smilax bona-nox X X X X Smilax glauca X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Smilax rotundifolia X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Smilax sp. X X X X X X X X X X X X X Solanum carolinense X Solidago sp. X X X X Stellaria media X X X X Styrax grandifolius X Symplocos tinctoria X Thalictrum X X X X thalictroides Thlaspi arvense X Tiarella cordifolia X X X Tipularia discolor X X X X X X X X Toxicodendron X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X radicans Tradescantia ohiensis X X Trifolium sp. X X Trillium sp. X X X Triodanis perfoliata X X Ulmus alata X X X X X X X X X X X X X Ulmus americana X X Ulmus rubra X Uvularia sp. X X X X Vaccinium arboreum X X X X X Vaccinium X X corymbosum

Table B-1. (Continued).

Species 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 14 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Vaccinium stamineum X X X Verbascum thapsus X Verbesina sp. X Viburnum acerifolium X X Viburnum dentatum X Viburnum nudum X Viburnum sp. X X X X X Vicia dasycarpa X Vicia sp. X X Viola bicolor X X Viola lanceolata X Viola sp. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Vitaceae X Vitis aestivalis X X X X Vitis rotundifolia X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Woodwardia areolata X Yucca filamentosa X

The Department of the Interior protects and manages the nation’s natural resources and cultural heritage; provides scientific and other information about those resources; and honors its special responsibilities to American Indians, Alaska Natives, and affiliated Island Communities.

NPS 352/126791, October 2014

National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Natural Resource Stewardship and Science 1201 Oakridge Drive, Suite 150 Fort Collins, CO 80525 www.nature.nps.gov

EXPERIENCE YOUR AMERICA TM